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Pandey S, Kim ES, Cho JH, Song M, Doo H, Kim S, Keum GB, Kwak J, Ryu S, Choi Y, Kang J, Lee JJ, Kim HB. Swine gut microbiome associated with non-digestible carbohydrate utilization. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1231072. [PMID: 37533451 PMCID: PMC10390834 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1231072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-digestible carbohydrates are an unavoidable component in a pig's diet, as all plant-based feeds contain different kinds of non-digestible carbohydrates. The major types of non-digestible carbohydrates include non-starch polysaccharides (such as cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose), resistant starch, and non-digestible oligosaccharides (such as fructo-oligosaccharide and xylo-oligosaccharide). Non-digestible carbohydrates play a significant role in balancing the gut microbial ecology and overall health of the swine by promoting the production of short chain fatty acids. Although non-digestible carbohydrates are rich in energy, swine cannot extract this energy on their own due to the absence of enzymes required for their degradation. Instead, they rely on gut microbes to utilize these carbohydrates for energy production. Despite the importance of non-digestible carbohydrate degradation, limited studies have been conducted on the swine gut microbes involved in this process. While next-generation high-throughput sequencing has aided in understanding the microbial compositions of the swine gut, specific information regarding the bacteria involved in non-digestible carbohydrate degradation remains limited. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate and comprehend the bacteria responsible for the breakdown of non-digestible carbohydrates in the gut. In this mini review, we have discussed the major bacteria involved in the fermentation of different types of non-digestible carbohydrates in the large intestine of swine, shedding light on their potential roles and contributions to swine nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriniwas Pandey
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sol Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunok Doo
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sheena Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Beom Keum
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinok Kwak
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Ryu
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Choi
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoun Kang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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2
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Yousef NMH, Mawad AMM. Characterization of thermo/halo stable cellulase produced from halophilic Virgibacillus salarius BM-02 using non-pretreated biomass. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:22. [PMID: 36422734 PMCID: PMC9691493 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The production of extremozymes from halophilic bacteria has increased significantly due to their stability and efficiency in catalyzing a reaction, as well as their capacity to display optimum activity at various salt concentrations. In the current study, the halophilic bacterium Virgibacillus salarius strain BM-02 could utilize many non-pretreated substrates including cellulose, corn stover, sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran as a sole carbon source. However, wheat bran was the best substrate for achieving optimum saccharification yield (90.1%). The partially purified cellulase was active and stable at a wide range of pH (5-8) with residual activities > 58%. Moreover, it was stable at 5-12% of NaCl. Metal ions have a variable impact on the activity of partially purified cellulase however, Fe+3 exhibited the highest increase in the cellulase activity. The enzyme exhibited a thermal stability at 40, 50 and 60 °C with half-lives of 1049.50, 168.14 and 163.5 min, respectively. The value of Vmax was 22.27 U/mL while Km was 2.1 mM. The activation energy of denaturation Ed 69.81 kJ/mol, the enthalpy values (ΔHd) were positive, and the entropy values (ΔS) were negative. Therefore, V. Salarius is recommended as a novel promising halophilic extremozyme producer and agricultural waste remover in the bio-industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeima M. H. Yousef
- grid.252487.e0000 0000 8632 679XBotany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516 Egypt
| | - Asmaa M. M. Mawad
- grid.252487.e0000 0000 8632 679XBotany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516 Egypt
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3
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A Combined Study on Optimization, In Silico Modeling, and Genetic Modification of Large Scale Microbial Cellulase Production. Biochem Res Int 2022; 2022:4598937. [PMID: 36589721 PMCID: PMC9797302 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4598937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulase is a biocatalyst that hydrolyzes cellulosic biomass and is considered a major group of industrial enzymes for its applications. Extensive work has been done on microbial cellulase but fungi are considered a novel strain for their maximum cellulase production. Production cost and novel microbial strains are major challenges for its improvement where cheap agro wastes can be essential sources of cellulose as substrates. The researcher searches for more cellulolytic microbes from natural sources but the production level of isolated strains is comparatively low. So genetic modification or mutation can be employed for large-scale cellulase production before optimization. After genetic modification than in silico molecular modeling can be evaluated for substrate molecule's binding affinity. In this review, we focus not only on the conventional methods of cellulase production but also on modern biotechnological approaches applied to cellulase production by a sequential study on common cellulase-producing microbes, modified microbes, culture media, carbon sources, substrate pretreatment process, and the importance of optimum pH and temperature on fermentation. In this review, we also compare different cellulase activity determination methods. As a result, this review provides insights into the interrelationship between the characteristics of optimizing different culture conditions, genetic modification, and in silico enzyme modeling for the production of cellulase enzymes, which may aid in the advancement of large-scale integrated enzyme manufacturing of substrate-specific enzymes.
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Gladkov GV, Kimeklis AK, Afonin AM, Lisina TO, Orlova OV, Aksenova TS, Kichko AA, Pinaev AG, Andronov EE. The Structure of Stable Cellulolytic Consortia Isolated from Natural Lignocellulosic Substrates. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810779. [PMID: 36142684 PMCID: PMC9501375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycling plant matter is one of the challenges facing humanity today and depends on efficient lignocellulose degradation. Although many bacterial strains from natural substrates demonstrate cellulolytic activities, the CAZymes (Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes) responsible for these activities are very diverse and usually distributed among different bacteria in one habitat. Thus, using microbial consortia can be a solution to rapid and effective decomposition of plant biomass. Four cellulolytic consortia were isolated from enrichment cultures from composting natural lignocellulosic substrates—oat straw, pine sawdust, and birch leaf litter. Enrichment cultures facilitated growth of similar, but not identical cellulose-decomposing bacteria from different substrates. Major components in all consortia were from Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota and Bacteroidota, but some were specific for different substrates—Verrucomicrobiota and Myxococcota from straw, Planctomycetota from sawdust and Firmicutes from leaf litter. While most members of the consortia were involved in the lignocellulose degradation, some demonstrated additional metabolic activities. Consortia did not differ in the composition of CAZymes genes, but rather in axillary functions, such as ABC-transporters and two-component systems, usually taxon-specific and associated with CAZymes. Our findings show that enrichment cultures can provide reproducible cellulolytic consortia from various lignocellulosic substrates, the stability of which is ensured by tight microbial relations between its components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigory V. Gladkov
- All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-921-402-65-16
| | - Anastasiia K. Kimeklis
- All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Applied Ecology, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey M. Afonin
- All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana O. Lisina
- All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga V. Orlova
- All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana S. Aksenova
- All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arina A. Kichko
- All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander G. Pinaev
- All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeny E. Andronov
- All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, 119017 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Al Makishah NH, Elfarash AE. Molecular characterization of cellulase genes in Pseudomonas stutzeri. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Biodegradation of Polymers Used in Oil and Gas Operations: Towards Enzyme Biotechnology Development and Field Application. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091871. [PMID: 35567040 PMCID: PMC9100872 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Linear and crosslinked polymers are commonly used in the oil and gas industry. Guar-derived polymers have been extensively utilized in hydraulic fracturing processes, and recently polyacrylamide and cellulose-based polymers have also found utility. As these polymers are used during various phases of the hydraulic fracturing process, they can accumulate at formation fracture faces, resulting in undesired filter cakes that impede oil and gas recovery. Although acids and chemical oxidizers are often added in the fracturing fluids to degrade or ‘break’ polymer filter cakes, the constant use of these chemicals can be hazardous and can result in formation damage and corrosion of infrastructure. Alternately, the use of enzymes is an attractive and environmentally friendly technology that can be used to treat polymer accumulations. While guar-linkage-specific enzyme breakers isolated from bacteria have been shown to successfully cleave guar-based polymers and decrease their molecular weight and viscosity at reservoir conditions, new enzymes that target a broader range of polymers currently used in hydraulic fracturing operations still require research and development for effective application. This review article describes the current state-of-knowledge on the mechanisms and enzymes involved in biodegradation of guar gum, polyacrylamide (and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide), and carboxymethyl cellulose polymers. In addition, advantages and challenges in the development and application of enzyme breaker technologies are discussed.
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7
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Khanal A, Hur HG, Fredrickson JK, Lee JH. Direct and Indirect Reduction of Cr(VI) by Fermentative Fe(III)-Reducing Cellulomonas sp. Strain Cellu-2a. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1519-1525. [PMID: 34489371 PMCID: PMC9706010 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2107.07038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is recognized to be carcinogenic and toxic and registered as a contaminant in many drinking water regulations. It occurs naturally and is also produced by industrial processes. The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) has been a central topic for chromium remediation since Cr(III) is less toxic and less mobile. In this study, fermentative Fe(III)-reducing bacterial strains (Cellu-2a, Cellu-5a, and Cellu-5b) were isolated from a groundwater sample and were phylogenetically related to species of Cellulomonas by 16S rRNA gene analysis. One selected strain, Cellu-2a showed its capacity of reduction of both soluble iron (ferric citrate) and solid iron (hydrous ferric oxide, HFO), as well as aqueous Cr(VI). The strain Cellu-2a was able to reduce 15 μM Cr(VI) directly with glucose or sucrose as a sole carbon source under the anaerobic condition and indirectly with one of the substrates and HFO in the same incubations. The heterogeneous reduction of Cr(VI) by the surface-associated reduced iron from HFO by Cellu-2a likely assisted the Cr(VI) reduction. Fermentative features such as large-scale cell growth may impose advantages on the application of bacterial Cr(VI) reduction over anaerobic respiratory reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Khanal
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hor-Gil Hur
- School of Environmental and Earth Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - James K. Fredrickson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea,Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-63-270-2546 Fax: +82-63-270-2550 E-mail:
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Akermann A, Weiermüller J, Chodorski JN, Nestriepke MJ, Baclig MT, Ulber R. Optimization of bioprocesses with Brewers’ spent grain and
Cellulomonas uda. Eng Life Sci 2021; 22:132-151. [PMID: 35382540 PMCID: PMC8961044 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) is a low‐value by‐product of the brewing process, which is produced in large quantities every year. In this study, the lignocellulosic feedstock (solid BSG) was used to optimize fermentations with Cellulomonas uda. Under aerobic conditions, maximum cellulase activities of 0.98 nkat∙mL−1, maximum xylanase activities of 5.00 nkat∙mL−1 and cell yields of 0.22 gCells∙gBSG−1 were achieved. Under anaerobic conditions, enzyme activities and cell yields were lower, but valuable liquid products (organic acids, ethanol) were produced with a yield of 0.41 gProd∙gBSG−1. The growth phase of the organisms was monitored by measuring extracellular concentrations of two fluorophores pyridoxin (aerobic) and tryptophan (anaerobic) and by cell count. By combining reductive with anaerobic conditions, the ratio of ethanol to acetate was increased from 1.08 to 1.59 molEtOH∙molAc−1. This ratio was further improved to 9.2 molEtOH∙molAc−1 by lowering the pH from 7.4 to 5.0 without decreasing the final ethanol concentration. A fermentation in a bioreactor with 15 w% BSG instead of 5 w% BSG quadrupled the acetate concentration, whilst ethanol was removed by gas stripping. This study provides various ideas for optimizing and monitoring fermentations with solid substrates, which can support feasibility and incorporation into holistic biorefining approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Akermann
- TU Kaiserslautern Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Jens Weiermüller
- TU Kaiserslautern Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering Kaiserslautern Germany
| | | | - Malte Jakob Nestriepke
- TU Kaiserslautern Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Maria Teresa Baclig
- TU Kaiserslautern Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Roland Ulber
- TU Kaiserslautern Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering Kaiserslautern Germany
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9
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Li Y, Zhao J, Zhang Z. Implementing metatranscriptomics to unveil the mechanism of bioaugmentation adopted in a continuous anaerobic process treating cow manure. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 330:124962. [PMID: 33740585 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of bioaugmentation on microbial community and function in a continuous anaerobic process treating lignocellulosic cow manure. One reactor (Rb) received bioaugmentation dosage for a certain period (d100-d170) and stopped afterward (d170-d220), while the same applied to the control (Rc) except sterilized bioaugmentation dosage was introduced. Samples were taken on day130, 170 and 220 from both reactors for metatranscriptomic analysis. The results underlined the promotive effect of bioaugmentation on indigenous microorganisms regarding hydrolysis and methanogenesis. Bioaugmentation contributed to the enrichment of Clostridium, Cellvibrio, Cellulomonas, Bacillus, Fibrobacter, resulting in enhanced cellulase activity (Rb: 0.917-1.081; Rc: 0.551-0.677). Moreover, bioaugmentation brought Rb the prosperity of uncultured_ Bathyarchaeia, a prominent archaeal group responsible for the improved methyl-coenzyme M reductase activity, thus accelerated methanogenesis. Unique metabolic pathways (autotrophic carbon fixation and methanogenesis) in uncultured_ Bathyarchaeia broadened the horizon of its fundamental role as acetogens and methanogens in anaerobic digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jing Zhao
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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10
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Rat A, Naranjo HD, Krigas N, Grigoriadou K, Maloupa E, Alonso AV, Schneider C, Papageorgiou VP, Assimopoulou AN, Tsafantakis N, Fokialakis N, Willems A. Endophytic Bacteria From the Roots of the Medicinal Plant Alkanna tinctoria Tausch ( Boraginaceae): Exploration of Plant Growth Promoting Properties and Potential Role in the Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:633488. [PMID: 33633713 PMCID: PMC7901983 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.633488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkannin and shikonin (A/S) are enantiomeric naphthoquinones produced in the roots of certain plants from the Boraginaceae family such as Lithospermum spp. and Alkanna spp. They possess antimicrobial, anti-tumoral and wound healing properties. The production of secondary metabolites by Alkanna tinctoria might be influenced by its endomicrobiome. To study the interaction between this medicinal plant and its bacterial endophytes, we isolated bacteria from the roots of wild growing Alkanna tinctoria collected near to Athens and Thessaloniki in Greece. Representative strains selected by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry were identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. In total, 197 distinct phylotypes of endophytic bacteria were detected. The most abundant genera recovered were Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Variovorax, Bacillus, Inquilinus, Pantoea, and Stenotrophomonas. Several bacteria were then tested in vitro for their plant growth promoting activity and the production of cell-wall degrading enzymes. Strains of Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Bacillus and Inquilinus showed positive plant growth properties whereas those of Bacteroidetes and Rhizobiaceae showed pectinase and cellulase activity in vitro. In addition, bacterial responses to alkannin and shikonin were investigated through resistance assays. Gram negative bacteria were found to be resistant to the antimicrobial properties of A/S, whereas the Gram positives were sensitive. A selection of bacteria was then tested for the ability to induce A/S production in hairy roots culture of A. tinctoria. Four strains belonging to Chitinophaga sp., Allorhizobium sp., Duganella sp., and Micromonospora sp., resulted in significantly more A/S in the hairy roots than the uninoculated control. As these bacteria can produce cell-wall degrading enzymes, we hypothesize that the A/S induction may be related with the plant-bacteria interaction during colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Rat
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Henry D Naranjo
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nikos Krigas
- Laboratory of Conservation and Evaluation of Native and Floricultural Species, Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina Grigoriadou
- Laboratory of Conservation and Evaluation of Native and Floricultural Species, Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Maloupa
- Laboratory of Conservation and Evaluation of Native and Floricultural Species, Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Vassilios P Papageorgiou
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation of AUTh (CIRI-AUTh), Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreana N Assimopoulou
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation of AUTh (CIRI-AUTh), Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tsafantakis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolas Fokialakis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anne Willems
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Determining Cellulolytic Activity of Microorganisms. CHEMISTRY-DIDACTICS-ECOLOGY-METROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/cdem-2020-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Decomposition of cellulose to glucose requires complex cooperation of glycoside hydrolase enzymes. As a result of glycoside β-1,4 bonds hydrolysis, shorter chains of cellulose, oligodextrin, cellobiose and glucose are created. A number of bacteria and fungi demonstrate the capacity to degrade cellulose. Their activity can be assessed with the use of qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative methods with the use of e.g. Congo red, are used in screening studies, however, they do not provide information about the quantity of the produced enzyme. Spectrophotometric methods are more accurate and they measure the quantities of reducing sugars with the use of appropriate substrates, e.g. carboxymethylcellulose is used to determine endoglucanases, avicel cellulose to determine exoglucanases and Whatman filter paper to determine total cellulolytic activity. Activity of microorganisms depends not only on their species or type but also, among others, on substratum composition, cultivation conditions and the appropriate selection of parameters of the carried out enzymatic reactions.
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12
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Weiermüller J, Akermann A, Sieker T, Ulber R. Bioraffinerien auf Basis schwach verholzter Biomasse. CHEM-ING-TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Weiermüller
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern Fachbereich Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik Lehrgebiet für Bioverfahrenstechnik Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 49 67663 Kaiserslautern Deutschland
| | - Alexander Akermann
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern Fachbereich Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik Lehrgebiet für Bioverfahrenstechnik Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 49 67663 Kaiserslautern Deutschland
| | - Tim Sieker
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern Fachbereich Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik Lehrgebiet für Bioverfahrenstechnik Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 49 67663 Kaiserslautern Deutschland
| | - Roland Ulber
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern Fachbereich Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik Lehrgebiet für Bioverfahrenstechnik Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 49 67663 Kaiserslautern Deutschland
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13
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Anderson E, Jang J, Venterea R, Feyereisen G, Ishii S. Isolation and characterization of denitrifiers from woodchip bioreactors for bioaugmentation application. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:590-600. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E.L. Anderson
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - J. Jang
- BioTechnology Institute University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - R.T. Venterea
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
- USDA‐ARS Soil and Water Management Research Unit St. Paul MN USA
| | - G.W. Feyereisen
- USDA‐ARS Soil and Water Management Research Unit St. Paul MN USA
| | - S. Ishii
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
- BioTechnology Institute University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
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14
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Deconstruction of plant biomass by a Cellulomonas strain isolated from an ultra-basic (lignin-stripping) spring. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:1077-1084. [PMID: 32030461 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01816-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant material falling into the ultra-basic (pH 11.5-11.9) springs within The Cedars, an actively serpentinizing site in Sonoma County, California, is subject to conditions that mimic the industrial pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production. We sought to obtain hemicellulolytic/cellulolytic bacteria from The Cedars springs that are capable of withstanding the extreme alkaline conditions wherein calcium hydroxide-rich water removes lignin, making cell wall polysaccharides more accessible to microorganisms and their enzymes. We enriched for such bacteria by adding plant debris from the springs into a synthetic alkaline medium with ground tissue of the biofuel crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as the sole source of carbon. From the enrichment culture we isolated the facultative anaerobic bacterium Cellulomonas sp. strain FA1 (NBRC 114238), which tolerates high pH and catabolizes the major plant cell wall-associated polysaccharides cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose. Strain FA1 in monoculture colonized the plant material and degraded switchgrass at a faster rate than the community from which it was derived. Cells of strain FA1 could be acclimated through subculturing to grow at a maximal concentration of 13.4% ethanol. A strain FA1-encoded β-1, 4-endoxylanase expressed in E. coli was active at a broad pH range, displaying near maximal activity at pH 6-9. Discovery of this bacterium illustrates the value of extreme alkaline springs in the search for microorganisms with potential for consolidated bioprocessing of plant biomass to biofuels and other valuable bio-inspired products.
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Langner D, König BM, Brettschneider DJ, Misovic A, Schulte-Oehlmann U, Oehlmann J, Oetken M. A new enzymatic method assessing the impact of wastewater treatment plant effluents on the assimilative capacity of small rivers. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 54:1116-1125. [PMID: 31274056 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1633843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms play an important role in maintaining a good water quality in rivers by degrading organic material, including toxic substances. In the present study, we analyzed the potential impact of municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents as a major stress factor on the assimilative capacity of small rivers. It was the aim to develop a new bioassay for assessing such impacts in the receiving rivers by measuring the activity of extracellular enzymes (exoenzymes) in bacteria. Therefore, we established a specific in-vitro assay to detect inhibitory effects of solid phase-enriched water samples on β-glucosidase (BGL) activity of the actinobacterium Cellulomonas uda as a proxy for the microbial decomposition of organic substances and thus for the assimilative capacity of surface waters. We found significant reductions of BGL activity in the WWTP effluents and in the receiving waters directly downstream as well as a relative quick recovery over the further course of the water bodies. The new bioassay offers a promising tool for the assessment of the assimilative capacity in surface waters and a potential impact of WWTP effluents on this key ecosystem function. Abbreviations WWTP wastewater treatment plant BGL β-glucosidase EU-WFD European Water Framework Directive FAU Formazin Attenuation Units PE population equivalents REF relative enrichment factor; SPE solid phase extraction MTBE methyl-tert-buthyl-ether DMSO dimethyl-sulfoxide NPG 4-nitrophenol-β-d-glucopyranoside DOC dissolved organic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Langner
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt/Main , Germany
| | - Bianca M König
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt/Main , Germany
| | - Denise J Brettschneider
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt/Main , Germany
| | - Andrea Misovic
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt/Main , Germany
| | - Ulrike Schulte-Oehlmann
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt/Main , Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt/Main , Germany
| | - Matthias Oetken
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt/Main , Germany
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Kim ES, Kim BS, Kim KY, Woo HM, Lee SM, Um Y. Aerobic and anaerobic cellulose utilization by Paenibacillus sp. CAA11 and enhancement of its cellulolytic ability by expressing a heterologous endoglucanase. J Biotechnol 2018; 268:21-27. [PMID: 29339118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For cost-effective lignocellulosic biofuel/chemical production, consolidated bioprocessing (CBP)-enabling microorganisms utilizing cellulose as well as producing biofuel/chemical are required. A novel strain Paenibacillus sp. CAA11 isolated from sediment was found to be not only as a cellulose degrader under both aerobic and strict anaerobic conditions but also as a producer of cellulosic biofuel/chemicals. Paenibacillus sp. CAA11 secreted cellulolytic enzymes by its own secretion system and produced ethanol as well as short-chain organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid) from cellulose. Cellulolytic activity of the strain was significantly enhanced by expressing a heterologous endoglucanase 168Cel5 from Bacillus subtilis under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The strain harboring the 168cel5 gene revealed 2-fold bigger halo zone on Congo-red plate and 1.75-fold more aerobic cellulose utilization in liquid medium compared with the negative control. Notably, under anaerobic conditions, the recombinant strain expressing 168Cel5 consumed 1.83-fold more cellulose (5.10 g/L) and produced 5-fold more ethanol (0.65 g/L) along with 5-fold more total acids (1.6 g/L) compared with the control, resulting 2.73-fold higher yields. This result demonstrates the potential of Paenibacillus sp. CAA11 as a suitable aerobic and anaerobic CBP-enabling microbe with cellulolytic production of ethanol and short-chain organic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sook Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Soo Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Yeon Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Min Woo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Green School (Graduate School of Energy and Environment), Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoon Um
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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