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Norred MA, Zuschlag ZD, Hamner MB. A Neuroanatomic and Pathophysiologic Framework for Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Drugs 2024; 84:149-164. [PMID: 38413493 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01983-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating disorder inflicting high degrees of symptomatic and socioeconomic burdens. The development of PTSD results from a cascade of events with contributions from multiple processes and the underlying pathophysiology is complex, involving neurotransmitters, neurocircuitry, and neuroanatomical pathways. Presently, only two medications are US FDA-approved for the treatment of PTSD, both selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). However, the complex underlying pathophysiology suggests a number of alternative pathways and mechanisms that may be targets for potential drug development. Indeed, investigations and drug development are proceeding in a number of these alternative, non-serotonergic pathways in an effort to improve the management of PTSD. In this manuscript, the authors introduce novel and emerging treatments for PTSD, including drugs in various stages of development and clinical testing (BI 1358894, BNC-210, PRAX-114, JZP-150, LU AG06466, NYV-783, PH-94B, SRX246, TNX-102), established agents and known compounds being investigated for their utility in PTSD (brexpiprazole, cannabidiol, doxasoin, ganaxolone, intranasal neuropeptide Y, intranasal oxytocin, tianeptine oxalate, verucerfont), and emerging psychedelic interventions (ketamine, MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy), with an aim to examine and integrate these agents into the underlying pathophysiological frameworks of trauma-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Norred
- Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences Service, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zachary D Zuschlag
- Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences Service, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mark B Hamner
- Behavioral Health Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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László K, Vörös D, Correia P, Fazekas CL, Török B, Plangár I, Zelena D. Vasopressin as Possible Treatment Option in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2603. [PMID: 37892977 PMCID: PMC10603886 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is rather common, presenting with prevalent early problems in social communication and accompanied by repetitive behavior. As vasopressin was implicated not only in salt-water homeostasis and stress-axis regulation, but also in social behavior, its role in the development of ASD might be suggested. In this review, we summarized a wide range of problems associated with ASD to which vasopressin might contribute, from social skills to communication, motor function problems, autonomous nervous system alterations as well as sleep disturbances, and altered sensory information processing. Beside functional connections between vasopressin and ASD, we draw attention to the anatomical background, highlighting several brain areas, including the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, medial preoptic area, lateral septum, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, amygdala, hippocampus, olfactory bulb and even the cerebellum, either producing vasopressin or containing vasopressinergic receptors (presumably V1a). Sex differences in the vasopressinergic system might underline the male prevalence of ASD. Moreover, vasopressin might contribute to the effectiveness of available off-label therapies as well as serve as a possible target for intervention. In this sense, vasopressin, but paradoxically also V1a receptor antagonist, were found to be effective in some clinical trials. We concluded that although vasopressin might be an effective candidate for ASD treatment, we might assume that only a subgroup (e.g., with stress-axis disturbances), a certain sex (most probably males) and a certain brain area (targeting by means of virus vectors) would benefit from this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristóf László
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (K.L.); (D.V.); (P.C.); (C.L.F.); (B.T.); (I.P.)
- Center of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dávid Vörös
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (K.L.); (D.V.); (P.C.); (C.L.F.); (B.T.); (I.P.)
- Center of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Pedro Correia
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (K.L.); (D.V.); (P.C.); (C.L.F.); (B.T.); (I.P.)
- Center of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Hungarian Research Network, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Lea Fazekas
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (K.L.); (D.V.); (P.C.); (C.L.F.); (B.T.); (I.P.)
- Center of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Hungarian Research Network, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bibiána Török
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (K.L.); (D.V.); (P.C.); (C.L.F.); (B.T.); (I.P.)
- Center of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Hungarian Research Network, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imola Plangár
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (K.L.); (D.V.); (P.C.); (C.L.F.); (B.T.); (I.P.)
- Center of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (K.L.); (D.V.); (P.C.); (C.L.F.); (B.T.); (I.P.)
- Center of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Hungarian Research Network, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
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Csabafi K, Ibos KE, Bodnár É, Filkor K, Szakács J, Bagosi Z. A Brain Region-Dependent Alteration in the Expression of Vasopressin, Corticotropin-Releasing Factor, and Their Receptors Might Be in the Background of Kisspeptin-13-Induced Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activation and Anxiety in Rats. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2446. [PMID: 37760887 PMCID: PMC10525110 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that intracerebroventricularly administered kisspeptin-13 (KP-13) induces anxiety-like behavior and activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in rats. In the present study, we aimed to shed light on the mediation of KP-13's stress-evoking actions. The relative gene expressions of the corticotropin-releasing factor (Crf, Crfr1, and Crfr2) and arginine vasopressin (Avp, Avpr1a, and Avpr1b) systems were measured in the amygdala and hippocampus of male Wistar rats after icv KP-13 treatment. CRF and AVP protein content were also determined. A different set of animals received CRF or V1 receptor antagonist pretreatment before the KP-13 challenge, after which either an open-field test or plasma corticosterone levels measurement was performed. In the amygdala, KP-13 induced an upregulation of Avp and Avpr1b expression, and a downregulation of Crf. In the hippocampus, the mRNA level of Crf increased and the level of Avpr1a decreased. A significant rise in AVP protein content was also detected in the amygdala. KP-13 also evoked anxiety-like behavior in the open field test, which the V1 receptor blocker antagonized. Both CRF and V1 receptor blockers reduced the KP-13-evoked rise in the plasma corticosterone level. This suggests that KP-13 alters the AVP and CRF signaling and that might be responsible for its effect on the HPA axis and anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Csabafi
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, P.O. Box 427, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary (K.F.)
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Exploring the role of neuropeptides in depression and anxiety. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 114:110478. [PMID: 34801611 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most prevalent forms of mental disorders and is the most common cause of disability in the Western world. Besides, the harmful effects of stress-related mood disorders on the patients themselves, they challenge the health care system with enormous social and economic impacts. Due to the high proportion of patients not responding to existing drugs, finding new treatment strategies has become an important topic in neurobiology, and there is much evidence that neuropeptides are not only involved in the physiology of stress but may also be clinically important. Based on preclinical trial data, new neuropharmaceutical candidates may target neuropeptides and their receptors and are expected to be essential and valuable tools in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In the current article, we have summarized data obtained from animal models of depressive disorder and transgenic mouse models. We also focus on previously published research data of clinical studies on corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), galanin (GAL), neuropeptide Y (NPY), neuropeptide S (NPS), Oxytocin (OXT), vasopressin (VP), cholecystokinin (CCK), and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) stress research fields.
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Haider A, Xiao Z, Xia X, Chen J, Van RS, Kuang S, Zhao C, Rong J, Shao T, Ramesh P, Aravind A, Shao Y, Ran C, Young LJ, Liang SH. Development of a triazolobenzodiazepine-based PET probe for subtype-selective vasopressin 1A receptor imaging. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105886. [PMID: 34536549 PMCID: PMC8581590 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To enable non-invasive real-time quantification of vasopressin 1A (V1A) receptors in peripheral organs, we sought to develop a suitable PET probe that would allow specific and selective V1A receptor imaging in vitro and in vivo. METHODS We synthesized a high-affinity and -selectivity ligand, designated compound 17. The target structure was labeled with carbon-11 and tested for its utility as a V1A-targeted PET tracer by cell uptake studies, autoradiography, in vivo PET imaging and ex vivo biodistribution experiments. RESULTS Compound 17 (PF-184563) and the respective precursor for radiolabeling were synthesized in an overall yield of 49% (over 7 steps) and 40% (over 8 steps), respectively. An inhibitory constant of 0.9 nM towards the V1A receptors was measured, while excellent selectivity over the related V1B, V2 and OT receptor (IC50 >10,000 nM) were obtained. Cell uptake studies revealed considerable V1A binding, which was significantly reduced in the presence of V1A antagonists. Conversely, there was no significant blockade in the presence of V1B and V2 antagonists. In vitro autoradiography and PET imaging studies in rodents indicated specific tracer binding mainly in the liver. Further, the pancreas, spleen and the heart exhibited specific binding of [11C]17 ([11C]PF-184563) by ex vivo biodistribution experiments. CONCLUSION We have developed the first V1A-targeted PET ligand that is suitable for subtype-selective receptor imaging in peripheral organs including the liver, heart, pancreas and spleen. Our findings suggest that [11C]PF-184563 can be a valuable tool to study the role of V1A receptors in liver diseases, as well as in cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Haider
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Xiaotian Xia
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Richard S Van
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Shi Kuang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Jian Rong
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Tuo Shao
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | | | | | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States
| | - Larry J Young
- Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition, Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United Stated
| | - Steven H Liang
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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Lago TR, Brownstein MJ, Page E, Beydler E, Manbeck A, Beale A, Roberts C, Balderston N, Damiano E, Pineles SL, Simon N, Ernst M, Grillon C. The novel vasopressin receptor (V1aR) antagonist SRX246 reduces anxiety in an experimental model in humans: a randomized proof-of-concept study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2393-2403. [PMID: 33970290 PMCID: PMC8376758 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a neuropeptide that modulates both physiological and emotional responses to threat. Until recently, drugs that target vasopressin receptors (V1a) in the human central nervous system were unavailable. The development of a novel V1a receptor antagonist, SRX246, permits the experimental validation of vasopressin's role in the regulation of anxiety and fear in humans. OBJECTIVES Here, we examined the effects of SRX246 in a proof-of-concept translational paradigm of fear (phasic response to imminent threat) and anxiety (prolonged response to potential threat). METHODS Healthy volunteers received both SRX246 and placebo in a randomized, double-blind, counter-balanced order separated by a 5-7-day wash-out period. Threat consisted of unpleasant electric shocks. The "NPU" threat test probed startle reactivity during predictable threat (i.e., fear-potentiated startle) and unpredictable threat (i.e., anxiety-potentiated startle). RESULTS As predicted, SRX246 decreased anxiety-potentiated startle independent of fear-potentiated startle. CONCLUSIONS As anxiety-potentiated startle is elevated in anxiety and trauma-associated disorders and decreased by traditional anxiolytics such as SSRIs and benzodiazepines, the V1a receptor is a promising novel treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R Lago
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Emily Page
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily Beydler
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Alexis Beale
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Balderston
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eve Damiano
- Azevan Pharmaceuticals Inc, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Suzanne L Pineles
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Center, PTSD At VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neal Simon
- Azevan Pharmaceuticals Inc, Bethlehem, PA, USA
- Lehigh University, Bethelhem, PA, USA
| | - Monique Ernst
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Szeleczky Z, Szakács Z, Bozó É, Baska F, Vukics K, Lévai S, Temesvári K, Vass E, Béni Z, Krámos B, Magdó I, Szántay C, Kóti J, Domány-Kovács K, Greiner I, Bata I. Synthesis and Characterization of New V 1A Antagonist Compounds: The Separation of Four Atropisomeric Stereoisomers. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10445-10468. [PMID: 34255509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A new class of selective vasopressin receptor 1A (V1A) antagonists was identified, where "methyl-scan" was performed around the benzene ring of the 5-hydroxy-triazolobenzazepine core. This led to the synthesis of two 10-methyl derivatives, each possessing a chiral axis and a stereogenic center. The four atropisomeric stereoisomers (involving two enantiomer pairs and atropisomeric diastereomers) could be successfully isolated and spectroscopically characterized. According to the in vitro pharmacological profiles of the compounds, the human V1A receptor has a strong preference toward the isomers having an aR axial chirality, the most active isomer being the aR,5S isomer. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationships obtained for the isomers and for the newly synthesized analogues could be tentatively explained by an in silico study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Szeleczky
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szakács
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | - Éva Bozó
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Baska
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | | | - Sándor Lévai
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | | | - Elemér Vass
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Béni
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | - Balázs Krámos
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Magdó
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szántay
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | - János Kóti
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | | | - István Greiner
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
| | - Imre Bata
- Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, Budapest 1103, Hungary
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Garakani A, Murrough JW, Freire RC, Thom RP, Larkin K, Buono FD, Iosifescu DV. Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety Disorders: Current and Emerging Treatment Options. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2021; 19:222-242. [PMID: 34690588 PMCID: PMC8475923 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.19203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
(Appeared originally in Frontiers in Psychiatry 2020 Dec 23; 11:595584)
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Gupta PR, Prabhavalkar K. Combination therapy with neuropeptides for the treatment of anxiety disorder. Neuropeptides 2021; 86:102127. [PMID: 33607407 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety is a neurological disorder that is characterized by excessive, persistent, and unreasonable worry about everyday things like family, work, money, and relationships. The current therapy used for the treatment has many disadvantages like higher cost, severe adverse reactions, and has suboptimal efficiency. There is a need to look for more innovative approaches for the treatment of anxiety disorder which overcomes the disadvantages of conventional treatment. Recent findings suggest a strong correlation of glutamate with anxiety. Some promising drugs which have a novel mechanism for anxiolytic action are currently under clinical development for generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or post-traumatic stress disorder. Similarly, an interrelation of oxytocin with neuropeptide S or glutamate or vasopressin can also be considered for further evaluation for the development of new drugs for anxiety treatment. Anxiolytic drug development is a multi-target approach, with the idea of more efficiently equilibrating perturbed circuits. This review focuses on targeting unconventional targets like the glutamate system, voltage-gated ion channels, and neuropeptides system either alone or in combination for the treatment of anxiety disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Ramakant Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM'S Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400 056, India
| | - Kedar Prabhavalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM'S Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400 056, India.
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Török B, Fodor A, Zsebők S, Sipos E, Zelena D. The Effect of Vasopressin Antagonists on Maternal-Separation-Induced Ultrasonic Vocalization and Stress-Hormone Level Increase during the Early Postnatal Period. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11040444. [PMID: 33808441 PMCID: PMC8065579 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In adults, vasopressin exerts an anxiogenic effect, but less is known about the perinatal period. As a sign of distress, rat pups emit ultrasonic vocalizations when they are separated from their mothers, known as maternal separation-induced ultrasonic vocalization (MS-USV). Previously, reduced MS-USV was reported in 7–8-day-old genetically vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rats. Here, we aimed to examine the contributing vasopressin receptor (VR) subtypes using Wistar pups. MS-USV was recorded for 10 min, 30 min after vasopressin (V) 1aR, V1bR or V2R antagonist treatment (SR49059, SSR149415, SR121463B; 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). Sedation was studied by the righting reflex and negative geotaxis, and finally, the stress hormone levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. The vasopressin-deficient pups showed decreased MS-USV and adrenocorticotropin levels even after a saline injection, with unchanged corticosterone levels. Thirty mg/kg of V1aR-antagonist increased the corticosterone levels. All V1bR antagonist doses decreased the MS-USV and adrenocorticotropin, while 10 + 10 mg/kg of V1aR and V1bR antagonists decreased MS-USV without influencing the stress hormones. Three mg/kg of V2R antagonist enhanced MS-USV, while 30 mg/kg increased the stress hormone levels. We confirmed that vasopressin deficiency already caused anxiolytic effects in pups. V1bRs are the most important player in connection with their adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-regulatory role, but a combination of V1aR and V1bR antagonists might be also beneficial through other mechanisms, reducing the possibility of side effects. In contrast, antagonizing the V2Rs may be stressful due to an induction of imbalance in saltwater homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiána Török
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (B.T.); (A.F.); (E.S.)
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Fodor
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (B.T.); (A.F.); (E.S.)
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Zsebők
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary;
| | - Eszter Sipos
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (B.T.); (A.F.); (E.S.)
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (B.T.); (A.F.); (E.S.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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11
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Chaki S. Vasopressin V1B Receptor Antagonists as Potential Antidepressants. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:450-463. [PMID: 33733667 PMCID: PMC8278797 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that certain populations of depressed patients have impaired hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) is one of the primary factors in HPA axis regulation under stress situations, and AVP and its receptor subtype (V1B receptor) play a pivotal role in HPA axis abnormalities observed in depression. Based on this hypothesis, several non-peptide V1B receptor antagonists have been synthesized, and the efficacies of some V1B receptor antagonists have been investigated in both animals and humans. V1B receptor antagonists exert antidepressant-like effects in several animal models at doses that attenuate the hyperactivity of the HPA axis, and some of their detailed mechanisms have been delineated. These results obtained in animal models were, at least partly, reproduced in clinical trials. At least 2 V1B receptor antagonists (TS-121 and ABT-436) showed tendencies to reduce the depression scores of patients with major depressive disorder at doses that attenuate HPA axis hyperactivity or block the pituitary V1B receptor. Importantly, TS-121 showed a clearer efficacy for patients with higher basal cortisol levels than for those with lower basal cortisol levels, which was consistent with the hypothesis that V1B receptor antagonists may be more effective for patients with HPA axis hyperactivity. Therefore, V1B receptor antagonists are promising approaches for the treatment of depression involving HPA axis impairment such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Chaki
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama, Japan,Correspondence: Shigeyuki Chaki, PhD, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1–403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331–9530, Japan ()
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CRF-5-HT interactions in the dorsal raphe nucleus and motivation for stress-induced opioid reinstatement. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:29-40. [PMID: 33231727 PMCID: PMC7796902 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system plays an important role in stress-related psychiatric disorders and substance abuse. Our previous data show that stressors can inhibit 5-HT neuronal activity and release by stimulating the release of the stress neurohormone corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) within the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). The inhibitory effects of CRF on 5-HT DRN neurons are indirect, mediated by CRF-R1 receptors located on GABAergic afferents. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that DRN CRF-R1 receptors contribute to stress-induced reinstatement of morphine-conditioned place preference (CPP). We also examined the role of this circuitry in stress-induced negative affective state with 22-kHz distress ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), which are naturally emitted by rats in response to environmental challenges such as pain, stress, and drug withdrawal. METHODS First, we tested if activation of CRF-R1 receptors in the DRN with the CRF-R1-preferring agonist ovine CRF (oCRF) would reinstate morphine CPP and then if blockade of CRF-R1 receptors in the DRN with the CRF-R1 antagonist NBI 35965 would attenuate swim stress-induced reinstatement of morphine CPP. Second, we tested if intra-DRN pretreatment with NBI 35965 would attenuate foot shock stress-induced 22-kHz USVs. RESULTS Intra-DRN injection of oCRF reinstated morphine CPP, while intra-DRN injection of NBI 35965 attenuated swim stress-induced reinstatement. Moreover, intra-DRN pretreatment with NBI 35965 significantly reduced 22-kHz distress calls induced by foot shock. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that stress-induced negative affective state is mediated by DRN CRF-R1 receptors and may contribute to reinstatement of morphine CPP.
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Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric condition with a wide range of behavioral disturbances and serious consequences for both patient and society. One of the main reasons for unsuccessful therapies is insufficient knowledge about its underlying pathomechanism. In the search for centrally signaling molecules that might be relevant to the development of PTSD we focus here on arginine vasopressin (AVP). So far AVP has not been strongly implicated in PTSD, but different lines of evidence suggest a possible impact of its signaling in all clusters of PTSD symptomatology. More specifically, in laboratory rodents, AVP agonists affect behavior in a PTSD-like manner, while significant reduction of AVP signaling in the brain e.g. in AVP-deficient Brattleboro rats, ameliorated defined behavioral parameters that can be linked to PTSD symptoms. Different animal models of PTSD also show alterations in the AVP signaling in distinct brain areas. However, pharmacological treatment targeting central AVP receptors via systemic routes is hampered by possible side effects that are linked to the peripheral action of AVP as a hormone. Indeed, the V1a receptor, the most common receptor subtype in the brain, is implicated in vasoconstriction. Thus, systemic treatment with V1a receptor antagonists would be implicated in hypotonia. This implies that novel treatment concepts are needed to target AVP receptors not only at brain level but also in distinct brain areas, to offer alternative treatments for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Sipos
- Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bibiána Török
- Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Janos Szentagothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Barna
- Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mario Engelmann
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioural Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Szántó G, Makó A, Baska F, Bozó É, Domány-Kovács K, Kurkó D, Cselenyák A, Mohácsi R, Kordás KS, Bata I. New V1a receptor antagonist. Part 1. Synthesis and SAR development of urea derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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15
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Llorca-Torralba M, Pilar-Cuéllar F, da Silva Borges G, Mico JA, Berrocoso E. Opioid receptors mRNAs expression and opioids agonist-dependent G-protein activation in the rat brain following neuropathy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 99:109857. [PMID: 31904442 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Potent opioid-based therapies are often unsuccessful in promoting satisfactory analgesia in neuropathic pain. Moreover, the side effects associated with opioid therapy are still manifested in neuropathy-like diseases, including tolerance, abuse, addiction and hyperalgesia, although the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Studies in the spinal cord and periphery indicate that neuropathy alters the expression of mu-[MOP], delta-[DOP] or kappa-[KOP] opioid receptors, interfering with their activity. However, there is no consensus as to the supraspinal opioidergic modulation provoked by neuropathy, the structures where the sensory and affective-related pain components are processed. In this study we explored the effect of chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve (CCI) over 7 and 30 days (CCI-7d and CCI-30d, respectively) on MOP, DOP and KOP mRNAs expression, using in situ hybridization, and the efficacy of G-protein stimulation by DAMGO, DPDPE and U-69593 (MOP, DOP and KOP specific agonists, respectively), using [35S]GTPγS binding, within opioid-sensitive brain structures. After CCI-7d, CCI-30d or both, opioid receptor mRNAs expression was altered throughout the brain: MOP - in the paracentral/centrolateral thalamic nuclei, ventral posteromedial thalamic nuclei, superior olivary complex, parabrachial nucleus [PB] and posterodorsal tegmental nucleus; DOP - in the somatosensory cortex [SSC], ventral tegmental area, caudate putamen [CPu], nucleus accumbens [NAcc], raphe magnus [RMg] and PB; and KOP - in the locus coeruleus. Agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding was altered following CCI: MOP - CPu and RMg; DOP - prefrontal cortex [PFC], SSC, RMg and NAcc; and KOP - PFC and SSC. Thus, this study shows that several opioidergic circuits in the brain are recruited and modified following neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Llorca-Torralba
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Fuencisla Pilar-Cuéllar
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC, SODERCAN), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Juan A Mico
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Esther Berrocoso
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.
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PCC0208009, an indirect IDO1 inhibitor, alleviates neuropathic pain and co-morbidities by regulating synaptic plasticity of ACC and amygdala. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113926. [PMID: 32217098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) has been linked to neuropathic pain and IDO1 inhibitors have been shown to reduce pain in animals. Some studies have indicated that IDO1 expression increased after neuropathic pain in hippocampus and spinal cord, whether these changes existing in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and amygdala remains obscure and how IDO1 inhibition leads to analgesia is largely unknown. Here, we evaluated the antinociceptive effect of PCC0208009, an indirect IDO1 inhibitor, on neuropathic pain and examined the related neurobiological mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of PCC0208009 on pain, cognition and anxiogenic behaviors were evaluated in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Motor disorder, sedation and somnolence were also assessed. Biochemical techniques were used to measure IDO1-mediated signaling changes in ACC and amygdala. KEY RESULTS In rats receiving spinal nerve ligation (SNL), IDO1 expression level was increased in ACC and amygdala. PCC0208009 attenuated pain-related behaviors in the formalin test and SNL model and increased cognition and anxiogenic behaviors in SNL rats at doses that did not affect locomotor activity and sleeping. PCC0208009 inhibited IDO1 expression in ACC and amygdala by inhibiting the IL-6-JAK2/STAT3-IDO1-GCN2-IL-6 pathway. In addition, PCC0208009 reversed synaptic plasticity at the functional and structural levels by suppressing NMDA2B receptor and CDK5/MAP2 or CDK5/Tau pathway in ACC and amygdala. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These results support the role of IDO1-mediated molecular mechanisms in neuropathic pain and suggest that the IDO1 inhibitor PCC0208009 demonstrates selective pain suppression and could be a useful pharmacological therapy for neuropathic pain.
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Garakani A, Murrough JW, Freire RC, Thom RP, Larkin K, Buono FD, Iosifescu DV. Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety Disorders: Current and Emerging Treatment Options. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:595584. [PMID: 33424664 PMCID: PMC7786299 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.595584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric disorders and a leading cause of disability. While there continues to be expansive research in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and schizophrenia, there is a relative dearth of novel medications under investigation for anxiety disorders. This review's first aim is to summarize current pharmacological treatments (both approved and off-label) for panic disorder (PD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), and specific phobias (SP), including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), azapirones (e.g., buspirone), mixed antidepressants (e.g., mirtazapine), antipsychotics, antihistamines (e.g., hydroxyzine), alpha- and beta-adrenergic medications (e.g., propranolol, clonidine), and GABAergic medications (benzodiazepines, pregabalin, and gabapentin). Posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder are excluded from this review. Second, we will review novel pharmacotherapeutic agents under investigation for the treatment of anxiety disorders in adults. The pathways and neurotransmitters reviewed include serotonergic agents, glutamate modulators, GABAergic medications, neuropeptides, neurosteroids, alpha- and beta-adrenergic agents, cannabinoids, and natural remedies. The outcome of the review reveals a lack of randomized double-blind placebo- controlled trials for anxiety disorders and few studies comparing novel treatments to existing anxiolytic agents. Although there are some recent randomized controlled trials for novel agents including neuropeptides, glutamatergic agents (such as ketamine and d-cycloserine), and cannabinoids (including cannabidiol) primarily in GAD or SAD, these trials have largely been negative, with only some promise for kava and PH94B (an inhaled neurosteroid). Overall, the progression of current and future psychopharmacology research in anxiety disorders suggests that there needs to be further expansion in research of these novel pathways and larger-scale studies of promising agents with positive results from smaller trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Garakani
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Silver Hill Hospital, New Canaan, CT, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - James W Murrough
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rafael C Freire
- Department of Psychiatry and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Robyn P Thom
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Larkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Frank D Buono
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Dan V Iosifescu
- Clinical Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Varlinskaya EI, Hosová D, Towner T, Werner DF, Spear LP. Effects of chronic intermittent ethanol exposure during early and late adolescence on anxiety-like behaviors and behavioral flexibility in adulthood. Behav Brain Res 2019; 378:112292. [PMID: 31626849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although both humans and laboratory rodents demonstrate cognitive and affective alterations associated with adolescent alcohol exposure, it is still unknown whether the consequences of early initiation of alcohol use differ from those of later binge drinking within the adolescent developmental period. The present study was designed to assess the effects of early and late AIE on (1) anxiety-like behavior under social (modified social interaction test) and non-social test circumstances (modified light/dark box test, elevated plus maze), and (2) behavioral flexibility, indexed via set shifting in males and females. Early-mid adolescent intermittent exposure (early AIE) occurred between postnatal days (P) 25 and 45, whereas late adolescent intermittent exposure (late AIE) was conducted between P45 and P65, with behavioral testing initiated not earlier than 25 days after repeated exposure to ethanol (4.0 g/kg intragastrically, every other day for a total of 11 exposures). Anxiety-like behavior on the EPM was evident in males and females following early AIE, whereas only males demonstrated non-social anxiety on the EPM following late AIE. Social anxiety-like alterations and deficits in behavioral flexibility were evident only in males following early AIE. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate a particular vulnerability of young adolescent males to long-lasting detrimental effects of repeated ethanol and an insensitivity of older adolescent females to the intermittent ethanol exposure paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Varlinskaya
- Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood Consortium (NADIA), Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
| | - Dominika Hosová
- Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood Consortium (NADIA), Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
| | - Trevor Towner
- Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood Consortium (NADIA), Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
| | - David F Werner
- Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood Consortium (NADIA), Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States.
| | - Linda P Spear
- Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood Consortium (NADIA), Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
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Charlton PE, Schatz KC, Burke K, Paul MJ, Dent ML. Sex differences in auditory brainstem response audiograms from vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro and wild-type Long-Evans rats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222096. [PMID: 31469871 PMCID: PMC6716658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats are highly social creatures that produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during social interactions. Brattleboro rats, a Long-Evans derived rat that lacks vasopressin (AVP) due to a mutation in the Avp gene, exhibit atypical social behavior, including fewer USVs with altered spectrotemporal characteristics during social interactions. It is unclear why Brattleboro rats produce atypical USVs, but one factor could be differences in auditory acuity between them and wild-type Long Evans rats with functional vasopressin. Previous studies have suggested a link between increased levels of AVP and auditory processing. Additionally, few studies have investigated sex differences in auditory perception by Long-Evans rats. Sex differences in auditory acuity have been found throughout the animal kingdom, but have not yet been demonstrated in rat audiograms. This study aimed to measure auditory brainstem response (ABR) derived audiograms for frequencies ranging from 1 to 64 kHz in male and female homozygous Brattleboro (Hom), heterozygous Brattleboro (Het), and wild-type (WT) Long-Evans rats to better understand the role of AVP and sex differences in auditory processing by these rats. We failed to detect significant differences between the ABR audiograms of Hom, Het, and WT Long-Evans rats, suggesting that varying levels of AVP do not affect auditory processing. Interestingly, males and females of all genotypes did differ in their ABR thresholds, with males exhibiting higher thresholds than females. The sex differences in auditory acuity were significant at the lowest and highest frequencies, possibly affecting the perception of USVs. These are the first known sex differences in rat audiograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payton E. Charlton
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Kelcie C. Schatz
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Kali Burke
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Paul
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Micheal L. Dent
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sartori SB, Singewald N. Novel pharmacological targets in drug development for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 204:107402. [PMID: 31470029 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Current medication for anxiety disorders is suboptimal in terms of efficiency and tolerability, highlighting the need for improved drug treatments. In this review an overview of drugs being studied in different phases of clinical trials for their potential in the treatment of fear-, anxiety- and trauma-related disorders is presented. One strategy followed in drug development is refining and improving compounds interacting with existing anxiolytic drug targets, such as serotonergic and prototypical GABAergic benzodiazepines. A more innovative approach involves the search for compounds with novel mechanisms of anxiolytic action using the growing knowledge base concerning the relevant neurocircuitries and neurobiological mechanisms underlying pathological fear and anxiety. The target systems evaluated in clinical trials include glutamate, endocannabinoid and neuropeptide systems, as well as ion channels and targets derived from phytochemicals. Examples of promising novel candidates currently in clinical development for generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder include ketamine, riluzole, xenon with one common pharmacological action of modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission, as well as the neurosteroid aloradine. Finally, compounds such as D-cycloserine, MDMA, L-DOPA and cannabinoids have shown efficacy in enhancing fear-extinction learning in humans. They are thus investigated in clinical trials as an augmentative strategy for speeding up and enhancing the long-term effectiveness of exposure-based psychotherapy, which could render chronic anxiolytic drug treatment dispensable for many patients. These efforts are indicative of a rekindled interest and renewed optimism in the anxiety drug discovery field, after decades of relative stagnation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone B Sartori
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Leopold Franzens University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Leopold Franzens University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Llorca-Torralba M, Suárez-Pereira I, Bravo L, Camarena-Delgado C, Garcia-Partida JA, Mico JA, Berrocoso E. Chemogenetic Silencing of the Locus Coeruleus-Basolateral Amygdala Pathway Abolishes Pain-Induced Anxiety and Enhanced Aversive Learning in Rats. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:1021-1035. [PMID: 30987747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain affects both sensory and emotional aversive responses, often provoking anxiety-related diseases when chronic. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the interactions between anxiety and chronic pain remain unclear. METHODS We characterized the sensory, emotional, and cognitive consequences of neuropathic pain (chronic constriction injury) in a rat model. Moreover, we determined the role of the locus coeruleus (LC) neurons that project to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) using a DREADD (designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs). RESULTS Chronic constriction injury led to sensorial hypersensitivity in both the short term and long term. Otherwise, long-term pain led to an anxiety-like profile (in the elevated zero maze and open field tests), as well as increased responses to learn aversive situations (in the passive avoidance and fear conditioning tests) and an impairment of nonemotional cognitive tasks (in the novel object recognition and object pattern of separation tests). Chemogenetic blockade of the LC-BLA pathway and intra-BLA or systemic antagonism of beta-adrenergic receptors abolished both long-term pain-induced anxiety and enhanced fear learning. By contrast, chemogenetic activation of this pathway induced anxiety-like behaviors and enhanced the aversive learning and memory index in sham animals, although it had little effect on short- and long-term chronic constriction injury animals. Interestingly, modulation of LC-BLA activity did not modify sensorial perception or episodic memory. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that dimensions associated with pain are processed by independent pathways and that there is an overactivation of the LC-BLA pathway when anxiety and chronic pain are comorbid, which involves the activity of beta-adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Llorca-Torralba
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Irene Suárez-Pereira
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Lidia Bravo
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carmen Camarena-Delgado
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Foundation of Cadiz, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Garcia-Partida
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Mico
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Esther Berrocoso
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Foundation of Cadiz, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.
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Sexually Dimorphic Vasopressin Cells Modulate Social Investigation and Communication in Sex-Specific Ways. eNeuro 2019; 6:eN-NWR-0415-18. [PMID: 30693316 PMCID: PMC6348451 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0415-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) has long been implicated in the regulation of social behavior and communication, but precisely which AVP cell groups are involved is largely unknown. To address whether the sexually dimorphic AVP cell group in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is important for social communication, we deleted BNST AVP cells by viral delivery of a Cre-dependent caspase-3 cell-death construct in AVP-iCre-positive mice using AVP-iCre negative littermate as controls, and assessed social, sexual, aggressive and anxiety-related behaviors. In males, lesioning BNST AVP cells reduced social investigation of other males and increased urine marking (UM) in the presence of a live female, without altering ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), resident-intruder aggression, copulatory behavior, anxiety, or investigation of females or their odor cues. In females, which have significantly fewer AVP cells in the BNST, these injections influenced copulatory behavior but otherwise had minimal effects on social behavior and communication, indicating that these cells contribute to sex differences in social behavioral function.
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Harper KM, Knapp DJ, Criswell HE, Breese GR. Vasopressin and alcohol: a multifaceted relationship. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:3363-3379. [PMID: 30392132 PMCID: PMC6286152 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arginine vasopressin (VP) has been implicated in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders with an emphasis on situations where stress increased the severity of the disorder. Based on this hypothesized role for VP in neuropsychiatric disorders, much research is currently being undertaken in humans and animals to test VP as a target for treatment of a number of these disorders including alcohol abuse. OBJECTIVES To provide a summary of the literature regarding the role of VP in alcohol- and stress-related behaviors including the use of drugs that target VP in clinical trials. RESULTS Changes in various components of the VP system occur with alcohol and stress. Manipulating VP or its receptors can alter alcohol- and stress-related behaviors including tolerance to alcohol, alcohol drinking, and anxiety-like behavior. Finally, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to alcohol is also altered by manipulating the VP system. However, clinical trials of VP antagonists have had mixed results. CONCLUSIONS A review of VP's involvement in alcohol's actions demonstrates that there is much to be learned about brain regions involved in VP-mediated effects on behavior. Thus, future work should focus on elucidating relevant brain regions. By using previous knowledge of the actions of VP and determining the brain regions and/or systems involved in its different behavioral effects, it may be possible to identify a specific receptor subtype target, drug treatment combination, or specific clinical contexts that may point toward a more successful treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Harper
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7178, Thurston Bowles Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7178, USA.
| | - Darin J Knapp
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7178, Thurston Bowles Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7178, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7178, USA
| | - Hugh E Criswell
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7178, Thurston Bowles Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7178, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7178, USA
| | - George R Breese
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7178, Thurston Bowles Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7178, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7178, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7178, USA
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Shimizu K, Nakamura K, Yokosuka M, Kondo Y. Modulation of male mouse sociosexual and anxiety-like behaviors by vasopressin receptors. Physiol Behav 2018; 197:37-41. [PMID: 30290180 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the involvement of two types of vasopressin (AVP) receptors, v1a and v1b, in neural regulation of social behavior is well documented in rodents, there is no report on combined actions of them in regulation of social behavior. In this study, we investigated behavioral differences between wild-type (WT) and v1a and v1b double knockout (dKO) mice. For this, we measured olfactory preference, sexual behavior with receptive females (four weekly tests) in an enriched large observation cage, and anxiety-like behaviors. No difference between WT and dKO mice was found in olfactory preferences for estrous female odor to male odor. Over all four mating tests, the number of mounts and pursuits after receptive females was significantly greater in dKO mice than in WT mice. In the elevated plus maze and the open field test, dKO mice showed lower anxiety-like behavior than WT mice. Finally, we measured approach behavior to several types of objects, figurines, and caged anestrous or estrous females placed in the open field apparatus. The only difference observed was that dKO mice spent longer in the vicinity of estrous females than did WT mice. These findings suggest that vasopressin receptors are involved in the regulation of sociosexual behavior, presumably partly mediated by emotional responses, in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kie Shimizu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Yamanashi, Japan; Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Yokosuka
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kondo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Yamanashi, Japan.
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Oxytocin and vasopressin modulation of social anxiety following adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:3065-3077. [PMID: 30141056 PMCID: PMC6456069 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure (AIE) produces lasting, sex-specific social anxiety-like alterations in male, but not female rats. Oxytocin (OXT) and vasopressin (AVP) brain systems play opposite roles in regulating social preference/avoidance, with OXT increasing approach to, and AVP increasing avoidance of social stimuli. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that social anxiety-like alterations seen in adult males after AIE are associated with a shift in the balance between OXT and AVP toward AVP, effectiveness of pharmacological activation of the OXT system and blockade of endogenous activity at AVP receptors for reversing AIE-induced social anxiety-like alterations was assessed, along with examination of the effects of AIE on OXT, vasopressin V1a, and V1b receptor (OXT-R, V1a-R, and V1b-R) surface expression in the hypothalamus. METHODS Sprague-Dawley male and female rats were given 4 g/kg ethanol (AIE) or water intragastrically every 48 h for a total of 11 exposures during postnatal days (P) 25-45. On P70-72, animals were given a social interaction test following administration of a selective OXT-R agonist WAY-267464, selective V1a-R antagonist SR-49059, or V1b-R antagonist SSR-149415, and hypothalamic tissue was collected. RESULTS Social anxiety-like behavior was induced by AIE in males but not females, and was selectively reversed by the selective OXT-R agonist and V1b-R antagonist, but not V1a-R antagonist. AIE was also found to decrease OXT-R, but increase V1b-R neuronal surface expression relative to water-exposed controls in the hypothalamus of males, but not females. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that AIE induces changes in OXT-R and AVP-R surface expression in the hypothalamus along with social anxiety-like alterations in male rats. These social anxiety-like alterations can be reversed either by activation of the OXT system or by suppression of the AVP system, data that support the hypothesis that social anxiety-like alterations induced by adolescent alcohol exposure in male rats are associated at least in part with an OXT/AVP imbalance.
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The onset of treatment with the antidepressant desipramine is critical for the emotional consequences of neuropathic pain. Pain 2018; 159:2606-2619. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Llorca-Torralba M, Mico JA, Berrocoso E. Behavioral effects of combined morphine and MK-801 administration to the locus coeruleus of a rat neuropathic pain model. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018. [PMID: 29524514 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The persistent activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate acid receptors (NMDARs) seems to be responsible for a series of changes in neurons associated with neuropathic pain, including the failure of opioids that act through mu-opioid receptors (MORs) to provide efficacious pain relief. As the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) forms part of the endogenous analgesic system, we explored how intra-LC administration of morphine, a MORs agonist, alone or in combination with MK-801, a NMDARs antagonist, affects the sensorial and affective dimension of pain in a rat model of neuropathic pain; chronic constriction injury (CCI). Intra-LC microinjection of morphine induced analgesia in CCI rats, as evident in the von Frey and cold plate test 7 and 30 days after surgery, although it was not able to reverse pain-related aversion when evaluated using the place escape/avoidance test. However, the thermal anti-nociception produced by morphine was enhanced when it was administered to the LC of CCI animals in combination with MK-801, without altering its effects on the mechanical thresholds. Furthermore, pain-related aversion was reduced by co-administration of these agents, yet only in the short-term CCI (7 day) rats. Overall the data indicate that administration of morphine to the LC produces analgesia in nerve injured animals and that this effect is potentiated in specific pain modalities by the co-administration of MK-801. While a combination of morphine and MK-801 could reduce pain-related aversion in short-term neuropathic animals, it was ineffective in the long-term, suggesting that its sensorial effects and its influence on the affective component of pain are regulated by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Llorca-Torralba
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan A Mico
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Esther Berrocoso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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Pałasz A, Janas-Kozik M, Borrow A, Arias-Carrión O, Worthington JJ. The potential role of the novel hypothalamic neuropeptides nesfatin-1, phoenixin, spexin and kisspeptin in the pathogenesis of anxiety and anorexia nervosa. Neurochem Int 2018; 113:120-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Lynch JJ, Van Vleet TR, Mittelstadt SW, Blomme EAG. Potential functional and pathological side effects related to off-target pharmacological activity. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 87:108-126. [PMID: 28216264 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most pharmaceutical companies test their discovery-stage proprietary molecules in a battery of in vitro pharmacology assays to try to determine off-target interactions. During all phases of drug discovery and development, various questions arise regarding potential side effects associated with such off-target pharmacological activity. Here we present a scientific literature curation effort undertaken to determine and summarize the most likely functional and pathological outcomes associated with interactions at 70 receptors, enzymes, ion channels and transporters with established links to adverse effects. To that end, the scientific literature was reviewed using an on-line database, and the most commonly reported effects were summarized in tabular format. The resultant table should serve as a practical guide for research scientists and clinical investigators for the prediction and interpretation of adverse side effects associated with molecules interacting with components of this screening battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Lynch
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
| | | | | | - Eric A G Blomme
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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30
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Borrow AP, Stranahan AM, Suchecki D, Yunes R. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Anxiety: Beyond the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 27318180 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system regulates and responds to endocrine signals, and this reciprocal relationship determines emotional processing and behavioural anxiety. Although the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis remains the best-characterised system for this relationship, other steroid and peptide hormones are increasingly recognised for their effects on anxiety-like behaviour and reward. The present review examines recent developments related to the role of a number of different hormones in anxiety, including pregnane neurosteroids, gut peptides, neuropeptides and hormonal signals derived from fatty acids. Findings from both basic and clinical studies suggest that these alternative systems may complement or occlude stress-induced changes in anxiety and anxiety-like behaviour. By broadening the scope of mechanisms for depression and anxiety, it may be possible to develop novel strategies to attenuate stress-related psychiatric conditions. The targets for these potential therapies, as discussed in this review, encompass multiple circuits and systems, including those outside of the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Borrow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - A M Stranahan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - D Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Yunes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
- Área de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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31
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Atypical Social Development in Vasopressin-Deficient Brattleboro Rats. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0150-15. [PMID: 27066536 PMCID: PMC4822146 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0150-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 3 decades, a large body of evidence has accumulated demonstrating that the neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) plays a critical role in regulating social behavior. The overwhelming majority of this evidence comes from adults, leaving a gap in our understanding of the role of AVP during development. Here, we investigated the effect of chronic AVP deficiency on a suite of juvenile social behaviors using Brattleboro rats, which lack AVP due to a mutation in the Avp gene. Social play behavior, huddling, social investigation & allogrooming, and ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) of male and female rats homozygous for the Brattleboro mutation (Hom) were compared with their wild-type (WT) and heterozygous (Het) littermates during same-sex, same-genotype social interactions. Male and female Hom juveniles exhibited less social play than their Het and WT littermates throughout the rise, peak, and decline of the developmental profile of play. Hom juveniles also emitted fewer prosocial 50 kHz USVs, and spectrotemporal characteristics (call frequency and call duration) of individual call types differed from those of WT and Het juveniles. However, huddling behavior was increased in Hom juveniles, and social investigation and 22 kHz USVs did not differ across genotypes, demonstrating that not all social interactions were affected in the same manner. Collectively, these data suggest that the Avp gene plays a critical role in juvenile social development.
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32
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Bredt DS, Furey ML, Chen G, Lovenberg T, Drevets WC, Manji HK. Translating depression biomarkers for improved targeted therapies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 59:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Varga J, Fodor A, Klausz B, Zelena D. Anxiogenic role of vasopressin during the early postnatal period: maternal separation-induced ultrasound vocalization in vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rats. Amino Acids 2015; 47:2409-18. [PMID: 26133736 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Both animal and human studies suggest that in adulthood, plasma vasopressin level correlates well with anxiety. Little is known about the mood regulation during the perinatal period. Here, we aim to investigate the influence of vasopressin on anxiety during the early postnatal age. As a sign of distress, rat pups emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) when they are separated from their mother. This USV was detected in 7- to 8-day-old vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro pups, and they were compared to their heterozygote littermates and wild-type pups. The results were confirmed by V1b antagonist treatment (SSR149415 10 mg/kg ip 30 min before test) in wild-types. Chlordiazepoxide (3 mg/kg ip 30 min before test)-an anxiolytic-was used to test the interaction with the GABAergic system. At the end of the test, stress-hormone levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Vasopressin-deficient pups vocalized substantially less than non-deficient counterparts. Treatment with V1b antagonist resulted in similar effect. Chlordiazepoxide reduced the frequency and duration of the vocalization only in wild-types. Reduced vocalization was accompanied by smaller adrenocorticotropin levels but the level of corticosterone was variable. Our results indicate that the anxiolytic effect of vasopressin deficiency (both genetic and pharmacological) exists already during the early postnatal age. Vasopressin interacts with the GABAergic system. As mood regulation does not go parallel with glucocorticoid levels, we suggest that vasopressin might have a direct effect on special brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Varga
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Fodor
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Klausz
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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Lukas M, Wöhr M. Endogenous vasopressin, innate anxiety, and the emission of pro-social 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations during social play behavior in juvenile rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 56:35-44. [PMID: 25800147 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the involvement of the neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) in rodent social interaction is already extensively characterized, little is known about its role in social communication. Rats communicate in the ultrasonic range by means of ultrasonic vocalizations (USV). Depending on developmental stage and affective state, rats emit various distinct types of USV, with appetitive 50-kHz USV being induced by positive social interactions, like juvenile social play, probably serving an affiliative communicative function, namely to (re)establish or induce social proximity. In rats and mice selectively bred for low (LAB) and high (HAB) anxiety-related behavior, the emission of isolation-induced distress USV during maternal deprivation as pups correlates with innate high levels of hypothalamic AVP availability. Moreover, male LAB and HAB rats express deficits in social approach towards conspecifics, together with high and/or abnormal forms of aggression when confronted with harmless opponents, possibly due to a lack of social communication skills. The aim of this study was therefore (1) to investigate and characterize social play behavior and concomitant pro-social 50-kHz USV emission in male and female, juvenile LAB and HAB rats and to compare them to non-selected Wistar (NAB) rats; and (2) to link these findings pharmacologically to the central AVP system via applying an AVP 1a receptor (V1aR) antagonist (0.75 μg; Manning compound) or synthetic AVP (1 ng) into the lateral ventricle of male juvenile NAB rats. Our results show that reduced social play behavior in highly anxious male and female, juvenile HAB rats is accompanied by low amounts of pro-social 50-kHz USV, as compared to respective LAB and NAB rats, possibly reflecting a lack of positive affective states in expectation of or following social interactions in these individuals. Secondly, although synthetic AVP did not alter social play behavior and pro-social 50-kHz USV, we demonstrated for the first time that a blockade of the central AVP system not only reduces juvenile social play behavior, but at the same time pro-social 50-kHz USV emission rates, indicating an involvement of the social neuropeptide in regulating affiliative communication in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lukas
- Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Wöhr
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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Ratni H, Rogers-Evans M, Bissantz C, Grundschober C, Moreau JL, Schuler F, Fischer H, Alvarez Sanchez R, Schnider P. Discovery of Highly Selective Brain-Penetrant Vasopressin 1a Antagonists for the Potential Treatment of Autism via a Chemogenomic and Scaffold Hopping Approach. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2275-89. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501745f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasane Ratni
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark Rogers-Evans
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caterina Bissantz
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Grundschober
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Moreau
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franz Schuler
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Holger Fischer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Alvarez Sanchez
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schnider
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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Simola N. Rat Ultrasonic Vocalizations and Behavioral Neuropharmacology: From the Screening of Drugs to the Study of Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:164-79. [PMID: 26411760 PMCID: PMC4598429 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13999150318113800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that rats emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in response to a wide range of stimuli that are capable of producing either euphoric (positive) or dysphoric (negative) emotional states. On these bases, recordings of USVs are extensively used in preclinical studies of affect, motivation, and social behavior. Rat USVs are sensitive to the effects of certain classes of psychoactive drugs, suggesting that emission of rat USVs can have relevance not only to neurobiology, but also to neuropharmacology and psychopharmacology. This review summarizes three types of rat USVs, namely 40-kHz USVs emitted by pups, 22-kHz USVs and 50-kHz USVs emitted by young and adult animals, and relevance of these vocalizations to neuropharmacological studies. Attention will be focused on the issues of how rat USVs can be used to evaluate the pharmacological properties of different classes of drugs, and how rat USVs can be combined with other behavioral models used in neuropharmacology. The strengths and limitations of experimental paradigms based on the evaluation of rat USVs will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale, 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy.
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37
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Oxytocin and vasopressin modulate the social response to threat: a preclinical study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:1621-33. [PMID: 24807123 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145714000388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals in many species increase their proximity to others in threatening situations (defensive aggregation), increasing their chance of survival and reducing the adverse psychological impact of stressors. However, the basic neurobiology of defensive aggregation is not well understood. Here we examined the role of the social neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) in this response. Groups of rats were exposed to a ball of cat fur (an innate threat stimulus) in a large arena, causing prolonged periods of tight social grouping (huddling). The modulatory effects of OT and AVP on huddling were examined both alone and in conjunction with relevant antagonists. To determine specificity of treatment effects to social grouping, the effects of the same treatments were also assessed in individual rats exposed to cat fur and given the opportunity to hide. OT (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and AVP (0.01 mg/kg, i.p.) increased huddling in rats socially exposed to cat fur, whereas the selective V1A AVP receptor antagonist SR49059 (3 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased huddling. The effects of OT were prevented by pre-treatment with SR49059 (3 mg/kg), while those of AVP were prevented by the V1B receptor antagonist SSR149415 (30 mg/kg, i.p.). OT had no effect on huddling when groups of four rats were tested with no cat fur present whereas AVP increased huddling under these conditions. Neither OT, nor SR49059, affected hiding in individual rats exposed to cat fur. However, AVP increased hiding, an effect prevented by SSR149415 (30 mg/kg, i.p.). These results suggest that OT acts on V1A receptors to promote a social response to threat without altering the more general defensive response. Conversely, AVP appears to increase generalised anxiety via V1B receptors, which subsequently results in huddling. A hitherto unrecognised function of oxytocin is therefore to promote social affiliation during threatening situations.
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Hodgson RA, Mullins D, Lu SX, Guzzi M, Zhang X, Bleickardt CJ, Scott JD, Miller MW, Stamford AW, Parker EM, Varty GB. Characterization of a novel vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist, V1B-30N, in animal models of anxiety-like and depression-like behavior. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 730:157-63. [PMID: 24602808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Overactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been linked to affective disorders such as anxiety and depression. Dampening HPA activity has, therefore, been considered as a possible means of treating affective disorders. Given the important role of vasopressin in modulating the HPA axis, one strategy has focused on inhibiting activity of the vasopressin 1b (V1b) receptor. In animals, V1b receptor antagonists reduce plasma stress hormone levels and have been shown to have an anxiolytic-like effect. Recently, V1B-30N was identified as a highly potent V1b receptor antagonist with selectivity over other vasopressin receptors, which is evaluated here in rodent models of anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors. V1B-30N (1-30mg/kg, IP) dose-dependently reduced separation-induced vocalizations in rat pups without producing any sedative effects in the animals. Similarly, V1B-30N (3-30mg/kg, IP) dose-dependently reduced separation-induced vocalizations in guinea pig pups. In a conflict assay, conditioned lick suppression, V1B-30N (3-30mg/kg, IP) increased punished licking. To assess antidepressive-like properties, V1B-30N (1-30mg/kg) was tested in the mouse and rat forced-swim tests but was found to be inactive. These results are consistent with previous findings with other V1b antagonists, which suggest that acute pharmacological antagonism of the V1b receptor has anxiolytic-like but not antidepressant-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hodgson
- Departments of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck and Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Deborra Mullins
- Departments of Neuroscience, Merck and Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Sherry X Lu
- Departments of Neuroscience, Merck and Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Mario Guzzi
- Departments of Neuroscience, Merck and Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Departments of Neuroscience, Merck and Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Carina J Bleickardt
- Departments of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck and Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Jack D Scott
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck and Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Michael W Miller
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck and Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Andrew W Stamford
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck and Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Eric M Parker
- Departments of Neuroscience, Merck and Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Geoffrey B Varty
- Departments of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck and Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Lin RE, Ambler L, Billingslea EN, Suh J, Batheja S, Tatard-Leitman V, Featherstone RE, Siegel SJ. Electroencephalographic and early communicative abnormalities in Brattleboro rats. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00100. [PMID: 24303172 PMCID: PMC3841036 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reductions in the levels of the neuropeptide vasopressin (VP) and its receptors have been associated with schizophrenia. VP is also critical for appropriate social behaviors in humans as well as rodents. One of the prominent symptoms of schizophrenia is asociality and these symptoms may develop prodromally. A reduction in event-related potential (ERP) peak amplitudes is an endophenotype of schizophrenia. In this study, we use the Brattleboro (BRAT) rat to assess the role of VP deficiency in vocal communication during early development and on auditory ERPs during adulthood. BRAT rats had similar vocal communication to wild-type littermate controls during postnatal days 2 and 5 but the time between vocalizations was increased and the power of the vocalizations was reduced beginning at postnatal day 9. During adulthood, BRAT rats had deficits in auditory ERPs including reduced N40 amplitude and reduced low and high gamma intertrial coherence. These results suggest that the role of VP on vocal communication is an age-dependent process. Additionally, the deficits in ERPs indicate an impairment of auditory information processing related to the reduction in VP. Therefore, manipulation of the VP system could provide a novel mechanism for treatment for negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Serafini G, Pompili M, Lindqvist D, Dwivedi Y, Girardi P. The role of neuropeptides in suicidal behavior: a systematic review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:687575. [PMID: 23986909 PMCID: PMC3748411 DOI: 10.1155/2013/687575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing evidence that neuropeptides may be involved in the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior. A critical review of the literature was conducted to investigate the association between neuropeptides and suicidal behavior. Only articles from peer-reviewed journals were selected for the inclusion in the present review. Twenty-six articles were assessed for eligibility but only 22 studies were included. Most studies have documented an association between suicidality and some neuropeptides such as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), VGF, cholecystokinin, substance P, and neuropeptide Y (NPY), which have been demonstrated to act as key neuromodulators of emotional processing. Significant differences in neuropeptides levels have been found in those who have attempted or completed suicide compared with healthy controls or those dying from other causes. Despite cross-sectional associations between neuropeptides levels and suicidal behavior, causality may not be inferred. The implications of the mentioned studies were discussed in this review paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Serafini
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Alba-Delgado C, Llorca-Torralba M, Horrillo I, Ortega JE, Mico JA, Sánchez-Blázquez P, Meana JJ, Berrocoso E. Chronic pain leads to concomitant noradrenergic impairment and mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:54-62. [PMID: 22854119 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients suffering chronic pain are at high risk of suffering long-lasting emotional disturbances characterized by persistent low mood and anxiety. We propose that this might be the result of a functional impairment in noradrenergic circuits associated with locus coeruleus (LC) and prefrontal cortex, where emotional and sensorial pain processes overlap. METHODS We used a chronic constriction injury of sciatic nerve as a model of neuropathic pain in male Sprague-Dawley rats to assess the time-dependent changes that might potentially precipitate mood disorders (2, 7, 14, and 28 days after injury). This was measured through a combination of behavioral, electrophysiological, microdialysis, immunohistochemical, and Western blot assays. RESULTS As expected, nerve injury produced an early and stable decrease in sensorial pain threshold over the testing period. By contrast, long-term neuropathic pain (28 days after injury) resulted in an inability to cope with stressful situations, provoking depressive and anxiogenic-like behaviors, even more intense than the aversiveness associated with pain perception. The onset of these behavioral changes coincided with irruption of noradrenergic dysfunction, evident as: an increase in LC bursting activity; in tyrosine hydroxylase expression and that of the noradrenaline transporter; and enhanced expression and sensitivity of α2-adrenoceptors in the LC. CONCLUSIONS Long-term neuropathic pain leads to anxio-depressive-like behaviors that are more predominant than the aversion of a painful experience. These changes are consistent with the impairment of noradrenergic system described in depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alba-Delgado
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
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Koshimizu TA, Nakamura K, Egashira N, Hiroyama M, Nonoguchi H, Tanoue A. Vasopressin V1a and V1b Receptors: From Molecules to Physiological Systems. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:1813-64. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurohypophysial hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) is essential for a wide range of physiological functions, including water reabsorption, cardiovascular homeostasis, hormone secretion, and social behavior. These and other actions of AVP are mediated by at least three distinct receptor subtypes: V1a, V1b, and V2. Although the antidiuretic action of AVP and V2 receptor in renal distal tubules and collecting ducts is relatively well understood, recent years have seen an increasing understanding of the physiological roles of V1a and V1b receptors. The V1a receptor is originally found in the vascular smooth muscle and the V1b receptor in the anterior pituitary. Deletion of V1a or V1b receptor genes in mice revealed that the contributions of these receptors extend far beyond cardiovascular or hormone-secreting functions. Together with extensively developed pharmacological tools, genetically altered rodent models have advanced the understanding of a variety of AVP systems. Our report reviews the findings in this important field by covering a wide range of research, from the molecular physiology of V1a and V1b receptors to studies on whole animals, including gene knockout/knockdown studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taka-aki Koshimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Egashira
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masami Hiroyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonoguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akito Tanoue
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; and Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Saitama, Japan
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Hicks C, Jorgensen W, Brown C, Fardell J, Koehbach J, Gruber CW, Kassiou M, Hunt GE, McGregor IS. The nonpeptide oxytocin receptor agonist WAY 267,464: receptor-binding profile, prosocial effects and distribution of c-Fos expression in adolescent rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:1012-29. [PMID: 22420322 PMCID: PMC3399775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that the nonpeptide oxytocin receptor (OTR) agonist WAY 267,464 may only partly mimic the effects of oxytocin in rodents. The present study further explored these differences and related them to OTR and vasopressin 1a receptor (V(1a) R) pharmacology and regional patterns of c-Fos expression. Binding data for WAY 267,464 and oxytocin were obtained by displacement binding assays on cellular membranes, while functional receptor data were generated by luciferase reporter assays. For behavioural testing, adolescent rats were tested in a social preference paradigm, the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and for locomotor activity changes following WAY 267,464 (10 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) or oxytocin (0.1 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.). The higher doses were also examined for their effects on regional c-Fos expression. Results showed that WAY 267,464 had higher affinity (K(i) ) at the V(1a) R than the OTR (113 versus 978 nm). However, it had no functional response at the V(1a) R and only a weak functional effect (EC(50) ) at the OTR (881 nm). This suggests WAY 267,464 is an OTR agonist with weak affinity and a possible V(1a) R antagonist. Oxytocin showed high binding at the OTR (1.0 nm) and V(1a) R (503 nm), with a functional EC(50) of 9.0 and 59.7 nm, respectively, indicating it is a potent OTR agonist and full V(1a) R agonist. WAY 267,464 (100 mg/kg), but not oxytocin, significantly increased the proportion of time spent with a live rat, over a dummy rat, in the social preference test. Neither compound affected EPM behaviour, whereas the higher doses of WAY 267,464 and oxytocin suppressed locomotor activity. WAY 267,464 and oxytocin produced similar c-Fos expression in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central amygdala, lateral parabrachial nucleus and nucleus of the solitary tract, suggesting a commonality of action at the OTR with the differential doses employed. However, WAY 267,464 caused greater c-Fos expression in the medial amygdala and the supraoptic nucleus than oxytocin, and lesser effects in the locus coeruleus. Overall, our results confirm the differential effects of WAY 267,464 and oxytocin and suggest that this may reflect contrasting actions of WAY 267,464 and oxytocin at the V(1a) R. Antagonism of the V(1a) R by WAY 267,464 could underlie some of the prosocial effects of this drug either through a direct action or through disinhibition of oxytocin circuitry that is subject to vasopressin inhibitory influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Hicks
- School of Psychology, Brennan MacCallum Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - W. Jorgensen
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - C. Brown
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - J. Fardell
- School of Psychology, Brennan MacCallum Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - J. Koehbach
- Medical University of Vienna, Centre for Physiology and Pharmacology, Vienna, Austria
| | - C. W. Gruber
- Medical University of Vienna, Centre for Physiology and Pharmacology, Vienna, Austria
| | - M. Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - G. E. Hunt
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - I. S. McGregor
- School of Psychology, Brennan MacCallum Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Mak P, Broussard C, Vacy K, Broadbear JH. Modulation of anxiety behavior in the elevated plus maze using peptidic oxytocin and vasopressin receptor ligands in the rat. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:532-42. [PMID: 21890582 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111416687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), in their capacities as neuromodulators, are believed to play an important role in mood control, including regulation of the anxiety response. In the present study, the contributions of oxytocin and vasopressin receptor modulation to anxiety-like behaviors were examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The behavioral effects of the OT receptor agonist, carbetocin (intracerebroventricular, intravenous and intraperitoneal routes), the AVP receptor agonist desmopressin (intravenous route), and the OT/AVP(1A) receptor antagonist atosiban (intravenous route) were evaluated in the elevated plus maze. The benzodiazepine diazepam was included as a positive control. Central but not systemic administration of carbetocin produced pronounced anxiolytic-like behavioral changes comparable to those measured following systemic diazepam treatment. The anxiolytic efficacy of carbetocin was maintained following 10 days of once-daily treatment, contrasting with the effects of diazepam which were no longer distinguishable from saline treatment. Systemic administration of desmopressin produced anxiogenic-like effects whereas systemic atosiban produced anxiolytic-like effects. Co-administration of desmopressin with atosiban resulted in saline-like behavioral responses, implicating an AVP(1A) receptor mechanism in the anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects of these neuropeptides following systemic administration. A peripherally-mediated antidiuretic effect of desmopressin on water consumption was also demonstrated. These results highlight the potential therapeutic utility of AVP(1A) receptor blockade in the modulation of anxiety-related behaviors; AVP(1A) receptor blockade appears to be a more promising pharmacological target than does OT receptor activation following systemic drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plato Mak
- School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
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Ebstein RP, Knafo A, Mankuta D, Chew SH, Lai PS. The contributions of oxytocin and vasopressin pathway genes to human behavior. Horm Behav 2012; 61:359-79. [PMID: 22245314 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) are social hormones and mediate affiliative behaviors in mammals and as recently demonstrated, also in humans. There is intense interest in how these simple nonapeptides mediate normal and abnormal behavior, especially regarding disorders of the social brain such as autism that are characterized by deficits in social communication and social skills. The current review examines in detail the behavioral genetics of the first level of human AVP-OXT pathway genes including arginine vasopressin 1a receptor (AVPR1a), oxytocin receptor (OXTR), AVP (AVP-neurophysin II [NPII]) and OXT (OXT neurophysin I [NPI]), oxytocinase/vasopressinase (LNPEP), ADP-ribosyl cyclase (CD38) and arginine vasopressin 1b receptor (AVPR1b). Wherever possible we discuss evidence from a variety of research tracks including molecular genetics, imaging genomics, pharmacology and endocrinology that support the conclusions drawn from association studies of social phenotypes and detail how common polymorphisms in AVP-OXT pathway genes contribute to the behavioral hard wiring that enables individual Homo sapiens to interact successfully with conspecifics. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Ebstein
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Russell R, Doyle R, Turner J, Attkins N, Ramsey S, Weibley L, Bateman L, Bictash M, Neal-Morgan S, Ivarsson M, Pullen N. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterisation of the potent and selective vasopressin V(1A) receptor antagonist 4-[4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-5-[1,2,3]triazol-2-ylmethyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl]-piperidin-1-yl-(3,5-difluoro-phenyl) methanone (PF-00738245). Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 670:347-55. [PMID: 21958878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) release and activation of vasopressin receptors plays an important role in disease conditions including polycystic kidney disease, congestive heart failure and dysmenorrhoea. The development of potent and selective vasopressin receptor ligands is needed to help dissect the function of the specific subtypes in disease pathogenesis. Here we report the pharmacological characterisation of PF-00738245 in in vitro binding and functional assays using cells expressing vasopressin V(₁A), V(₁B) or V₂ receptors. PF-00738245 inhibited AVP binding to the recombinant human vasopressin V(₁A) receptor (K(i)=2.85 nM) and blocked AVP-induced rat aortic ring and human myometrial contraction (pK(B)=7.35 and 8.62 respectively). PF-00738245 was selective for the vasopressin V(1A) receptor by demonstrating minimal binding to vasopressin V(₁B) (3.6% inhibition at 10 μM) or functional activity at vasopressin V₂ receptors (8.1% agonist and -8.4% antagonist activity at 10 μM) as well as the oxytocin receptor (46.3% antagonist activity at 10 μM). The in vivo pharmacological properties were tested orally in the rat and PF-00738245 dose dependently blocked the effect of AVP on a capsaicin-induced cutaneous flare response. Taken together the data support the use of PF-00738245 as a potent and selective vasopressin V(₁A) receptor antagonist which may have utility in the treatment of disease conditions which are propagated by elevation in vasopressin V(₁A) receptor signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Russell
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
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Arbuckle W, Baker J, Barn D, Bingham M, Brown A, Buchanan K, Craighead M, Goodwin R, Goutcher S, Kiczun M, Lyons A, Milne R, Montgomery B, Napier S, Presland J, Sloan H, Turnbull Z, Wishart G. Optimisation of pharmacokinetic properties to afford an orally bioavailable and selective V1A receptor antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4622-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Napier S, Wishart G, Arbuckle W, Baker J, Barn D, Bingham M, Brown A, Byford A, Claxton C, Craighead M, Buchanan K, Fielding L, Gibson L, Goodwin R, Goutcher S, Irving N, MacSweeney C, Milne R, Mort C, Presland J, Sloan H, Thomson F, Turnbull Z, Young T. The discovery of novel 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl) propanamides as vasopressin V1A receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3163-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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General and social anxiety in the BTBR T+ tf/J mouse strain. Behav Brain Res 2010; 216:446-51. [PMID: 20816701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BTBR T+ tf/J (BTBR) is an inbred mouse strain that shows behavioral traits with analogies to the three diagnostic symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD); deficits in social interaction, impaired communication, and repetitive behaviors with restricted interests. Previous findings reveal that when compared to C57BL/6J (B6) and other inbred strains, BTBR exhibit normal to low anxiety-like traits in paradigms designed to assess anxiety-related behaviors. The current study assessed the generality of these anxiety findings. In experiment 1, B6 and BTBR mice were tested in the elevated plus maze (EPM), mouse defense test battery (MDTB) and elevated zero-maze. BTBR mice exhibited an anxiogenic profile in the EPM, with a reduction in open arm time and an increase in risk assessment behaviors, as compared to B6. In the MDTB, BTBR showed enhanced vocalization to the predator, and significantly less locomotor activity than B6 in the pre-threat situation, but significantly more locomotion than B6 following exposure to a predator threat, suggesting enhanced defensiveness to the predator. In the zero-maze, BTBR mice showed a significantly higher number of entries and time spent in the open segments of the apparatus, when compared to B6. In experiment 2, a three-chambered social preference test was used to evaluate effects of the systemic administration of an anxiolytic compound, diazepam, on B6 and BTBR social approach. Diazepam consistently increased time in the compartment containing the social stimulus, for both B6 and BTBR mice. However, in the vehicle treated groups, B6 mice spent significantly more time while BTBR mice spent significantly less time in the social stimulus compartment; after diazepam administration both B6 and BTBR strains significantly preferred the social stimulus chamber. These results suggest that while the anxiety responses of BTBR mice to novel situations (EPM and zero-maze) are inconsistent, BTBR mice appear to be more defensive to animate threat stimuli (predator or another mouse). Reduction of anxiety by diazepam normalized the social preference of BTBR for a mouse stimulus in the three-chambered test.
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Vasopressin modulates medial prefrontal cortex-amygdala circuitry during emotion processing in humans. J Neurosci 2010; 30:7017-22. [PMID: 20484643 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4899-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide vasopressin is a modulator of mammalian social behavior and emotion, particularly fear, aggression, and anxiety. In humans, the neural circuitry underlying behavioral effects of vasopressin is unknown. Using a double-blind crossover administration of 40 IU of vasopressin or placebo and functional MRI during processing of facial emotions in healthy male volunteers, we show that vasopressin specifically reduces differential activation in the subgenual cingulate cortex. Structural equation modeling of a previously evaluated circuit between amygdala, subgenual cingulate, and supragenual cingulate revealed altered effective connectivity between subgenual and supragenual cingulate under vasopressin. Our data demonstrate an impact of vasopressin on activity and connectivity in the cortical component of a medial prefrontal cortex-amygdala circuit implicated in emotional regulation, providing the first data on the neural basis for the effects of vasopressin on social behavior in humans with potential therapeutic significance for mood and anxiety disorders.
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