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Hu C, Liu Y, Cao W, Li N, Gao S, Wang Z, Gu F. Efficacy and Mechanism of a Biomimetic Nanosystem Carrying Doxorubicin and an IDO Inhibitor for Treatment of Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:507-526. [PMID: 38260240 PMCID: PMC10800289 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s440332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chemotherapy is still the treatment of choice for advanced triple-negative breast cancer. Chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy is being tried in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. As a kind of "cold tumor", triple-negative breast cancer has a bottleneck in immunotherapy. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-1 inhibitors can reverse the immunosuppressive state and enhance the immune response. Methods In this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles were coated with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitor 1-Methyl-DL-tryptophan (1-MT), and then encapsulate the surfaces of a triple-negative breast cancer cell membrane to construct the tumor dual-targeted delivery system CDIMSN for chemotherapy and immunotherapy, and to investigate the immunogenic death effect of CDIMSN. Results and discussion The CDIMSN could target the tumor microenvironment. Doxorubicin induced tumor immunogenic death, while 1-MT reversed immunosuppression. In vivo findings showed that the tumor size in the CDIMSN group was 2.66-fold and 1.56-fold smaller than that in DOX and DIMSN groups, respectively. CDIMSN group was better than naked DIMSN in stimulating CD8+T cells, CD4+T cells and promoting Dendritic Cells(DC) maturation. In addition, blood analysis, biochemical analysis and Hematoxylin staining analysis of mice showed that the bionic nanoparticles had good biological safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuling Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women and Children’s Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Neurovascular Disease, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pathology, Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women and Children’s Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shen Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenfen Gu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Singh R, Kumar R, Roy A, Behera PM, Atri AK, Kumar K, Manna D, Dixit A, Patil MT, Mankamna Kumari R, Nimesh S, Salunke DB. Imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole based indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitor: Structure based design, synthesis, bio-evaluation and docking studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 96:129532. [PMID: 37866714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an immunomodulatory enzyme known to catalyse the initial and rate limiting step of kynurenine pathway of l-tryptophan metabolism. IDO1 enzyme over expression plays a crucial role in progression of cancer, malaria, multiple sclerosis and other life-threatening diseases. Several efforts over the last two decades have been invested by the researchers for the discovery of different IDO1 inhibitors and the plasticity of the IDO1 enzyme ligand binding pocket provide ample opportunities to develop new heterocyclic scaffolds targeting this enzyme. In the present work, based on the X-ray crystal structure of human IDO1 coordinated with few ligands, we designed and synthesized new fused heterocyclic compounds and evaluated their potential human IDO1 inhibitory activity (compound 30 and 41 showed IC50 values of 23 and 13 µM, respectively). The identified HITs were observed to be non-toxic to HEK293 cells at 100 µM concentration. The observed activity of the synthesized compounds was correlated with the specific interactions of their structures at the enzyme pocket using docking studies. A detailed analysis of docking results of the synthesized analogues as well as selected known IDO1 inhibitors revealed that most of the inhibitors have some reasonable docking scores in at least two crystal structures and have similar orientation as that of co-crystal ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ashalata Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Pabitra Mohan Behera
- Institute of Life Science, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar 751023, India
| | - Ankit K Atri
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Kushvinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Debasis Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Anshuman Dixit
- Institute of Life Science, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar 751023, India
| | - Madhuri T Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Mehr Chand Mahajan DAV College for Women, Chandigarh 160 036, India
| | - R Mankamna Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305 801, India
| | - Surendra Nimesh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305 801, India
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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Ye K, Wang K, Wang T, Tang H, Wang L, Zhang W, Jiang S, Zhang X, Zhang K. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation of urea substituted 1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboximidamides as novel indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115217. [PMID: 36842272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) has been considered as an attractive target for oncology immunotherapy due to its immunosuppressive effects on the tumor microenvironment. The most advanced IDO1 inhibitor epacadostat in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody failed to show desirable objective response. Epacadostat is now reevaluated in phase III clinical trials, but its pharmacokinetic (PK) properties are unsatisfactory. To further unravel the antitumor efficacy of IDO1 inhibitors, we designed a series of epacadostat analogues by introducing various urea-containing side chains. In particular, the most active compound 3 showed superior inhibitory potency against recombinant hIDO1 and hIDO1 in HeLa cells induced by interferon γ (IFNγ) relative to epacadostat (3, biochemical hIDO1 IC50 = 67.4 nM, HeLa hIDO1 IC50 = 17.6 nM; epacadostat, biochemical hIDO1 IC50 = 75.9 nM, HeLa hIDO1 IC50 = 20.6 nM). Moreover, compound 3 exhibited improved physicochemical properties and rat PK profile with better oral exposure and bioavailability compared with epacadostat. Importantly, this compound exhibited comparable antitumor efficacy with epacadostat in LLC syngeneic xenograft models. Hence, compound 3 represents a promising lead compound for discovery of more effective IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Kaizheng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - He Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wanheng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Kuojun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Kamboj P, Mahore A, Husain A, Shaquiquzzaman M, Alam MM, Amir M. A Review on the Synthesis and Anticancer Potentials of Imidazothiazole Derivatives. Mini Rev Med Chem 2023; 23:1733-1759. [PMID: 36722483 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230201113237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the severe diseases in which abnormal cells divide and proliferate in an uncontrolled manner without any regulation. Globally cancer is among the leading causes of death; according to a recent report of by the WHO, around 10 million people died in 2018 due to cancer. It has also been reported that by 2040, approximately 30 million new cases will be reported every year. The increase in the incidences of cancer is taking a toll on the health care system worldwide. Considerable scientific literature is available on anticancer agents but newer therapeutic strategies are still required in this field to address novel approaches to drug design and discovery to counter this problem. Imidazothiazole represents a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry and provides the medicinal chemist the possibility to modulate the physiochemical properties of the lead compound. In recent times, imidazothiazole scaffold is broadly explored for its anticancer activity, which acts through various mechanisms such as EGFR, B-RAF, DHFR kinase inhibition and tubulin polymerization inhibition and other molecular mechanisms of action. Due to their feasible synthetic accessibility and promising pharmacological profile, it has attracted various medicinal chemists to explore and develop imidazothiazole derivatives as potent and safe anticancer agents. In the present article, we have reviewed various potent imidazothiazole scaffold-based derivatives reported as anticancer agents, their synthetic strategies, Structure Activity Relationship (SAR), mechanism of action, and molecular docking along with their future perspective. This review will be very useful for medicinal chemists for drug design and development of imidazothiazole-based potent antiproliferative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Kamboj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Mahore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Asif Husain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Shaquiquzzaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - M Mumtaz Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Amir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Alahdal M, Huang R, Duan L, Zhiqin D, Hongwei O, Li W, Wang D. Indoleamine 2, 3 Dioxygenase 1 Impairs Chondrogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Joint of Osteoarthritis Mice Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:781185. [PMID: 34956209 PMCID: PMC8693178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.781185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a serious joint inflammation that leads to cartilage degeneration and joint dysfunction. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used as a cell-based therapy that showed promising results in promoting cartilage repair. However, recent studies and clinical trials explored unsatisfied outcomes because of slow chondrogenic differentiation and increased calcification without clear reasons. Here, we report that the overexpression of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in the synovial fluid of OA patients impairs chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs in the joint of the OA mice model. The effect of MSCs mixed with IDO1 inhibitor on the cartilage regeneration was tested compared to MSCs mixed with IDO1 in the OA animal model. Further, the mechanism exploring the effect of IDO1 on chondrogenic differentiation was investigated. Subsequently, miRNA transcriptome sequencing was performed for MSCs cocultured with IDO1, and then TargetScan was used to verify the target of miR-122-5p in the SF-MSCs. Interestingly, we found that MSCs mixed with IDO1 inhibitor showed a significant performance to promote cartilage regeneration in the OA animal model, while MSCs mixed with IDO1 failed to stimulate cartilage regeneration. Importantly, the overexpression of IDO1 showed significant inhibition to Sox9 and Collagen type II (COL2A1) through activating the expression of β-catenin, since inhibiting of IDO1 significantly promoted chondrogenic signaling of MSCs (Sox9, COL2A1, Aggrecan). Further, miRNA transcriptome sequencing of SF-MSCs that treated with IDO1 showed significant downregulation of miR-122-5p which perfectly targets Wnt1. The expression of Wnt1 was noticed high when IDO1 was overexpressed. In summary, our results suggest that IDO1 overexpression in the synovial fluid of OA patients impairs chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs and cartilage regeneration through downregulation of miR-122-5p that activates the Wnt1/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Alahdal
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Laboratory of Digital Orthopedic Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Health Science Center), Shenzhen, China
| | - Rongxiang Huang
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Duan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Laboratory of Digital Orthopedic Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Health Science Center), Shenzhen, China
| | - Deng Zhiqin
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, China
| | - Ouyang Hongwei
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wencui Li
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, China
| | - Daping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Laboratory of Digital Orthopedic Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Health Science Center), Shenzhen, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Tang K, Wang B, Yu B, Liu HM. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors and PROTAC-based degraders for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 227:113967. [PMID: 34752953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a known immunosuppressive enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the oxidation of tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn), has received increasing attention as an attractive immunotherapeutic target for cancer therapy. Up to now, eleven small-molecule IDO1 inhibitors have entered clinical trials for the treatment of cancers. In addition, proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) based degraders also provide prospects for cancer therapy. Herein we present a comprehensive overview of the medicinal chemistry strategies and potential therapeutic applications of IDO1 inhibitors in nonclinical trials and IDO1-PROTAC degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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7
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Panda A, Ganesan S. Genomic and Immunologic Correlates of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Pathway Expression in Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:706435. [PMID: 34367262 PMCID: PMC8340027 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.706435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade leads to unprecedented responses in many cancer types. An alternative method of unleashing anti-tumor immune response is to target immunosuppressive metabolic pathways like the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) pathway. Despite promising results in Phase I/II clinical trials, an IDO-1 inhibitor did not show clinical benefit in a Phase III clinical trial. Since, a treatment can be quite effective in a specific subset without being effective in the whole cancer type, it is important to identify the subsets of cancers that may benefit from IDO-1 inhibitors. In this study, we looked for the genomic and immunologic correlates of IDO pathway expression in cancer using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Strong CD8+ T-cell infiltration, high mutation burden, and expression of exogenous viruses [Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Human papilloma virus (HPV), and Hepatitis C virus (HCV)] or endogenous retrovirus (ERV3-2) were associated with over-expression of IDO-1 in most cancer types, IDO-2 in many cancer types, and TDO-2 in a few cancer types. High mutation burden in ER+ HER2- breast cancer, and ERV3-2 expression in ER- HER2- and HER2+ breast, colon, and endometrial cancers were associated with over-expression of all three genes. These results may have important implications for guiding development clinical trials of IDO-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Panda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Shridar Ganesan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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8
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Yu W, Deng Y, Hopkins B, Huang X, Sloman D, Zhang H, Li D, McGowan MA, White C, Pu Q, Liu K, Fradera X, Lesburg CA, Martinot T, Doty A, Ferguson H, Nickbarg EB, Cheng M, Geda P, Song X, Smotrov N, Abeywickrema P, Andrews C, Chamberlin C, Mabrouk O, Curran P, Richards M, Saradjian P, Miller JR, Knemeyer I, Otte K, Vincent S, Sciammetta N, Bennett DJ, Han Y. SAR towards indoline and 3-azaindoline classes of IDO1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 47:128214. [PMID: 34166782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of IDO1 inhibitors have been identified with good IDO1 Hela cell and human whole blood activity. These inhibitors contain an indoline or a 3-azaindoline scaffold. Their structure-activity-relationship studies have been explored. Compounds 37 and 41 stood out as leads due to their good potency in IDO1 Hela assay, good IDO1 unbound hWB IC50s, reasonable unbound clearance, and good MRT in rat and dog PK studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Yu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | - Yongqi Deng
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brett Hopkins
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xianhai Huang
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - David Sloman
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Derun Li
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Catherine White
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qinglin Pu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kun Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xavier Fradera
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Theo Martinot
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amy Doty
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Heidi Ferguson
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Mangeng Cheng
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Prasanthi Geda
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xuelei Song
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nadya Smotrov
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Chad Chamberlin
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Omar Mabrouk
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick Curran
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Richards
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Saradjian
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J Richard Miller
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ian Knemeyer
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karin Otte
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stella Vincent
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Yongxin Han
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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9
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Ge H, Mao L, Zhao J, Wang Y, Shi D, Yang X, Wang X, Liu H, Yao X. Discovery of novel IDO1 inhibitors via structure-based virtual screening and biological assays. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2021; 35:679-94. [PMID: 33905074 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-021-00386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a heme-containing enzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in catabolism of tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway, which plays a pivotal role in the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. IDO1 has been proven to be an attractive target for many diseases, such as breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, etc. In this study, docking-based virtual screening and bioassays were conducted to identify novel inhibitors of IDO1. The cellular assay demonstrated that 24 compounds exhibited potent inhibitory activity against IDO1 at micromolar level, including 8 compounds with IC50 values below 10 μM and the most potent one (compound 1) with IC50 of 1.18 ± 0.04 μM. Further lead optimization based on similarity searching strategy led to the discovery of compound 28 as an excellent inhibitor with IC50 of 0.27 ± 0.02 μM. Then, the structure-activity relationship of compounds 1, 2, 8 and 14 analogues is discussed. The interaction modes of two compounds against IDO1 were further explored through a Python Based Metal Center Parameter Builder (MCPB.py) molecular dynamics simulation, binding free energy calculation and electrostatic potential analysis. The novel IDO1 inhibitors of compound 1 and its analogues could be considered as promising scaffold for further development of IDO1 inhibitors.
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10
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Grobben Y, de Man J, van Doornmalen AM, Muller M, Willemsen-Seegers N, Vu-Pham D, Mulder WR, Prinsen MBW, de Wit J, Sterrenburg JG, van Cauter F, den Ouden JE, van Altena AM, Massuger LF, Uitdehaag JCM, Buijsman RC, Zaman GJR. Targeting Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Cancer Models Using the Novel Small Molecule Inhibitor NTRC 3883-0. Front Immunol 2021; 11:609490. [PMID: 33584686 PMCID: PMC7876453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) is a key regulator of immune suppression by catalyzing the oxidation of L-tryptophan. IDO1 expression has been related to poor prognosis in several cancers and to resistance to checkpoint immunotherapies. We describe the characterization of a novel small molecule IDO1 inhibitor, NTRC 3883-0, in a panel of biochemical and cell-based assays, and various cancer models. NTRC 3883-0 released the inhibitory effect of IDO1 on CD8-positive T cell proliferation in co-cultures of IDO1-overexpressing cells with healthy donor lymphocytes, demonstrating its immune modulatory activity. In a syngeneic mouse model using IDO1-overexpressing B16F10 melanoma cells, NTRC 3883-0 effectively counteracted the IDO1-induced modulation of L-tryptophan and L-kynurenine levels, demonstrating its in vivo target modulation. Finally, we studied the expression and activity of IDO1 in primary cell cultures established from the malignant ascites of ovarian cancer patients. In these cultures, IDO1 expression was induced upon stimulation with IFNγ, and its activity could be inhibited by NTRC 3883-0. Based on these results, we propose the use of ascites cell-based functional assays for future patient stratification. Our results are discussed in light of the recent discontinuation of clinical trials of more advanced IDO1 inhibitors and the reconsideration of IDO1 as a valid drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Grobben
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V., Oss, Netherlands
| | - Jos de Man
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V., Oss, Netherlands
| | | | - Michelle Muller
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V., Oss, Netherlands
| | | | - Diep Vu-Pham
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V., Oss, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joeri de Wit
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V., Oss, Netherlands
| | | | - Freek van Cauter
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V., Oss, Netherlands
| | - Judith E. den Ouden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anne M. van Altena
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Leon F. Massuger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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11
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Singh R, Salunke DB. Diverse chemical space of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (Ido1) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 211:113071. [PMID: 33341650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyses the first and rate limiting step of kynurenine pathway accounting for the major contributor of L-Tryptophan degradation. The Kynurenine metabolites are identified as essential cofactors, antagonists, neurotoxins, immunomodulators, antioxidants as well as carcinogens. The catalytic active site of IDO1 enzyme consists of hydrophobic Pocket-A positioned in the distal heme site and remains connected to a second hydrophobic Pocket-B towards the entrance of the active site. IDO1 enzyme also relates directly to the modulation of the innate and adaptive immune system. Various studies proved that the over expression of IDO1 enzyme play a predominant role in the escape of immunity during cancer progression. Recently, there has been considerable interest in evaluating the potential of IDO1 inhibitors to mobilize the body's immune system against solid tumours. In the last two decades, enormous attempts to advance new IDO1 inhibitors are on-going both in pharmaceutical industries and in academia which resulted in the discovery of a diverse range of selective and potent IDO1 inhibitors. The IDO1 inhibitors have therapeutic utility in various diseases and in the near future, it may have utility in the treatment of COVID-19. Despite various reviews on IDO1 inhibitors in last five years, none of the reviews provide a complete overview of diverse chemical space including naturally occurring and synthetic IDO1 inhibitors with detailed structure activity relationship studies. The present work provides a complete overview on the IDO1 inhibitors known in the literature so far along with the Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) in each class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India.
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12
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Zhou C, Lai F, Sheng L, Chen X, Li Y, Feng Z. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Phenyl Urea Derivatives as IDO1 Inhibitors. Molecules 2020; 25:E1447. [PMID: 32210078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a heme-containing intracellular enzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-determining step of tryptophan metabolism and is an important immunotherapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. In this study, we designed and synthesized a new series of compounds as potential IDO1 inhibitors. These compounds were then evaluated for inhibitory activity against IDO1 and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). Among them, the three phenyl urea derivatives i12, i23, i24 as showed potent IDO1 inhibition, with IC50 values of 0.1–0.6 μM and no compound exhibited TDO inhibitory activity. Using molecular docking, we predicted the binding mode of compound i12 within IDO1. Compound i12 was further investigated by determining its in vivo pharmacokinetic profile and anti-tumor efficacy. The pharmacokinetic study revealed that compound i12 had satisfactory properties in mice, with moderate plasma clearance (22.45 mL/min/kg), acceptable half-life (11.2 h) and high oral bioavailability (87.4%). Compound i12 orally administered at 15 mg/kg daily showed tumor growth inhibition (TGI) of 40.5% in a B16F10 subcutaneous xenograft model and 30 mg/kg daily showed TGI of 34.3% in a PAN02 subcutaneous xenograft model. In addition, the body weight of i12-treated mice showed no obvious reduction compared with the control group. Overall, compound i12 is a potent lead compound for developing IDO1 inhibitors and anti-tumor agents.
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13
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Wang Y, Li CM, Han R, Wang ZZ, Gao YL, Zhu XY, Yu X, Du GY, Wang HB, Tian JW, Fu FH. PCC0208009, an indirect IDO1 inhibitor, alleviates neuropathic pain and co-morbidities by regulating synaptic plasticity of ACC and amygdala. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113926. [PMID: 32217098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) has been linked to neuropathic pain and IDO1 inhibitors have been shown to reduce pain in animals. Some studies have indicated that IDO1 expression increased after neuropathic pain in hippocampus and spinal cord, whether these changes existing in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and amygdala remains obscure and how IDO1 inhibition leads to analgesia is largely unknown. Here, we evaluated the antinociceptive effect of PCC0208009, an indirect IDO1 inhibitor, on neuropathic pain and examined the related neurobiological mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of PCC0208009 on pain, cognition and anxiogenic behaviors were evaluated in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Motor disorder, sedation and somnolence were also assessed. Biochemical techniques were used to measure IDO1-mediated signaling changes in ACC and amygdala. KEY RESULTS In rats receiving spinal nerve ligation (SNL), IDO1 expression level was increased in ACC and amygdala. PCC0208009 attenuated pain-related behaviors in the formalin test and SNL model and increased cognition and anxiogenic behaviors in SNL rats at doses that did not affect locomotor activity and sleeping. PCC0208009 inhibited IDO1 expression in ACC and amygdala by inhibiting the IL-6-JAK2/STAT3-IDO1-GCN2-IL-6 pathway. In addition, PCC0208009 reversed synaptic plasticity at the functional and structural levels by suppressing NMDA2B receptor and CDK5/MAP2 or CDK5/Tau pathway in ACC and amygdala. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These results support the role of IDO1-mediated molecular mechanisms in neuropathic pain and suggest that the IDO1 inhibitor PCC0208009 demonstrates selective pain suppression and could be a useful pharmacological therapy for neuropathic pain.
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14
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Kwon M, Ko SK, Jang M, Kim GH, Ryoo IJ, Son S, Ryu HW, Oh SR, Lee WK, Kim BY, Jang JH, Ahn JS. Inhibitory effects of flavonoids isolated from Sophora flavescens on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1481-1488. [PMID: 31423846 PMCID: PMC6713164 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1640218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a tryptophan catabolising enzyme, is known as a tumour cell survival factor that causes immune escape in several types of cancer. Flavonoids of Sophora flavescens have a variety of biological benefits for humans; however, cancer immunotherapy effect has not been fully investigated. The flavonoids (1-6) isolated from S. flavescens showed IDO1 inhibitory activities (IC50 4.3-31.4 µM). The representative flavonoids (4-6) of S. flavescens were determined to be non-competitive inhibitors of IDO1 by kinetic analyses. Their binding affinity to IDO1 was confirmed using thermal stability and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays. The molecular docking analysis and mutagenesis assay revealed the structural details of the interactions between the flavonoids (1-6) and IDO1. These results suggest that the flavonoids (1-6) of S. flavescens, especially kushenol E (6), as IDO1 inhibitors might be useful in the development of immunotherapeutic agents against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mincheol Kwon
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Sung-Kyun Ko
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Mina Jang
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Gun-Hee Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - In-Ja Ryoo
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Sangkeun Son
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Won-Kyu Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Jang
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Korea.,Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Jong Seog Ahn
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Korea
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15
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Komiya T, Huang CH. Updates in the Clinical Development of Epacadostat and Other Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Inhibitors (IDO1) for Human Cancers. Front Oncol 2018; 8:423. [PMID: 30338242 PMCID: PMC6180183 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent application of immunotherapy in clinical oncology revolutionized our management of advanced human cancers. Check point inhibitors targeting CTLA4 and PD-1/PD-L1 axis are immunotherapeutic agents currently available to treat a variety of cancers. However, a novel therapeutic approach is needed to further improve patient outcome with these agents. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism of essential amino acid tryptophan in the peripheral tissue. IDO1 is overexpressed in human cancer cells and suppresses effector T cell function and promotes regulatory T cells (Tregs). Overexpression of IDO1 is associated with poor patient survival in several types of human cancer. These findings indicate that IDO1 is a promising target that can improve the treatment outcome in the field of Immuno-oncology. Several orally available IDO1 inhibitors including Epacadostat have entered human clinical trials over the last few years without a major safety concern. Although there is no objective response in single-agent trials, combination regimens with PD-1 inhibitors appear to exceed the activity of PD-1 inhibitors alone. Recent phase III ECHO 301 trial testing the combination of Epacadostat with Pembrolizumab in melanoma did not show superior outcome compared to Pembrolizumab alone. This lead to halting of other phase III trials using IDO1 inhibitors. In this minireview, we will discuss the recent clinical development of Epacadostat and other IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chao H Huang
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Fairway, KS, United States.,Subspecialty Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
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16
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Zhang G, Xing J, Wang Y, Wang L, Ye Y, Lu D, Zhao J, Luo X, Zheng M, Yan S. Discovery of Novel Inhibitors of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Through Structure-Based Virtual Screening. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:277. [PMID: 29651242 PMCID: PMC5884943 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an intracellular monomeric heme-containing enzyme that catalyzes the first and the rate limiting step in catabolism of tryptophan via the kynurenine (KYN) pathway, which plays a significant role in the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. IDO1 has been proven to be an attractive target for anticancer therapy and chronic viral infections. In the present study, a class of IDO1 inhibitors with novel scaffolds were identified by virtual screening and biochemical validation, in which the compound DC-I028 shows moderate IDO1 inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 21.61 μM on enzymatic level and 89.11 μM on HeLa cell. In the following hit expansion stage, DC-I02806, an analog of DC-I028, showed better inhibitory activity with IC50 about 18 μM on both enzymatic level and cellular level. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of DC-I028 and its analogs was then discussed based on the molecular docking result. The novel IDO1 inhibitors of DC-I028 and its analogs may provide useful clues for IDO1 inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Zhang
- School of the Physical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihao Wang
- School of Science, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jihui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiying Yan
- School of the Physical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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