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Gatzert X, Chun KP, Hermanowski R, Mäder R, Breuer L, Gattinger A, Orlowski N. Application of multiple stable isotopes to aid identification of the origin of regional and organic animal products in Hesse, Germany. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2023; 59:490-510. [PMID: 37981783 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2023.2273941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing global demand for regional and organic produce. However, the growth of these markets depends on consumers' trust. Thus, novel methods must be developed to aid the verification of the origin of produce. We built on our previous study to identify the geographical origin and production method of animal-derived food products. Thirty-samples of eggs, 99 of milk, 34 of beef, and 62 of pork were collected from different regions in central Germany and analysed for their stable isotopic composition. The analysis followed a single-variate authentification approach using five isotope signatures, δ18O, δ2H, δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S. The best-performing indicators for verification of the geographical origin were δ15N and δ34S for beef; δ18O, δ2H, and δ13C for milk, and δ2H and δ13C for pork. These tracers indicated statistically significant differences among regions with the exception of pork; the results recorded for eggs were inconclusive. It was possible to distinguish between production methods by means of δ15N and δ34S (beef); all five tracers (eggs), and δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S (milk). This study demonstrated how the analysis of stable isotopes can be employed to determine the geographic region of origin and production method of animal-derived products in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Gatzert
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Plant Production and Plant Breeding II - Organic Farming with Focus on Sustainable Soil Use, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kwok P Chun
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Robert Hermanowski
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rolf Mäder
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lutz Breuer
- Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management (ILR), Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Gattinger
- Institute for Plant Production and Plant Breeding II - Organic Farming with Focus on Sustainable Soil Use, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Natalie Orlowski
- Chair of Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Pianezze S, Corazzin M, Bontempo L, Sepulcri A, Saccà E, Perini M, Piasentier E. Gas Chromatography Combustion Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry to Detect Differences in Four Compartments of Simmental Cows Fed on C3 and C4 Diets. Molecules 2022; 27:2310. [PMID: 35408709 PMCID: PMC9000290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) metabolism in animals represents an important field of study since they influence the quality and the properties of the meat. The aim of this study is to assess the possibility to discriminate the diets of cows in different animal compartments and to study the fate of dietary FAs in the bovine organism, using carbon isotopic ratios. Five FAs, both essential (linoleic and linolenic) and non-essential (palmitic, stearic, and oleic) in four compartments (feed, rumen, liver, meat) of animals fed two different diets (based on either C3 or C4 plants) were considered. For all compartments, the carbon isotopic ratio (δ13C) of all FAs (with few exceptions) resulted significantly lower in cows fed on C3 than C4 plants, figuring as a powerful tool to discriminate between different diets. Moreover, chemical reactions taking place in each animal compartment result in fraction processes affecting the δ13C values. The δ13CFAs tendentially increase from feed to meat in group C3. On the other hand, the δ13CFAs generally increase from rumen to liver in group C4, while δ13CFAs of rumen and meat are mostly not statistically different. Different trends in the δ13CFAs of the two groups suggested different FAs fates depending on the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pianezze
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (E.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Mirco Corazzin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (E.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
| | - Angela Sepulcri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (E.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Elena Saccà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (E.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Matteo Perini
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
| | - Edi Piasentier
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.C.); (A.S.); (E.S.); (E.P.)
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Stable isotope ratio analysis of lactose as a possible potential geographical tracer of milk. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schipilliti L, Bonaccorsi I, Consolo G, Mondello L. Isotopic and Statistical Methods for the Traceability of Milk and Dairy Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhao S, Liu H, Qie M, Zhang J, Tan L, Zhao Y. Stable Isotope Analysis for Authenticity and Traceability in Food of Animal Origin. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2005087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Haijin Liu
- Tibet Autonomous Region Agricultural and Livestock Product Quality and Safety Inspection Testing Center, Lhasa, China
| | - Mengjie Qie
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jiukai Zhang
- Agro-Product Safety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Liqin Tan
- Changgao Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Beipiao, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Origin verification of imported infant formula and fresh milk into China using stable isotope and elemental chemometrics. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Zhu D, Kebede B, McComb K, Hayman A, Chen G, Frew R. Milk biomarkers in relation to inherent and external factors based on metabolomics. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wijenayake K, Frew R, McComb K, Van Hale R, Clarke D. Feasibility of Casein to Record Stable Isotopic Variation of Cow Milk in New Zealand. Molecules 2020; 25:E3658. [PMID: 32796646 PMCID: PMC7464366 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy products occupy a special place among foods in contributing to a major part of our nutritional requirements, while also being prone to fraud. Hence, the verification of the authenticity of dairy products is of prime importance. Multiple stable isotopic studies have been undertaken that demonstrate the efficacy of this approach for the authentication of foodstuffs. However, the authentication of dairy products for geographic origin has been a challenge due to the complex interactions of geological and climatic drivers. This study applies stable isotope measurements of d2H, d18O, d13C and d15N values from casein to investigate the inherent geo-climatic variation across dairy farms from the South and North Islands of New Zealand. The stable isotopic ratios were measured for casein samples which had been separated from freeze-dried whole milk samples. As uniform feeding and fertilizer practices were applied throughout the sampling period, the subtropical (North Island) and temperate (South Island) climates were reflected in the variation of d13C and d15N. However, highly correlated d2H and d18O (r = 0.62, p = 6.64 × 10-10, a = 0.05) values did not differentiate climatic variation between Islands, but rather topographical locations. The highlight was the strong influence of d15N towards explaining climatic variability, which could be important for further discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavindra Wijenayake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P. O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (K.W.); (K.M.)
| | - Russell Frew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P. O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (K.W.); (K.M.)
- Isotrace NZ LTD, 167 High St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (R.V.H.); (D.C.)
| | - Kiri McComb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P. O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (K.W.); (K.M.)
| | - Robert Van Hale
- Isotrace NZ LTD, 167 High St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (R.V.H.); (D.C.)
| | - Dianne Clarke
- Isotrace NZ LTD, 167 High St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (R.V.H.); (D.C.)
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Perini M, Bertoldi D, Nardin T, Pianezze S, Ferrari G, Larcher R. Combined use of elemental profiles and stable isotope ratios for the botanical and commercial discrimination of gum Arabic. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Potočnik D, Strojnik L, Eftimov T, Levart A, Ogrinc N. Fatty Acid and Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of Slovenian Milk: Year, Season, and Regional Variability. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122892. [PMID: 32586041 PMCID: PMC7356875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the percentage and stable isotope ratios of fatty acids in milk to study seasonal, year, and regional variability. A total of 231 raw cow milk samples were analyzed. Samples were taken twice per year in 2012, 2013, and 2014, in winter and summer, covering four distinct geographical regions in Slovenia: Mediterranean, Alpine, Dinaric, and Pannonian. A discriminant analysis model based on fatty acid composition was effective in discriminating milk according to the year/season of production (86.9%), while geographical origin discrimination was less successful (64.1%). The stable isotope composition of fatty acids also proved to be a better biomarker of metabolic transformation processes in ruminants than discriminating against the origin of milk. Further, it was observed that milk from Alpine and Mediterranean regions was healthier due to its higher percentage of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Potočnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.P.); (L.S.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Lidija Strojnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.P.); (L.S.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Tome Eftimov
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Computer Systems, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Levart
- Department of Animal Science, Chair of Nutrition, Biotechnical Faculty, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia;
| | - Nives Ogrinc
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.P.); (L.S.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-15885387
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Relationship of Milk Odd- and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids with Urine Parameters and Ruminal Microbial Protein Synthesis in Dairy Cows Fed Different Proportions of Maize Silage and Red Clover Silage. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020316. [PMID: 32085419 PMCID: PMC7070469 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship of milk odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA) with urinary purine derivates (PD) and estimated ruminal microbial crude protein (MCP). The correlations and regressions demonstrate that yields and concentrations of individual or total OBCFA are weakly related to urinary PD and are low to moderate markers of MCP synthesis. Nevertheless, milk OBCFA can still be seen as a promising method for predicting rumen function and microbial protein supply to the duodenum in dairy cows because MCP flow was not directly measured in this study but instead indirectly estimated probably comprising considerable deviations of the assumed values from the true ones. Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of milk odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA) with urinary purine derivates and estimated ruminal microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis. Forty-four lactating Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-day periods comprised of a 13-day adaptation phase to diet followed by an 8-day sampling phase. Differences in estimated MCP yield and milk OBCFA composition were found by feeding total mixed rations containing forage (maize silage, MS; red clover silage, RCS) and concentrates (0.75:0.25) with targeted proportions of RCS to MS of 0.15:0.60, 0.30:0.45, 0.45:0.30, and 0.60:0.15 on a dry matter basis. The MCP was estimated from the total urinary purine derivate (PD) excretion (MCPPD) and intakes of metabolizable energy (MCPME) or digestible organic matter (MCPdOM). The Pearson correlations of individual OBCFA with urinary parameters (uric acid, allantoin, PD and nitrogen) were generally weak (r = −0.37 to 0.55). Yields of individual OBCFA correlated positively with MCPME and MCPdOM (r = 0.21 to 0.55). The prediction of urinary PD concentration was moderate (R2 = 0.64) when including the proportion of iso-C17:0. The prediction of total PD excretion was low (R2 = 0.21) with yields of iso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0, and iso-C16:0. The prediction of MCPPD was high (R2 = 0.99) when including the iso-C16:0 and cis-9 C17:1 concentrations, while those of MCPME and MCPdOM were low (R2 = 0.37 and 0.36, respectively) when including yields of iso-C15:0, cis-9 C17:1, and iso-C18:0. The correlations and regression analyses demonstrate that the estimated MCP synthesis and urinary PD excretion can be only moderately predicted by yields and concentrations of individual or total OBCFA in cow’s milk. However, milk OBCFA can still be seen as a promising, non-invasive method for predicting rumen function and microbial protein supply in dairy cows because MCP flow was not directly measured in this study but instead indirectly estimated probably comprising considerable deviations of the assumed values from the true ones.
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Geographical discrimination of garlic (Allium Sativum L.) based on Stable isotope ratio analysis coupled with statistical methods: The Italian case study. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 134:110862. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Griboff J, Baroni MV, Horacek M, Wunderlin DA, Monferran MV. Multielemental + isotopic fingerprint enables linking soil, water, forage and milk composition, assessing the geographical origin of Argentinean milk. Food Chem 2019; 283:549-558. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhao S, Zhao Y, Rogers KM, Chen A, Zhang T, Yang S. Two new defatted beef reference materials, CAAS-1801 and CAAS-1802, for carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratio measurements. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:803-810. [PMID: 30739352 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Isotope reference materials are essential to enable reliable and comparable isotope data across multiple laboratories. Although many reference materials already exist, the best reference materials should mimic the unknown samples, so new reference materials continue to evolve with the development of isotope research in new product areas. METHODS Two defatted beef reference materials, CAAS-1801 and CAAS-1802, with substantially different δ13 C values (due to difference in dietary intake), have been prepared as reference materials for stable C and N isotope analysis of meat tissue. Homogeneity, and short- and long-term stability tests of these reference materials have been performed. The δ13 C and δ15 N values of both materials were measured for two-point isotopic normalization against international reference materials by elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS). A total of nine international laboratories were selected for the joint evaluation. Cochran statistical analysis yielded the values reported here. RESULTS The defatted beef reference material CAAS-1801 from Heilongjiang province has a δ13 C value of -13.58 ± 0.56‰ relative to VPDB and a δ15 N value of 4.23 ± 0.56‰ relative to N2 in air. The defatted beef reference material CAAS-1802 from Sichuan province has a δ13 C value of -25.03 ± 0.45‰ and a δ15 N value of 4.36 ± 0.69‰. CONCLUSIONS The two defatted beef reference materials were found to be isotopically stable across a range of ambient temperatures, and to have low volatility and toxicity, which enables them to be useful as stable isotope reference materials in the field of authentication and traceability of meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Karyne M Rogers
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, 30 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
| | - Ailiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Shuming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China
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Garbaras A, Skipitytė R, Šapolaitė J, Ežerinskis Ž, Remeikis V. Seasonal Variation in Stable Isotope Ratios of Cow Milk in Vilnius Region, Lithuania. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E69. [PMID: 30813522 PMCID: PMC6466278 DOI: 10.3390/ani9030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies have shown that stable isotope analysis has the potential to verify the geographic origin of foods and drinks. However, stable isotope composition is not always constant in the environment and can even change in the same area. Dairy products are of particular interest as a group of foods that play an important role in feeding the population. The composition of milk is fundamentally dependent on the feeding of the cows, and thereby on a particular environment. To better understand the amount of variation in δ18O, δ13C, and δ15N values in the milk from the same area, we measured stable isotope ratios in cow milk water, artesian water, and precipitation (δ18O) as well as in bulk milk samples (δ13C and δ15N) collected in 2014⁻2016. Different water and food sources were available during the winter (artesian water only and dry grass) and summer (artesian water and fresh grass), and spring and autumn seasons reflected transitional periods. Oxygen stable isotope ratios in milk water were relatively lower in winter and transitional seasons and higher in summer, showing the dependence on the main water source. δ13C values reflected particular food sources. This study shows the applicability of the stable isotope ratio method in linking cow milk to specific environments and reveals the amount of variation in stable isotope ratios in the same area. These results could be valuable for other studies on geographical origin determination of dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrius Garbaras
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Raminta Skipitytė
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Justina Šapolaitė
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Žilvinas Ežerinskis
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Vidmantas Remeikis
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Chung IM, Kim JK, Yarnes CT, An YJ, Kwon C, Kim SY, Yang YJ, Chi HY, Kim SH. Fatty Acid- and Amino Acid-Specific Isotope Analysis for Accurate Authentication and Traceability in Organic Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:711-722. [PMID: 30543294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes compound-specific δ13C and δ15N analyses of fatty acids and amino acids for improving the accurate authentication of organic milk (OM) against conventional milk (CM) collected in Korea. Most δ13Cfatty-acid and δ13Camino-acid values were lower in OM than in CM ( P < 0.05); however, most δ15Namino-acid values displayed weak discriminative power for OM authentication. Higher isotopic fractionation was observed in δ13Cfatty-acid than in δ13Camino-acid and δ15Namino-acid, with fractionation trends differing with individual amino acids. In particular, δ13Clinoleic-acid of -33.5‰ and δ13Cmyristic-acid of -28‰ were determined to be promising year-round threshold values for Korean OM authentication. The δ13Cbulk was highly correlated with δ13CAla ( r = 0.92) and δ13Coleic-acid, trans ( r = 0.77), and strong positive correlations were observed between δ13CVal and δ13CIle ( r = 0.98) and between δ15NThr and δ15NSer ( r = 0.90). Chemometric modeling for OM authentication produced a high quality model ( R2 X = 0.547, R2 Y = 0.865, and Q2 = 0.689) with reliable chemical markers, notably δ13Cmyristic-acid, δ13Clinoleic-acid, and δ13Cstearic-acid. Furthermore, the models developed for seasonal separation in OM ( Q2 = 0.954) and CM ( Q2 = 0.791) were of good quality. Our findings, based on compound-specific isotope data, improve the reliability of OM authentication in cases where bulk stable isotope ratio analysis alone is insufficient. They also provide valuable insight into the control of fraudulent OM labeling in Korea, with potential application in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering , Incheon National University , Incheon 406-772 , Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher T Yarnes
- UC Davis Stable Isotope Facility , University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Yeon-Ju An
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Kwon
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeon Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Yang
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Youn Chi
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
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Creydt M, Fischer M. Omics approaches for food authentication. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1569-1581. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Creydt
- Hamburg School of Food Science; Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hamburg; Hamburg Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Hamburg School of Food Science; Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hamburg; Hamburg Germany
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Bostic JN, Hagopian WM, Jahren AH. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in U.S. milk: Insight into production process. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:561-566. [PMID: 29380915 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stable isotope analysis (SIA), a potential method of verifying the geographic origin and production method of dairy products, has not been applied to United States (U.S.) dairy samples on a national scale. To determine the potential of carbon and nitrogen SIA in authenticity assessment of U.S. dairy products, we analyzed a geographically representative collection of conventional milk samples to determine isotopic variations with (1) Purchase Location and (2) Macronutrient Content. METHODS A total of 136 milk samples spanning five commercially available varieties (3.25% [i.e., 'whole'], 2%, 1%, 0% [i.e., 'skim'] and 1% chocolate) were collected from randomly selected counties across the U.S. as part of the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) National Food and Nutrient Analysis program. δ13 C and δ15 N values of bulk samples determined via elemental analysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS) were used to assess the contribution of fat content, added sugar content and census-designated region of collection to isotopic variations within the dataset. RESULTS There was a negative linear relationship between fat content and δ13 C values, with average milk δ13 C values decreasing by 0.33‰ for each 8.75% increase in dry weight (1% wet weight) fat content. The average δ13 C value of flavored 1% chocolate milk samples, which contain an additional 12 g of added sugar, was 2.05‰ higher than that of 1% unflavored milk (-16.47‰ for chocolate milk vs -18.52‰ for unflavored milk). When controlling for macronutrient content, milk samples collected in West region supermarkets possessed significantly lower δ13 C values than samples collected from Midwest, South, and Northeast regions. δ15 N values did not vary with macronutrient content or region of collection. CONCLUSIONS Carbon stable isotope ratios in U.S. milk samples varied with macronutrient content and region of purchase, suggesting that SIA can provide insight into production processes within the U.S. dairy industry, with potential applications in national food adulteration and authentication efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Bostic
- Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University of Oslo, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - William M Hagopian
- Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University of Oslo, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Hope Jahren
- Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University of Oslo, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
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Optimization of the solvent-based dissolution method to sample volatile organic compound vapors for compound-specific isotope analysis. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1520:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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In Situ Enzymatic Synthesis of Polar Lipid Emulsifiers in the Preparation and Stabilisation of Aerated Food Emulsions. FOOD BIOPHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-017-9488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Organic food consumption during pregnancy is associated with different consumer profiles, food patterns and intake: the KOALA Birth Cohort Study. Public Health Nutr 2017; 20:2134-2144. [PMID: 28560934 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980017000842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To find out how the consumption of organic food during pregnancy is associated with consumer characteristics, dietary patterns and macro- and micronutrient intakes. DESIGN Cross-sectional description of consumer characteristics, dietary patterns and macro- and micronutrient intakes associated with consumption of organic food during pregnancy. SETTING Healthy, pregnant women recruited to a prospective cohort study at midwives' practices in the southern part of the Netherlands; to enrich the study with participants adhering to alternative lifestyles, pregnant women were recruited through various specific channels. SUBJECTS Participants who filled in questionnaires on food frequency in gestational week 34 (n 2786). Participant groups were defined based on the share of organic products within various food types. RESULTS Consumers of organic food more often adhere to specific lifestyle rules, such as vegetarianism or anthroposophy, than do participants who consume conventional food only (reference group). Consumption of organic food is associated with food patterns comprising more products of vegetable origin (soya/vegetarian products, vegetables, cereal products, bread, fruits, and legumes) and fewer animal products (milk and meat), sugar and potatoes than consumed in conventional diets. These differences translate into distinct intakes of macro- and micronutrients, including higher retinol, carotene, tocopherol and folate intakes, lower intakes of vitamin D and B12 and specific types of trans-fatty acids in the organic groups. These differences are seen even in groups with low consumption of organic food. CONCLUSIONS Various consumer characteristics, specific dietary patterns and types of food intake are associated with the consumption of organic food during pregnancy.
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Methodologies for the Characterization of the Quality of Dairy Products. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2017; 82:237-275. [PMID: 28427534 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest of consumers in food quality and safety issues has contributed to the increasing demand for sensitive and rapid analytical technologies. Physicochemical, textural, sensory, etc., methods have been used to evaluate the quality and authenticity of milk and dairy products. Despite the importance of these standard methods, they are expensive and time consuming. Recently, spectroscopic methods have shown great potential due to speed of analysis, minimal sample preparation, high repeatability, low cost, and, most of all, the fact that these techniques are noninvasive and nondestructive and, therefore, could be applied to any on-line monitoring system. This chapter gave examples of the application of the most commonly traditional methods for the determination of the quality of milk and dairy products. A special focus is devoted to the use of infrared and fluorescence spectroscopies for the evaluation of the quality of dairy products.
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Camin F, Bontempo L, Perini M, Piasentier E. Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis for Assessing the Authenticity of Food of Animal Origin. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 15:868-877. [PMID: 33401802 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The main elemental constituents (H, C, N, O, and S) of bio-organic material have different stable isotopes (2 H, 1 H; 13 C,12 C; 15 N,14 N; 18 O,17 O,16 O; 36 S, 34 S, 33 S, and 32 S). Isotopic ratios can be measured precisely and accurately using dedicated analytical techniques such as isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Analysis of these ratios shows potential for assessing the authenticity of food of animal origin. In this review, IRMS analysis of food of animal origin and variability factors related to stable isotope ratios in animals are described. The study also lists examples of application of stable isotope ratio analysis to meat, dairy products, fish, and shellfish and emphasizes the strengths and weaknesses of the technique. Geographical, climatic, pedological, geological, botanical, and agricultural factors affect the stable isotope ratios (SIR) of bio-elements, and SIR variations are ultimately incorporated into animal tissue through eating, drinking, breathing, and exchange with the environment, being recorded in the resulting foods. SIR analysis was capable of determining geographical origin, animal diet, and the production system (such as organic/conventional or wild/farmed) for pork, beef, lamb, poultry, milk, butter, cheese, fish, and shellfish. In the case of the hard PDO (protected designations of origin) cheeses Grana Padano and Parmigiano Reggiano it is also used in real-life situations to assess the authenticity of grated and shredded cheese on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Camin
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, I-38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, I-38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Matteo Perini
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, I-38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Edi Piasentier
- Dept. of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Univ. of Udine, Via Sondrio 2A, 33100, Udine, Italy
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Implementation of Quality by Design for processing of food products and biotherapeutics. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schwarzenbolz U, Hofmann T, Sparmann N, Henle T. Free Maillard Reaction Products in Milk Reflect Nutritional Intake of Glycated Proteins and Can Be Used to Distinguish "Organic" and "Conventionally" Produced Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5071-5078. [PMID: 27213835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using LC-MS/MS and isotopically labeled standard substances, quantitation of free Maillard reaction products (MRPs), namely, N(ε)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (pyrraline, PYR), N(δ)-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)-ornithine (MG-H), and N(ε)-fructosyllysine (FL), in bovine milk was achieved. Considerable variations in the amounts of the individual MRPs were found, most likely as a consequence of the nutritional uptake of glycated proteins. When comparing commercial milk samples labeled as originating from "organic" or "conventional" farming, respectively, significant differences in the content of free PYR (organic milk, 20-300 pmol/mL; conventional milk, 400-1000 pmol/mL) were observed. An analysis of feed samples indicated that rapeseed and sugar beet are the main sources for MRPs in conventional farming. Furthermore, milk of different dairy animals (cow, buffalo, donkey, goat, ewe, mare, camel) as well as for the first time human milk was analyzed for free MRPs. The distribution of their concentrations, with FL and PYR as the most abundant in human milk and with a high individual variability, also points to a nutritional influence. As the components of concentrated feed do not belong to the natural food sources of ruminants and equidae, free MRPs in milk might serve as indicators for an adequate animal feeding in near-natural farming and can be suitable parameters to distinguish between an "organic" and "conventional" production method of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Schwarzenbolz
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden , D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden , D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nina Sparmann
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden , D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Henle
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden , D-01062 Dresden, Germany
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Relationship between milk odd and branched-chain fatty acids and urinary purine derivatives in dairy cows supplemented with quebracho tannins—A study to test milk fatty acids as predictors of rumen microbial protein synthesis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chung IM, Kim JK, Park I, Oh JY, Kim SH. Effects of milk type, production month, and brand on fatty acid composition: A case study in Korea. Food Chem 2016; 196:138-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bononi M, Quaglia G, Tateo F. Preliminary LC-IRMS Characterization of Italian Pure Lemon Juices and Evaluation of Commercial Juices Distributed in the Italian Market. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0479-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Battaglini LM, Renna M, Garda A, Lussiana C, Malfatto V, Mimosi A, Bianchi M. Comparing milk yield, chemical properties and somatic cell count from organic and conventional mountain farming systems. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2009.s2.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Renna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Torino, Italy
| | - Alex Garda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Torino, Italy
| | - Carola Lussiana
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Torino, Italy
| | - Vanda Malfatto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Mimosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Torino, Italy
| | - Marcello Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Torino, Italy
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Auerswald K, Schäufele R, Bellof G. Routing of Fatty Acids from Fresh Grass to Milk Restricts the Validation of Feeding Information Obtained by Measuring (13)C in Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10500-10507. [PMID: 26567466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dairy production systems vary widely in their feeding and livestock-keeping regimens. Both are well-known to affect milk quality and consumer perceptions. Stable isotope analysis has been suggested as an easy-to-apply tool to validate a claimed feeding regimen. Although it is unambiguous that feeding influences the carbon isotope composition (δ(13)C) in milk, it is not clear whether a reported feeding regimen can be verified by measuring δ(13)C in milk without sampling and analyzing the feed. We obtained 671 milk samples from 40 farms distributed over Central Europe to measure δ(13)C and fatty acid composition. Feeding protocols by the farmers in combination with a model based on δ(13)C feed values from the literature were used to predict δ(13)C in feed and subsequently in milk. The model considered dietary contributions of C3 and C4 plants, contribution of concentrates, altitude, seasonal variation in (12/13)CO2, Suess's effect, and diet-milk discrimination. Predicted and measured δ(13)C in milk correlated closely (r(2) = 0.93). Analyzing milk for δ(13)C allowed validation of a reported C4 component with an error of <8% in 95% of all cases. This included the error of the method (measurement and prediction) and the error of the feeding information. However, the error was not random but varied seasonally and correlated with the seasonal variation in long-chain fatty acids. This indicated a bypass of long-chain fatty acids from fresh grass to milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Auerswald
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München , D-85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Rudi Schäufele
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München , D-85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bellof
- Fachgebiet Tierernährung, Hochschule Weihenstephan-Triesdorf , D-85350 Freising, Germany
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Combined chemometric analysis of 1H NMR, 13C NMR and stable isotope data to differentiate organic and conventional milk. Food Chem 2015; 188:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kamal M, Karoui R. Analytical methods coupled with chemometric tools for determining the authenticity and detecting the adulteration of dairy products: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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38
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Badia-Melis R, Mishra P, Ruiz-García L. Food traceability: New trends and recent advances. A review. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Molkentin J, Lehmann I, Ostermeyer U, Rehbein H. Traceability of organic fish – Authenticating the production origin of salmonids by chemical and isotopic analyses. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Inácio CT, Chalk PM. Principles and limitations of stable isotopes in differentiating organic and conventional foodstuffs: 2. Animal products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:181-196. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.887056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Fatty acid and triglycerides profiling of retail organic, conventional and pasture milk: Implications for health and authenticity. Int Dairy J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Kusche D, Kuhnt K, Ruebesam K, Rohrer C, Nierop AFM, Jahreis G, Baars T. Fatty acid profiles and antioxidants of organic and conventional milk from low- and high-input systems during outdoor period. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:529-539. [PMID: 24898881 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensification of organic dairy production leads to the question of whether the implementation of intensive feeding incorporating maize silage and concentrates is altering milk quality. Therefore the fatty acid (FA) and antioxidant (AO) profiles of milk on 24 farms divided into four system groups in three replications (n = 71) during the outdoor period were analyzed. In this system comparison, a differentiation of the system groups and the effects of the main system factors 'intensification level' (high-input versus low-input) and 'origin' (organic versus conventional) were evaluated in a multivariate statistical approach. RESULTS Consistent differentiation of milk from the system groups due to feeding-related impacts was possible in general and on the basis of 15 markers. The prediction of the main system factors was based on four or five markers. The prediction of 'intensification level' was based mainly on CLA c9,t11 and C18:1 t11, whereas that of 'origin' was based on n-3 PUFA. CONCLUSION It was possible to demonstrate consistent differences in the FA and AO profiles of organic and standard conventional milk samples. Highest concentrations of nutritionally beneficial compounds were found in the low-input organic system. Adapted grass-based feeding strategies including pasture offer the potential to produce a distinguishable organic milk product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kusche
- Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Kassel University, Nordbahnhofstraße 1a, D-37213, Witzenhausen, Germany
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Schwendel BH, Wester TJ, Morel PCH, Tavendale MH, Deadman C, Shadbolt NM, Otter DE. Invited review: organic and conventionally produced milk-an evaluation of factors influencing milk composition. J Dairy Sci 2014; 98:721-46. [PMID: 25497795 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Consumer perception of organic cow milk is associated with the assumption that organic milk differs from conventionally produced milk. The value associated with this difference justifies the premium retail price for organic milk. It includes the perceptions that organic dairy farming is kinder to the environment, animals, and people; that organic milk products are produced without the use of antibiotics, added hormones, synthetic chemicals, and genetic modification; and that they may have potential benefits for human health. Controlled studies investigating whether differences exist between organic and conventionally produced milk have so far been largely equivocal due principally to the complexity of the research question and the number of factors that can influence milk composition. A main complication is that farming practices and their effects differ depending on country, region, year, and season between and within organic and conventional systems. Factors influencing milk composition (e.g., diet, breed, and stage of lactation) have been studied individually, whereas interactions between multiple factors have been largely ignored. Studies that fail to consider that factors other than the farming system (organic vs. conventional) could have caused or contributed to the reported differences in milk composition make it impossible to determine whether a system-related difference exists between organic and conventional milk. Milk fatty acid composition has been a central research area when comparing organic and conventional milk largely because the milk fatty acid profile responds rapidly and is very sensitive to changes in diet. Consequently, the effect of farming practices (high input vs. low input) rather than farming system (organic vs. conventional) determines milk fatty acid profile, and similar results are seen between low-input organic and low-input conventional milks. This confounds our ability to develop an analytical method to distinguish organic from conventionally produced milk and provide product verification. Lack of research on interactions between several influential factors and differences in trial complexity and consistency between studies (e.g., sampling period, sample size, reporting of experimental conditions) complicate data interpretation and prevent us from making unequivocal conclusions. The first part of this review provides a detailed summary of individual factors known to influence milk composition. The second part presents an overview of studies that have compared organic and conventional milk and discusses their findings within the framework of the various factors presented in part one.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Schwendel
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| | - T J Wester
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - P C H Morel
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - M H Tavendale
- Animal Nutrition and Health, AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - C Deadman
- Fonterra Research Centre Palmerston North, Dairy Farm Road, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - N M Shadbolt
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - D E Otter
- Food and Bio-based Products, AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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44
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Verification of fresh grass feeding, pasture grazing and organic farming by cows farm milk fatty acid profile. Food Chem 2014; 164:234-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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45
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Chung IM, Park I, Yoon JY, Yang YS, Kim SH. Determination of organic milk authenticity using carbon and nitrogen natural isotopes. Food Chem 2014; 160:214-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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Hrbek V, Vaclavik L, Elich O, Hajslova J. Authentication of milk and milk-based foods by direct analysis in real time ionization–high resolution mass spectrometry (DART–HRMS) technique: A critical assessment. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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47
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Recent developments in application of stable isotope analysis on agro-product authenticity and traceability. Food Chem 2014; 145:300-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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δ13C values and phytanic acid diastereomer ratios: combined evaluation of two markers suggested for authentication of organic milk and dairy products. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Zhao Y, Zhang B, Chen G, Chen A, Yang S, Ye Z. Tracing the geographic origin of beef in China on the basis of the combination of stable isotopes and multielement analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7055-7060. [PMID: 23805792 DOI: 10.1021/jf400947y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The potential for classifying beef samples on the basis of their geographical origin was investigated by stable isotope and multielement analysis using samples from various provinces in China. C and N isotope composition and the concentrations of 23 elements of the defatted beef samples were determined. It was shown that as compared to the Tibet beef fed predominantly on C3 pasture, maize-fed beef produced in Shandong and Heilongjiang province gave rise to a significant difference in (13)C content. Significant differences were also observed in 18 elements among the defatted beef samples. Stable isotope data and multielement concentrations determined in the beef were subjected to multivariate analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA). Eight key variables were identified as providing maximum discrimination among samples. DA gave an overall correct classification rate of 100% and a cross-validation rate of 100%. This research has proved that the geographical origin of beef in China can be identified by a combination of stable isotopes and multielement analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
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