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Natural Ergot Alkaloids in Ocular Pharmacotherapy: Known Molecules for Novel Nanoparticle-Based Delivery Systems. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10070980. [PMID: 32630018 PMCID: PMC7408209 DOI: 10.3390/biom10070980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several pharmacological properties are attributed to ergot alkaloids as a result of their antibacterial, antiproliferative, and antioxidant effects. Although known for their biomedical applications (e.g., for the treatment of glaucoma), most ergot alkaloids exhibit high toxicological risk and may even be lethal to humans and animals. Their pharmacological profile results from the structural similarity between lysergic acid-derived compounds and noradrenalin, dopamine, and serotonin neurotransmitters. To reduce their toxicological risk, while increasing their bioavailability, improved delivery systems were proposed. This review discusses the safety aspects of using ergot alkaloids in ocular pharmacology and proposes the development of lipid and polymeric nanoparticles for the topical administration of these drugs to enhance their therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of glaucoma.
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Sabzehzari M, Zeinali M, Naghavi MR. Alternative sources and metabolic engineering of Taxol: Advances and future perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107569. [PMID: 32446923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel is one of the strong plant-derived anti-cancer drugs that was first isolated from the Pacific yew. Despite many paclitaxel's clinical successes, the limited accessibility of paclitaxel for clinical trials is recognized as the most important challenge. Thus, researchers are continuously trying to find the innovative ways to meet the community's need for this medicine. In the first step, the alternative sources for Taxol supply were recognized, such as Taxus genus, other plant genera, and endophytic fungi. In the next step, the biosynthetic pathways of Taxol or related metabolites were manipulated in the original organisms, or introduced to heterologous systems and then were manipulated in them. Here, a range of metabolic manipulating approaches have been successfully developed to redirect the metabolic flux toward Taxol, including promoter engineering, enzyme engineering, overexpressing the bottleneck enzymes, over- or down-regulation of transcription factors, activation of the cryptic genes, removing/minimizing the flux for competing pathways, tunable regulation of the metabolic pathway, and increasing the supplies of precursors. In this review, we discuss research progress on the alternative Taxol sources and its metabolic manipulating, and we suggest recent challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sabzehzari
- Division of Plant Molecular Genetics, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural and Natural Resources College, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Zeinali
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Naghavi
- Division of Plant Molecular Genetics, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural and Natural Resources College, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
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3
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Nazhand A, Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Souto EB, Santini A. Characteristics, Occurrence, Detection and Detoxification of Aflatoxins in Foods and Feeds. Foods 2020; 9:E644. [PMID: 32443392 PMCID: PMC7278662 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination continues to be a food safety concern globally, with the most toxic being aflatoxins. On-farm aflatoxins, during food transit or storage, directly or indirectly result in the contamination of foods, which affects the liver, immune system and reproduction after infiltration into human beings and animals. There are numerous reports on aflatoxins focusing on achieving appropriate methods for quantification, precise detection and control in order to ensure consumer safety. In 2012, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and M2 as group 1 carcinogenic substances, which are a global human health concern. Consequently, this review article addresses aflatoxin chemical properties and biosynthetic processes; aflatoxin contamination in foods and feeds; health effects in human beings and animals due to aflatoxin exposure, as well as aflatoxin detection and detoxification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Nazhand
- Department of Biotechnology, Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resource University, 9th km of Farah Abad Road, Mazandaran 48181-68984, Iran;
| | - Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Roma, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Massimo Lucarini
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Roma, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Polo III-Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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4
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Juodeikiene G, Cernauskas D, Trakselyte-Rupsiene K, Bartkiene E, Zadeike D, Banyte G, Santini A. Acoustic-Based Screening Method for the Detection of Total Aflatoxin in Corn and Biological Detoxification in Bioethanol Production. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:543. [PMID: 32351462 PMCID: PMC7174555 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus spp. are widely occurring fungi in nature; they produce toxic compounds such as aflatoxins (AFs) and mainly target plant products such as corn and nuts. The development of prevention strategies is challenging because AFs are highly toxic and have been regulated to small concentrations. This study proposes a new strategy of AF prevention through the application of rapid methods using acoustic techniques in combination with fermentation for the elimination of contaminated corn from bioethanol production processes. An acoustic device was used for the analysis of model systems consisting of corn and nuts (hazelnuts and peanuts) contaminated with different amounts of AFs. High correlations were obtained between penetrated acoustic signal amplitude (Ap) and corn sample density, and between Ap and AF content. Also, relationships were found between changes in Ap values and AF contamination in the nuts model systems. The results of biotreatment of contaminated corn during bioethanol production confirmed that AFs cannot be completely eliminated in dried distiller’s grains with solubles, a valuable by-product for animal feed. Microbially, contamination of the raw material has a negative impact on bioethanol quality by increasing the content of volatile compounds. Therefore, the application of methods such as acoustic screening is a promising alternative for rapid AF detection in corn and nuts (it can handle multi-layers of grain). With the application of acoustic techniques, the prevention of AFs in contaminated raw plant materials could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazina Juodeikiene
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Darius Cernauskas
- Food Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Elena Bartkiene
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daiva Zadeike
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Greta Banyte
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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5
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Bermudez-Beltrán KA, Marzal-Bolaño JK, Olivera-Martínez AB, Espitia PJ. Cape gooseberry Petit Suisse Cheese incorporated with moringa leaf powder and gelatin. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence and Exposure Assessment Approach in Foodstuffs from Algeria. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030194. [PMID: 32204439 PMCID: PMC7150886 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey on 120 cereal samples (barley, maize, rice and wheat) from Algerian markets has been carried out to evaluate the presence of 15 mycotoxins (ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1 and B2, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, zearalenone, fusarenon X, citrinin, sterigmatocystin, enniatins A, A1, B and B1, and beauvericin). With this purpose, a QuEChERS-based extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) were used. Analytical results showed that 78 cereal samples (65%) were contaminated with at least one toxin, while 50% were contaminated with three to nine mycotoxins. T-2 toxin, citrinin, beauvericin and deoxynivalenol were the most commonly found mycotoxins (frequency of 50%, 41.6%, 40.8% and 33.3%, respectively). Fumonisins (B1 + B2), enniatins B and B1, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone registered high concentrations (289-48878 µg/kg, 1.2-5288 µg/kg, 15-4569 µg/kg, 48-2055 µg/kg and 10.4-579 µg/kg, respectively). Furthermore, concentrations higher than those allowed by the European Union (EU) were observed in 21, 8 and 1 samples for fumonisins, zearalenone and deoxinivalenol, respectively. As a conclusion, the high levels of fumonisins (B1 + B2) in maize and deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and HT-2 + T-2 toxins in wheat, represent a health risk for the average adult consumer in Algeria. These results pointed out the necessity of a consistent control and the definition of maximum allowed levels for mycotoxins in Algerian foodstuffs.
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Vella A, Cammilleri G, Pulvirenti A, Galluzzo F, Randisi B, Giangrosso G, Macaluso A, Gennaro S, Ciaccio G, Cicero N, Ferrantelli V. High hydroxycinnamic acids contents in fennel honey produced in Southern Italy. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:4104-4109. [PMID: 32019359 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1723090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A total of 122 honey samples (Apis mellifera ssp. Ligustica) collected from Southern Italy were examined for floral identification by melissopalynological examination and for polyphenols detection by an LC-ESI-OrbitrapTM -MS/MS method. The melissopalynological examination confirmed all the samples examined as fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) unifloral variety. The analytical method carried out for polyphenols detection showed satisfactory linearity and recovery values, achieved during the validation of the method. Very high amounts of flavonols (kaempferol and quercetin) and hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid), were found in all the samples examined. Among the hydroxycinnamic acids group, caffeic acid showed the highest mean contents (865.90 ± 67.07 µg/kg). The results of this work confirmed the high presence of phenolic acids with strong free radical-scavenging activity in fennel products such as honey, suggesting their use to reduce oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cammilleri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy.,Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Pulvirenti
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Galluzzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Barbara Randisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giangrosso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Ciaccio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Dipartimento SASTAS, Università degli studi di Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
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Hamamoto A, Isogai R, Maeda M, Hayazaki M, Horiyama E, Takashima S, Koketsu M, Takemori H. The High Content of Ent-11α-hydroxy-15-oxo-kaur- 16-en-19-oic Acid in Adenostemma lavenia (L.) O. Kuntze Leaf Extract: With Preliminary in Vivo Assays. Foods 2020; 9:E73. [PMID: 31936516 PMCID: PMC7022889 DOI: 10.3390/foods9010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ent-11α-hydroxy-15-oxo-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (11αOH-KA) is a multifunctional biochemical found in some ferns, Pteris semipinnata, and its congeneric species. Although a number of therapeutic applications of 11αOH-KA have been proposed (e.g., anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, and skin whitening), the content of 11αOH-KA in these ferns is not high. Adenostemma lavenia (L.) O. Kuntze, an Asteraceae, has also been reported to contain 11αOH-KA. The decoction (hot water extract) of whole plants of A. lavenia is used as a folk remedy for inflammatory disorders, such as hepatitis and pneumonia, suggesting that 11αOH-KA may be the ingredient responsible for the medicinal properties of this plant. METHODS The anti-melanogenic activities of the water extracts of A. lavenia leaves and Pteris dispar Kunze (a cognate of P. semipinnata) leaves were compared in mouse B16F10 melanoma cells. The amount of 11αOH-KA was measured by using liquid chromatography spectrometry. C57BL/6J mice were treated with the water extract of A. lavenia leaf, and the blood concentration of 11αOH-KA was measured. The in vivo efficacy of the water extract of A. lavenia leaf was evaluated according to tis anti-melanogenic activity by monitoring hair color. RESULTS Although both the extracts (A. lavenia and P. dispar Kunze) showed high anti-melanogenic activities, only A. lavenia contained a high amount of 11αOH-KA, approximately 2.5% of the dry leaf weight. 11αOH-KA can be purified from A. lavenia leaves in two steps: water extraction followed by chloroform distribution. The treatment of mice with the water extract of A. lavenia leaf suppresses pigmentation in their hairs. CONCLUSIONS Despite the small number of mice examined, the present preliminary result of the suppressed hair pigmentation suggests that the water extract of A. lavenia leaf and the ingredient that is possibly responsible for this-11αOH-KA-are new materials for oral cosmetics. The results may also be helpful in the future development of functional foods and methods to treat patients suffering from hyperpigmentation disorders, such as melasma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hiroshi Takemori
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (A.H.); (R.I.); (M.M.); (M.H.); (E.H.); (S.T.); (M.K.)
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9
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Kholafazad Kordasht H, Moosavy MH, Hasanzadeh M, Soleymani J, Mokhtarzadeh A. Determination of aflatoxin M1 using an aptamer-based biosensor immobilized on the surface of dendritic fibrous nano-silica functionalized by amine groups. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2019; 11:3910-3919. [PMID: 35345244 DOI: 10.1039/c9ay01185d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are potential food pollutants produced by fungi. Among them, aflatoxin M1 (AF M1) is the most toxic. A great deal of concern is associated with AF M1 toxicity. Aflatoxins are potential food pollutants produced by fungi. Among them, aflatoxin M1 (AF M1) is the most toxic. A great deal of concern is associated with AF M1 toxicity. In the present work, a novel aptamer-based bioassay was developed for monitoring aflatoxin M1 (AF M1) in real samples. A chitosan-modified graphene quantum dot (GQD-CS) nanocomposite was used as a biocompatible substrate coated with dendritic fibrous nanosilica functionalized by amine groups (KCC-1-NH2-Tb). Accordingly, an innovative biocompatible polymeric matrix was prepared for aptamer immobilization. The unique oligonucleotide of AF M1 (5'-ATC CGT CAC ACC TGC TCT GAC GCT GGG GTC GAC CCG GAG AAA TGC ATT CCC CTG TGG TGT TGG CTC CCG TAT) labelled by toluidine blue was immobilized on the engineered interface. Hence, a novel aptamer-based bioassay was formed for the highly sensitive quantitation of AF M1 using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. The structure and morphology of GQDs-CS/KCC-1-NH2-Tb was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, atomic force and scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The toxicity tests, which were performed by MTT assays, revealed the biocompatible nature of KCC-1-NH2-Tb. The engineered aptasensor demonstrated excellent behaviour toward the determination of AF M1, where the low limit of quantification was 10 fM. The proposed aptamer-based bioassay was successfully used for the monitoring of AF M1 in milk samples. This work provides a beneficial reference for the sensing of other toxins in food/pharmaceutical assays and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Kholafazad Kordasht
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mir-Hassan Moosavy
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hasanzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Jafar Soleymani
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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10
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Fumonisin Production by Fusarium verticillioides in Maize Genotypes Cultivated in Different Environments. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040215. [PMID: 30974722 PMCID: PMC6520941 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins are mycotoxins (MTs) produced mainly by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, the main pathogens of maize which cause ear rot. The aim of this work was to evaluate some factors that may lead to high fumonisin production by F. verticillioides in maize grains, correlating the pathogen inoculation method with different genotypes grown in four Brazilian states. Experiments were conducted in 2015–2016 in maize crops from experimental maize fields located in four distinct states of Brazil. Results showed that contamination by fumonisin mycotoxins occurred even on symptomatic or asymptomatic grains. In all municipalities, the samples showed levels of fumonisin B1 that were higher than would be tolerable for the human consumption of corn products (the current tolerance limit for fumonisin is 1.5 μg g−1). High severity of grains infected with F. verticillioides does not always show high concentrations of fumonisins. Environments with higher temperatures may influence the production of high concentrations of fumonisin in maize hybrids. Spray inoculation methods and inoculation at the center of spikes did not influence fumonisin concentrations. Results showed that the hybrids P3630H, P32R48 and P3250 presented higher disease severity, as well as higher mycotoxin levels in the studied locations with higher temperatures.
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Lo Turco V, Potortì AG, Ben Mansour H, Dugo G, Di Bella G. Plasticizers and BPA in spices and aromatic herbs of Mediterranean areas. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:87-92. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1591403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lo Turco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali of the University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Giorgia Potortì
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali of the University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to Environmental –APAE UR17ES32, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Giacomo Dugo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali of the University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Di Bella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali of the University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Bognanni R, Gallo G, Di Stefano V, Melilli MG. Preservation of vitamins content in Cuccìa using an innovative method of processing. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:153-157. [PMID: 30638066 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1548460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cuccìa is a traditional Sicilian food prepared by boiling whole durum wheat kernels, in water, for many hours. This process destroys the vitamins E and B contents of crude kernels. It was rated a method to prepare the Cuccìa, preserving the vitamin content. Four varieties of durum wheat were processed comparing the traditional cooking method (TR-boiling for 5/6 hours), and an innovative one (IN-grains scarification, germination, and cooking at 50 °C for 2 hours). On soups obtained the content of biotin, niacin and α-amylase activity were determined. ANOVA showed the cooking method influences biotin and niacin content having values from 0.56 and 0.72 ng ml-1 (raw grain) and values close to 0 (TR), while only a 10% decrease (IN) respectively for both vitamins. On the contrary, α-amylase activity was reduced with IN method. The IN method combined with ancient grains, produces the soup with a good vitamin B amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Bognanni
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Council of Research, Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Gallo
- Assessorato regionale dell'agricoltura, dello sviluppo rurale e della pesca mediterranea Regione Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vita Di Stefano
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Melilli
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Council of Research, Catania, Italy
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13
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Cortés-Herrera C, Artavia G, Leiva A, Granados-Chinchilla F. Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Common Nutritional Components, in Feed and Food. Foods 2018; 8:E1. [PMID: 30577557 PMCID: PMC6352167 DOI: 10.3390/foods8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Food and feed laboratories share several similarities when facing the implementation of liquid-chromatographic analysis. Using the experience acquired over the years, through application chemistry in food and feed research, selected analytes of relevance for both areas were discussed. This review focused on the common obstacles and peculiarities that each analyte offers (during the sample treatment or the chromatographic separation) throughout the implementation of said methods. A brief description of the techniques which we considered to be more pertinent, commonly used to assay such analytes is provided, including approaches using commonly available detectors (especially in starter labs) as well as mass detection. This manuscript consists of three sections: feed analysis (as the start of the food chain); food destined for human consumption determinations (the end of the food chain); and finally, assays shared by either matrices or laboratories. Analytes discussed consist of both those considered undesirable substances, contaminants, additives, and those related to nutritional quality. Our review is comprised of the examination of polyphenols, capsaicinoids, theobromine and caffeine, cholesterol, mycotoxins, antibiotics, amino acids, triphenylmethane dyes, nitrates/nitrites, ethanol soluble carbohydrates/sugars, organic acids, carotenoids, hydro and liposoluble vitamins. All analytes are currently assayed in our laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cortés-Herrera
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Graciela Artavia
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Astrid Leiva
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Fabio Granados-Chinchilla
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
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14
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Ornelis V, Rajkovic A, Sas B, De Saeger S, Madder A. Development of a Synthetic Receptor for the Food Toxin Beauvericin: A Tale of Carbazole and Steroids. Org Lett 2018; 20:6368-6371. [PMID: 30336675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the first synthetic receptor showing high affinity for the toxic ionophoric cyclodepsipeptide beauvericin is described. Binding results in a pronounced increase in fluorescence intensity of the receptor, while this increase is not observed for a very similar ionophore such as valinomycin. Experiments that shed light on the nature of this selectivity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ornelis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group , Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation , Ghent University , Coupure Links 653 , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Benedikt Sas
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Food2Know , Ghent University , Coupure Links 653 , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group , Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 , Ghent , Belgium
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Boecker S, Grätz S, Kerwat D, Adam L, Schirmer D, Richter L, Schütze T, Petras D, Süssmuth RD, Meyer V. Aspergillus niger is a superior expression host for the production of bioactive fungal cyclodepsipeptides. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2018; 5:4. [PMID: 29507740 PMCID: PMC5833056 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-018-0048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fungal cyclodepsipeptides (CDPs) are non-ribosomally synthesized peptides produced by a variety of filamentous fungi and are of interest to the pharmaceutical industry due to their anticancer, antimicrobial and anthelmintic bioactivities. However, both chemical synthesis and isolation of CDPs from their natural producers are limited due to high costs and comparatively low yields. These challenges might be overcome by heterologous expression of the respective CDP-synthesizing genes in a suitable fungal host. The well-established industrial fungus Aspergillus niger was recently genetically reprogrammed to overproduce the cyclodepsipeptide enniatin B in g/L scale, suggesting that it can generally serve as a high production strain for natural products such as CDPs. In this study, we thus aimed to determine whether other CDPs such as beauvericin and bassianolide can be produced with high titres in A. niger, and whether the generated expression strains can be used to synthesize new-to-nature CDP derivatives. Results The beauvericin and bassianolide synthetases were expressed under control of the tuneable Tet-on promoter, and titres of about 350–600 mg/L for bassianolide and beauvericin were achieved when using optimized feeding conditions, respectively. These are the highest concentrations ever reported for both compounds, whether isolated from natural or heterologous expression systems. We also show that the newly established Tet-on based expression strains can be used to produce new-to-nature beauvericin derivatives by precursor directed biosynthesis, including the compounds 12-hydroxyvalerate-beauvericin and bromo-beauvericin. By feeding deuterated variants of one of the necessary precursors (d-hydroxyisovalerate), we were able to purify deuterated analogues of beauvericin and bassianolide from the respective A. niger expression strains. These deuterated compounds could potentially be used as internal standards in stable isotope dilution analyses to evaluate and quantify fungal spoilage of food and feed products. Conclusion In this study, we show that the product portfolio of A. niger can be expanded from enniatin to other CDPs such as beauvericin and bassianolide, as well as derivatives thereof. This illustrates the capability of A. niger to produce a range of different peptide natural products in titres high enough to become industrially relevant. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40694-018-0048-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Boecker
- 1Department Biological Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany.,2Department Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Grätz
- 1Department Biological Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Kerwat
- 1Department Biological Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Adam
- 1Department Biological Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Schirmer
- 1Department Biological Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennart Richter
- 1Department Biological Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tabea Schütze
- 2Department Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Petras
- 1Department Biological Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roderich D Süssmuth
- 1Department Biological Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vera Meyer
- 2Department Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
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Decleer M, Rajkovic A, Sas B, Madder A, De Saeger S. Development and validation of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for the simultaneous determination of beauvericin, enniatins (A, A1, B, B1) and cereulide in maize, wheat, pasta and rice. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1472:35-43. [PMID: 27776774 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate UPLC-MS/MS methods for the simultaneous determination of beauvericin and the related enniatins (A, A1, B, B1), together with cereulide were successfully developed and validated in cereal and cereal-based food matrices such as wheat, maize, rice and pasta. Although these emerging foodborne toxins are of different microbial origin, the similar structural, toxicological and food safety features provided rationale for their concurrent detection in relevant food matrices. A Waters Acquity UPLC system coupled to a Waters Quattro Premier XE™ Mass Spectrometer operating in ESI+ mode was employed. Sample pretreatment involved a fast and simple liquid extraction of the target toxins without any further clean-up step. For all toxins the sample preparation resulted in acceptable extraction recoveries with values of 85-105% for wheat, 87-106% for maize, 84-106% for rice and 85-105% for pasta. The efficient extraction protocol, together with a fast chromatographic separation of 7min allowed substantial saving costs and time showing its robustness and performance. The validation of the developed method was performed based on Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The obtained limits of detection ranged from 0.1 to 1.0μgkg-1 and the limits of quantification from 0.3 to 2.9μgkg-1 for the targeted toxins in the selected matrices. The obtained sensitivities allow detection of relevant toxicological concentrations. All relative standard deviations for repeatability (intra-day) and intermediate precision (inter-day) were lower than 20%. Trueness, expressed as the apparent recovery varied from 80 to 107%. The highly sensitive and repeatable validated method was applied to 57 naturally contaminated samples allowing detection of sub-clinical doses of the toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Decleer
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benedikt Sas
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Food2Know, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, Belgium
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Chrpová J, Šíp V, Sumíková T, Salava J, Palicová J, Štočková L, Džuman Z, Hajšlová J. Occurrence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in wheat grain collected in the Czech Republic. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Random collections of ears of winter wheat cultivars grown within the Czech Republic were made during 2004-2013. The ears were assessed for Fusarium head blight symptoms on a 0-9 scale and grain samples were analysed for deoxynivalenol (DON) content by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Samples from 2011-2013 were analysed in greater detail, including to detect Fusarium species using polymerase chain reaction assays and determine mycotoxin content (including ‘emerging’ mycotoxins) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The 10-year survey reveals a significant adverse effect from maize as the preceding crop on the accumulation of DON. Most endangered were those areas situated in the eastern part of the country. The study revealed prevailing occurrence of Fusarium poae and Fusarium graminearum within the Czech Republic. The occurrence of F. poae increased greatly in 2012 (with 93.3% of samples infected) in association with relatively warmer and drier weather. These investigations provide abundant evidence as to the presence of so-called ‘emerging’ mycotoxins, particularly enniatins. The survey also shows that increased content of ‘emerging’ mycotoxins could be accompanied by high DON content through mixed infections. Among examined toxins, only DON and DON-3-glucoside (DON-3G) were positively correlated (r=0.800; P<0.001) while levels of the remaining toxins were independent of one another. DON production by both DON-producing species F. graminearum and Fusarium culmorum was significantly higher in mixed infections with other species. The presence of Fusarium avenaceum with other species appeared markedly to promote the production of 5 out of 6 mycotoxins, namely DON, DON-3G, nivalenol, enniatins, and beauvericin. These five mycotoxins profited also from contamination by F. poae. Moreover, the presence of F. graminearum and F. culmorum appeared to be decisive for zearalenone accumulation, which was not correlated with DON levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Chrpová
- Division of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 161 06 Prague 6,Czech Republic
| | - V. Šíp
- Division of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 161 06 Prague 6,Czech Republic
| | - T. Sumíková
- Division of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 161 06 Prague 6,Czech Republic
| | - J. Salava
- Division of Crop Protection and Plant Health, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 161 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - J. Palicová
- Division of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 161 06 Prague 6,Czech Republic
| | - L. Štočková
- Division of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 161 06 Prague 6,Czech Republic
| | - Z. Džuman
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J. Hajšlová
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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Tian T, Yang M, Zhao Z, Luan Y, Tang X, Zhu M, Liu Y. Development and Validation of Stability-Indicating Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Ketoconazole and Beauvericin in Pharmaceutical Tablets. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 54:361-6. [PMID: 26486149 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous analysis of ketoconazole (KCZ) and beauvericin (BEA) as well as their degradation products in the combination tablets. KCZ is a synthetic broad-spectrum antifungal agent with the risk of hepatoxicity. However, it was found that the combined use of KCZ and BEA in their low dose had not only maintained the antifungal activity of KCZ but also significantly reduced the liver toxicity. The method development was started from forced degradation studies including acidic, basic, oxidative, thermal and photolytic degradations in the solution mixtures of KCZ and BEA. The forced degradation study results indicate that hydrolysis and oxidation were the major degradation pathways for KCZ while BEA mainly decomposed under basic hydrolytic condition. The newly developed HPLC method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines with respect to specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limits of detection and quantification and robustness. The method validation results indicate that the new HPLC method could be successfully applied in the simultaneous detection and quantitation of KCZ and BEA and their degradation products. For example, the accuracy and the precision of the method were determined by a recovery study at 80, 100 and 120% of the tablet dosage levels. The recovery was found to be 99.6-100.2 for both analytes with a relative standard deviation of no more than 1.2% (n = 5) at any concentration level. This new method can be used for further development of various KCZ and BEA combination drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhongxi Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Technologies, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 989 Xinluo Street, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Yuxia Luan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xuan Tang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Technologies, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 989 Xinluo Street, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Meihua Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Technologies, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 989 Xinluo Street, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Technologies, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 989 Xinluo Street, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
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Escrivá L, Font G, Manyes L. In vivo toxicity studies of fusarium mycotoxins in the last decade: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 78:185-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Covarelli L, Beccari G, Prodi A, Generotti S, Etruschi F, Meca G, Juan C, Mañes J. Biosynthesis of beauvericin and enniatins in vitro by wheat Fusarium species and natural grain contamination in an area of central Italy. Food Microbiol 2015; 46:618-626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Evaluation of beauvericin and enniatins in Italian cereal products and multicereal food by liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2013; 140:755-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Tolosa J, Font G, Mañes J, Ferrer E. Nuts and dried fruits: Natural occurrence of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Serrano A, Meca G, Font G, Ferrer E. Risk assessment associated to the intake of the emerging Fusarium mycotoxins BEA, ENs and FUS present in infant formula of Spanish origin. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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First report on the presence of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins enniatins (A, A1, B, B1), beauvericin and fusaproliferin in rice on the Moroccan retail markets. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Frenich AG, Romero-González R, Gómez-Pérez ML, Vidal JLM. Multi-mycotoxin analysis in eggs using a QuEChERS-based extraction procedure and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4349-56. [PMID: 21621786 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A reliable and rapid method has been developed for the determination of 10 mycotoxins (beauvericin, enniatin A, A1, B1, citrinin, aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 and ochratoxin A) in eggs at trace levels. Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) has been used for the analysis of these compounds in less than 7 min. Mycotoxins have been extracted from egg samples using a QuEChERS-based extraction procedure (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) without applying any further clean-up step. Extraction, chromatographic and detection conditions were optimised in order to increase sample throughput and sensitivity. Matrix-matched calibration was used for quantification. Blank samples were fortified at 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg kg(-1), and recoveries ranged from 70% to 110%, except for ochratoxin A and aflatoxin G1 at 10 μg kg(-1), and aflatoxin G2 at 50 μg kg(-1). Relative standard deviations were lower than 25% in all the cases. Limits of detection ranged from 0.5 μg kg(-1) (for aflatoxins B1, B2 and G1) to 5 μg kg(-1) (for enniatin A, citrinin and ochratoxin A) and limits of quantification ranged from 1 μg kg(-1) (for aflatoxins B1, B2 and G1) to 10 μg kg(-1) (for enniatin A, citrinin and ochratoxin A). Seven samples were analyzed and aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and beauvericin were detected at trace levels.
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Qadri SM, Kucherenko Y, Lang F. Beauvericin induced erythrocyte cell membrane scrambling. Toxicology 2011; 283:24-31. [PMID: 21296643 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Beauvericin is a mycotoxin with antiviral, antibacterial, nematicidal, insecticidal, cytotoxic, and apoptotic activity. Similar to nucleated cells erythrocytes may undergo suicidal death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage and phosphatidylserine exposure at the erythrocyte surface. Eryptosis may be triggered by energy depletion leading to increase of cytosolic Ca²+ activity. The present study thus explored whether beauvericin is able to trigger eryptosis and influence eryptosis following energy depletion. Cell membrane scrambling was estimated from binding of annexin V to phosphatidylserine at the erythrocyte surface, cell volume from forward scatter in FACS analysis, cytosolic Ca²+ concentration from Fluo3 fluorescence, cytosolic ATP concentration from a luciferase-assay and ion channel activity with whole cell patch clamp. Exposure to beauvericin (≥ 5 μM) significantly decreased erythrocyte ATP concentration and increased cytosolic Ca²+ concentration as well as annexin V-binding. The effect of beauvericin on annexin V binding was significantly blunted by removal of extracellular Ca²+. Glucose depletion (48 h) was followed by, increase of Fluo3 fluorescence, decrease of forward scatter and increase of annexin V-binding. Beauvericin (≥ 1 μM) augmented the effect of glucose withdrawal on Fluo3 fluorescence and annexin V-binding, but significantly blunted the effect of glucose withdrawal on forward scatter, an effect paralleled by inhibition of Ca²+ activated K+ channels. The present observations disclose novel effects of beauvericin, i.e. stimulation of Ca²+ entry with subsequent cell membrane scrambling and inhibition of Ca²+ activated K+ channels with blunting of cell shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Qadri
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Mahnine N, Meca G, Elabidi A, Fekhaoui M, Saoiabi A, Font G, Mañes J, Zinedine A. Further data on the levels of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins enniatins (A, A1, B, B1), beauvericin and fusaproliferin in breakfast and infant cereals from Morocco. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zinedine A, Meca G, Mañes J, Font G. Further data on the occurrence of Fusarium emerging mycotoxins enniatins (A, A1, B, B1), fusaproliferin and beauvericin in raw cereals commercialized in Morocco. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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