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Al Shawous A, Soliman A, Fahmy S, Mohamed A. Therapeutic Efficacy of Anodonta cygnea and Crayfish Procambarus clarkii Hemolymph Extracts on Sepsis-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Neonate Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2023. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2023.185.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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Balestri F, Poli G, Piazza L, Cappiello M, Moschini R, Signore G, Tuccinardi T, Mura U, Del Corso A. Dissecting the Activity of Catechins as Incomplete Aldose Reductase Differential Inhibitors through Kinetic and Computational Approaches. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091324. [PMID: 36138801 PMCID: PMC9495972 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The increased glucose levels occurring in diabetes lead to several metabolic alterations responsible for the onset of the so-called diabetic complications, which include nephropathies, neuropathies, retinopathies, and cataract. An increased flux of glucose through the polyol pathway is considered the most relevant among these alterations. For this reason, the block of the polyol pathway, through the inhibition of the enzyme aldose reductase, is considered a valuable strategy to impair the onset of diabetic complications. However, aldose reductase also exerts a beneficial effect inside cells, since it can remove toxic aldehydes. Thus, to ameliorate the outcome of the use of aldose reductase inhibitors, the use of “differential inhibitors” has been proposed. These inhibitors should block the catalytic activity depending on the substrate the enzyme is working on, thus preserving the detoxifying action of the enzyme. In this work, derivatives of catechins are analyzed to evaluate their inhibitory action on aldose reductase. The study was conducted both in vitro on the isolated enzyme and in silico through a computational approach. Results demonstrated that gallocatechin gallate and catechin gallate act as differential inhibitors and that this action may be linked to an incomplete inhibitory effect. Abstract The inhibition of aldose reductase is considered as a strategy to counteract the onset of both diabetic complications, upon the block of glucose conversion in the polyol pathway, and inflammation, upon the block of 3-glutathionyl-4-hydroxynonenal reduction. To ameliorate the outcome of aldose reductase inhibition, minimizing the interference with the detoxifying role of the enzyme when acting on toxic aldehydes, “differential inhibitors”, i.e., molecules able to inhibit the enzyme depending on the substrate the enzyme is working on, has been proposed. Here we report the characterization of different catechin derivatives as aldose reductase differential inhibitors. The study, conducted through both a kinetic and a computational approach, highlights structural constraints of catechin derivatives relevant in order to affect aldose reductase activity. Gallocatechin gallate and catechin gallate emerged as differential inhibitors of aldose reductase able to preferentially affect aldoses and 3-glutathionyl-4-hydroxynonenal reduction with respect to 4-hydroxynonenal reduction. Moreover, the results highlight how, in the case of aldose reductase, a substrate may affect not only the model of action of an inhibitor, but also the degree of incompleteness of the inhibitory action, thus contributing to differential inhibitory phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Balestri
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Poli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 12, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Piazza
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Cappiello
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Moschini
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Signore
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 12, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Umberto Mura
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Del Corso
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2211450
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Chemical profile and nutraceutical features of Salsola soda (agretti): Anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic potential of its flavonoids. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Aldose Reductase Differential Inhibitors in Green Tea. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071003. [PMID: 32640594 PMCID: PMC7407822 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AKR1B1), the first enzyme in the polyol pathway, is likely involved in the onset of diabetic complications. Differential inhibition of AKR1B1 has been proposed to counteract the damaging effects linked to the activity of the enzyme while preserving its detoxifying ability. Here, we show that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), one of the most representative catechins present in green tea, acts as a differential inhibitor of human recombinant AKR1B1. A kinetic analysis of EGCG, and of its components, gallic acid (GA) and epigallocatechin (EGC) as inhibitors of the reduction of L-idose, 4-hydroxy2,3-nonenal (HNE), and 3-glutathionyl l-4-dihydroxynonanal (GSHNE) revealed for the compounds a different model of inhibition toward the different substrates. While EGCG preferentially inhibited L-idose and GSHNE reduction with respect to HNE, gallic acid, which was still active in inhibiting the reduction of the sugar, was less active in inhibiting HNE and GSHNE reduction. EGC was found to be less efficient as an inhibitor of AKR1B1 and devoid of any differential inhibitory action. A computational study defined different interactive modes for the three substrates on the AKR1B1 active site and suggested a rationale for the observed differential inhibition. A chromatographic fractionation of an alcoholic green tea extract revealed that, besides EGCG and GA, other components may exhibit the differential inhibition of AKR1B1.
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Chen L, Shi R, She X, Gu C, Chong L, Zhang L, Li R. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist‐mediated cognitive improvement in a mouse model of Alzheimer's type: possible involvement of BDNF‐H
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S‐Nrf2 signaling. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 34:697-707. [PMID: 32484999 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Neurology Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital 256 Friendship West Road, Beilin District Xi’an Shaanxi 710068 China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital No. 256 Youyi West Road, Beilin District Xi'an City Shaanxi Province 710068 China
| | - Xia She
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Room Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital 256 Friendship West Road, Beilin District Xi’an Shaanxi 710068 China
| | - Chaochao Gu
- Department of Neurology Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital 256 Friendship West Road, Beilin District Xi’an Shaanxi 710068 China
| | - Li Chong
- Department of Neurology Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital 256 Friendship West Road, Beilin District Xi’an Shaanxi 710068 China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Neurology Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital 256 Friendship West Road, Beilin District Xi’an Shaanxi 710068 China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Neurology Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital 256 Friendship West Road, Beilin District Xi’an Shaanxi 710068 China
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Pathways of 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Detoxification in a Human Astrocytoma Cell Line. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050385. [PMID: 32380768 PMCID: PMC7278743 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the consequences of the increased level of oxidative stress that often characterizes the cancer cell environment is the abnormal generation of lipid peroxidation products, above all 4-hydroxynonenal. The contribution of this aldehyde to the pathogenesis of several diseases is well known. In this study, we characterized the ADF astrocytoma cell line both in terms of its pattern of enzymatic activities devoted to 4-hydroxynonenal removal and its resistance to oxidative stress induced by exposure to hydrogen peroxide. A comparison with lens cell lines, which, due to the ocular function, are normally exposed to oxidative conditions is reported. Our results show that, overall, ADF cells counteract oxidative stress conditions better than normal cells, thus confirming the redox adaptation demonstrated for several cancer cells. In addition, the markedly high level of NADP+-dependent dehydrogenase activity acting on the glutahionyl-hydroxynonanal adduct detected in ADF cells may promote, at the same time, the detoxification and recovery of cell-reducing power in these cells.
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Barracco V, Moschini R, Renzone G, Cappiello M, Balestri F, Scaloni A, Mura U, Del-Corso A. Dehydrogenase/reductase activity of human carbonyl reductase 1 with NADP(H) acting as a prosthetic group. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 522:259-263. [PMID: 31759632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) is an NADP-dependent enzyme that exerts a detoxifying role, which catalyses the transformation of carbonyl-containing compounds. The ability of CBR1 to act on adducts between glutathione and lipid peroxidation derived aldehydes has recently been reported. In the present study, exploiting mass spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopy, evidence is shown that CBR1 is able to retain NADP(H) at the active site even after extensive dialysis, and that this retention may also occur when the enzyme is performing catalysis. This property, together with the multi-substrate specificity of CBR1 in both directions of red/ox reactions, generates inter-conversion red/ox cycles. This particular feature of CBR1, in the case of the transformation of 3-glutathionyl, 4-hydroxynonanal (GSHNE), which is a key substrate of the enzyme in detoxification, supports the disproportionation reaction of GSHNE without any apparent exchange of the cofactor with the solution. The importance of the cofactor as a prosthetic group for other dehydrogenases exerting a detoxification role is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Barracco
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, Via S. Zeno, 51, Pisa, Italy; PhD Student at the Tuscany Region "Pegaso" PhD School in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Italy
| | - Roberta Moschini
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, Via S. Zeno, 51, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood ''Nutraceuticals and Food for Health'', University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Renzone
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM-CNR, Via Argine, 1085, Napoli, Italy
| | - Mario Cappiello
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, Via S. Zeno, 51, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood ''Nutraceuticals and Food for Health'', University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Balestri
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, Via S. Zeno, 51, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood ''Nutraceuticals and Food for Health'', University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM-CNR, Via Argine, 1085, Napoli, Italy
| | - Umberto Mura
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, Via S. Zeno, 51, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Del-Corso
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, Via S. Zeno, 51, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood ''Nutraceuticals and Food for Health'', University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Balestri F, Barracco V, Renzone G, Tuccinardi T, Pomelli CS, Cappiello M, Lessi M, Rotondo R, Bellina F, Scaloni A, Mura U, Del Corso A, Moschini R. Stereoselectivity of Aldose Reductase in the Reduction of Glutathionyl-Hydroxynonanal Adduct. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100502. [PMID: 31652566 PMCID: PMC6827081 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the adduct between the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and glutathione, which leads to the generation of 3-glutathionyl-4-hydroxynonane (GSHNE), is one of the main routes of HNE detoxification. The aldo-keto reductase AKR1B1 is involved in the reduction of the aldehydic group of both HNE and GSHNE. In the present study, the effect of chirality on the recognition by aldose reductase of HNE and GSHNE was evaluated. AKR1B1 discriminates very modestly between the two possible enantiomers of HNE as substrates. Conversely, a combined kinetic analysis of the glutathionyl adducts obtained starting from either 4R- or 4S-HNE and mass spectrometry analysis of GSHNE products obtained from racemic HNE revealed that AKR1B1 possesses a marked preference toward the 3S,4R-GSHNE diastereoisomer. Density functional theory and molecular modeling studies revealed that this diastereoisomer, besides having a higher tendency to be in an open aldehydic form (the one recognized by AKR1B1) in solution than other GSHNE diastereoisomers, is further stabilized in its open form by a specific interaction with the enzyme active site. The relevance of this stereospecificity to the final metabolic fate of GSHNE is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Balestri
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via S. Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Vito Barracco
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via S. Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Renzone
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM-CNR, Via Argine 1085, 80147 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Mario Cappiello
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via S. Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Marco Lessi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Rossella Rotondo
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via S. Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fabio Bellina
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM-CNR, Via Argine 1085, 80147 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Umberto Mura
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via S. Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Antonella Del Corso
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via S. Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Roberta Moschini
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via S. Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Glutathione as an antioxidant marker: determination of glutathione concentration in the breast muscles and liver of broilers supplemented with different selenium sources. ACTA VET BRNO 2019. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201988020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the influence of different selenium sources on antioxidant properties. The glutathione (GSH) concentration and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were measured in the breast muscles and liver of 60 one-day-old broiler chickens. Another goal was to compare these indices with the weights of individual tissues and the live weight of broilers. The broilers were divided into 4 groups according to the selenium source: group 1 (control), group 2 (selenized yeast), group 3 (selenomethionine), group 4 (sodium selenite). Treatment groups were supplemented with 0.2 mg of additional selenium/kg. No significant changes in the hepatic GSH concentrations (P> 0.05) were found in the experimental groups compared to control. Significantly higher GSH concentration (P< 0.05) was found in breast muscles of broilers in group 4 (sodium selenite) compared to control. However, no positive effect of selenium supplementation in the form of sodium selenite was observed. The differences in the GPx activity in breast muscles and liver between the experimental groups and the control group were not significant (P> 0.05). No significant differences were recorded in the experimental groups compared to control in relation to the GSH concentration and GPx activity measured in the tissues. A significantly positive correlation was noted between mean GPx activity in breast muscle and breast muscle weight (P< 0.01; r = 0.3790) and live weight (P< 0.05; r = 0.2690). Although changes in the GSH concentration and GPx activity were recorded in some experimental groups, the selected dose of additional selenium appeared to be too low to affect these concentrations and the antioxidant defence system.
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Misuri L, Cappiello M, Balestri F, Moschini R, Barracco V, Mura U, Del-Corso A. The use of dimethylsulfoxide as a solvent in enzyme inhibition studies: the case of aldose reductase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:1152-1158. [PMID: 28856935 PMCID: PMC6009938 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1363744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is an enzyme devoted to cell detoxification and at the same time is strongly involved in the aetiology of secondary diabetic complications and the amplification of inflammatory phenomena. AR is subjected to intense inhibition studies and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is often present in the assay mixture to keep the inhibitors in solution. DMSO was revealed to act as a weak but well detectable AR differential inhibitor, acting as a competitive inhibitor of the L-idose reduction, as a mixed type of non-competitive inhibitor of HNE reduction and being inactive towards 3-glutathionyl-4-hydroxynonanal transformation. A kinetic model of DMSO action with respect to differently acting inhibitors was analysed. Three AR inhibitors, namely the flavonoids neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, rutin and phloretin, were used to evaluate the effects of DMSO on the inhibition studies on the reduction of L-idose and HNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Misuri
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Tuscany Region PhD School in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Italy
| | - Mario Cappiello
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Balestri
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Moschini
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vito Barracco
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Tuscany Region PhD School in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Italy
| | - Umberto Mura
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Del-Corso
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Maggi E, Cappiello M, Del Corso A, Lenzarini F, Peroni E, Benedetti-Cecchi L. Climate-related environmental stress in intertidal grazers: scaling-up biochemical responses to assemblage-level processes. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2533. [PMID: 27781156 PMCID: PMC5075701 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Organisms are facing increasing levels of environmental stress under climate change that may severely affect the functioning of biological systems at different levels of organization. Growing evidence suggests that reduction in body size is a universal response of organisms to global warming. However, a clear understanding of whether extreme climate events will impose selection directly on phenotypic plastic responses and how these responses affect ecological interactions has remained elusive. Methods We experimentally investigated the effects of extreme desiccation events on antioxidant defense mechanisms of a rocky intertidal gastropod (Patella ulyssiponensis), and evaluated how these effects scaled-up at the population and assemblage levels. Results With increasing levels of desiccation stress, limpets showed significant lower levels of total glutathione, tended to grow less and had reduced per capita interaction strength on their resources. Discussion Results suggested that phenotypic plasticity (i.e., reduction in adults’ body size) allowed buffering biochemical responses to stress to scale-up at the assemblage level. Unveiling the linkages among different levels of biological organization is key to develop indicators that can anticipate large-scale ecological impacts of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Maggi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; CoNISMa, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; CoNISMa, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Roma, Italy
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Narayanankutty A, Manalil JJ, Suseela IM, Ramavarma SK, Mathew SE, Illam SP, Babu TD, Kuzhivelil BT, Raghavamenon AC. Deep fried edible oils disturb hepatic redox equilibrium and heightens lipotoxicity and hepatosteatosis in male Wistar rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:919-930. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327116674530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hepatosteatosis is a complex disorder, in which insulin resistance and associated dyslipidemic and inflammatory conditions are fundamental. Dietary habit, especially regular consumption of fat and sugar-rich diet, is an important risk factor. Coconut and mustard oils (CO and MO) are medium-chain saturated and monounsaturated fats that are common dietary ingredients among the Indian populations. Present study analyzed the effect of prolonged consumption of the fresh and thermally oxidized forms of these oils on glucose tolerance and hepatosteatosis in male Wistar rats. Thermally oxidized CO (TCO) and MO (TMO) possessed higher amount of lipid peroxidation products and elevated p-anisidine values than their fresh forms. Dietary administration of TCO and TMO along with fructose altered glucose tolerance and increased hyperglycemia in rats. Dyslipidemia was evident by elevated levels of triglycerides and reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) levels in fructose and edible oil-fed group ( p < 0.05). Additionally, hepatic antioxidant status was diminished and oxidative stress markers were elevated in TCO- and TMO-fed rats. Substantiating these, hike in liver function marker enzyme activities were also observed in these animals. Supporting this, histological analysis revealed higher incidence of microvesicles and hepatocellular ballooning. Results thus suggest that consumption of thermally oxidized fats may cause hepatic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Narayanankutty
- Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - JJ Manalil
- Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - IM Suseela
- Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - SK Ramavarma
- Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - SE Mathew
- Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - SP Illam
- Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - TD Babu
- Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - BT Kuzhivelil
- Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Christ College, University of Calicut, Thenhipalam, Kerala, India
| | - AC Raghavamenon
- Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
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Burkard L, Scheuermann A, Simithy J, Calderón AI. Development of a functional assay to detect inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum glutathione reductase utilizing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:543-7. [PMID: 26257195 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) like most other organisms, has a sophisticated antioxidant system, part of which includes glutathione reductase (GR). GR works by recycling toxic glutathione disulfide to glutathione, thereby reducing reactive oxygen species and making a form of glutathione (GSH) the parasite can use. Inhibition of this enzyme in Pf impedes parasite growth. In addition, it has been confirmed that PfGR is not identical to human GR. Thus, PfGR is an excellent target for antimalarial drug development. A functional assay utilizing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed to specifically identify and evaluate inhibitors of PfGR. Using recombinant PfGR enzyme and 1,4-naphthoquinone (1) as a reference compound and 4-nitrobenzothiadiazole (2) and methylene blue (3) as additional compounds, we quantified the concentration of GSH produced compared with a control to determine the inhibitory effect of these compounds. Our results coincide with that presented in literature: compounds 1-3 inhibit PfGR with IC50 values of 2.71, 8.38, and 19.23 µm, respectively. Good precision for this assay was exhibited by low values of intraday and interday coefficient of variation (3.1 and 2.4%, respectively). Thus, this assay can be used to screen for other potential inhibitors of PfGR quickly and accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexi Burkard
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Alexis Scheuermann
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Johayra Simithy
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Angela I Calderón
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, 4306 Walker Building, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
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14
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Abstract
Glutathione is an endogenous peptide with antioxidant and other metabolic functions. The nomenclature, formulae, elemental composition, and appearance and uses of the drug are included. The methods used for the synthesis and biosynthesis of glutathione are described. This profile contains the physical characteristics of the drug including: solubility, X-ray powder diffraction pattern, crystal structure, melting point, and differential scanning calorimetry. The spectral methods that were used for both the identification and analysis of glutathione include ultraviolet spectrum, vibrational spectrum, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and mass spectrum. The profile also includes the compendial methods of analysis and the other methods of analysis that are reported in the literature. These other methods of e-analysis are: potentiometric, voltammetric, amperometric, spectrophotometric, specrtofluorometric, chemiluminescence, chromatographic and immunoassay methods. The stability of and several reviews on drug are also provided. More than 170 references are listed at the end this comprehensive profile on glutathione.
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15
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Hao M, Liu R, Zhang H, Li Y, Jing M. Detection of glutathione within single mice hepatocytes using microfluidic chips coupled with a laser-induced fluorescence system. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 125:7-11. [PMID: 24534424 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and accurate detection of glutathione (GSH) content in single cells is important to the early diagnosis and prevention of diseases. A microfluidic system allows the manipulation of trace amounts of reagents and single cells in a simple and cheap glass chip coupled with laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection. 2,3-Naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde (NDA) was used as the derivatization reagent to label GSH in cells. Microchannel surface derivatization and optimization of injection and separation were investigated in detail, and then the GSH in single mice hepatocyte was separated and detected under optimum conditions with a linear range of 5×10(-4) M~5×10(-3) M and a detection limit of 4.47×10(-5) M. This study provides a simple and effective method for rapid GSH detection in single cells using few reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglu Hao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, 27# Shanda South Road, Shandong Province, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, 27# Shanda South Road, Shandong Province, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, 27# Shanda South Road, Shandong Province, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Yating Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, 27# Shanda South Road, Shandong Province, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Mingyang Jing
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, 27# Shanda South Road, Shandong Province, Jinan 250100, PR China
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