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Riedel A, Neukamm MA, Klima M, Henkel K, Auwärter V, Altenburger MJ. Drugs in dental biofilm and enamel - A pilot study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23177. [PMID: 38261908 PMCID: PMC10796950 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Enamel and dental biofilm might serve as alternative matrices for determination of illicit and medical drugs. Thus, this study aims at evaluating possible correlations between detected drug concentrations in the matrices and simulated drug use in situ. Design Eleven subjects wore intraoral splints with embedded demineralized bovine enamel samples. Drug use was simulated by mouth rinsing with a 1.0 μg/ml drug solution three times daily for 1 min (study A) or by incubation of the splints in a 10 μg/ml drug solution once a day for 30 min (study B). Amphetamines, opiates, cocaine and benzoylecgonine were used as drugs. After 11 days, biofilm and enamel samples of the intraoral splints were analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry after drying and extraction via ultrasonication with acetonitrile (biofilm) or methanol (enamel). Results In study A, median and mean drug concentration ± standard deviation were 1.3 pg/mg and 6.4 ± 11 pg/mg in biofilm and 0.2 pg/mg and 0.5 ± 0.9 pg/mg in enamel. In study B, median and mean drug concentration ± standard deviation were 350 pg/mg and 1100 ± 1600 pg/mg in biofilm and 5.8 pg/mg and 9.9 ± 10 pg/mg in enamel. Conclusions Overall, there were considerable interindividual concentration differences. Correlations between concentrations in the two sample materials were shown. The results of this pilot study revealed a dependence of concentrations on intensity and duration of drug contact. Thus, important information on past drug use might be provided in forensic cases by analysis of dental biofilm and enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Riedel
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79106, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79110, Germany
| | - Merja A. Neukamm
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79110, Germany
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79104, Germany
| | - Miriam Klima
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79110, Germany
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79104, Germany
- Labor Berlin – Charité Vivantes GmbH, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Toxicology, Berlin, Sylter Str. 2, Berlin, DE, 13353, Germany
| | - Kerstin Henkel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79110, Germany
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79104, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79110, Germany
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79104, Germany
| | - Markus J. Altenburger
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79106, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79110, Germany
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Casati S, Binda M, Dongiovanni P, Meroni M, D'Amato A, Roda G, Orioli M, Del Fabbro M, Tartaglia GM. Recent advances of drugs monitoring in oral fluid and comparison with blood. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:1978-1993. [PMID: 37302088 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of alternative matrices in toxicological analyses has been on the rise in clinical and forensic settings. Oral fluid (OF), as non-invasive fluid, has attracted attention in the field of drug screening, both for therapeutic and forensic purposes, as well as for medical diagnosis, clinical management, on-site (real time) doping and for monitoring environmental exposure to toxic substances. A good correlation between OF and blood is now established for drug concentrations. Therefore, OF might be a potential substitute of blood, especially for long-term surveillance (e.g., therapeutic drugs) or to screen a large number of patients, as well as for the development of salivary point-of-care technologies. In this review, we aimed to summarize and critically evaluate the current literature that focused on the comparison of drugs detection in OF and blood specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Casati
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Binda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marica Meroni
- Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Alfonsina D'Amato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Roda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marica Orioli
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca M Tartaglia
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Poyatos L, Pérez-Mañá C, Hladun O, Núñez-Montero M, de la Rosa G, Martín S, Barriocanal AM, Carabias L, Kelmendi B, Taoussi O, Busardò FP, Fonseca F, Torrens M, Pichini S, Farré M, Papaseit E. Pharmacological effects of methylone and MDMA in humans. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1122861. [PMID: 36873994 PMCID: PMC9981643 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1122861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylone is one of the most common synthetic cathinones popularized as a substitute for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, midomafetamine) owing to its similar effects among users. Both psychostimulants exhibit similar chemistry (i.e., methylone is a β-keto analog of MDMA) and mechanisms of action. Currently, the pharmacology of methylone remains scarcely explored in humans. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the acute pharmacological effects of methylone and its abuse potential in humans when compared with that of MDMA following oral administration under controlled conditions. Seventeen participants of both sexes (14 males, 3 females) with a previous history of psychostimulant use completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial. Participants received a single oral dose of 200 mg of methylone, 100 mg of MDMA, and a placebo. The variables included physiological effects (blood pressure, heart rate, oral temperature, pupil diameter), subjective effects using visual analog scales (VAS), the short form of the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI), the Evaluation of Subjective Effects of Substances with Abuse Potential questionnaire (VESSPA-SSE), and the Sensitivity to Drug Reinforcement Questionnaire (SDRQ), and psychomotor performance (Maddox wing, psychomotor vigilance task). We observed that methylone could significantly increase blood pressure and heart rate and induce pleasurable effects, such as stimulation, euphoria, wellbeing, enhanced empathy, and altered perception. Methylone exhibited an effect profile similar to MDMA, with a faster overall onset and earlier disappearance of subjective effects. These results suggest that abuse potential of methylone is comparable to that of MDMA in humans. Clinical Trial Registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05488171; Identifier: NCT05488171.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Poyatos
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
- *Correspondence: Clara Pérez-Mañá, ; Magí Farré,
| | - Olga Hladun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Melani Núñez-Montero
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Georgina de la Rosa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Soraya Martín
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Ana Maria Barriocanal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Lydia Carabias
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Kelmendi
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Omayema Taoussi
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francina Fonseca
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Addiction Program, Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Adiccions (INAD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Torrens
- Addiction Program, Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Adiccions (INAD), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Magí Farré
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
- *Correspondence: Clara Pérez-Mañá, ; Magí Farré,
| | - Esther Papaseit
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
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Joosten F, Parrilla M, van Nuijs AL, Ozoemena KI, De Wael K. Electrochemical detection of illicit drugs in oral fluid: potential for forensic drug testing. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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de Faria LV, Rocha RG, Arantes LC, Ramos DL, Lima CD, Richter EM, P dos Santos WT, Muñoz RA. Cyclic square-wave voltammetric discrimination of the amphetamine-type stimulants MDA and MDMA in real-world forensic samples by 3D-printed carbon electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Thiruvottriyur Shanmugam S, Van Echelpoel R, Boeye G, Eliaerts J, Samanipour M, Ching HYV, Florea A, Van Doorslaer S, Van Durme F, Samyn N, Parrilla M, De Wael K. Towards Developing a Screening Strategy for Ecstasy: Revealing the Electrochemical Profile. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Thiruvottriyur Shanmugam
- A-Sense Lab Department of Bioscience Engineering University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Robin Van Echelpoel
- A-Sense Lab Department of Bioscience Engineering University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Griet Boeye
- A-Sense Lab Department of Bioscience Engineering University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Joy Eliaerts
- National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC) Vilvoordsesteenweg 100 1120 Brussels Belgium
| | - Mohammad Samanipour
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Biomedical Physics University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - H. Y. Vincent Ching
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Biomedical Physics University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Anca Florea
- A-Sense Lab Department of Bioscience Engineering University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Sabine Van Doorslaer
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Biomedical Physics University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Filip Van Durme
- National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC) Vilvoordsesteenweg 100 1120 Brussels Belgium
| | - Nele Samyn
- National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC) Vilvoordsesteenweg 100 1120 Brussels Belgium
| | - Marc Parrilla
- A-Sense Lab Department of Bioscience Engineering University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- A-Sense Lab Department of Bioscience Engineering University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
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7
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Pollard C, Hudson M, McDonnell JM, Royall PG, Wolff K. Development of a point-of-care test for the detection of MDMA in latent fingerprints using surface plasmon resonance and lateral flow technology. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:613-621. [PMID: 34766468 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To date, a specific point-of-care test (POCT) for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy, 'E') in latent fingerprints (LFPs) has not been explored. Other POCTs identify MDMA in sweat by detecting the drug as a cross-reactant rather than target analyte, thus decreasing the test's sensitivity. The study's aim was to design a sensitive POCT for the detection of MDMA in LFPs using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) technology. A high-affinity antibody binding pair was identified using the former technique, deeming the pair suitable for a LFA. Titrations of fluorescently labelled antibody and antigen concentrations were tested to identify a sharp drop-in signal upon the addition of MDMA to allow a clear distinction between negative and positive outcomes. We trialled the LFA by producing dose response curves with MDMA and a group of drugs that share a similar chemical structure to MDMA. These were generated through spiking the LFA with increasing levels of drug (0-400 pg/10 μl of MDMA; 0-10,000 pg/10 μl of cross-reactant). Fluorescent test signals were measured using a cartridge reader. The cut-off (threshold) 60 pg/10 μl calculated better cartridge performance (1.00 sensitivity, 0.95 specificity and 0.98 accuracy), when compared with 40 pg/10 μl. The biggest cross-reactant was PMMA (250%), followed by MDEA (183%), MBDB (167%), MDA (16%) and methamphetamine (16%). A sensitive LFP screening tool requiring no sample preparation was successfully designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pollard
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford St, London, United Kingdom, SE1 9NH, UK
| | | | - James M McDonnell
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul G Royall
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kim Wolff
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford St, London, United Kingdom, SE1 9NH, UK
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Poyatos L, Papaseit E, Olesti E, Pérez-Mañá C, Ventura M, Carbón X, Grifell M, Fonseca F, Torrens M, de la Torre R, Farré M. A Comparison of Acute Pharmacological Effects of Methylone and MDMA Administration in Humans and Oral Fluid Concentrations as Biomarkers of Exposure. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080788. [PMID: 34440023 PMCID: PMC8389614 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Methylone is a synthetic cathinone that is usually used as a substitute for conventional psychostimulants, such as MDMA. Chemically, methylone is considered the β-keto analogue of MDMA, with which it presumably shares similar pharmacological effects. To date, the available data about the human pharmacology of methylone in humans are very scarce and are mainly derived from user experiences, published in internet forums or intoxication reports. Thus, an observational–naturalistic study was conducted to evaluate the acute pharmacological effects and determine biomarkers of exposure in oral fluid of methylone after oral self-administration in comparison to MDMA. Methylone induced the prototypical psychostimulant and empathogenic effects commonly associated with MDMA, although they were of lower intensity. Oral fluid concentrations of methylone can be considered a suitable biomarker of acute exposure, and oral fluid has been proven to be a useful biological matrix of detection. Abstract Considered the β-keto analogue of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy), 3,4-Methylenedioxymethcathinone (methylone) is a synthetic cathinone. Over the years, methylone has been used as a substitute for conventional psychostimulants, such as MDMA. To date, little is known about the human pharmacology of methylone; the only available information has been provided by surveys or published intoxication reports. In the present observational–naturalistic study, we evaluate the acute subjective and physiological effects of methylone after oral self-administration in comparison to MDMA in healthy poly-drug users. Fourteen participants (10 males, 4 females) selected their single oral doses of methylone from 100 to 300 mg (n = 8, mean dose 187.5 mg) or MDMA from 75 to 100 mg (n = 6, mean dose 87.5 mg) based on their experience. Study variables were assessed at 0, 1, 2, and 4 h (h) and included vital signs (non-invasive blood pressure, heart rate, cutaneous temperature) and subjective effects using visual analogue scales (VAS), the 49-item Addiction Research Centre Inventory (ARCI) short form, and the Evaluation of the Subjective Effects of Substances with Abuse Potential (VESSPA-SSE) questionnaire. Additionally, oral fluid concentrations of methylone and MDMA were determined. Acute pharmacological effects produced by methylone followed the prototypical psychostimulant and empathogenic profile associated with MDMA, although they were less intense. Methylone concentrations in oral fluid can be considered a useful biomarker to detect acute exposure in oral fluid. Oral fluid concentrations of MDMA and methylone peaked at 2 h and concentrations of MDMA were in the range of those previously described in controlled studies. Our results demonstrate that the potential abuse liability of methylone is similar to that of MDMA in recreational subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Poyatos
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.P.); (C.P.-M.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Esther Papaseit
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.P.); (C.P.-M.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Eulalia Olesti
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (E.O.); (R.d.l.T.)
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.P.); (C.P.-M.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Mireia Ventura
- Energy Control, Associació Benestar i Desenvolupament, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.); (X.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Xoán Carbón
- Energy Control, Associació Benestar i Desenvolupament, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.); (X.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Marc Grifell
- Energy Control, Associació Benestar i Desenvolupament, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.); (X.C.); (M.G.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain; (F.F.); (M.T.)
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Adiccions (INAD), Parc de Salut Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francina Fonseca
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain; (F.F.); (M.T.)
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Adiccions (INAD), Parc de Salut Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Torrens
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain; (F.F.); (M.T.)
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Adiccions (INAD), Parc de Salut Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (E.O.); (R.d.l.T.)
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magí Farré
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.P.); (C.P.-M.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
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Avcioglu G, Yilmaz G, Yalcin Sahiner S, Kozaci LD, Bal C, Yilmaz FM. Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of an oral fluid screening test device for substance abuse at traffic controls. Clin Biochem 2021; 93:112-118. [PMID: 33882283 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the analytical performance of the Kite Biotechnology Oral fluid (OF) screening test device, which is used for roadside screening of cannabis, opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine and benzodiazepines by comparing samples with matched plasma samples, analysed via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for confirmation. METHODS OF and plasma samples were obtained simultaneously from a total of 100 subjects. OF samples were analysed by OF screening test based on immunochromatography. The OF screening test cut-off values were 50 ng/mL for amphetamines (d-amphetamine) and methamphetamine/MDMA (d-methamphetamine), 30 ng/mL for cocaine (benzoylecgonine), 40 ng/mL for opiates (morphine), 20 ng/mL for benzodiazepines (nordazepam), and 25 ng/mL for cannabis (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol). LC-MS/MS method validation was performed according to the CLSI C62-A recommendations with the following parameters: matrix effect, lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), linearity, intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy. RESULTS The overall specificity, accuracy and negative predictive values (NPV) were acceptable and met the DRUID standard of >80%. The OF screening test device showed good sensitivity for cocaine, amphetamines and opiates, whereas it indicated poor sensitivity for methamphetamine/MDMA (66.7%) and failed to detect cannabis and benzodiazepines. CONCLUSION The present study is the first report to evaluate the Kite Biotechnology OF screening test device. The diagnostic performance of the OF screening test device was acceptable for opiates, cocaine and amphetamines, but it was insufficient for methamphetamine/MDMA, benzodiazepines and cannabis because of sensitivity issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Avcioglu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Karadeniz Ereğli State Hospital, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Gulsen Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - L Didem Kozaci
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ceylan Bal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Meric Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Lanaro R, Mello SM, da Cunha KF, Silveira G, Corrêa-Neto NF, Hyslop S, Cabrices OG, Costa JL, Linardi A. Kinetic profile of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and β-carbolines in saliva and serum after oral administration of ayahuasca in a religious context. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:664-678. [PMID: 33119972 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a beverage obtained from Banisteriopsis caapi plus Psychotria viridis. B. caapi contains the β-carbolines harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine that are monoamine oxidase inhibitors and P. viridis contains N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) that is responsible for the visionary effects of the beverage. Ayahuasca use is becoming a global phenomenon, and the recreational use of DMT and similar alkaloids has also increased in recent years; such uncontrolled use can lead to severe intoxications. In this investigation, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to study the kinetics of alkaloids over a 24 h period in saliva and serum of 14 volunteers who consumed ayahuasca twice a month in a religious context. We compared the area under the curve (AUC), maximum concentration (Cmax ), time to reach Cmax (Tmax ), mean residence time (MRT), and half-life (t1/2 ), as well as the serum/saliva ratios of these parameters. DMT and β-carboline concentrations (Cmax ) and AUC were higher in saliva than in serum and the MRT was 1.5-3.0 times higher in serum. A generalized estimation equations (GEEs) model suggested that serum concentrations could be predicted by saliva concentrations, despite large individual variability in the saliva and serum alkaloid concentrations. The possibility of using saliva as a biological matrix to detect DMT, β-carbolines, and their derivatives is very interesting because it allows fast noninvasive sample collection and could be useful for detecting similar alkaloids used recreationally that have considerable potential for intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lanaro
- Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sueli Moreira Mello
- Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Francisco da Cunha
- Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Silveira
- Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Stephen Hyslop
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Oscar G Cabrices
- Global Technical Science - Forensics Testing, Sciex, 1201 Radio Road, Redwood City, CA, 94065, USA
| | - Jose Luiz Costa
- Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Linardi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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11
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Naomi Oiye É, Midori Toia Katayama J, Fernanda Muzetti Ribeiro M, Oka Duarte L, de Castro Baker Botelho R, José Ipólito A, Royston McCord B, Firmino de Oliveira M. Voltammetric detection of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (mdma) in saliva in low cost systems. Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2020.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Desrosiers NA, Huestis MA. Oral Fluid Drug Testing: Analytical Approaches, Issues and Interpretation of Results. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:415-443. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWith advances in analytical technology and new research informing result interpretation, oral fluid (OF) testing has gained acceptance over the past decades as an alternative biological matrix for detecting drugs in forensic and clinical settings. OF testing offers simple, rapid, non-invasive, observed specimen collection. This article offers a review of the scientific literature covering analytical methods and interpretation published over the past two decades for amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, opioids, and benzodiazepines. Several analytical methods have been published for individual drug classes and, increasingly, for multiple drug classes. The method of OF collection can have a significant impact on the resultant drug concentration. Drug concentrations for amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, opioids, and benzodiazepines are reviewed in the context of the dosing condition and the collection method. Time of last detection is evaluated against several agencies' cutoffs, including the proposed Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, European Workplace Drug Testing Society and Driving Under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines cutoffs. A significant correlation was frequently observed between matrices (i.e., between OF and plasma or blood concentrations); however, high intra-subject and inter-subject variability precludes prediction of blood concentrations from OF concentrations. This article will assist individuals in understanding the relative merits and limitations of various methods of OF collection, analysis and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Lambert Center for the Study of Medicinal Cannabis and Hemp, Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Rapid and sensitive capillary electrophoresis method for the analysis of Ecstasy in an oral fluid. Talanta 2019; 197:390-396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Liu X, Zhan LH, Sun XH, Zhang T, Liu ZL, Liang XF, Zhao F, Liu F, Zeng G, Luan CS. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine causes cytotoxicity on 661W cells through inducing macrophage polarization. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2017; 37:143-150. [PMID: 28743199 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2017.1359838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The abuse of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a psychedelic drug, can lead to a variety of disorders in neural system, including the death of retinal neural cells. MDMA at lower doses does not cause obvious cytotoxicity to photoreceptor cells, indicating potential indirect mechanisms which have not yet been elucidated. This study investigated the effect of MDMA at nontoxic concentration on macrophage activation state and its resultant toxicity to photoreceptor cells. Using a co-culture system, cytotoxicity was caused by MDMA on 661W cells after co-culturing with RAW264.7 macrophage. Results showed that MDMA induced the macrophages to M1 polarization, releasing more pro-inflammatory cytokines, upregulating the M1-related gene and protein expression. The phenotype, secretion pattern, and cytotoxicity of the macrophages treated by MDMA are comparable to those of the ones stimulated by IFNγ and LPS. Our study demonstrated that MDMA promoted macrophage polarization to M1 and induced inflammatory response, providing the scientific rationale for the photoreceptor cell damage caused by the MDMA abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Daqing Oil General Hospital , Daqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hui Zhan
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Daqing People's Hospital , Daqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hong Sun
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Daqing Oil General Hospital , Daqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- c Department of Ophthalmology , Secondary People's Hospital of Mudanjiang City , Mudanjiang City , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Li Liu
- d Department of Opthalmology , Dashiqiao Central Hospital , Yingkou , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fang Liang
- e Department of Ophthalmology , Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Zhao
- f Department of Ophthalmology , Shenyang Red Cross Hospital , Shenyang , People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Daqing Oil General Hospital , Daqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Zeng
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Daqing Oil General Hospital , Daqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Sheng Luan
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Daqing Oil General Hospital , Daqing , People's Republic of China
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15
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Conduite automobile et amphétamines dans le sang – bases bibliographiques pour un consensus de la Société française de toxicologie analytique. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Yamamuro T, Tsujikawa K, Kanamori T, Iwata YT, Inoue H. Effectiveness of saliva and fingerprints as alternative specimens to urine and blood in forensic drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:644-51. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Hajime Miyaguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamuro
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Kenji Tsujikawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Kanamori
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Yuko T. Iwata
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
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17
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Simultaneous plasma and oral fluid morphine and codeine concentrations after controlled administration of poppy seeds with known opiate content. Forensic Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-015-0266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Abstract
The use of alternative matrices such as oral fluid and hair has increased in the past decades because of advances in analytical technology. However, there are still many issues that need to be resolved. Standardized protocols of sample pretreatment are needed to link the detected concentrations to final conclusions. The development of suitable proficiency testing schemes is required. Finally, interpretation issues such as link to effect, adulteration, detection markers and thresholds will hamper the vast use of these matrices. Today, several niche areas apply these matrices with success, such as drugs and driving for oral fluid and drug-facilitated crimes for hair. Once those issues are resolved, the number of applications will markedly grow in the future.
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19
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Newmeyer MN, Desrosiers NA, Lee D, Mendu DR, Barnes AJ, Gorelick DA, Huestis MA. Cannabinoid disposition in oral fluid after controlled cannabis smoking in frequent and occasional smokers. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1002-10. [PMID: 24652685 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oral fluid (OF) is an increasingly popular alternative matrix for drug testing, with cannabinoids being the most commonly identified illicit drug. Quantification of multiple OF cannabinoids and understanding differences in OF cannabinoid pharmacokinetics between frequent and occasional smokers improve test interpretation. The new Oral-Eze® OF collection device has an elution buffer that stabilizes analytes and improves drug recovery from the collection pad; however, its performance has not been independently evaluated. After controlled smoking of a 6.8% Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) cannabis cigarette by frequent and occasional smokers, OF was collected with the Oral-Eze device for up to 30 h. Samples were analyzed for multiple cannabinoids by a validated 2D-GC-MS method. Frequent smokers had significantly greater OF THCCOOH concentrations than occasional smokers at all times, and showed positive results for a significantly longer time. We evaluated multiple cannabinoid cut-offs; the shortest last detection times were observed when THC ≥ 1 μg/L was combined with CBD or CBN ≥ 1 μg/L. With these cut-offs, last detection times(1-13.5 h) were not significantly different between groups, demonstrating suitability for short-term cannabinoid detection independent of smoking history. Cut-offs utilizing THC alone or combined with THCCOOH showed significantly different last detection times between groups. The widest detection windows were observed with THC ≥ 1 or 2 μg/L or THCCOOH ≥ 20 ng/L. Our data illustrate the effectiveness of the Oral-Eze® device for OF collection, the impact of self-administered smoked cannabis history on OF cannabinoid results, and the ability to improve interpretation and tailor OF cannabinoid cut-offs to fulfill the detection window needs of a given program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Newmeyer
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Hartman RL, Desrosiers NA, Barnes AJ, Yun K, Scheidweiler KB, Kolbrich-Spargo EA, Gorelick DA, Goodwin RS, Huestis MA. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and metabolites disposition in blood and plasma following controlled oral administration. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:587-99. [PMID: 24232751 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7468-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an illicit phenethylamine ingested for entactogenic and euphoric effects. Although blood is more commonly submitted for forensic analysis, previous human MDMA pharmacokinetics research focused on plasma data; no direct blood-plasma comparisons were drawn. Blood and plasma specimens from 50 healthy adult volunteers (33 males, 17 females, 36 African-American) who ingested recreational 1.0 and 1.6 mg/kg MDMA doses were quantified for MDMA and metabolites 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA) by two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Specimens were collected up to 3 h post-dose and evaluated for maximum concentration (C max), first detection time (t first), time of C max (t max), and 3-h area under the curve (AUC0-3 h); as well as blood metabolite ratios and blood/plasma ratios. Median blood MDMA and MDA C max were significantly greater (p < 0.0005) than in plasma, but HMMA was significantly less (p < 0.0005). HMA was detected in few blood specimens, at low concentrations. Nonlinear pharmacokinetics were not observed for MDMA or MDA in this absorptive phase, but HMMA C max and AUC0-3 h were similar for both doses despite the 1.6-fold dose difference. Blood MDA/MDMA and MDA/HMMA significantly increased (p < 0.0001) over the 3-h time course, and HMMA/MDMA significantly decreased (p < 0.0001). Blood MDMA C max was significantly greater in females (p = 0.010) after the low dose only. Low-dose HMMA AUC0-3 h was significantly decreased in females' blood and plasma (p = 0.027) and in African-Americans' plasma (p = 0.035). These data provide valuable insight into MDMA blood-plasma relationships for forensic interpretation and evidence of sex- and race-based differential metabolism and risk profiles. Figure Median (interquartile range) blood/plasma 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (a), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) (b), and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) (c) ratios for 3 h after controlled MDMA administration. Changes over time were significant after the 1.6 mg/kg dose for HMMA and MDA (p = 0.013 and p = 0.021), but not for MDMA. No changes over time were significant after the 1.0 mg/kg dose. Note: y-axes do not begin at 0. *p < 0.05 (low vs. high).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Hartman
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 200 Room 05A721, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland Baltimore, 660 West Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Nathalie A Desrosiers
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 200 Room 05A721, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland Baltimore, 660 West Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Allan J Barnes
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 200 Room 05A721, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Keming Yun
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 200 Room 05A721, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, China
| | - Karl B Scheidweiler
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 200 Room 05A721, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Erin A Kolbrich-Spargo
- Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences, 2355 North Stemmons Freeway, Dallas, TX, 75207, USA
| | - David A Gorelick
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 200 Room 05A721, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland, Tawes Bldg, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | | | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 200 Room 05A721, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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