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Optimization of Extraction Conditions and Validation of the Method for Determination of Arsenic Species in Carrageenan-Producing Seaweed, Kappaphycus spp., Using HPLC-ICP-MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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2
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Wu Y, Zhang H, Wang K, Chen W, Liu Z, Chen L, Wang X, Fu F, Yang G. Metabolic and residual characteristic of different arsenic species contained in laver during mouse digestion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148434. [PMID: 34171799 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Laver is one of the major arsenic contributors to human diets. The study on metabolic and residual characteristic of each arsenic species contained in laver is important to scientifically assess the intake risk of arsenic in the laver. The metabolic and residual characteristic of main arsenic species in laver, namely arsenate [As(V)], dimethylarsinic acid [DMA(V)] and two arsenosugars, was investigated by mouse experiments in this study. The results showed that the intake of higher-dose laver did not lead to a notable increase of As(V) concentration in mouse muscle/organs and feces. In contrast, DMA(V) excretion in feces and DMA(V) residue in muscle/organs showed a close correlation with laver-dose intake. Most DMAsSugarMethoxy was translated into other arsenic species and then was together excreted out via mouse feces; two dominant arsenic species, arsenosugar DMAsSugarMethoxy and DMAsSugarPhosphate, were not detected in mouse muscle/organs after 20-Day or 30-Day feeding whether in lower-dose laver groups containing 1/36 (mass ratio) of the laver in mouse feed or higher-dose laver groups containing 1/6 (mass ratio) of the laver in mouse feed. About 65-77% of total arsenic digested by mouse was excreted out via feces; only 0.12-0.78% of it was accumulated in mouse organs/muscle. The results of this study provided valuable knowledge for comprehending the stability and metabolic characteristics of different arsenic species from Fujian laver in vivo, also for more scientifically assessing the intake risk of arsenic in laver.
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Affiliation(s)
- YongChen Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Key Laboratory for Medicinal Plant Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Huang Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Key Laboratory for Medicinal Plant Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - KaiTeng Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Key Laboratory for Medicinal Plant Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Key Laboratory for Medicinal Plant Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - ZhiFeng Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Key Laboratory for Medicinal Plant Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Lian Chen
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology of MOE, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - XuSheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology of MOE, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - FengFu Fu
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology of MOE, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - GuiDi Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Key Laboratory for Medicinal Plant Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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Chen Y, Liu YT, Wang FH, Wen D, Yang H, Zhao XL. An Investigation of Toxic Metal Levels (Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg) in Dried Porphyra and Laminaria Collected from Coastal Cities, China. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3987-3997. [PMID: 33405084 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02509-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This investigation was aimed at determining the concentration levels of five toxic heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, and mercury) in dried Porphyra and Laminaria samples from coastal city of China. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for determination of lead, cadmium and total arsenic. Atomic fluorescence spectrometry was used for mercury, and liquid chromatography coupled with ICP-MS was used for arsenic speciation. The mean concentrations of lead, cadmium, chromium, total arsenic, and mercury were 0.96 ± 0.03 mg/kg, 2.62 ± 0.07 mg/kg, 1.64 ± 0.08 mg/kg, 36.67 ± 0.53 mg/kg, and 7.56 ± 0.42 μg/kg for Porphyra samples and 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/kg, 0.48 ± 0.02 mg/kg, 3.78 ± 0.56 mg/kg, 43.85 ± 1.42 mg/kg, and 46.61 ± 2.02 μg/kg for Laminaria samples. The results were comparable with previous similar research. The potential health risk assessment was conducted by comparing the calculated weekly intakes of toxic metals from Porphyra and Laminaria with provisional tolerable weekly intake. Consumption of these seaweeds does not seem to pose a risk for the consumers' health regarding their content of heavy metals. However, the potential health risk of cadmium should not be overlooked for consumers with high intake of Porphyra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Public Monitoring Center for Agro-product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yong-Tao Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Fu-Hua Wang
- Public Monitoring Center for Agro-product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-product (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Dian Wen
- Public Monitoring Center for Agro-product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Public Monitoring Center for Agro-product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhao
- Public Monitoring Center for Agro-product of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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4
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Lin Y, Sun Y, Wang X, Chen S, Wu Y, Fu F. A universal method for the speciation analysis of arsenic in various seafood based on microwave-assisted extraction and ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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5
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Luvonga C, Rimmer CA, Yu LL, Lee SB. Determination of total arsenic and hydrophilic arsenic species in seafood. J Food Compost Anal 2020; 96. [PMID: 34092915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Marine organisms are vital sources of staple and functional food but are also the major dietary route of human exposure to total arsenic. We surveyed the total arsenic content and the mass fractions of hydrophilic arsenic species from five different marine food types cutting across the food chain from microalgae, macroalgae, bivalve clam, crustaceans and finfish. Total arsenic was determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) while arsenic speciation analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to ICP-MS as the detector. The total arsenic contents ranged from 133 ± 11 ng/g to 26,630 ± 520 ng/g. The mass fractions of inorganic arsenic (iAs), arsenobetaine (AsB), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), and the four commonly occurring arsenosugars (AsSugars) are reported. Extractable hydrophilic arsenic species accounted for 10 % (aquacultured shrimp) to 95 % (kelp) of the total arsenic. DMA was established to be a byproduct of the decomposition of AsSugars in acid extracts of samples known to contain these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Luvonga
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Catherine A Rimmer
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Lee L Yu
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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Luvonga C, Rimmer CA, Yu LL, Lee SB. Analytical Methodologies for the Determination of Organoarsenicals in Edible Marine Species: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1910-1934. [PMID: 31999115 PMCID: PMC7250003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Setting regulatory limits for arsenic in food is complicated, owing to the enormous diversity of arsenic metabolism in humans, lack of knowledge about the toxicity of these chemicals, and lack of accurate arsenic speciation data on foodstuffs. Identification and quantification of the toxic arsenic compounds are imperative to understanding the risk associated with exposure to arsenic from dietary intake, which, in turn, underscores the need for speciation analysis of the food. Arsenic speciation in seafood is challenging, owing to its existence in myriads of chemical forms and oxidation states. Interconversions occurring between chemical forms, matrix complexity, lack of standards and certified reference materials, and lack of widely accepted measurement protocols present additional challenges. This review covers the current analytical techniques for diverse arsenic species. The requirement for high-quality arsenic speciation data that is essential for establishing legislation and setting regulatory limits for arsenic in food is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Luvonga
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Catherine A Rimmer
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Lee L Yu
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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Narukawa T, Raber G, Itoh N, Inagaki K. A New Candidate Reference Material for Inorganic Arsenic and Arsenosugars in Hijiki Seaweed: First Results from an Inter-laboratory Study. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:233-237. [PMID: 32037373 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An inter-laboratory study was carried out to characterize a candidate hijiki seaweed for its concentrations of total arsenic and water-soluble arsenic compounds, particularly arsenosugar compounds. The candidate material, a dried hijiki seaweed powder, was analyzed by individual techniques in two laboratories. The water-soluble arsenic compounds were separated by anion exchange, and reversed-phase columns, and As(V), DMA and four kinds of arsenosugars, namely glycerol (-OH), phosphate (-PO4), sulfonate (-SO3), and sulfate (-SO4) types were detected by HPLC-ICP-MS. The methods applied were validated by analyzing a second sample, the NMIJ CRM 7405-a hijiki seaweed, which is certified for both total arsenic and As(V). Techniques for the inter-laboratory study, extraction efficiencies under different extraction conditions, some chromatographic techniques and sequential extraction were investigated. The results from the two laboratories for the candidate hijiki material showed good agreement within the measurement uncertainties for total and water-soluble arsenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Narukawa
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Georg Raber
- Institute of Chemistry-Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz
| | - Nobuyasu Itoh
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Kazumi Inagaki
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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Luvonga C, Rimmer CA, Yu LL, Lee SB. Organoarsenicals in Seafood: Occurrence, Dietary Exposure, Toxicity, and Risk Assessment Considerations - A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:943-960. [PMID: 31913614 PMCID: PMC7250045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Diet, especially seafood, is the main source of arsenic exposure for humans. The total arsenic content of a diet offers inadequate information for assessment of the toxicological consequences of arsenic intake, which has impeded progress in the establishment of regulatory limits for arsenic in food. Toxicity assessments are mainly based on inorganic arsenic, a well-characterized carcinogen, and arsenobetaine, the main organoarsenical in seafood. Scarcity of toxicity data for organoarsenicals, and the predominance of arsenobetaine as an organic arsenic species in seafood, has led to the assumption of their nontoxicity. Recent toxicokinetic studies show that some organoarsenicals are bioaccessible and cytotoxic with demonstrated toxicities like that of pernicious trivalent inorganic arsenic, underpinning the need for speciation analysis. The need to investigate and compare the bioavailability, metabolic transformation, and elimination from the body of organoarsenicals to the well-established physiological consequences of inorganic arsenic and arsenobetaine exposure is apparent. This review provides an overview of the occurrence and assessment of human exposure to arsenic toxicity associated with the consumption of seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Luvonga
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Catherine A Rimmer
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Lee L Yu
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Sang B Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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9
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Yu Y, Navarro AV, Sahuquillo À, Zhou G, López-Sánchez JF. Arsenosugar standards extracted from algae: Isolation, characterization and use for identification and quantification purposes. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460459. [PMID: 31445800 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sulfate (SO4-sug) and sulfonate (SO3-sug) arsenosugar standard solutions were obtained using preparative liquid chromatography. Several commercial algae samples were characterized (total contents and speciation) to select the most appropriate in relation to their arsenosugar contents. Water extracts from the selected sample (Fucus vesiculosus) were fractionated using a Hamilton PRP-X100 preparative column, and the presence of arsenic species in the isolated fractions was ascertained by IC-ICP-MS. Two of the fractions successfully presented only one arsenic species corresponding to sulfate and sulfonate arsenosugars at suitable concentrations. To unequivocally confirm the presence of both compounds, high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF/MS) was used and the exact mass determined with errors lower than 0.5 ppm. The standard solutions obtained were successfully used to identify and quantify SO4-sug and SO3-sug in several edible algae samples purchased in local market. Total arsenic content for analyzed samples ranged from 34 to 57 mg kg-1, concentration values found for SO3-sug ranged from 5 to 36 mg As kg-1 and SO4-sug was only found in fucus with a concentration of 9.3 mg As kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University. Chongqing, China; Analytical Chemistry Section, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Vivó Navarro
- Analytical Chemistry Section, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Sahuquillo
- Analytical Chemistry Section, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guangming Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University. Chongqing, China
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10
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Zou H, Zhou C, Li Y, Yang X, Wen J, Hu X, Sun C. Occurrence, toxicity, and speciation analysis of arsenic in edible mushrooms. Food Chem 2019; 281:269-284. [PMID: 30658757 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the strong concentration and biotransformation of arsenic, the influence of some edible mushrooms on human health has attracted widespread attention. The toxicity of arsenic greatly depends on its species, so the speciation analysis of arsenic is of critical importance. The aim of the present review is to highlight recent advances in arsenic speciation analysis in edible mushrooms. We summarized the contents and distribution of arsenic species in some edible mushrooms, the methods of sample preparation, and the techniques for their identification and quantification. Stability of the arsenic species during sample pretreatment and storage is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimin Zou
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610047, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Sichuan, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaosong Yang
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610047, China
| | - Jun Wen
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610047, China
| | - Xiaoke Hu
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610047, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Sichuan, Chengdu 610041, China.
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11
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Enzyme-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of arsenic species in fish. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1573:48-58. [PMID: 30195857 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive, simple and rapid method for the simultaneous determination of eleven arsenic species has been developed. A high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) technique was used for the analysis of eleven arsenic species in less than 17 min. Different extraction solutions were explored and the recovery results using water and aqueous acidic solvents, aqueous organic solvents and enzymes showed that 40 mg protease with 0.75 mL 0.5% hydrochloric acid (v/v) as the extraction agent gave the best experimental results. Species separation with ammonium carbonate solution as the mobile phase was conducted on an anion-exchange chromatographic column using gradient elution. The column temperature was 20 °C and kinetic energy discrimination (KED) was employed to eliminate spectral interference. The use of KED mode effectively removed interference from 75ArCl. The detection limit (LD) of the method was in the range of 0.11-0.59 μg kg-1. Repeatability values obtained for spiked real fish samples were in the range of 1.1%-7.6%. Accuracy was calculated based on the analysis of spiked real fish samples at five concentration levels. Obtained recoveries were 91%-106%. The validated method was used in a pilot study to analyze real samples of fish, the organic arsenic especially AsB was the major arsenic specie present in the analyzed samples, only trace amount of inorganic arsenic were detected. The analytical method should improve the assessment of human exposure associated with arsenic intake from fish.
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12
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Monagail MM, Cummins E, Bermejo R, Daly E, Costello D, Morrison L. Quantification and feed to food transfer of total and inorganic arsenic from a commercial seaweed feed. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 118:314-324. [PMID: 29935490 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seaweed has a long-associated history of use as a supplemented livestock feed, providing nutrients and vitamins essential to maintaining animal health. Some species of seaweed, particularly the fucoids, are well-known accumulators of the metalloid arsenic (As). Arsenic toxicity to humans is well established even at low exposure levels and is considered a class 1 human carcinogen. As mankind's appetite for livestock produce continues to grow unabated, there is a concern that consumption of livestock produce reared on a diet supplemented with seaweed animal feed (SAF) may pose a threat to the human population due to potentially high levels of As present in seaweed. To address this concern and provide end users, including industry, consumers, policymakers and regulators with information on the exposure associated with As in commercial seaweed animal feed, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of As was calculated to evaluate potential human exposure levels. Using As data from a commercially available seaweed meal over a five-year period (2012-2017) a population exposure assessment was carried out. A Monte Carlo simulation model was developed to characterise the feed to food transfer of As from animal feed to animal produce such as beef, milk, chicken, and eggs. The model examined initial levels in seaweed, inclusion rate in animal feed, animal feeding rates and potential transfer to food produced from a supplemented diet of SAF. The analysis of seaweed animal feed showed that inorganic As was a small fraction of the total As found in seaweed meal (80:1). Statistical analysis found significant differences in the concentration of As in seaweed animal feed depending on the grain size (p < 0.001), with higher As concentrations in smaller sized grain fractions. Due to several detoxification steps and subsequent rapid excretion from the bodies of livestock, a very low carryover rate of As compounds from seaweed animal feed into livestock produce was observed. The EDI calculated in this study for the livestock produce evaluated at the 95th confidence interval was <0.01% of suggested safe levels of inorganic As intake. The threat to the general population as a result of consumption of livestock products reared on a diet consisting of SAF is found to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michéal Mac Monagail
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Enda Cummins
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Agriculture, and Food Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ricardo Bermejo
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Eve Daly
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Declan Costello
- Public Analyst's Laboratory, University Hospital Galway, Ireland
| | - Liam Morrison
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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13
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Nan K, He M, Chen B, Chen Y, Hu B. Arsenic speciation in tree moss by mass spectrometry based hyphenated techniques. Talanta 2018; 183:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Yu LL, Browning JF, Burdette CQ, Caceres GC, Chieh KD, Davis WC, Kassim BL, Long SE, Murphy KE, Oflaz R, Paul RL, Sharpless KE, Wood LJ, Yen JH, Zeisler R. Development of a kelp powder (Thallus laminariae) Standard Reference Material. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:1265-1278. [PMID: 29222652 PMCID: PMC6013078 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A Standard Reference Material (SRM) of seaweed, SRM 3232 Kelp Powder (Thallus laminariae) has been developed to support food and dietary supplement measurements in compliance with the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) and the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA). The material was characterized for nutritional minerals, arsenic species, isomers of vitamin K1, proximates, and toxic elements. Kelp is a rich source of vitamins and minerals, and it is an excellent source of dietary iodine. Kelp also contains a large amount of arsenic, which is toxic as inorganic species but much less so as organic species. To capture the dietary profile of kelp, certified values were issued for As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, I, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Pb, and Zn. Reference values for proximates were assigned. For the first time, a certified value for iodine, reference values for isomers of vitamin K1, and reference values for arsenic species including arsenosugars were assigned in a seaweed. SRM 3232 fills a gap in Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) needed for quality assurance and method validation in the compositional measurements of kelp and similar seaweeds used as food and as dietary supplements. Graphical Absract Arsenic species and isomers of vitamin K1 were determined in the development of SRM 3232 Kelp Powder (Thallus laminariae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee L Yu
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| | - Joseph F Browning
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Carolyn Q Burdette
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - George C Caceres
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Kaitlyn D Chieh
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - W Clay Davis
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Brittany L Kassim
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Stephen E Long
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Karen E Murphy
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Rabia Oflaz
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Rick L Paul
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Katherine E Sharpless
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Laura J Wood
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - James H Yen
- Statistical Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Rolf Zeisler
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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15
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Yu LL, Stanoyevitch RC, Zeisler R. SI traceable determination of arsenic species in kelp ( Thallus laminariae). ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2017; 9:4267-4274. [PMID: 28966665 PMCID: PMC5615412 DOI: 10.1039/c7ay01111c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A dietary supplement, kelp contains a significant amount of arsenic that is mostly arsenosugars. The determination of arsenosugars is difficult due to a lack of arsenosugar calibration standard, because arsenosugar compounds are not commercially available. This work reports the determination of arsenicals in a kelp extract with traceability to the International System of Units (SI). The hydrophilic fraction of arsenicals was reproducibly extracted from a candidate Standard Reference Material (SRM) 3232 Kelp Powder (Thallus Laminariae) in development at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Arsenosugars and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) were separated into fractions using analytical liquid chromatography (LC) cation and anion columns. The arsenic in the fractions was determined using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Cation exchange separation was used for INAA determination of arsenosugar 3-[5'-deoxy-5'-(dimethylarsinoyl)-β-ribofuranosyloxy]propylene glycol (As(328)) for the first time, while DMA, arsenosugars 3-[5'-deoxy-5'-(dimethylarsinoyl)-β-ribofuranosyloxy]-2-hydroxypropyl 2,3-dihydroxypropyl hydrogen phosphate (As(482)), and 3-[5'-deoxy-5'-(dimethylarsinoyl)-β-ribofuranosyloxy]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid (As(392)) were determined following anion exchange separation. The contents of DMA, As(328), As(482), and As(392) were 0.41 mg kg-1 ± 0.09 mg kg-1, 1.10 mg kg-1 ± 0.25 mg kg-1, 5.23 mg kg-1 ± 0.46 mg kg-1, and 13.17 mg kg-1 ± 0.67 mg kg-1, respectively. Separately, components of arsenic species in the kelp extract including DMA, As(328), and inorganic arsenic were determined using LC-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results of DMA and As(328) were 0.485 mg kg-1 ± 0.024 mg kg-1 and 1.14 mg kg-1 ± 0.03 mg kg-1, respectively, which were in good agreement with those determined by INAA in fractions of LC eluent. The most toxic species, AsIII and AsV were found to be < 0.07 mg kg-1 and 0.231 mg kg-1 ± 0.018 mg kg-1, respectively. Results were traceable to SI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee L Yu
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | | | - Rolf Zeisler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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16
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Bralatei E, Nekrosiute K, Ronan J, Raab A, McGovern E, Stengel DB, Krupp EM, Feldmann J. A field deployable method for a rapid screening analysis of inorganic arsenic in seaweed. Mikrochim Acta 2017; 184:1701-1709. [PMID: 28572689 PMCID: PMC5429896 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) in 13 store-bought edible seaweed samples and 34 dried kelp (Laminaria digitata) samples was determined by a newly developed, field-deployable method (FDM) with the aid of a field test kit for arsenic in water. Results from the FDM were compared to results from speciation analysis achieved by using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). The FDM consisted of a simple extraction method using diluted HNO3 to quantitatively extract iAs without decomposing the organoarsenicals to iAs followed by the selective volatilisation of iAs as arsine (AsH3) and subsequent chemo-trapping on a filter paper soaked in mercury bromide (HgBr2) solution. Method optimization with a sub-set of samples showed 80-94% iAs recovery with the FDM with no matrix effect from organo-arsenic species in the form of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) on the iAs concentration. The method displayed good reproducibility with an average error of ±19% and validation by HPLC-ICP-MS showed that the results from the FDM were comparable (slope = 1.03, R2 = 0.70) to those from speciation analysis with no bias. The FDM can be conducted within an hour and the observed limit of quantification was around 0.05 mg kg-1 (dry weight). This method is well suited for on-site monitoring of iAs in seaweed before it is harvested and can thus be recommended for use as a screening method for iAs in seaweed. Graphical abstractScreening seaweed for their inorganic arsenic concentration within one hour without bias has been made possible in the field by using a field deployable arsenic kit. Its accuracy and precision was compared to HPLC-ICPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edi Bralatei
- TESLA (Trace Element Speciation Laboratory), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland AB24 3UE UK
| | - Karolina Nekrosiute
- TESLA (Trace Element Speciation Laboratory), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland AB24 3UE UK
| | - Jenny Ronan
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway Ireland
| | - Andrea Raab
- TESLA (Trace Element Speciation Laboratory), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland AB24 3UE UK
| | - Evin McGovern
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway Ireland
| | - Dagmar B. Stengel
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Eva M. Krupp
- TESLA (Trace Element Speciation Laboratory), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland AB24 3UE UK
| | - Joerg Feldmann
- TESLA (Trace Element Speciation Laboratory), Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland AB24 3UE UK
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17
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Taylor V, Goodale B, Raab A, Schwerdtle T, Reimer K, Conklin S, Karagas MR, Francesconi KA. Human exposure to organic arsenic species from seafood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:266-282. [PMID: 28024743 PMCID: PMC5326596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Seafood, including finfish, shellfish, and seaweed, is the largest contributor to arsenic (As) exposure in many human populations. In contrast to the predominance of inorganic As in water and many terrestrial foods, As in marine-derived foods is present primarily in the form of organic compounds. To date, human exposure and toxicological assessments have focused on inorganic As, while organic As has generally been considered to be non-toxic. However, the high concentrations of organic As in seafood, as well as the often complex As speciation, can lead to complications in assessing As exposure from diet. In this report, we evaluate the presence and distribution of organic As species in seafood, and combined with consumption data, address the current capabilities and needs for determining human exposure to these compounds. The analytical approaches and shortcomings for assessing these compounds are reviewed, with a focus on the best practices for characterization and quantitation. Metabolic pathways and toxicology of two important classes of organic arsenicals, arsenolipids and arsenosugars, are examined, as well as individual variability in absorption of these compounds. Although determining health outcomes or assessing a need for regulatory policies for organic As exposure is premature, the extensive consumption of seafood globally, along with the preliminary toxicological profiles of these compounds and their confounding effect on assessing exposure to inorganic As, suggests further investigations and process-level studies on organic As are needed to fill the current gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ken Reimer
- Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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