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Štěpánová S, Andris E, Gutten O, Buděšínský M, Dejmek M, Břehová P, Rulíšek L, Kašička V. Acidity constants and protonation sites of cyclic dinucleotides determined by capillary electrophoresis, quantum chemical calculations, and NMR spectroscopy. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:687-705. [PMID: 38059733 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are important second messengers in bacteria and eukaryotes. Detailed characterization of their physicochemical properties is a prerequisite for understanding their biological functions. Herein, we examine acid-base and electromigration properties of selected CDNs employing capillary electrophoresis (CE), density functional theory (DFT), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to provide benchmark pKa values, as well as to unambiguously determine the protonation sites. Acidity constants (pKa) of the NH+ moieties of adenine and guanine bases and actual and limiting ionic mobilities of CDNs were determined by nonlinear regression analysis of the pH dependence of their effective electrophoretic mobilities measured by CE in aqueous background electrolytes in a wide pH range (0.98-11.48), at constant temperature (25°C), and constant ionic strength (25 mM). The thermodynamic pKa values were found to be in the range 3.31-4.56 for adenine and 2.28-3.61 for guanine bases, whereas the pKa of enol group of guanine base was in the range 10.21-10.40. Except for systematic shifts of ∼2 pKa, the pKa values calculated by the DFT-D3//COSMO-RS composite protocol that included large-scale conformational sampling and "cross-morphing" were in a relatively good agreement with the pKas determined by CE and predict N1 atom of adenine and N7 atom of guanine as the protonation sites. The protonation of the N1 atom of adenine and N7 atom of guanine in acidic background electrolytes (BGEs) and the dissociation of the enol group of guanine in alkaline BGEs was confirmed also by NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sille Štěpánová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Erik Andris
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Gutten
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Břehová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Magnaghi LR, Zanoni C, Alberti G, Biesuz R. The colorful world of sulfonephthaleins: Current applications in analytical chemistry for "old but gold" molecules. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1281:341807. [PMID: 38783746 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Sulfonephthaleins represent one of the most common and widely employed reactive dyes in analytical chemistry, thanks to their stability, low-cost, well-visible colors, reactivity and possibilities of chemical modification. Despite being first proposed in 1916, nowadays, these molecules play a fundamental role in biological and medical applications, environmental analyses, food quality monitoring and other fields, with a particular focus on low-cost and disposable devices or methods for practical applications. Since up to our knowledge, no reviews or book chapters focused explicitly on sulfonephthaleins have ever been published, in this review, we will briefly describe sulfonephthaleins history, their acid-base properties will be discussed, and the most recent applications in different fields will be presented, focusing on the last ten years literature (2014-2023). Finally, safety and environmental issues will be briefly discussed, despite being quite controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rita Magnaghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy; Unità di Ricerca di Pavia, INSTM, Via G. Giusti 9, 50121, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Camilla Zanoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giancarla Alberti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Raffaela Biesuz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy; Unità di Ricerca di Pavia, INSTM, Via G. Giusti 9, 50121, Firenze, Italy
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Nowak PM, Biel I, Kózka G, Klag M, Woźniakiewicz M. Influence of pH measurement inaccuracy on the values of acidity constant determined on the basis of electrophoretic and thermophoretic data. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Comprehensive Assessment of Flow and Other Analytical Methods Dedicated to the Determination of Zinc in Water. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133914. [PMID: 34206879 PMCID: PMC8271484 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An original strategy to evaluate analytical procedures is proposed and applied to verify if the flow-based methods, generally favorable in terms of green chemistry, are competitive when their evaluation also relies on other criteria. To this end, eight methods for the determination of zinc in waters, including four flow-based ones, were compared and the Red–Green–Blue (RGB) model was exploited. This model takes into account several features related to the general quality of an analytical method, namely, its analytical efficiency, compliance with the green analytical chemistry, as well as practical and economic usefulness. Amongst the investigated methods, the best was the flow-based spectrofluorimetric one, and a negative example was that one involving a flow module, ICP ionization and MS detection, which was very good in analytical terms, but worse in relation to other aspects, which significantly limits its overall potential. Good assessments were also noted for non-flow electrochemical methods, which attract attention with a high degree of balance of features and, therefore, high versatility. The original attempt to confront several worldwide accepted analytical strategies, although to some extent subjective and with limitations, provides interesting information and indications, establishing a novel direction towards the development and evaluation of analytical methods.
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Nowak PM, Mitoraj M, Sagan F, Wietecha-Posłuszny R. Differentiation of isomeric metabolites of carbamazepine based on acid-base properties; Experimental vs theoretical approach. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462275. [PMID: 34090055 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism of carbamazepine is complex and leads to the three isomeric derivatives whose occurrence is dependent on the type of sample material. Their unambiguous differentiation is overall important. In this work, the qualitative analysis of 2-hydroxycarbamazepine, 3-hydroxycrbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide was attempted for the first time using capillary zone electrophoresis, based on the models linking electrophoretic mobility with pKa value determining the acidity of the hydroxyl groups. For this purpose, pKa values were determined using electrophoretic and theoretical methods, and then the compliance of the obtained mobility models with the measured values was analyzed. Despite the slight difference in acidity (0.3-0.4 pH unit), the obtained results prove that the correct identification of the metabolites under consideration, and reliable prediction of the selectivity of their separation, are possible on the basis of experimentally determined pKa values, even with highly simplified methods assuming the lack of certain data. However, it is important to choose the optimal pH value, which should be close to pKa. On the other hand, worse results were obtained for the theoretically determined mobilities, which differed significantly from the experimental values. An attempt was also made to explain the acidity of hydroxycarbamazepines and the associated thermodynamic parameters - deprotonation enthalpy and entropy, with respect to their structure. The lack of intramolecular hydrogen bonds and the significant contribution of entropic effects stabilizing the protonated form seems to be significant. The higher pKa value for CBZ-2-OH probably results from the stronger effect of the energetically unfavorable organization of solvent dipoles due to ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mateusz Nowak
- Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gronostajowa St. 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Mitoraj
- Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Gronostajowa St. 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Filip Sagan
- Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Gronostajowa St. 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Renata Wietecha-Posłuszny
- Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gronostajowa St. 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Šolínová V, Brynda J, Šícha V, Holub J, Grűner B, Kašička V. Determination of acidity constants, ionic mobilities, and hydrodynamic radii of carborane-based inhibitors of carbonic anhydrases by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:910-919. [PMID: 33405254 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been applied for determination of the thermodynamic acidity constants (pKa ) of the sulfamidoalkyl and sulfonamidoalkyl groups, the actual and limiting ionic mobilities and hydrodynamic radii of important compounds, eight carborane-based inhibitors of carbonic anhydrases, which are potential new anticancer drugs. Two types of carboranes were investigated, (i) icosahedral cobalt bis(dicarbollide)(1-) ion with sulfamidoalkyl moieties, and (ii) 7,8-nido-dicarbaundecaborate with sulfonamidoalkyl side chains. First, the mixed acidity constants, pKa mix , of the sulfamidoalkyl and sulfonamidoalkyl groups of the above carboranes and their actual ionic mobilities were determined by nonlinear regression analysis of the pH dependences of their effective electrophoretic mobility measured by capillary electrophoresis in the pH range 8.00-12.25, at constant ionic strength (25 mM), and constant temperature (25°C). Second, the pKa mix were recalculated to the thermodynamic pKa s using the Debye-Hückel theory. The sulfamidoalkyl and sulfonamidoalkyl groups were found to be very weakly acidic with the pKa s in the range 10.78-11.45 depending on the type of carborane cluster and on the position and length of the alkyl chain on the carborane scaffold. These pKa s were in a good agreement with the pKa s (10.67-11.27) obtained by new program AnglerFish (freeware at https://echmet.natur.cuni.cz), which provides thermodynamic pKa s and limiting ionic mobilities directly from the raw CE data. The absolute values of the limiting ionic mobilities of univalent and divalent carborane anions were in the range 18.3-27.8 TU (Tiselius unit, 1 × 10-9 m2 /Vs), and 36.4-45.9 TU, respectively. The Stokes hydrodynamic radii of univalent and divalent carborane anions varied in the range 0.34-0.52 and 0.42-0.52 nm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Šolínová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Czechia
| | - Václav Šícha
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež, Czechia
| | - Josef Holub
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež, Czechia
| | - Bohumír Grűner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež, Czechia
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
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Simultaneous quantification of food colorants and preservatives in sports drinks by the high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis methods evaluated using the red-green-blue model. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1620:460976. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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