1
|
Morkvenaite-Vilkonciene I, Ramanaviciene A, Genys P, Ramanavicius A. Evaluation of Enzymatic Kinetics of GOx-based Electrodes by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy at Redox Competition Mode. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Morkvenaite-Vilkonciene
- Vilnius University; Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Department of Physical Chemistry; Vilnius Lithuania
- Vilnius Gediminas Technical University; Department of Mechatronics and Robotics; Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- Vilnius University; Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry; Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Povilas Genys
- Vilnius University; Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Department of Physical Chemistry; Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Vilnius University; Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Department of Physical Chemistry; Vilnius Lithuania
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology; Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology; Vilnius Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ivanauskas F, Morkvenaite-Vilkonciene I, Astrauskas R, Ramanavicius A. Modelling of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy at Redox Competition Mode Using Diffusion and Reaction Equations. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
3
|
Casero E, Vázquez L, Parra-Alfambra AM, Lorenzo E. AFM, SECM and QCM as useful analytical tools in the characterization of enzyme-based bioanalytical platforms. Analyst 2010; 135:1878-903. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00120a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
4
|
Cornut R, Hapiot P, Lefrou C. Enzyme-mediator kinetics studies with SECM: Numerical results and procedures to determine kinetics constants. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
5
|
Pellissier M, Zigah D, Barrière F, Hapiot P. Optimized preparation and scanning electrochemical microscopy analysis in feedback mode of glucose oxidase layers grafted onto conducting carbon surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:9089-9095. [PMID: 18624418 DOI: 10.1021/la801150c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An optimized immobilization procedure based on the electroreduction of aryldiazonium salt followed by covalent attachment of a cross-linked hydrogel was used to graft glucose oxidase on a carbon surface. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and cyclic voltammetry were used to follow the construction steps of the modified electrode. By adjusting the compactness of the layer through the electrografting reaction, the penetration of the mediator through the layer can be controlled to allow the monitoring of the enzymatic activity by both cyclic voltammetry and SECM in feedback mode. The enzymatic activity of the film is finally characterized by SECM.
Collapse
|
6
|
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) as a tool in biosensor research. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008. [PMID: 17922101 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is discussed as a versatile tool to provide localized (electro)chemical information in the context of biosensor research. Advantages of localized electrochemical measurements will be discussed and a brief introduction to SECM and its operation modes will be given. Experimental challenges of the different detection modes of SECM and its applicability for different fields in biosensor research are discussed. Among these are the evaluation of immobilization techniques by probing the local distribution of biological activity, the visualization of diffusion profiles of reactants, cofactors, mediators, and products, and the elucidation of (local) kinetic parameters. The combination of SECM with other scanning-probe techniques allows to maximize the information on a given biosensing system. The potential of SECM as a tool in micro-fabrication aiming for the fabrication of microstructured biosensors will be shortly discussed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Roberts WS, Lonsdale DJ, Griffiths J, Higson SPJ. Advances in the application of scanning electrochemical microscopy to bioanalytical systems. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 23:301-18. [PMID: 17869090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a powerful surface characterisation technique that allows for the electrochemical profiling of surfaces with sub micrometer resolution. While SECM has been most widely used to electrochemically study and profile non-biological surfaces and processes, the technique has in recent years, been increasingly used for the study of biological systems - and this is the focus of this review. An overview of SECM and how the technique may be applied to the study of biological systems will first be given. SECM and its application to the study of cells, enzymes and DNA will each be considered in detail. The review will conclude with a discussion of future directions and scope for further developments and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William S Roberts
- Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Barton Road, Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wittstock G, Burchardt M, Pust SE, Shen Y, Zhao C. Scanning electrochemical microscopy for direct imaging of reaction rates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:1584-617. [PMID: 17285666 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Not only in electrochemistry but also in biology and in membrane transport, localized processes at solid-liquid or liquid-liquid interfaces play an important role at defect sites, pores, or individual cells, but are difficult to characterize by integral investigation. Scanning electrochemical microscopy is suitable for such investigations. After two decades of development, this method is based on a solid theoretical foundation and a large number of demonstrated applications. It offers the possibility of directly imaging heterogeneous reaction rates and locally modifying substrates by electrochemically generated reagents. The applications range from classical electrochemical problems, such as the investigation of localized corrosion and electrocatalytic reactions in fuel cells, sensor surfaces, biochips, and microstructured analysis systems, to mass transport through synthetic membranes, skin and tissue, as well as intercellular communication processes. Moreover, processes can be studied that occur at liquid surfaces and liquid-liquid interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Wittstock
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Reine und Angewandte Chemie und Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wittstock G, Burchardt M, Pust S, Shen Y, Zhao C. Elektrochemische Rastermikroskopie zur direkten Abbildung von Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
10
|
Wittstock G, Burchardt M, Kirchner CN. Chapter 37 Scanning electrochemical microscopy in biosensor research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(06)49037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
|
11
|
|
12
|
Edwards MA, Martin S, Whitworth AL, Macpherson JV, Unwin PR. Scanning electrochemical microscopy: principles and applications to biophysical systems. Physiol Meas 2006; 27:R63-108. [PMID: 17135697 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/27/12/r01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights numerous and wide ranging biophysical and biochemical applications of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). SECM instrumentation and theoretical modelling, necessary for experimental interpretation, are outlined, followed by a detailed discussion of the diverse applications of this technique. These include the measurement of flow through membranes, the determination of kinetic parameters of reactions, the investigation of the permeability of small molecules in tissues and monitoring biological processes, such as the production of oxygen or nitric oxide by cells. The significant impact of micro-electrochemical techniques on our understanding of basic physicochemical processes at biologically relevant interfaces is also considered. Studies reviewed include transport across and within bilayers and monolayers. Recent advances in SECM include the combination of SECM with other techniques, such as atomic force microscopy and optical microscopy. These developments are highlighted, along with prospects for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao C, Wittstock G. Scanning electrochemical microscopy for detection of biosensor and biochip surfaces with immobilized pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase as enzyme label. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 20:1277-84. [PMID: 15590279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was applied to study quinoprotein-based biosensor or biochip. A typical quinoprotein, pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), was taken as example. Feedback mode and generation collection (GC) mode in SECM have been explored in imaging the catalytic activity of GDH on microscopic magnetic bead domains. Biotinylated GDH was immobilized by using streptavidin-coated paramagnetic microbeads, which were deposited as microspot on a hydrophobic surface. Ferrocenemethanol and ferricyanide were used as electron mediators for feedback and GC detection, respectively. Enzymatic catalysis was further studied quantitatively using the theory developed for SECM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhao
- Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry and Institute of Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao C, Wittstock G. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy of Quinoprotein Glucose Dehydrogenase. Anal Chem 2004; 76:3145-54. [PMID: 15167795 DOI: 10.1021/ac035492n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The activity of immobilized glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), a typical PQQ-dependent quinoprotein, was studied qualitatively and quantitatively by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). PQQ-dependent GDH is of interest because of its high activity and independence of dissolved oxygen in catalyzing the transfer of electrons from glucose to an electron mediator. Biotinylated glucose dehydrogenase was bound to streptavidin-coated paramagnetic beads (surface concentration > or = 1.8 x 10(-11) mol cm(-2)) which were deposited as microscopic microspots on a hydrophobic surface. The catalytic activity of immobilized GDH was mapped in SECM feedback mode and generation-collection mode using ferrocenemethanol, ferrocenecarboxylic acid, p-aminophenol, and ferricyanide as electron mediators, respectively. The apparent steady-state kinetics of catalysis were measured under conditions of high d-glucose concentration using the theory developed for the SECM feedback and generation collection (GC) modes. In feedback mode, curves of the kinetically controlled substrate current against normalized distance were plotted, and it was found that GDH catalysis follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. In GC mode detection, the catalysis follows zero-order kinetics in the presence of high concentration of both substrates for GDH. The turnover rate obtained for immobilized GDH is lower than that of native GDH but much higher than that generally observed for glucose oxidase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl Von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao C, Sinha JK, Wijayawardhana CA, Wittstock G. Monitoring β-galactosidase activity by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
16
|
|
17
|
Ge F, Tenent RC, Wipf DO. Fabricating and imaging carbon-fiber immobilized enzyme ultramicroelectrodes with scanning electrochemical microscopy. ANAL SCI 2001; 17:27-35. [PMID: 11993673 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.17.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) is used to image the activity of enzymes immobilized on the surfaces of disk-shaped carbon-fiber electrodes. SECM was used to map the concentration of enzymatically produced hydroquinone or hydrogen peroxide at the surface of a 33-microm diameter disk-shaped carbon-fiber electrode modified by an immobilized glucose-oxidase layer. Sub-monolayer coverage of the enzyme at the electrode surface could be detected with micrometer resolution. The SECM was also employed as a surface modification tool to produce microscopic regions of enzyme activity by using a variety of methods. One method is a gold-masking process in which microscopic gold patterns act as mask for producing patterns of chemical modification. The gold masks allow operation in both a positive or negative process for patterning enzyme activity. A second method uses the direct mode of the SECM to produce covalently attached amine groups on the carbon surface. The amine groups are anchors for attachment of glucose oxidase by use of a biotin/avidin process. The effect of non-uniform enzyme activity was investigated by using the SECM tip to temporarily damage an immobilized enzyme surface. SECM imaging can observe the spatial extent and time-course of the enzyme recovery process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|