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Huhle D, Hirmer S, Göbel TW. Splenic γδ T cell subsets can be separated by a novel mab specific for two CD45 isoforms. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 77:229-240. [PMID: 28842181 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
CD45 isoforms have been identified in a variety of different species and mab against various isoforms have been instrumental to define cellular subsets. In the process of generating novel mab against chicken γδ T cells two mab with specificity for CD45 were identified and characterized. The analysis of the chicken CD45 genomic structure suggested three exons being involved in alternative splicing. We cloned and expressed the full length CD45 isoform and three shorter isoforms. While the 7D12 mab reacted with all of these isoforms, the 8B1 mab selectively reacted with two short isoforms lacking either exons 3 and 5 or exons 3, 5 and 6. As expected, the reactivity of 7D12 included all leukocyte subsets, also including thrombocytes. In contrast, the 8B1 mab only reacted with lymphocytes and monocytes. 8B1 expression was found on almost all blood αβ T cells, while a γδ T cell subset and virtually all B cells lacked 8B1 reactivity. The fraction of 8B1- αβ and γδ cells was larger in splenocytes as compared to PBL and there was also a population of 8B1+ splenic B cells. CD3 stimulation of splenic T cells resulted in upregulation of the 8B1 antigen on all T cells. Three-color immunofluorescence revealed differences in CD28 expression between the 8B1⁺ and 8B1¯ γδ T cell subsets with a higher CD28 expression level on 8B1¯ cells. The CD28 antigen was upregulated upon stimulation of the cells with IL-2 and IL-12. This novel mab will be a useful tool to further analyze chicken γδ T cells in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Huhle
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Sieglinde Hirmer
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas W Göbel
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Im SP, Lee JS, Kim SW, Yu JE, Kim YR, Kim J, Lee JH, Jung TS. Investigation of variable lymphocyte receptors in the alternative adaptive immune response of hagfish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:203-210. [PMID: 26449649 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Jawless vertebrates have an alternative adaptive immune system mediated by variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs), VLRA, VLRC and VLRB. In investigation on the adaptive immunity of hagfish, avian influenza virus hemagglutinin (H9N2-HA1) was used as a model antigen, with mRNA expression levels of VLRA, VLRC and Ikaros were up-regulated in the first week post-immunization. CD45 was up-regulated after the first week; and expression of VLRB progressively increased over the course of the trial. The transcriptional/translational activation of VLRB in blood was verified. The VLRBs cloned from these transcripts showed diversity in their leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). The production of specific VLRB increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner, detected by an anti-VLRB antibody (11G5). The plasma VLRB could distinguish H9N2-HA1 from unrelated proteins, but not from other HA1 subtypes. Together, our findings show that VLRs play a major role in the alternative adaptive immune system of hagfish by responding to specific foreign substances, such as H9N2-HA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Pyeong Im
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Seok Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Won Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Earn Yu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Rim Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Lee
- Inland Aquaculture Research Center, NFRDI, Changwon, 645-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sung Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea.
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Das S, Li J, Hirano M, Sutoh Y, Herrin BR, Cooper MD. Evolution of two prototypic T cell lineages. Cell Immunol 2015; 296:87-94. [PMID: 25958271 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Jawless vertebrates, which occupy a unique position in chordate phylogeny, employ leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-based variable lymphocyte receptors (VLR) for antigen recognition. During the assembly of the VLR genes (VLRA, VLRB and VLRC), donor LRR-encoding sequences are copied in a step-wise manner into the incomplete germ-line genes. The assembled VLR genes are differentially expressed by discrete lymphocyte lineages: VLRA- and VLRC-producing cells are T-cell like, whereas VLRB-producing cells are B-cell like. VLRA(+) and VLRC(+) lymphocytes resemble the two principal T-cell lineages of jawed vertebrates that express the αβ or γδ T-cell receptors (TCR). Reminiscent of the interspersed nature of the TCRα/TCRδ locus in jawed vertebrates, the close proximity of the VLRA and VLRC loci facilitates sharing of donor LRR sequences during VLRA and VLRC assembly. Here we discuss the insight these findings provide into vertebrate T- and B-cell evolution, and the alternative types of anticipatory receptors they use for adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Das
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road North-East, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Jianxu Li
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road North-East, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Masayuki Hirano
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road North-East, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Yoichi Sutoh
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road North-East, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Brantley R Herrin
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road North-East, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Max D Cooper
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road North-East, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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The research of W.E. Mayer (1953-2012): a spectrum of immune systems. Immunogenetics 2012; 64:849-54. [PMID: 23053060 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Over a period of some 20 years, Werner Eugen Mayer played a significant role in establishing a framework for molecular studies of Mhc genes in multiple vertebrates. His work largely concerned gene isolation, sequencing, and related bioinformatic analyses both for the Mhc and for immune system genes of about 200 species, ranging from apes, monkeys, rodents, and marsupials, through to birds, bony fishes, and lampreys. In addition to his exploration of diverse Mhc genes, Werner is remembered for playing a critical role in the development of two important insights into the evolution of immune systems. His was among the first published DNA sequence-based descriptions of trans-species evolution of Mhc alleles, including the first description of the long-lived polymorphisms shared by humans and chimpanzees. This research opened the way for using Mhc polymorphisms in demographic analyses. The second important insight in which he played a prominent role involved the characterization of immune cells and their expressed genes in the lamprey, a jawless vertebrate. His findings helped to indicate the considerable degree to which extant immune mechanisms were co-opted in the creation of the adaptive immune system of jawed vertebrates.
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Marozzi C, Bertoni F, Randelli E, Buonocore F, Timperio AM, Scapigliati G. A monoclonal antibody for the CD45 receptor in the teleost fish Dicentrarchus labrax. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:342-353. [PMID: 22504161 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The CD45 tyrosine phosphatase plays an important role in regulating T lymphocyte activation in vertebrate species. In this study we describe some molecular and functional features of the CD45 receptor molecule from the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Following immunization with fixed sea bass thymocytes, we obtained a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) able to stain fish leucocytes both alive, by immunofluorescence of thymus and mucosal tissues, and fixed, by in situ immunohistochemistry of tissue sections. The selected IgG(2) mAb (DLT22) was able to recognise by western blots polypeptides mainly at 180 kDa and 130 kDa in thymus, spleen, intestine and gill leucocyte. Accordingly, a 130 kDa polypeptide immunoprecipitated with DLT22 from thymocytes and analysed by nano-RP-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, gave peptide sequences homologous to Fugu CD45, that were employed for the homology cloning of a partial sea bass CD45 cDNA sequence. This cDNA sequence was employed to measure by quantitative PCR the transcription of the CD45 gene both in unstimulated and in in vitro stimulated leucocytes, showing that the gene transcription was specifically modulated by LPS, ConA, PHA, IL-1, and poly I:C. When splenocytes were stimulated in vitro with ConA and PHA, a cell proliferation paralleled by an increase of DLT22-positive leucocytes was also observed. These data indicate that the DLT22 mAb recognizes a putative CD45 molecule in sea bass, documenting the presence of CD45-like developing lymphocytes in thymus and CD45-associated functional stages of lymphocytes in this species, thus dating back to teleost fish the functional activities of these cell populations in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Marozzi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Kountikov E, Nayak D, Wilson M, Miller NW, Bengtén E. Expression of alternatively spliced CD45 isoforms by channel catfish clonal T and B cells is dependent on activation state of the cell and regulated by protein synthesis and degradation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:1109-1118. [PMID: 20547174 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, expression of the three alternatively spliced exons of the tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is regulated by the developmental and activation state of the cell. In comparison, the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, CD45 homolog contains 18 functional alternatively spliced exons. Since very little is known about CD45 regulation in ectothermic vertebrates, this study examines the regulation of catfish CD45 mRNA isoform expression in clonal T and B cells in response to stimulation. Results show that mitogenic stimulation using catfish serum or concanavalin A induced expression of mRNAs for small CD45 isoforms, and isoform message expression was growth curve dependent, i.e. cells in logarithmic phase express message for smaller CD45 isoforms, whereas stationary phase cells express message for longer CD45 isoforms. In addition, cells treated with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide expressed message for longer CD45 isoforms, and treatment with lactacystin, which blocks protein degradation, rescued smaller isoform message expression. Collectively these data suggested that expression of CD45 isoforms, in catfish, at least at the mRNA level, is "constitutively dynamic" and highly dependent on extracellular stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgueni Kountikov
- Department of Immunology Box 3010, Duke University Medical Center, 352 Jones Building, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Saha NR, Smith J, Amemiya CT. Evolution of adaptive immune recognition in jawless vertebrates. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:25-33. [PMID: 20056434 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
All extant vertebrates possess an adaptive immune system wherein diverse immune receptors are created and deployed in specialized blood cell lineages. Recent advances in DNA sequencing and developmental resources for basal vertebrates have facilitated numerous comparative analyses that have shed new light on the molecular and cellular bases of immune defense and the mechanisms of immune receptor diversification in the "jawless" vertebrates. With data from these key species in hand, it is becoming possible to infer some general aspects of the early evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity. All jawed vertebrates assemble their antigen-receptor genes through combinatorial recombination of different "diversity" segments into immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor genes. However, the jawless vertebrates employ an analogous, but independently derived set of immune receptors in order to recognize and bind antigens: the variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs). The means by which this locus generates receptor diversity and achieves antigen specificity is of considerable interest because these mechanisms represent a completely independent strategy for building a large immune repertoire. Therefore, studies of the VLR system are providing insight into the fundamental principles and evolutionary potential of adaptive immune recognition systems. Here we review and synthesize the wealth of data that have been generated towards understanding the evolution of the adaptive immune system in the jawless vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Ratan Saha
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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Ye B, Kroboth SL, Pu JL, Sims JJ, Aggarwal NT, McNally EM, Makielski JC, Shi NQ. Molecular identification and functional characterization of a mitochondrial sulfonylurea receptor 2 splice variant generated by intraexonic splicing. Circ Res 2009; 105:1083-93. [PMID: 19797704 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.195040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cardioprotective pathways may involve a mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoK(ATP)) channel but its composition is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that the mitoK(ATP) channel contains a sulfonylurea receptor (SUR)2 regulatory subunit and aimed to identify the molecular structure. METHODS AND RESULTS Western blot analysis in cardiac mitochondria detected a 55-kDa mitochondrial SUR2 (mitoSUR2) short form, 2 additional short forms (28 and 68 kDa), and a 130-kDa long form. RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) identified a 1.5-Kb transcript, which was generated by a nonconventional intraexonic splicing (IES) event within the 4th and 29th exons of the SUR2 mRNA. The translated product matched the predicted size of the 55-kDa short form. In a knockout mouse (SUR2KO), in which the SUR2 gene was disrupted, the 130-kDa mitoSUR2 was absent, but the short forms remained expressed. Diazoxide failed to induce increased fluorescence of flavoprotein oxidation in SUR2KO cells, indicating that the diazoxide-sensitive mitoK(ATP) channel activity was associated with 130-kDa-based channels. However, SUR2KO mice displayed similar infarct sizes to preconditioned wild type, suggesting a protective role for the remaining short form-based channels. Heterologous coexpression of the SUR2 IES variant and Kir6.2 in a K(+) transport mutant Escherichia coli strain permitted improved cell growth under acidic pH conditions. The SUR2 IES variant was localized to mitochondria, and removal of a predicted mitochondrial targeting sequence allowed surface expression and detection of an ATP-sensitive current when coexpressed with Kir6.2. CONCLUSIONS We identify a novel SUR2 IES variant in cardiac mitochondria and provide evidence that the variant-based channel can form an ATP-sensitive conductance and may contribute to cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ye
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Yu C, Ehrhardt GRA, Alder MN, Cooper MD, Xu A. Inhibitory signaling potential of a TCR-like molecule in lamprey. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:571-9. [PMID: 19130486 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A TCR-like molecule (TCRL) with two canonical ITIM has been identified in the sea lamprey. We show here that TCRL is preferentially expressed by lymphocytes bearing variable lymphocyte receptors. To examine the potential of the TCRL inhibitory motifs, chimeric proteins comprising the FcgammaRIIb extracellular and transmembrane domains and the TCRL intracellular domain were expressed in a mouse B-cell line. BCR co-ligation with the WT version of the FcgammaRIIb/TCRL chimeric protein resulted in its tyrosine phosphorylation and the inhibition of BCR-induced calcium mobilization, whole-cell protein tyrosine phosphorylation and Erk/Akt/JNK activation. Tyrosine to phenylalanine mutations in either or both ITIM compromised the inhibitory capacity of this receptor chimera. Analysis of receptor-associated proteins indicated that the inhibition is mediated by recruitment of the protein tyrosine kinases, SHP1 and SHP2. These findings demonstrate the inhibitory potential of TCRL and its expression by clonally diverse lymphocytes bearing the variable lymphocyte receptors, thereby implying an immunomodulatory role for this ancestral TCR relative in a jawless vertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Tchilian EZ, Beverley PCL. Altered CD45 expression and disease. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:146-53. [PMID: 16423560 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD45, the leucocyte common antigen, is a haemopoietic cell-specific tyrosine phosphatase. Many isoforms are generated by alternative splicing, but their function remains obscure. The extracellular domain of CD45 is highly polymorphic in all vertebrates. Importantly, human polymorphic variants that alter CD45 isoform expression are associated with autoimmune and infectious diseases, establishing CD45 as an important immunomodulator with a significant influence on disease burden. Here, we discuss the new opportunities provided by the human variants for investigating and understanding how CD45 regulates antigen receptor signalling, cytokine responses and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Z Tchilian
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Berkshire, UK RG 20 7NN.
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