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Saotome K, Dudgeon D, Colotti K, Moore MJ, Jones J, Zhou Y, Rafique A, Yancopoulos GD, Murphy AJ, Lin JC, Olson WC, Franklin MC. Structural analysis of cancer-relevant TCR-CD3 and peptide-MHC complexes by cryoEM. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2401. [PMID: 37100770 PMCID: PMC10132440 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The recognition of antigenic peptide-MHC (pMHC) molecules by T-cell receptors (TCR) initiates the T-cell mediated immune response. Structural characterization is key for understanding the specificity of TCR-pMHC interactions and informing the development of therapeutics. Despite the rapid rise of single particle cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM), x-ray crystallography has remained the preferred method for structure determination of TCR-pMHC complexes. Here, we report cryoEM structures of two distinct full-length α/β TCR-CD3 complexes bound to their pMHC ligand, the cancer-testis antigen HLA-A2/MAGEA4 (230-239). We also determined cryoEM structures of pMHCs containing MAGEA4 (230-239) peptide and the closely related MAGEA8 (232-241) peptide in the absence of TCR, which provided a structural explanation for the MAGEA4 preference displayed by the TCRs. These findings provide insights into the TCR recognition of a clinically relevant cancer antigen and demonstrate the utility of cryoEM for high-resolution structural analysis of TCR-pMHC interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Saotome
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA.
| | - Drew Dudgeon
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer Jones
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Yi Zhou
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | | | | | | | - John C Lin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
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2
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Wyatt-Johnson SK, Kersey HN, Codocedo JF, Newell KL, Landreth GE, Lamb BT, Oblak AL, Brutkiewicz RR. Control of the temporal development of Alzheimer's disease pathology by the MR1/MAIT cell axis. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:78. [PMID: 36944969 PMCID: PMC10029194 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is an important feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding which aspects of the immune system are important in AD may lead to new therapeutic approaches. We study the major histocompatibility complex class I-related immune molecule, MR1, which is recognized by an innate-like T cell population called mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. METHODS Having found that MR1 gene expression is elevated in the brain tissue of AD patients by mining the Agora database, we sought to examine the role of the MR1/MAIT cell axis in AD pathology. Brain tissue from AD patients and the 5XFAD mouse model of AD were used to analyze MR1 expression through qPCR, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry. Furthermore, mice deficient in MR1 and MAIT cells were crossed with the 5XFAD mice to produce a model to study how the loss of this innate immune axis alters AD progression. Moreover, 5XFAD mice were also used to study brain-resident MAIT cells over time. RESULTS In tissue samples from AD patients and 5XFAD mice, MR1 expression was substantially elevated in the microglia surrounding plaques vs. those that are further away (human AD: P < 0.05; 5XFAD: P < 0.001). In 5XFAD mice lacking the MR1/MAIT cell axis, the development of amyloid-beta plaque pathology occurred at a significantly slower rate than in those mice with MR1 and MAIT cells. Furthermore, in brain tissue from 5XFAD mice, there was a temporal increase in MAIT cell numbers (P < 0.01) and their activation state, the latter determined by detecting an upregulation of both CD69 (P < 0.05) and the interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (P < 0.05) via flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data reveal a previously unknown role for the MR1/MAIT cell innate immune axis in AD pathology and its potential utility as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Season K Wyatt-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Holly N Kersey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Juan F Codocedo
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kathy L Newell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Bruce T Lamb
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Adrian L Oblak
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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3
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Li YR, Zhou K, Wilson M, Kramer A, Zhu Y, Dawson N, Yang L. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Mol Ther 2023; 31:631-646. [PMID: 36463401 PMCID: PMC10014234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are characterized by their expression of an invariant TCR α chain Vα7.2-Jα33/Jα20/Jα12 paired with a restricted TCR β chain. MAIT cells recognize microbial peptides presented by the highly conserved MHC class I-like molecule MR1 and bridge the innate and acquired immune systems to mediate augmented immune responses. Upon activation, MAIT cells rapidly proliferate, produce a variety of cytokines and cytotoxic molecules, and trigger efficient antitumor immunity. Administration of a representative MAIT cell ligand 5-OP-RU effectively activates MAIT cells and enhances their antitumor capacity. In this review, we introduce MAIT cell biology and their importance in antitumor immunity, summarize the current development of peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived and stem cell-derived MAIT cell products for cancer treatment, and discuss the potential of genetic engineering of MAIT cells for off-the-shelf cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kuangyi Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Adam Kramer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yichen Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Niels Dawson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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4
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Vorwald VM, Davis DM, Van Gulick RJ, Torphy RJ, Borgers JS, Klarquist J, Couts KL, Amato CM, Cogswell DT, Fujita M, Castleman MJ, Davis T, Lozupone C, Medina TM, Robinson WA, Gapin L, McCarter MD, Tobin RP. Circulating CD8 + mucosal-associated invariant T cells correlate with improved treatment responses and overall survival in anti-PD-1-treated melanoma patients. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1367. [PMID: 35028137 PMCID: PMC8743567 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives While much of the research concerning factors associated with responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has focussed on the contributions of conventional peptide‐specific T cells, the role of unconventional T cells, such as mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, in human melanoma remains largely unknown. MAIT cells are an abundant population of innate‐like T cells expressing a semi‐invariant T‐cell receptor restricted to the MHC class I‐like molecule, MR1, presenting vitamin B metabolites derived from bacteria. We sought to characterise MAIT cells in melanoma patients and determined their association with treatment responses and clinical outcomes. Methods In this prospective clinical study, we analysed the frequency and functional profile of circulating and tumor‐infiltrating MAIT cells in human melanoma patients. Using flow cytometry, we compared these across metastatic sites and between ICI responders vs. non‐responders as well as healthy donors. Results We identified tumor‐infiltrating MAIT cells in melanomas across metastatic sites and found that the number of circulating MAIT cells is reduced in melanoma patients compared to healthy donors. However, circulating MAIT cell frequencies are restored by ICI treatment in responding patients, correlating with treatment responses, in which patients with high frequencies of MAIT cells exhibited significantly improved overall survival. Conclusion Our results suggest that MAIT cells may be a potential predictive marker of responses to immunotherapies and provide rationale for testing MAIT cell‐directed therapies in combination with current and next‐generation ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Vorwald
- Division of Surgical Oncology Department of Surgery University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Dana M Davis
- Division of Surgical Oncology Department of Surgery University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Robert J Van Gulick
- Division of Medical Oncology Department of Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Robert J Torphy
- Division of Surgical Oncology Department of Surgery University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Jessica Sw Borgers
- Division of Surgical Oncology Department of Surgery University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA.,The Netherlands Cancer Institute Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jared Klarquist
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Kasey L Couts
- Division of Medical Oncology Department of Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Carol M Amato
- Division of Medical Oncology Department of Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Dasha T Cogswell
- Division of Surgical Oncology Department of Surgery University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Mayumi Fujita
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA.,Department of Dermatology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Moriah J Castleman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Timothy Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics School of Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Catherine Lozupone
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine Department of Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Theresa M Medina
- Division of Medical Oncology Department of Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - William A Robinson
- Division of Medical Oncology Department of Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Martin D McCarter
- Division of Surgical Oncology Department of Surgery University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
| | - Richard P Tobin
- Division of Surgical Oncology Department of Surgery University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO USA
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5
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Rozemuller E, Eckle SBG, McLaughlin I, Penning M, Mulder W, de Bruin H, van Wageningen S. MR1 encompasses at least six allele groups with coding region alterations. HLA 2021; 98:509-516. [PMID: 34351076 DOI: 10.1111/tan.14390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Unlike classical HLA class I genes, MR1 is assumed to have limited polymorphic positions. We developed a MR1 specific PCR assay and sequenced 56 DNA samples from cells with a diverse set of HLA genotypes. In this relatively small panel we found six allele groups encoding for different MR1 proteins. The two most frequent allele groups found in this panel had a frequency of 71% (MR1*01) and 25% (MR1*02), respectively. Moreover, the panel contained many intronic SNPs and silent variants, with individual samples containing up to 15 heterozygous positions. The data presented here is consistent with marked variation in MR1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sidonia Barbara Guiomar Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Cruz-López M, Fernández G, Hipperson H, Palacios E, Cavitt J, Galindo-Espinosa D, Gómez Del Angel S, Pruner R, Gonzalez O, Burke T, Küpper C. Allelic diversity and patterns of selection at the major histocompatibility complex class I and II loci in a threatened shorebird, the Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus). BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:114. [PMID: 32912143 PMCID: PMC7488298 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the structure and variability of adaptive loci such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes is a primary research goal for evolutionary and conservation genetics. Typically, classical MHC genes show high polymorphism and are under strong balancing selection, as their products trigger the adaptive immune response in vertebrates. Here, we assess the allelic diversity and patterns of selection for MHC class I and class II loci in a threatened shorebird with highly flexible mating and parental care behaviour, the Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus) across its broad geographic range. Results We determined the allelic and nucleotide diversity for MHC class I and class II genes using samples of 250 individuals from eight breeding population of Snowy Plovers. We found 40 alleles at MHC class I and six alleles at MHC class II, with individuals carrying two to seven different alleles (mean 3.70) at MHC class I and up to two alleles (mean 1.45) at MHC class II. Diversity was higher in the peptide-binding region, which suggests balancing selection. The MHC class I locus showed stronger signatures of both positive and negative selection than the MHC class II locus. Most alleles were present in more than one population. If present, private alleles generally occurred at very low frequencies in each population, except for the private alleles of MHC class I in one island population (Puerto Rico, lineage tenuirostris). Conclusion Snowy Plovers exhibited an intermediate level of diversity at the MHC, similar to that reported in other Charadriiformes. The differences found in the patterns of selection between the class I and II loci are consistent with the hypothesis that different mechanisms shape the sequence evolution of MHC class I and class II genes. The rarity of private alleles across populations is consistent with high natal and breeding dispersal and the low genetic structure previously observed at neutral genetic markers in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medardo Cruz-López
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Cd. México, Mexico.
| | - Guillermo Fernández
- Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 811, 82040, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Helen Hipperson
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Eduardo Palacios
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Unidad La Paz, Miraflores 334, Col. Bellavista, 23050, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - John Cavitt
- Avian Ecology Laboratory Department of Zoology, Weber State University, Ogden, UT, 84408, USA
| | - Daniel Galindo-Espinosa
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Carretera al Sur km 5.5, A.P. 19-B, 23080, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - Salvador Gómez Del Angel
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Cd. México, Mexico
| | - Raya Pruner
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Panama City, FL, USA
| | - Oscar Gonzalez
- Grupo Aves del Perú, Gómez del Carpio 135, Barrio Medico, 34, Lima, Peru.,Department of Natural Sciences, Emmanuel College, Franklin Springs, GA, 30369, USA
| | - Terry Burke
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Clemens Küpper
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, 82319, Seewiesen, Germany.
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7
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Plasil M, Wijkmark S, Elbers JP, Oppelt J, Burger PA, Horin P. The major histocompatibility complex of Old World camelids: Class I and class I-related genes. HLA 2020; 93:203-215. [PMID: 30828986 DOI: 10.1111/tan.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The genomic structure of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) region and variation in selected MHC class I related genes in Old World camels, Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedaries were studied. The overall genomic organization of the camel MHC region follows a general pattern observed in other mammalian species and individual MHC loci appear to be well conserved. Selected MHC class I genes B-67 and BL3-7 exhibited unexpectedly low variability, even when compared to other camel MHC class I related genes MR1 and MICA. Interspecific SNP and allele sharing are relatively common, and frequencies of heterozygotes are usually low. Such a low variation in a genomic region generally considered as one of the most polymorphic in vertebrate genomes is unusual. Evolutionary relationships between MHC class I related genes and their counterparts from other species seem to be rather complex. Often, they do not follow the general evolutionary history of the species concerned. Close evolutionary relationships of individual MHC class I loci between camels, humans and dogs were observed. Based on the results of this study and on our data on MHC class II genes, the extent and the pattern of polymorphism of the MHC region of Old World camelids differed from most mammalian groups studied so far. Camels thus seem to be an important model for our understanding of the role of genetic diversity in immune functions, especially in the context of unique features of their immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Plasil
- Department of Animal Genetics, Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Ceitec VFU, RG Animal Immunogenomics, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sofia Wijkmark
- Department of Animal Genetics, Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jean P Elbers
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Oppelt
- Ceitec MU, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pamela A Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr Horin
- Department of Animal Genetics, Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Ceitec VFU, RG Animal Immunogenomics, Brno, Czech Republic
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8
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Legoux F, Salou M, Lantz O. Unconventional or Preset αβ T Cells: Evolutionarily Conserved Tissue-Resident T Cells Recognizing Nonpeptidic Ligands. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2017; 33:511-535. [PMID: 28661722 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A majority of T cells bearing the αβ T cell receptor (TCR) are specific for peptides bound to polymorphic classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Smaller subsets of T cells are reactive toward various nonpeptidic ligands associated with nonpolymorphic MHC class-Ib (MHC-Ib) molecules. These cells have been termed unconventional for decades, even though only the composite antigen is different from the one seen by classical T cells. Herein, we discuss the identity of these particular T cells in light of the coevolution of their TCR and MHC-Ib restricting elements. We examine their original thymic development: selection on hematopoietic cells leading to the acquisition of an original differentiation program. Most of these cells acquire memory cell features during thymic maturation and exhibit unique patterns of migration into peripheral nonlymphoid tissues to become tissue resident. Thus, these cells are termed preset T cells, as they also display a variety of effector functions. They may act as microbial or danger sentinels, fight microbes, or regulate tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Legoux
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, 75005 Paris, France; , ,
| | - Marion Salou
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, 75005 Paris, France; , ,
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, 75005 Paris, France; , , .,Center of Clinical Investigations, CIC-1428 IGR/Curie, 75005 Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'immunologie clinique, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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