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Shao Q, Wang Z, Yi S. Application of Composite Soaking Solution in Fillet Storage and Caco-2 Cell Antioxidant Repair. Foods 2025; 14:442. [PMID: 39942035 PMCID: PMC11816374 DOI: 10.3390/foods14030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2025] [Revised: 01/24/2025] [Accepted: 01/28/2025] [Indexed: 02/16/2025] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of compound soaking solution on the quality deterioration of fish fillets during storage and its repair effect on a cell oxidative damage model were investigated. Water holding capacity, cooking loss, thawing loss, thiobarbituric acid and sensory evaluation were used to verify that the composite soaking solution could improve the water loss and quality deterioration of fillets during frozen storage. At 180 d, water holding capacity was increased by 4.59% in the compound soaking solution group compared with the control. Cooking loss decreased by 6.47%, and thawing loss decreased by 13.06% (p < 0.05). The TBA value was reduced by 50%, and the degree of lipid oxidation was lower (p < 0.05). The results of the microstructure analysis showed that the tissue structure of fillets treated by the compound soaking solution was more orderly. The oxidative damage model of cells was achieved by soaking in treated fish fillet digestive juice, which inhibited the increase in reactive oxygen species content, maintained the integrity of the cell structure, and increased cell viability by 32.24% (p < 0.05). Compound soaking solution treatment could inhibit the quality deterioration of fish fillets during storage, and the digestive solution of fish fillets could improve the oxidative stress injury of Caco-2 cells induced by H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shumin Yi
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China; (Q.S.); (Z.W.)
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2
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Chen B, Li D, Tong B, Wang L, Lin H, Xu H, Hu S. Oral alginate microspheres for the efficient site-specific delivery of epidermal growth factor attenuated murine ulcerative colitis via repairing the mucosal barrier. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124394. [PMID: 38944169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic bowel inflammatory disease affecting the colorectum. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been demonstrated to be effective to counteract UC. However, there exists the gastrointestinal challenges such as stomach acid, enzyme and bile salts for oral delivery of EGF. Herein, calcium alginate microsphere was prepared by the microfluidic technique to encapsulate EGF. The morphology of EGF-loaded microsphere (MS-EGF) was spherical and its average particle size was 80 ± 23 μm. The encapsulation efficiency of EGF was reaching to 93.8 % ± 1.6 %. In vitro release experiments showed that MS-EGF presented the good pH-sensitive properties, that was, it could effectively resist the gastric acid and small intestinal fluids, and undergone the rapid dissolution in the artificial colon fluid. In vitro cellular experiments demonstrated that the bioactivity of EGF was well preserved by microsphere. Moreover, in vivo murine colitis model showed that MS-EGF presented the obvious colitis alleviation. Furthermore, the colonic morphology of colitis mice was effectively recovered and the tight junction between the gut epithelium was obviously repaired. In conclusion, calcium alginate microsphere might be a promising vehicle of EGF for UC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325000, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Dingwei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325000, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Bingjie Tong
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325000, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Lifen Wang
- Research Center for Drug Safety Evaluation, Hainan Medical University, Haikou City, Hainan Province, China
| | - Haoran Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325000, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Helin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325000, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China; Key Laboratory of Novel Nuclide Technologies on Precision Diagnosis and Treatment & Clinical Transformation of Wenzhou City, China.
| | - Sunkuan Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325000, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China.
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3
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Wang D, Wang X, Zhou S, Ren L, Meng Y, Ma R, Wang S, Liu Z, Alamri AS, Alhomrani M, Zhang Z, Cui F, Li T, Li J. Radish residue carbon dots-based novel starch/chitosan film with high antioxidant, biocompatibility, and antibacterial activities for salmon fillets' active packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133107. [PMID: 38897524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The corruption of refrigerated marine fish results in global economic losses exceeding 25 billion euros annually. However, conventional preservatives present challenges, including singular functionality, potential toxicity, and high cost. In response, we developed multifunctional, safe, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly carbon dots derived from radish residues (R-CDs) by using the one-pot hydrothermal method. The surface of R-CDs is enriched with hydroxyl groups, conferring broad-spectrum antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics. R-CDs exhibited a notable 72.92 % inhibition rate on lipid peroxidation, surpassing the effectiveness of vitamin C (46 %). Additionally, R-CDs demonstrated impressive scavenging rates of 93.8 % for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals and 99.36 % for 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid-free radicals. In combating spoilage bacteria such as Aeromonas sobria and Hafnia alvei, R-CDs disrupted cell structures and influenced intracellular substance content. Importantly, co-cultivation with R-CDs showed no significant cytotoxicity. Further incorporating R-CDs into films using starch and chitosan (S/CS/R-CDs films) for efficient and convenient use in salmon fillets preservation. S/CS/R-CDs films effectively inhibited the growth of spoilage bacteria, lipid oxidation, and protein decomposition in salmon fillets, thereby extending shelf life by 4 days. This combination of antioxidant and antibacterial properties in R-CDs, along with the functional films, presents a promising approach for enhancing salmon fillet preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dangfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Marine Fish Processing, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121013, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Marine Fish Processing, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121013, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Marine Fish Processing, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121013, China
| | - Likun Ren
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Marine Fish Processing, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121013, China
| | - Yuqiong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Rui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Shulin Wang
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810016, China
| | - Zhiteng Liu
- Dalian Food Co., Ltd., Jinzhou, Liaoning 121209, China
| | - Abdulhakeem S Alamri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alhomrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zihui Zhang
- Comprehensive Inspection and Testing Center for Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in Chifeng City, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, China
| | - Fangchao Cui
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Marine Fish Processing, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121013, China.
| | - Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization (Dalian Minzu University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, Liaoning, 116029, China.
| | - Jianrong Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Marine Fish Processing, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121013, China.
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Lee S, Kim YH, Min J. The potential of Rhodobacter sphaeroides extract as an alternative supplement for cell culture systems. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0245623. [PMID: 38319116 PMCID: PMC10913442 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02456-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
It is essential to identify suitable supplements that enhance cell growth, viability, and functional development in cell culture systems. The use of fetal bovine serum (FBS) has been common, but it has limitations, such as batch-to-batch variability, ethical concerns, and risks of environmental contamination. In this study, we explore the potential of Rhodobacter sphaeroides extract, derived from a probiotic photosynthetic bacterium, as an alternative supplement. Our results demonstrate that the extract from R. sphaeroides significantly improves various aspects of cell behavior compared to serum-free conditions. It enhances cell growth and viability to a greater extent than FBS supplementation. Additionally, the extract alleviates oxidative stress by reducing intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species and stimulates lysosomal activity, contributing to cellular processes. The presence of abundant amino acids, glycine and arginine, in the extract may play a role in promoting cell growth. These findings emphasize the potential of R. sphaeroides extract as a valuable supplement for cell culture, offering advantages over the use of FBS.IMPORTANCEThe choice of supplements for cell culture is crucial in biomedical research, but the widely used fetal bovine serum (FBS) has limitations in terms of variability, ethics, and environmental risks. This study explores the potential of an extract from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, a probiotic bacterium, as an alternative supplement. The findings reveal that the R. sphaeroides extract surpasses FBS in enhancing cell growth, viability, and functionality. It also mitigates oxidative stress and stimulates lysosomal activity, critical for cellular health. The extract's abundance of glycine and arginine, amino acids with known growth-promoting effects, further highlights its potential. By providing a viable substitute for FBS, the R. sphaeroides extract addresses the need for consistent, ethical, and environmentally friendly cell culture supplements. This research paves the way for sustainable and reliable cell culture systems, revolutionizing biomedical research and applications in drug development and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Lee
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Yang-Hoon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jiho Min
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea
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Hu Y, Lin S, Tang J, Li Y, Wang X, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Wang B. Effects of microplastics and lead exposure on gut oxidative stress and intestinal inflammation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121528. [PMID: 36997146 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are increasingly being detected in freshwater environments, which have the potential to cause combined toxicity with other contaminants on aquatic organisms. To reveal the ecological risks, the combined effects of lead (Pb) and polyvinyl chloride microplastics (MPs) were explored in the gut of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The results confirmed that exposure of Pb alone accelerated Pb accumulation, increased oxidative stress, and activated the inflammation response of the gut. However, the aforementioned effects all decreased under the co-exposure of Pb and MPs. In addition, MPs altered intestinal microbial community of common carp, especially the abundance of immune system-related species. All measured variables were organized for partial least square path modeling, which revealed the combined effects of Pb and MPs on inflammation response. The results implied that MPs reduced inflammation response in two ways, including the reduction of intestinal Pb accumulation and the alteration of the intestinal microbial community. Overall, this study provides a novel aspect of ecological effects on aquatic animals from Pb and MPs exposure. The interesting results remind us that when exploring the ecological risks of MPs, combined effects from other toxic substances must be considered simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Hu
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - Sihan Lin
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - Jinglan Tang
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - Xiangyi Wang
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - Yusha Jiang
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - He Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Binliang Wang
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China.
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Chen S, Yi J, Suo K, Kang Q, Lu L, Lu J. Probiotic properties and proteomics analysis of ethanol-induced Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IL1403. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:197. [PMID: 37183191 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that ethanol-induced intracellular extracts (E-IEs) of Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lactis IL1403 (L. lactis IL1403) alleviated hangovers more effectively in mice than untreated intracellular extracts (U-IEs), but the material basis was unclear. Considering that stress-related proteins might play a significant role, the effects of ethanol induction on probiotic properties of L. lactis IL1403 and the associated stress response mechanism were initially explored in this study. E-IEs of L. lactis IL1403 showed better biological activities, significantly increased bacteria survival rates in oxidative stress environments, increased ADH activity, and enhanced proliferation in RAW264.7 and AML-12 cells. Proteomic analyses revealed that 414 proteins were significantly changed in response to ethanol induction. The expression of proteins involved in the universal stress response, DNA repair, oxidative stress response, and ethanol metabolism was rapidly upregulated under ethanol stress, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results were consistent with proteomic data. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that citrate metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism were significantly enriched during ethanol stress to increase energy requirements and survival rates of stressed cells. Based on this observation, the active induction is an effective strategy for increasing the biological activity of L. lactis IL1403. Exploring the molecular mechanism and material basis of their functions in vivo can help us understand the adaptive regulatory mechanism of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Chen
- Physical Education College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Juanjuan Yi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Keke Suo
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qiaozhen Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Laizheng Lu
- Zhengzhou Mindtek Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jike Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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7
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Ma Y, Xu J, Guo R, Teng G, Chen Y, Xu X. In vitro gastrointestinal model for the elderly: Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on protein structures and antioxidant activities of whey protein isolate. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Colloidal Nanoparticles Isolated from Duck Soup Exhibit Antioxidant Effect on Macrophages and Enterocytes. Foods 2023; 12:foods12050981. [PMID: 36900498 PMCID: PMC10000818 DOI: 10.3390/foods12050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-derived colloidal nanoparticles (CNPs) have been found in many food cooking processes, and their specific effects on human health need to be further explored. Here, we report on the successful isolation of CNPs from duck soup. The hydrodynamic diameters of the obtained CNPs were 255.23 ± 12.77 nm, which comprised lipids (51.2%), protein (30.8%), and carbohydrates (7.9%). As indicated by the tests of free radical scavenging and ferric reducing capacities, the CNPs possessed remarkable antioxidant activity. Macrophages and enterocytes are essential for intestinal homeostasis. Therefore, RAW 264.7 and Caco-2 were applied to establish an oxidative stress model to investigate the antioxidant characteristics of the CNPs. The results showed that the CNPs from duck soup could be engulfed by these two cell lines, and could significantly alleviate 2,2'-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative damage. It indicates that the intake of duck soup is beneficial for intestinal health. These data contribute to revealing the underlying functional mechanism of Chinese traditional duck soup and the development of food-derived functional components.
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George DM, Ramadoss R, Mackey HR, Vincent AS. Comparative computational study to augment UbiA prenyltransferases inherent in purple photosynthetic bacteria cultured from mangrove microbial mats in Qatar for coenzyme Q 10 biosynthesis. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 36:e00775. [PMID: 36404947 PMCID: PMC9672418 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a powerful antioxidant with a myriad of applications in healthcare and cosmetic industries. The most effective route of CoQ10 production is microbial biosynthesis. In this study, four CoQ10 biosynthesizing purple photosynthetic bacteria: Rhodobacter blasticus, Rhodovulum adriaticum, Afifella pfennigii and Rhodovulum marinum, were identified using 16S rRNA sequencing of enriched microbial mat samples obtained from Purple Island mangroves (Qatar). The membrane bound enzyme 4-hydroxybenzoate octaprenyltransferase (UbiA) is pivotal for bacterial biosynthesis of CoQ10. The identified bacteria could be inducted as efficient industrial bio-synthesizers of CoQ10 by engineering their UbiA enzymes. Therefore, the mutation sites and substitution residues for potential functional enhancement were determined by comparative computational study. Two mutation sites were identified within the two conserved Asp-rich motifs, and the effect of proposed mutations in substrate binding affinity of the UbiA enzymes was assessed using multiple ligand simultaneous docking (MLSD) studies, as a groundwork for experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishya M. George
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ramya Ramadoss
- Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hamish R. Mackey
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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Oxidative stress alleviating potential of galactan exopolysaccharide from Weissella confusa KR780676 in yeast model system. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1089. [PMID: 35058551 PMCID: PMC8776969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, galactan exopolysaccharide (EPS) from Weissella confusa KR780676 was evaluated for its potential to alleviate oxidative stress using in vitro assays and in vivo studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (wild type) and its antioxidant (sod1∆, sod2∆, tsa1∆, cta2∆ and ctt1∆), anti-apoptotic (pep4∆ and fis1∆) and anti-aging (sod2∆, tsa1∆ and ctt1∆)) isogenic gene deletion mutants. Galactan exhibited strong DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 450 and 138 µg/mL respectively. In the yeast mutant model, oxidative stress generated by H2O2 was extensively scavenged by galactan in the medium as confirmed using spot assays followed by fluorescencent DCF-DA staining and microscopic studies. Galactan treatment resulted in reduction in the ROS generated in the yeast mutant cells as demonstrated by decreased fluorescence intensity. Furthermore, galactan exhibited protection against oxidative damage through H2O2 -induced apoptosis inhibition in the yeast mutant strains (pep4∆ and fis1∆) leading to increased survival rate by neutralizing the oxidative stress. In the chronological life span assay, WT cells treated with galactan EPS showed 8% increase in viability whereas sod2∆ mutant showed 10–15% increase indicating pronounced anti-aging effects. Galactan from W. confusa KR780676 has immense potential to be used as a natural antioxidant for nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and food technological applications. As per our knowledge, this is the first report on in-depth assessment of in vivo antioxidant properties of a bacterial EPS in a yeast deletion model system.
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Zong S, Wang H, Li J, Liu J, Jin C. Chemical compositions, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of ethanol extract from Zhuke-Hulu tea. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Wang H, Sha X, Li R, Li Y, Khaleque HN, Zhang Y, Bohu T, Bai Z, Zhuang X. Comparative Genome Analysis Provides Molecular Evidence for Reclassification of the Photosynthetic Bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides EBL0706 as a Strain of Luteovulum azotoformans. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081754. [PMID: 34442833 PMCID: PMC8398827 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we conducted a genome-wide comparative analysis of a former Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain EBL0706, which is now recorded as Luteovulum sphaeroides EBL0706. The genome of EBL0706 was compared with that of Luteovulum azotoformans ATCC 17025, Luteovulum azotoformans KA25, and Luteovulum sphaeroides 2.4.1. The average nucleotide identity (ANI), tetra nucleotide signatures (Tetra), digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values, comparative genome, and phylogenetic analysis proposed that EBL0706 is a strain of Luteovulum azotoformans. Functional annotations identified a total of 4034 protein-coding genes in the genome of EBL0706, including a complete photosynthetic gene cluster. This study provides genomic molecular verification for the strain EBL0706 to be reclassified to Luteovulum azotoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China;
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (X.S.); (R.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaoling Sha
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (X.S.); (R.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.); (X.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (X.S.); (R.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.); (X.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Huachen Jiguang Technology, Co. Ltd., Beijing 101407, China
| | - Yijing Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (X.S.); (R.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.); (X.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Yuxiu Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (T.B.); Tel.: +86-10-6233-1792 (Y.Z.); +853-6855-7877 (T.B.)
| | - Tsing Bohu
- State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macao
- CSIRO Mineral Resources, Australian Resources and Research Centre, Kensington, WA 6151, Australia
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (T.B.); Tel.: +86-10-6233-1792 (Y.Z.); +853-6855-7877 (T.B.)
| | - Zhihui Bai
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (X.S.); (R.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.); (X.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuliang Zhuang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (X.S.); (R.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.); (X.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhang P, Lu G, Liu J, Yan Z, Wang Y. Toxicological responses of Carassius auratus induced by benzophenone-3 exposure and the association with alteration of gut microbiota. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 747:141255. [PMID: 32771788 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in host's physiology. However, the effect of organic UV filters, an emerging contaminant on gut microbiota is poorly understood. Here, fish (Carassius auratus) were exposed to 2, 20 and 200 μg/L of benzophenone-3 (BP3) for 28 days to explore the toxicological effects and its association with the changes in the gut microbiota. The BP3 accumulation is time and dose dependent in the liver and intestine. Under BP3 subchronic exposure, fish's body and intestinal weights, reactive oxygen species (ROS), immunoglobulin M (IgM) and vitellogenin (VTG) levels, as well as 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin-O-debenzyloxylase (BFCOD) activities, were decreased. BP3 exposure has increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum and Mycobacterium genus. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the levels of ROS, IgM, estrogen receptor and VTG, activities of lysozyme, BFCOD and 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase were significantly correlated with the relative abundance of intestinal microbial genus (p < 0.05). These results highlight for the first time the association between the effects of organic UV filters on the antioxidant, immune, endocrine, and metabolic systems of the fish and changes in the gut microbiota, which extend knowledge of the role of gut microbiota in ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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George DM, Vincent AS, Mackey HR. An overview of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria and their applications in environmental biotechnology for sustainable Resource recovery. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 28:e00563. [PMID: 33304839 PMCID: PMC7714679 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (APB) are a phylogenetically diverse group of organisms that can harness solar energy for their growth and metabolism. These bacteria vary broadly in terms of their metabolism as well as the composition of their photosynthetic apparatus. Unlike oxygenic phototrophic bacteria such as algae and cyanobacteria, APB can use both organic and inorganic electron donors for light-dependent fixation of carbon dioxide without generating oxygen. Their versatile metabolism, ability to adapt in extreme conditions, low maintenance cost and high biomass yield make APB ideal for wastewater treatment, resource recovery and in the production of high value substances. This review highlights the advantages of APB over algae and cyanobacteria, and their applications in photo-bioelectrochemical systems, production of poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates, single-cell protein, biofertilizers and pigments. The ecology of ABP, their distinguishing factors, various physiochemical parameters governing the production of high-value substances and future directions of APB utilization are also discussed.
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Key Words
- ALA, 5-Aminolevulinic acid
- APB, Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria
- Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (APB)
- BChl, Bacteriochlorophyll
- BES, Bioelectrochemical systems
- BPV, Biophotovoltaic
- BPh, Bacteriopheophytin
- Bacteriochlorophyll (BChl)
- Chl, Chlorophyll
- CoQ10, Coenzyme Q10
- DET, Direct electron transfer
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- DO, Dissolved oxygen
- DXP, 1 deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate
- FPP, Farnesyl pyrophosphate
- Fe-S, Iron-Sulfur
- GNSB, Green non sulfur bacteria
- GSB, Green sulfur bacteria
- IPP, Isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase
- LED, light emitting diode
- LH2, light-harvesting component II
- MFC, Microbial fuel cell
- MVA, Mevalonate
- PH3B, Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
- PHA, Poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates
- PHB, Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate
- PNSB, Purple non sulfur bacteria
- PPB, Purple phototrophic bacteria
- PSB, Purple sulfur bacteria
- Pheo-Q, Pheophytin-Quinone
- Photo-BES, Photosynthetic bioelectrochemical systems
- Photo-MFC, Photo microbial fuel cell
- Poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
- Purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB)
- Resource recovery
- RuBisCO, Ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
- SCP, Single-cell protein
- SOB, Sulfide oxidizing bacteria
- SRB, Sulfate reducing bacteria
- Single-cell proteins (SCP)
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishya M. George
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Annette S. Vincent
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Biological Sciences Program, Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar, Qatar
| | - Hamish R. Mackey
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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Cao Q, Najnine F, Han H, Wu B, Cai J. BALOs Improved Gut Microbiota Health in Postlarval Shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei) After Being Subjected to Salinity Reduction Treatment. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1296. [PMID: 32714290 PMCID: PMC7344170 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
White shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, is a widely farmed species. In China, shrimp postlarvae (PL) are frequently subjected to salinity reduction treatment to meet end growers' needs. However, although this treatment effectively reduces vibrio counts, its impact on gut microbiota health is still unknown. In this study, we applied a euryhaline strain of BALOs, BDN-1F2 (BD), and Bacillus subtilis (SD) to the rearing of second-generation shrimp PL after salinity reduction treatment so as to determine if they could impact PL gut microbiota by using high-throughput sequencing analysis. Results show that PL gut microbiota, both compositionally and functionally, have been badly wrecked after salinity reduction treatment with the generally recognized as opportunistic pathogens Gammaproteobacteria being the only dominant class at day 1 of test, viz., 99.43, 85.61, and 83.28% in BD, SD, and control (CD) groups, respectively. At day 7, Gammaproteobacteria was still the only dominant class in the SD and CD groups with relative abundance of 99.77 and 99.87% correspondingly, whereas in the BD group, its value dropped to 8.44%. Regarding biodiversity parameter the Shannon index, over the 7-day test period, while the SD group was unchanged (0.98-0.93), the CD group dropped to 0.94 from 2.94, and the BD group was raised to 7.14 from 0.93. Functionally, compared to control, the SD group displayed similar strength of various predicted community functions, but the BD group had hugely enhanced its various capabilities (p < 0.05). These results demonstrated that the addition of BDN-1F2 had exceedingly improved PL gut microbiota health by raising its biodiversities and strengthening its functionalities. On reviewing data derived from this as well as relevant studies, a Shannon index cutoff value was tentatively suggested so as to differentiate microbiota-healthy PL7-15 from the unhealthy ones. Furthermore, a conceptual mechanism of BALOs in the rectification/improvement of the microbial community health has also been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Cao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Farhana Najnine
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongcao Han
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Modern Analysis Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junpeng Cai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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An J, Liu J, Liang Y, Ma Y, Chen C, Cheng Y, Peng P, Zhou N, Zhang R, Addy M, Chen P, Liu Y, Huang G, Ren D, Ruan R. Characterization, bioavailability and protective effects of phenolic-rich extracts from almond hulls against pro-oxidant induced toxicity in Caco-2 cells. Food Chem 2020; 322:126742. [PMID: 32305872 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Almond hulls, the main by-product of almond production, are considered a valuable source of bioactive phenolic compounds. This study aimed to characterize the phenolic composition, bioavailability of the phenolic-rich extracts from almond hulls (PEAH), and their protective effect on oxidative stressed Caco-2 cells induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BOOH). The ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) analysis detected 11 phenolic compounds in the PEAH with high total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Oxidative Caco-2 cell damage was reduced by PEAH, especially at 5 μg/mL, through scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), modulating the cellular endogenous antioxidant system and cell redox at a predictable status. Also, in vitro digestion influenced the phenolic compounds' composition and antioxidant power of PEAH. These results suggested that almond hulls, rich in phenolic compounds, can meliorate the oxidative stressed Caco-2 cells and restore its impaired redox balance, and ultimately improve health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun An
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
| | - Juer Liu
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, MN, USA
| | - Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yiwei Ma
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, MN, USA
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, MN, USA
| | - Yanling Cheng
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
| | - Peng Peng
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
| | - Nan Zhou
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
| | - Renchuan Zhang
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
| | - Min Addy
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
| | - Paul Chen
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, and Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Guangwei Huang
- Almond Board of California, 1150 9th Street, Suite 1500, Modesto, CA 95354, USA
| | - Difeng Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Roger Ruan
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, MN, USA.
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Ye Q, Feng Y, Wang Z, Zhou A, Xie S, Fan L, Xiang Q, Song E, Zou J. Effects of dietary Gelsemium elegans alkaloids on intestinal morphology, antioxidant status, immune responses and microbiota of Megalobrama amblycephala. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:464-478. [PMID: 31546035 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous plant extracts used as feed additives in aquaculture have been shown to stimulate appetite, promote growth and enhance immunostimulatory and disease resistance in cultured fish. However, there are few studies on the famous Chinese herbal medicine Gelsemium elegans, which attracts our attention. In this study, we used the Megalobrama amblycephala to investigate the effects of G. elegans alkaloids on fish intestinal health after diet supplementation with 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg G. elegans alkaloids for 12 weeks. We found that dietary G. elegans alkaloids at 40 mg/kg improved intestinal morphology by increasing villus length, muscle thickness and villus number in the foregut and midgut and muscle thickness in the hindgut (P < 0.05). These alkaloids also significantly improved intestinal antioxidant capabilities by increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase, total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde levels and up-regulated intestinal Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD (P < 0.05) at 20 and 40 mg/kg. Dietary G. elegans alkaloids improved intestinal immunity via up-regulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and IFN-α and down-regulating expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β (P < 0.05) at 20 and 40 mg/kg. The expression of Toll-like receptors TRL1, 3, 4 and 7 were also up-regulated in intestine of M. amblycephala (P < 0.05). In intestinal microbiota, the abundance of Proteobacteria was increased while the Firmicutes abundance was decreased at phylum level after feeding the alkaloids (P < 0.05). The alkaloids also increased the abundance of the probiotic Rhodobacter and decreased the abundance of the pathogenic Staphylococcus at genus level (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary G. elegans alkaloid supplementation promoted intestine health by improving intestine morphology, immunity, antioxidant abilities and intestinal microbiota in M. amblycephala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Ye
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyong Feng
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenlu Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aiguo Zhou
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaolin Xie
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanfen Fan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Xiang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Enfeng Song
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jixing Zou
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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