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Immerzeel P, Fiskari J. Synergism of enzymes in chemical pulp bleaching from an industrial point of view‐A critical review. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Immerzeel
- Mid Sweden University, Fibre Science and Communication Network Sundsvall Sweden
| | - Juha Fiskari
- Mid Sweden University, Fibre Science and Communication Network Sundsvall Sweden
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2
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Purification and characterization of a cellulase-free, thermostable endo-xylanase from Streptomyces griseorubens LH-3 and its use in biobleaching on eucalyptus kraft pulp. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 125:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Laboratory Evolution of Bacillus circulans Xylanase Inserted into Pyrococcus furiosus Maltodextrin-Binding Protein for Increased Xylanase Activity and Thermal Stability Toward Alkaline pH. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 184:1232-1246. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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4
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Shah V, Pierre B, Kirtadze T, Shin S, Kim JR. Stabilization of Bacillus circulans xylanase by combinatorial insertional fusion to a thermophilic host protein. Protein Eng Des Sel 2017; 30:281-290. [PMID: 28100651 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzw081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High thermostability of an enzyme is critical for its industrial application. While many engineering approaches such as mutagenesis have enhanced enzyme thermostability, they often suffer from reduced enzymatic activity. A thermally stabilized enzyme with unchanged amino acids is preferable for subsequent functional evolution necessary to address other important industrial needs. In the research presented here, we applied insertional fusion to a thermophilic maltodextrin-binding protein from Pyrococcus furiosus (PfMBP) in order to improve the thermal stability of Bacillus circulans xylanase (BCX). Specifically, we used an engineered transposon to construct a combinatorial library of randomly inserted BCX into PfMBP. The library was then subjected to functional screening to identify successful PfMBP-BCX insertion complexes, PfMBP-BCX161 and PfMBP-BCX165, displaying substantially improved kinetic stability at elevated temperatures compared to unfused BCX and other controls. Results from subsequent characterizations were consistent with the view that lowered aggregation of BCX and reduced conformational flexibility at the termini was responsible for increased thermal stability. Our stabilizing approach neither sacrificed xylanase activity nor required changes in the BCX amino acid sequence. Overall, the current study demonstrated the benefit of combinatorial insertional fusion to PfMBP as a systematic tool for the creation of enzymatically active and thermostable BCX variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandan Shah
- Othmer-Jacobs Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Brennal Pierre
- Othmer-Jacobs Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Tamari Kirtadze
- Othmer-Jacobs Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Seung Shin
- Othmer-Jacobs Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Jin Ryoun Kim
- Othmer-Jacobs Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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5
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Wu S, Wang Y, Shen T, Wang J, Zhang G. Investigation on the underlying mechanism: How fusion xylanase-ELPs self-assembles into insoluble active aggregates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Production of structurally diverse wheat arabinoxylan hydrolyzates using combinations of xylanase and arabinofuranosidase. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 132:452-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Gonçalves GA, Takasugi Y, Jia L, Mori Y, Noda S, Tanaka T, Ichinose H, Kamiya N. Synergistic effect and application of xylanases as accessory enzymes to enhance the hydrolysis of pretreated bagasse. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 72:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Recombinant xylanase from Streptomyces coelicolor Ac-738: characterization and the effect on xylan-containing products. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:801-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Zhang J, Tuomainen P, Siika-Aho M, Viikari L. Comparison of the synergistic action of two thermostable xylanases from GH families 10 and 11 with thermostable cellulases in lignocellulose hydrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:9090-5. [PMID: 21767947 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant xylanase preparations from Nonomuraea flexuosa (Nf Xyn, GH11) and Thermoascus aurantiacus (Ta Xyn, GH10) were evaluated for their abilities to hydrolyze hydrothermally pretreated wheat straw. The GH family 10 enzyme Ta Xyn was clearly more efficient in solubilizing xylan from pretreated wheat straw. Improvement of the hydrolysis of hydrothermally pretreated wheat straw by addition of the thermostable xylanase preparations to thermostable cellulases was evaluated. Clear synergistic enhancement of hydrolysis of cellulose was observed when cellulases were supplemented even with a low amount of pure xylanases. Xylobiose was the main hydrolysis product from xylan. It was found that the hydrolysis of cellulose increased nearly linearly with xylan removal during the enzymatic hydrolysis. The results also showed that the xylanase preparation from T. aurantiacus, belonging to GH family 10 always showed better hydrolytic capacity of solubilizing xylan and acting synergistically with thermostable cellulases in the hydrolysis of hydrothermally pretreated wheat straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China.
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10
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Joo JC, Pack SP, Kim YH, Yoo YJ. Thermostabilization of Bacillus circulans xylanase: computational optimization of unstable residues based on thermal fluctuation analysis. J Biotechnol 2010; 151:56-65. [PMID: 20959126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Low thermostability often hampers the applications of xylanases in industrial processes operated at high temperature, such as degradation of biomass or pulp bleaching. Thermostability of enzymes can be improved by the optimization of unstable residues via protein engineering. In this study, computational modeling instead of random mutagenesis was used to optimize unstable residues of Bacillus circulans xylanase (Bcx). The thermal fluctuations of unstable residues known as important to the thermal unfolding of Bcx were investigated by the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at 300 K and 330 K to identify promising residues. The N52 site in unstable regions showed the highest thermal fluctuations. Subsequently, computational design was conducted to predict the optimal sequences of unstable residues. Five optimal single mutants were predicted by the computational design, and the N52Y mutation showed the thermostabilization effect. The N52 residue is conserved in Bacillus species xylanases and the structure analysis revealed that the N52Y mutation introduced more hydrophobic clusters for thermostability, as well as a more favorable aromatic stacking environment for substrate binding. We confirm that flexible residues at high temperature in unstable regions can be promising targets to improve thermostability of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Chan Joo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
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11
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Li X, She Y, Sun B, Song H, Zhu Y, Lv Y, Song H. Purification and characterization of a cellulase-free, thermostable xylanase from Streptomyces rameus L2001 and its biobleaching effect on wheat straw pulp. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Characterization of a family GH5 xylanase with activity on neutral oligosaccharides and evaluation as a pulp bleaching aid. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:6290-4. [PMID: 20656870 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00871-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new bacterial xylanase belonging to family 5 of glycosyl hydrolases was identified and characterized. The xylanase, Xyn5B from Bacillus sp. strain BP-7, was active on neutral, nonsubstituted xylooligosaccharides, showing a clear difference from other GH5 xylanases characterized to date that show a requirement for methyl-glucuronic acid side chains for catalysis. The enzyme was evaluated on Eucalyptus kraft pulp, showing its effectiveness as a bleaching aid.
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13
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Viikari L, Grönqvist S, Kruus K, Pere J, Siika-Aho M, Suurnäkki A. Industrial Biotechnology in the Paper and Pulp Sector. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527630233.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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14
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Obtaining low-HexA-content cellulose from eucalypt fibres: Which glycosil hydrolase family is more efficient? Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Hyper production of cellulase-free xylanase by Thermomyces lanuginosus SSBP on bagasse pulp and its application in biobleaching. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 81:887-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Prebleaching of softwood and hardwood pulps by a high performance xylanase belonging to a novel clade of glycosyl hydrolase family 11. Enzyme Microb Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Manimaran A, Vatsala TM. Biobleaching of banana fibre pulp using Bacillus subtilis C O1 xylanase produced from wheat bran under solid-state cultivation. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 34:745-9. [PMID: 17712584 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-007-0248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A cellulase-free xylanase produced by Bacillus subtilis C 01 from wheat bran under solid-state cultivation was tested for its efficacy in biobleaching of raw banana fibre and banana pulp obtained through a mechanical pulping process. Banana pulp samples treated with crude xylanase (450 nkat g(-1) pulp) resulted in a 19.6% increase in the brightness as compared to untreated pulp. The presence of chromophores, hydrophobic compounds and an increased reducing sugar (10.79 mg g(-1) pulp) quantity in the bleached solution after enzymatic treatment indicated the removal of materials that were absorbed at 237 nm from the banana pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Manimaran
- Shri AMM Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre, Tharamani, Chennai 600 113, India.
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18
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St John FJ, Rice JD, Preston JF. Characterization of XynC from Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis strain 168 and analysis of its role in depolymerization of glucuronoxylan. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:8617-26. [PMID: 17028274 PMCID: PMC1698249 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01283-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of xylanase activities by Bacillus subtilis 168 supports the development of this well-defined genetic system for conversion of methylglucuronoxylan (MeGAXn [where n represents the number of xylose residues]) in the hemicellulose component of lignocellulosics to biobased products. In addition to the characterized glycosyl hydrolase family 11 (GH 11) endoxylanase designated XynA, B. subtilis 168 secretes a second endoxylanase as the translated product of the ynfF gene. This sequence shows remarkable homology to the GH 5 endoxylanase secreted by strains of Erwinia chrysanthemi. To determine its properties and potential role in the depolymerization of MeGAXn, the ynfF gene was cloned and overexpressed to provide an endoxylanase, designated XynC, which was characterized with respect to substrate preference, kinetic properties, and product formation. With different sources of MeGAXn as the substrate, the specific activity increased with increasing methylglucuronosyl substitutions on the beta-1,4-xylan chain. With MeGAXn from sweetgum as a preferred substrate, XynC exhibited a Vmax of 59.9 units/mg XynC, a Km of 1.63 mg MeGAXn/ml, and a k(cat) of 2,635/minute at pH 6.0 and 37 degrees C. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance data revealed that each hydrolysis product has a single glucuronosyl substitution penultimate to the reducing terminal xylose. This detailed analysis of XynC from B. subtilis 168 defines the unique depolymerization process catalyzed by the GH 5 endoxylanases. Based upon product analysis, B. subtilis 168 secretes both XynA and XynC. Expression of xynA was subject to MeGAXn induction; xynC expression was constitutive with growth on different substrates. Translation and secretion of both GH 11 and GH 5 endoxylanases by the fully sequenced and genetically malleable B. subtilis 168 recommends this bacterium for the introduction of genes required for the complete utilization of products of the enzyme-catalyzed depolymerization of MeGAXn. B. subtilis may serve as a model platform for development of gram-positive biocatalysts for conversion of lignocellulosic materials to renewable fuels and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz J St John
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Box 110700, Bldg. 981, Museum Rd., Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Jiang ZQ, Li XT, Yang SQ, Li LT, Li Y, Feng WY. Biobleach boosting effect of recombinant xylanase B from the hyperthermophilic Thermotoga maritima on wheat straw pulp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 70:65-71. [PMID: 16059689 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant xylanase B (XynB) of Thermotoga maritima MSB8 was found to be highly specific towards xylans and exhibit very low activity towards carboxymethylcellulose in previous study. XynB was thermostable at neutral to alkaline pH region at 90 degrees C and retained more than 90% activity after 1 h over the pH range of pH 6.1 to 11.1. The suitability of XynB for use in the biobleaching of wheat straw pulp was investigated. Pretreatment of the pulp with XynB resulted in a substantial improvement in the bleachability of wheat straw pulp. When XynB at 10 U g(-1) was used to treat wheat straw pulp, it reduced pulp kappa number by 1.1 point, enhanced pulp brightness by 5.5% (% ISO) and improved other pulp properties, such as tensile index and breaking length. Biobleaching of wheat straw pulp with XynB saved active chlorine up to 34.5% while still maintaining the brightness at the control level. Besides, pretreatment of pulp with XynB was also effective at an alkaline pH as high as pH 10.1. This is the first report on the potential application of XynB from T. maritima MSB8 in the pulp and paper sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Jiang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Leskinen S, Mäntylä A, Fagerström R, Vehmaanperä J, Lantto R, Paloheimo M, Suominen P. Thermostable xylanases, Xyn10A and Xyn11A, from the actinomycete Nonomuraea flexuosa: isolation of the genes and characterization of recombinant Xyn11A polypeptides produced in Trichoderma reesei. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 67:495-505. [PMID: 15650852 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1797-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Revised: 10/06/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two endoxylanases, Nf Xyn11A and Nf Xyn10A, were cloned from a Nonomuraea flexuosa (previously Actinomadura flexuosa) DSM43186 genomic expression library in Escherichia coli. The coding sequences of xyn11A and xyn10A consist of 344 and 492 amino acids, respectively. The catalytic domains belong to family 11 and family 10 of glycoside hydrolases. The C-termini share strong amino acid sequence similarity to carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) families CBM2 and CBM13, respectively. Native Nf Xyn11A, and recombinant Xyn11A expressed in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei, were purified from cultivation media and characterized. The molecular masses of the full-length enzymes determined by mass spectrometry were 32.9 kDa and 33.4 kDa, the recombinant enzyme having higher molecular mass due to glycosylation. In addition, shorter polypeptides with molecular masses of 23.8 kDa and 22.0 kDa were characterized from the T. reesei culture medium, both lacking the C-terminal CBM and the 22.0 kDa polypeptide also lacking most of the linker region. The recombinant polypeptides were similar to each other in terms of specific activity, pH and temperature dependence. However, the 23.8 kDa and 22.0 kDa polypeptides were more thermostable at 80 degrees C than the full-length enzyme. All polypeptide forms were effective in pretreatment of softwood kraft pulp at 80 degrees C.
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21
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Beaugrand J, Chambat G, Wong VWK, Goubet F, Rémond C, Paës G, Benamrouche S, Debeire P, O'Donohue M, Chabbert B. Impact and efficiency of GH10 and GH11 thermostable endoxylanases on wheat bran and alkali-extractable arabinoxylans. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:2529-40. [PMID: 15476714 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The results of a comparative study of two thermostable (1-->4)-beta-xylan endoxylanases using a multi-technical approach indicate that a GH11 xylanase is more useful than a GH10 xylanase for the upgrading of wheat bran into soluble oligosaccharides. Both enzymes liberated complex mixtures of xylooligosaccharides. 13C NMR analysis provided evidence that xylanases cause the co-solubilisation of beta-glucan, which is a result of cell-wall disassembly. The simultaneous use of both xylanases did not result in a synergistic action on wheat bran arabinoxylans, but instead led to the production of a product mixture whose profile resembled that produced by the action of the GH10 xylanase alone. Upon treatment with either xylanase, the diferulic acid levels in residual bran were unaltered, whereas content in ferulic and p-coumaric acids were unequally decreased. With regard to the major differences between the enzymes, the products resulting from the action of the GH10 xylanase were smaller in size than those produced by the GH11 xylanase, indicating a higher proportion of cleavage sites for the GH10 xylanase. The comparison of the kinetic parameters of each xylanase using various alkali-extractable arabinoxylans indicated that the GH10 xylanase was most active on soluble arabinoxylans. In contrast, probably because GH11 xylanase can better penetrate the cell-wall network, this enzyme was more efficient than the GH10 xylanase in the hydrolysis of wheat bran. Indeed the former enzyme displayed a nearly 2-fold higher affinity and a 6.8-fold higher turnover rate in the presence of this important by-product of the milling industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Beaugrand
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR FARE-614, Centre de Recherche Agronomique, 2 esplanade Roland Garros, BP 224, F-51686 Reims, France
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22
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Decelle B, Tsang A, Storms RK. Cloning, functional expression and characterization of three Phanerochaete chrysosporium endo-1,4-beta-xylanases. Curr Genet 2004; 46:166-75. [PMID: 15278289 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-004-0520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2004] [Revised: 06/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three Phanerochaete chrysosporium endo-1,4-beta-xylanase genes were cloned and expressed in Aspergillus niger. Two of these genes, xynA and xynC, encode family 10 glycoside hydrolases, while the third, xynB, codes for a family 11 glycoside hydrolase. All three xylanases possess a type I carbohydrate-binding domain connected to the catalytic domain by a linker region. The three xylanases were purified to homogeneity by weak anion or Avicell column chromatography and subsequently characterized. The XynA, XynB and XynC enzymes have molecular masses of 52, 30 and 50 kDa, respectively. Optimal activity was obtained at pH 4.5 and 70 degrees C with the family 10 xylanases and pH 4.5 and 60 degrees C with the family 11 xylanase. The measured Km when using birchwood xylan as the substrate was 3.71 +/- 0.69 mg/ml for XynA and XynC and was 9.96 +/- 1.45 mg/ml for XynB. Substrate specificity studies and the products released during the degradation of birchwood xylan suggest differences in catalytic properties between the two family 10 xylanases and the family 11 xylanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Decelle
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke W, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Goesaert H, Elliott G, Kroon PA, Gebruers K, Courtin CM, Robben J, Delcour JA, Juge N. Occurrence of proteinaceous endoxylanase inhibitors in cereals. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1696:193-202. [PMID: 14871660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2003.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2003] [Accepted: 08/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cereals contain proteinaceous inhibitors of endoxylanases, which affect the efficiency and functionality of these enzymes in cereal processing. This review relates their first discovery in wheat and the subsequent purification of two distinct classes of endoxylanase inhibitors, namely Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor (TAXI)-type and xylanase inhibitor protein (XIP)-type inhibitors in cereals. Both inhibitor classes occur in monocots as multi-isoform families. The reported data provide an overview of the relative quantitative and qualitative variation of these inhibitors in cereals. Wheat and rye are particularly rich in TAXI-type and XIP-type inhibitors with the latter inhibitors being more abundant. Lower inhibitor levels are present in durum wheat and barley, while maize contains solely XIP-type inhibitors. No inhibitors have been isolated from rice, oats and buckwheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Goesaert
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
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24
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Sørensen JF, Kragh KM, Sibbesen O, Delcour J, Goesaert H, Svensson B, Tahir TA, Brufau J, Perez-Vendrell AM, Bellincampi D, D'Ovidio R, Camardella L, Giovane A, Bonnin E, Juge N. Potential role of glycosidase inhibitors in industrial biotechnological applications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1696:275-87. [PMID: 14871668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2003.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2003] [Accepted: 09/30/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The nutrient content of food and animal feed may be improved through new knowledge about enzymatic changes in complex carbohydrates. Enzymatic hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates containing alpha or beta glycosidic bonds is very important in nutrition and in several technological processes. These enzymes are called glycosidases (Enzyme Class 3.2.1) and include amylases, pectinases and xylanases. They are present in many foods such as cereals, but their microbial analogues are often produced and added in many food processes, for instance to improve the shelf-life of bakery products, clear beer, produce glucose, fructose or dextrins, hydrolyse lactose, modify food pectins, or improve processes. However, many plant foods also contain endogenous inhibitors, which reduce the activity of glycosidases, in particular, proteins, peptides, complexing agents and phenolic compounds. The plant proteinaceous inhibitors of glycosidases are in focus in this review whose objective is to report the effect and implications of these inhibitors in industrial processes and applications. These studies will contribute to the optimisation of industrial processes by using modified enzymes not influenced by the natural inhibitors. They will also allow careful selection of raw material and reaction conditions, and future development of new genetic varieties low in inhibitors. These are all new and very promising concepts for the food and feed sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Frisbaek Sørensen
- Section Enzyme Development, Danisco Cultor A/S, Edwin Rahrsvej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark.
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25
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Béki E, Nagy I, Vanderleyden J, Jäger S, Kiss L, Fülöp L, Hornok L, Kukolya J. Cloning and heterologous expression of a beta-D-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.25)-encoding gene from Thermobifida fusca TM51. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:1944-52. [PMID: 12676668 PMCID: PMC154781 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.4.1944-1952.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2002] [Accepted: 01/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermobifida fusca TM51, a thermophilic actinomycete isolated from composted horse manure, was found to produce a number of lignocellulose-degrading hydrolases, including endoglucanases, exoglucanases, endoxylanases, beta-xylosidases, endomannanases, and beta-mannosidases, when grown on cellulose or hemicellulose as carbon sources. beta-Mannosidases (EC 3.2.1.25), although contributing to the hydrolysis of hemicellulose fractions, such as galacto-mannans, constitute a lesser-known group of the lytic enzyme systems due to their low representation in the proteins secreted by hemicellulolytic microorganisms. An expression library of T. fusca, prepared in Streptomyces lividans TK24, was screened for beta-mannosidase activity to clone genes coding for mannosidases. One positive clone was identified, and a beta-mannosidase-encoding gene (manB) was isolated. Sequence analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of the putative ManB protein revealed substantial similarity to known mannosidases in family 2 of the glycosyl hydrolase enzymes. The calculated molecular mass of the predicted protein was 94 kDa, with an estimated pI of 4.87. S. lividans was used as heterologous expression host for the putative beta-mannosidase gene of T. fusca. The purified gene product obtained from the culture filtrate of S. lividans was then subjected to more-detailed biochemical analysis. Temperature and pH optima of the recombinant enzyme were 53 degrees C and 7.17, respectively. Substrate specificity tests revealed that the enzyme exerts only beta-D-mannosidase activity. Its kinetic parameters, determined on para-nitrophenyl beta-D-mannopyranoside (pNP-betaM) substrate were as follows: K(m) = 180 micro M and V(max) = 5.96 micro mol min(-1) mg(-1); the inhibition constant for mannose was K(i) = 5.5 mM. Glucono-lacton had no effect on the enzyme activity. A moderate trans-glycosidase activity was also observed when the enzyme was incubated in the presence of pNP-alphaM and pNP-betaM; under these conditions mannosyl groups were transferred by the enzyme from pNP-betaM to pNP-alphaM resulting in the synthesis of small amounts (1 to 2%) of disaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Béki
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Microbiology, Szent István University, Gödöllõ, Hungary
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26
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Rapid production of thermostable cellulase-free xylanase by a strain of Bacillus subtilis and its properties. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Christov L, Biely P, Kalogeris E, Christakopoulos P, Prior BA, Bhat MK. Effects of purified endo-beta-1,4-xylanases of family 10 and 11 and acetyl xylan esterases on eucalypt sulfite dissolving pulp. J Biotechnol 2000; 83:231-44. [PMID: 11051420 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(00)00324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sulfite dissolving pulp from Eucalyptus grandis contained approximately 3.8% O-acetyl-4-O-methylglucuronoxylan with a molar ratio of xylose:4-O-methylglucuronic acid:acetyl group close to 13.6:1:6.2. The effects produced by purified endo-xylanases from two different glycosyl hydrolase families (family 10 and 11) as well as acetyl xylan esterases were examined and assessed on pulp in relation to their bleaching abilities. The purified endo-xylanases hydrolyzed only a limited portion (less than 30%) of the acetylglucuronoxylan present in the pulp. The enzymes of family 10 produced acetylated xylobiose and xylotriose whereas acetylated xylobiose was not observed among the products released from the pulp by the family 11 xylanases. The esterases however were not capable of deacetylating the acetylated aldouronic acids generated by the xylanases. Regardless of the different mode of action of the endo-xylanases on dissolving pulp, their effect on pulp bleaching was not related to the amount and nature of sugars generated or the glycosyl hydrolase family. No additional brightness gain was obtained when endo-xylanases were used in conjunction with acetyl xylan esterases, suggesting that the latter do not play an important role in biobleaching of eucalypt sulfite dissolving pulps.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Christov
- Sappi Management Services, Springs, South Africa.
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28
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Kaneko S, Kitaoka M, Kuno A, Hayashi K. Syntheses of 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylobioside and 5-bromo-3-indolyl-beta-D-xylobioside for sensitive detection of xylanase activity on agar plates. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2000; 64:741-5. [PMID: 10830486 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.64.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
4-Methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-xylobioside (MU-X2) and 5-bromo-3-indolyl-beta-D-xylobioside (BI-X2) were synthesized as substrates for the detection of xylanase activity on agar plates. A family F/10 xylanase from Streptomyces olivaceoviridis E-86 (FXYN) was able to be more sensitively detected than RBB-xylan by using MU-X2 as a substrate. A mutant xylanase E128H/FXYN having only 1/1000 of the activity of FXYN was also able to be detected on the MU-X2 plate but was not detected on the RBB-xylan plate. A family G/11 xylanase from Streptomyces lividans 66 (Xyn B) was not detected on the MU-X2 plate, but it was able to be detected on the RBB-xylan plate, suggesting that the MU-X2 substrate is specific to family F/10 xylanases. However, none of the xylanases were detected effectively by using BI-X2 as a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaneko
- NationalFood Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Ibaraki, Japan
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29
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Georis J, de Lemos Esteves F, Lamotte-Brasseur J, Bougnet V, Devreese B, Giannotta F, Granier B, Frère JM. An additional aromatic interaction improves the thermostability and thermophilicity of a mesophilic family 11 xylanase: structural basis and molecular study. Protein Sci 2000; 9:466-75. [PMID: 10752608 PMCID: PMC2144569 DOI: 10.1110/ps.9.3.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In a general approach to the understanding of protein adaptation to high temperature, molecular models of the closely related mesophilic Streptomyces sp. S38 Xyl1 and thermophilic Thermomonospora fusca TfxA family 11 xylanases were built and compared with the three-dimensional (3D) structures of homologous enzymes. Some of the structural features identified as potential contributors to the higher thermostability of TfxA were introduced in Xyl1 by site-directed mutagenesis in an attempt to improve its thermostability and thermophilicity. A new Y11-Y16 aromatic interaction, similar to that present in TfxA and created in Xyl1 by the T11Y mutation, improved both the thermophilicity and thermostability. Indeed, the optimum activity temperature (70 vs. 60 degrees C) and the apparent Tm were increased by about 9 degrees C, and the mutant was sixfold more stable at 57 degrees C. The combined mutations A82R/F168H/N169D/delta170 potentially creating a R82-D169 salt bridge homologous to that present in TfxA improved the thermostability but not the thermophilicity. Mutations R82/D170 and S33P seemed to be slightly destabilizing and devoid of influence on the optimal activity temperature of Xyl1. Structural analysis revealed that residues Y11 and Y16 were located on beta-strands B1 and B2, respectively. This interaction should increase the stability of the N-terminal part of Xyl1. Moreover, Y11 and Y16 seem to form an aromatic continuum with five other residues forming putative subsites involved in the binding of xylan (+3, +2, +1, -1, -2). Y11 and Y16 might represent two additional binding subsites (-3, -4) and the T11Y mutation could thus improve substrate binding to the enzyme at higher temperature and thus the thermophilicity of Xyl1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Georis
- Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Chimie B6, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
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30
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Georis J, Giannotta F, Granier B, Frère J. Purification and properties of three endo-beta-1,4-xylanases produced by Streptomyces sp. strain S38 which differ in their ability to enhance the bleaching of kraft pulps*(2). Enzyme Microb Technol 2000; 26:178-186. [PMID: 10689075 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(99)00141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of xylan, Streptomyces sp. strain S38 secretes three xylanases (Xyl1, Xyl2, and Xyl3) that were purified to protein homogeneity and characterized. When used in bleach boosting tests on kraft hardwood and softwood, Xyl1, a family-11 enzyme, was more effective than Xyl2 and Xyl3 that belonged to family-10. Xyl1 was fully responsible for the biodelignification potential of the culture supernatants with a minimal effective amount of 10 IU per gram of dry pulp for both softwood and hardwood pulp. Complete conventional CEDED bleaching sequences showed that enzymatic pretreatment (20 IU/g dry pulp) could result in active chlorine savings of 8.6 and 4.9 kg/ton of dry pulp with hardwood and softwood, respectively. The purified enzymes were totally devoid of cellulase activity on CM-cellulose and their activities were optimal at about 60 degrees C and pH 6. Moreover, the V(max) value of Xyl1 at 50 degrees C measured on birchwood xylan (5,700 µmoles/min/mg prot.) was significantly higher than those of Xyl2 and Xyl3 whereas their K(m) values were similar. Their half-lives at 50 degrees C were larger than 16 h but sharply decreased at 60 degrees C where the family-11 Xyl1 was less stable (t(1/2)(60 degrees C) = 10 min) than both family-10 enzymes Xyl2 (t(1/2)(60 degrees C) = 30 min) and Xyl3 (t(1/2)(60 degrees C) = 70 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Georis
- Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Chimie, B6, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
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31
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Nogawa M, Yatsui K, Tomioka A, Okada H, Morikawa Y. An alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase from Trichoderma reesei containing a noncatalytic xylan-binding domain. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:3964-8. [PMID: 10473402 PMCID: PMC99727 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.9.3964-3968.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Sorbose, an excellent cellulase and xylanase inducer from Trichoderma reesei PC-3-7, also induced alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (alpha-AF) activity. An alpha-AF induced by L-sorbose was purified to homogeneity, and its molecular mass was revealed to be 35 kDa (AF35), which was not consistent with that of the previously reported alpha-AF. Another species, with a molecular mass of 53 kDa (AF53), which is identical to that of the reported alpha-AF, was obtained by a different purification procedure. Acid treatment of the ammonium sulfate-precipitated fraction at pH 3.0 in the purification steps or pepsin treatment of the purified AF53 reduced the molecular mass to 35 kDa. Both purified enzymes have the same enzymological properties, such as pH and temperature effects on activity and kinetic parameters for p-nitrophenyl-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside (pNPA). Moreover, the N-terminal amino acid sequences of these enzymes were identical with that of the reported alpha-AF. Therefore, it is obvious that AF35 results from the proteolytic cleavage of the C-terminal region of AF53. Although AF35 and AF53 showed the same catalytic constant with pNPA, the former showed drastically reduced specific activity against oat spelt xylan compared to the latter. Furthermore, AF53 was bound to xylan rather than to crystalline cellulose (Avicel), but AF35 could not be bound to any of the glycans. These results suggest that AF53 is a modular glycanase, which consists of an N-terminal catalytic domain and a C-terminal noncatalytic xylan-binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nogawa
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-21, Japan
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32
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Kuno A, Shimizu D, Kaneko S, Hasegawa T, Gama Y, Hayashi K, Kusakabe I, Taira K. Significant enhancement in the binding of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylobioside by the E128H mutant F/10 xylanase from Streptomyces olivaceoviridis E-86. FEBS Lett 1999; 450:299-305. [PMID: 10359093 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutagenesis studies were carried out to examine the effects of replacement of either the nucleophile Glu-236 or the acid/base Glu-128 residue of the F/10 xylanase by a His residue. To our surprise, the affinity for the p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylobioside substrate was increased by 10(3)-fold in the case of the mutant E128H enzyme compared with that of the wild-type F/10 xylanase. The catalytic activity of the mutant enzymes was low, despite the fact that the distance between the nucleophilic atom (an oxygen in the native xylanase and a nitrogen in the mutant) and the alpha-carbon was barely changed. Thus, the alteration of the acid/base functionality (Glu-128 to His mutation) provided a significantly favorable interaction within the E128H enzyme/substrate complex in the ground state, accompanying a reduction in the stabilization effect in the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kuno
- Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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33
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PCR cloning and expression of the family xylanase gene from Streptomyces olivaceoviridis E-86. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(98)80147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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