Usefulness of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT for evaluating the PD-L1 status in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

PET Imaging of Fibroblast Activation Protein in Various Cancers Using [18F]AlF‑NOTA‑FAPI‑04: Comparison with 18F-FDG in a Single-Center, Prospective Study

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES

Targeting fibroblast-activation protein is a newer diagnostic approach for the visualization of tumor stroma, and a novel aluminum-[18F] fluoride (Al18F)-labeled fibroblast-activation protein inhibitor-4 (FAPI-04), hereafter [18F] AlF-NOTA-FAPI-04, presents a promising alternative to gallium 68 (68Ga)-labeled FAPI owing to its relatively longer half-life. This study sought to evaluate the clinical usefulness of [18F] AlF-NOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT for the diagnosis of various types of cancer, compared to [18F] FDG PET/CT.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this prospective study conducted from October 2021 to January 2024, a total of 148 patients with 16 different tumor entities underwent contemporaneous 18F-FDG and 18F-FAPI-04 PET/CT either for an initial assessment or for recurrence detection. Uptake of 18F-FDG and 18F-FAPI-04 was quantified by the maximum standard uptake value (SUV max). Diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were compared by using the McNemar test between these two imaging agents.

RESULTS

18F-FAPI-04 PET/CT could clearly depict 16 different types of cancer with excellent image contrast, thereby leading to a higher detection rate of primary tumors than did 18F-FDG PET/CT (98.06% vs. 81.55%, P＜0.001). In per-lymph node analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in the diagnosis of metastatic lymph nodes were 92.44%, 90.44%, and 91.56%, respectively, which was much higher than that 18F-FDG PET/CT (80.23%, 79.41%, and 79.87%, respectively). Meanwhile, 18F-FAPI-04 PET/CT outperformed 18F-FDG PET/CT in identifying more suspected distant metastases (86.57% vs. 74.13%, P＜0.001). Furthermore, 18F-FAPI-04 PET/CT upgraded tumor staging in 36/101 patients (35.6%), and detected tumor recurrence or metastases in 43/47 patients (91.49%).

CONCLUSION

Our findings demonstrated that primary and metastatic lesions in patients with various types of malignant tumors are well-visualized on 18F-FAPI-04 PET/CT, which exhibited a superior diagnostic performance than 18F-FDG PET/CT. Moreover, 18F-FAPI-04 PET/CT is a promising tool for tumor staging and follow-up of various malignancies.

Reproducibility and usefulness of quantitative apparent diffusion coefficient measurements for predicting program death-ligand 1 expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Accurate assessment of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) before immunotherapy is crucial. We aimed to explore the reproducibility and usefulness of the quantitative apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements for predicting PD-L1expression status in NPC.

METHODS

We retrospectively recruited 134 NPC patients who underwent MRI scans and PD-L1 detection. A PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS) ≥ 20 was identified as high expression status. Patients were divide into two cohorts based on the MRI scanning devices, including a 1.5-T MRI cohort (n = 85, 44 PD-L1 high expression) and a 3.0-T MRI cohort (n = 49, 24 PD-L1 high expression). The mean ADC (ADCmean), minimum ADC (ADCmin) and maximal ADC (ADCmax) values were independently measured by two observers. The ADC measurement reproducibility was assessed by interclass correlation coefficients (ICC). The correlations between ADC parameters and CPS were analyzed by spearman's correlation coefficient (r), and the performance for PD-L1expression status prediction was assessed by the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).

RESULTS

The measurement reproducibility of ADCmean, ADCmin and ADCmax was good in the 1.5-T MRI cohort (ICC: 0.843-0.930) and 3.0-T MRI cohort (ICC: 0.929-0.960). The ADCmean, ADCmin, and ADCmax tended to inversely correlate with the CPS (r:-0.37 - -0.52 in the 1.5-T MRI cohort, and - 0.52 - -0.60 in the 3.0-T MRI cohort; P all < 0.01). The ADCmean, ADCmin and ADCmax yielded the AUC of 0.756 (95% CI: 0.651, 0.861), 0.689 (95% CI: 0.576, 0.802), and 0.733 (95%CI: 0.626, 0.839) in the 1.5-T MRI cohort and 0.820 (95%CI: 0.703, 0.937), 0.755 (95% CI: 0.616, 0.894), and 0.760 (95%CI: 0.627, 0.893) in the 3.0-T MRI cohort for predicting PD-L1 high expression status, respectively.

CONCLUSION

ADC measurements may act as a reproducible and feasible method to predict PD-L1 expression status in NPC.

The radiomic biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer: 18F-FDG PET/CT characterisation of programmed death-ligand 1 status

AIM

To present an integrated 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (18F-FDG) positron-emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) radiomic characterisation of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) status in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this retrospective study, 18F-FDG PET/CT images and clinical data of 394 eligible patients were divided into training (n=275) and test sets (n=119). Next, the corresponding nodule of interest was segmented manually on the axial CT images by radiologists. After which, the spatial position matching method was used to match the image positions of CT and PET, and radiomic features of the CT and PET images were extracted. Radiomic models were built using five different machine-learning classifiers and the performance of the radiomic models were further evaluated. Finally, a radiomic signature was established to predict the PD-L1 status in patients with NSCLC using the features in the best performing radiomic model.

RESULTS

The radiomic model based on the PET intranodular region determined using the logistic regression classifier preformed best, yielding an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) of 0.813 (95% CI: 0.812, 0.821) on the test set. The clinical features did not improve the test set AUC (0.806, 95% CI: 0.801, 0.810). The final radiomic signature for PD-L1 status was consisted of three PET radiomic features.

CONCLUSION

This study showed that an 18F-FDG PET/CT-based radiomic signature could be used as a non-invasive biomarker to discriminate PD-L1-positive from PD-L1-negative in patients with NSCLC.

Clinical application of Al18F-NOTA-FAPI PET/CT in diagnosis and TNM staging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, compared to 18F-FDG

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate the ability of Al18F-NOTA-FAPI PET/CT to diagnose pancreatic carcinoma and tumor-associated inflammation with the comparison of 18F-FDG PET/CT.

METHODS

Prospective analysis of Al18F-NOTA-FAPI PET/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT scans of 31 patients from 05/2021 to 05/2022 were analyzed. Al18F-NOTA-FAPI imaging was performed in patients who had Ce-CT and FDG PET/CT and the diagnosis was still unclear. Follow-up histopathology or radiographic examination confirmed the findings. Radiotracer uptake, diagnostic performance, and TNM (tumor-node-metastasis) classifications were compared.

RESULTS

A total of 31 patients with pancreatic carcinoma (all were adenocarcinoma) underwent Al18F-NOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT, including 20 male and 11 female patients, with a mean age of 58.2 ± 8.5 years. FAPI-04 PET/CT imaging showed a higher value of SUVmax-15min/30min/60min, SUVmean-15min/30min/60min, TBR1, and TBR2 in pancreatic carcinoma than FDG (all P < 0.01). The mean level of Al18F-NOTA FAPI-04 uptake values of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was higher than that of pancreatitis in both SUVmax-30min (P < 0.01), SUVmean-30min (P < 0.05), SUVmax-60min (P < 0.01), and SUVmean-60min (P < 0.01). The FAPI △SUVmax-1, △SUVmax-2, and △SUVmean-2 uptake values of pancreatic carcinoma were higher than tumor-associated inflammation (all P < 0.01). TNM staging of 16/31 patients changed after Al18F-NOTA FAPI-04 PET/CT examination with all upstaging changes.

CONCLUSION

Al18F-NOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT at 15 and 30 min also demonstrated an equivalent detection ability of pancreatic lesion to 18F-FDG PET/CT. Delayed-phase Al18F-NOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT can help differentiate pancreatic carcinoma and tumor-associated inflammation. Al18F-NOTA FAPI-04 PET/CT also performed better than FDG PET/CT in TNM staging.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2100051406. Registered 23 September 2021, https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=133033.

Relationship between SUVmax on 18F-FDG PET and PD-L1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma

PURPOSE

Our study was to investigate the correlation between 18F-FDG uptake in HCC and tumor PD-L1 expression in HCC, and assess the value of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging for predicting PD-L1 expression in HCC.

METHODS

A total of 102 patients with confirmed HCC were included in this retrospective study. The PD-L1 expression and immune cell infiltrating of tumors were determined through immunohistochemistry staining. The SUVmax of HCC lesions were assessed using 18F-FDG PET/CT. The correlation between PD-L1 expression and the clinicopathological were evaluated by the Cox proportional hazards model and the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.

RESULTS

The SUVmax of HCC primary tumors was higher in patients with poorly differentiated HCC, large tumor size, portal vein tumor thrombus, lymph node and distant metastases, and death. The SUVmax of HCC are correlated with the PD-L1 expression and the number of cytotoxic T cells and M2 macrophage infiltration. PD-L1 expression was significantly correlated with tumor SUVmax, tumor differentiation, tumor size, portal vein tumor thrombosis, and patient survival status and infiltrating M2 macrophages. Further, our results confirmed that SUVmax, portal vein tumor thrombosis, and the number of infiltrating M2 macrophages were closely related to PD-L1 expression and were independent risk factors by multivariate analysis. The combined assessment of SUVmax values and the presence of portal vein tumor thrombosis by 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging can help determine PD-L1 expression in HCC.

CONCLUSIONS

FDG uptake in HCC was positively correlated with the PD-L1 expression and the number of cytotoxic T cells and M2 macrophage infiltration. The combined use of SUVmax and portal vein tumor thrombosis by PET/CT imaging assess the PD-L1 expression better in HCC. These findings also provide a basis for clinical studies to assess the immune status of tumors by PET/CT.

Retrospective Analysis of the Predictive Value of 18F-FDG PET/CT Metabolic Parameters for PD-L1 Expression in Cervical Cancer

BACKGROUND

Immunotherapy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 has been proven to be effective for cervical cancer treatment. To explore non-invasive examinations for assessing the PD-L1 status in cervical cancer, we performed a retrospective study to investigate the predictive value of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT.

METHODS

The correlations between PD-L1 expression, clinicopathological characteristics and ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters were evaluated in 74 cervical cancer patients. The clinicopathological characteristics included age, histologic type, tumor differentiation, FIGO stage and tumor size. The metabolic parameters included maximum standard uptake (SUVmax), mean standard uptake (SUVmean), total lesion glycolysis (TLG) and tumor metabolic volume (MTV).

RESULTS

In univariate analysis, SUVmax, SUVmean, TLG, tumor size and tumor differentiation were obviously associated with PD-L1 status. SUVmax (rs = 0.42) and SUVmean (rs = 0.40) were moderately positively correlated with the combined positive score (CPS) for PD-L1 in Spearman correlation analysis. The results of multivariable analysis showed that the higher SUVmax (odds ratio = 2.849) and the lower degree of differentiation (Odds Ratio = 0.168), the greater probability of being PD-L1 positive. The ROC curve analysis demonstrated that when the cut-off values of SUVmax, SUVmean and TLG were 10.45, 6.75 and 143.4, respectively, the highest accuracy for predicting PD-L1 expression was 77.0%, 71.6% and 62.2%, respectively. The comprehensive predictive ability of PD-L1 expression, assessed by combining SUVmax with tumor differentiation, showed that the PD-L1-negative rate was 100% in the low probability group, whereas the PD-L1-positive rate was 84.6% in the high probability group. In addition, we also found that the H-score of HIF-1α was moderately positively correlated with PD-L1 CPS (rs = 0.51).

CONCLUSIONS

The SUVmax and differentiation of the primary lesion were the optimum predictors for PD-L1 expression in cervical cancer. There was a great potential for ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT in predicting PD-L1 status and selecting cervical cancer candidates for PD1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint therapy.

PET Imaging of Fibroblast Activation Protein in Various Types of Cancer Using 68Ga-FAP-2286: Comparison with 18F-FDG and 68Ga-FAPI-46 in a Single-Center, Prospective Study

PET imaging that targets fibroblast activation protein (FAP) on the surface of cancer-associated fibroblasts has yielded promising tumor diagnostic results. FAP-2286 contains cyclic peptides as FAP-binding motifs to optimize tumor retention compared with the small-molecule FAP inhibitor (FAPI) series (FAPI-04/46). The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 68Ga-FAP-2286 to detect primary and metastatic lesions in patients with various types of cancer, compared with 18F-FDG and 68Ga-FAP-2286. Methods: Sixty-four patients with 15 types of cancer underwent 68Ga-FAP-2286 PET/CT for initial assessment or detection of recurrence. For comparison, 63 patients underwent paired 68Ga-FAP-2286 and 18F-FDG PET/CT and 19 patients underwent paired 68Ga-FAP-2286 and 68Ga-FAPI-46 PET/CT. Lesion uptake was quantified as SUVmax and tumor-to-background ratio. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test was used to compare SUVmax between PET modalities, and the McNemar test was used to compare lesion detectability. Results: Uptake of 68Ga-FAP-2286 was significantly higher than that of 18F-FDG in primary tumors (median SUVmax, 11.1 vs. 6.9; P < 0.001), lymph node metastases (median SUVmax, 10.6 vs. 6.2; P < 0.001), and distant metastases, resulting in improved image contrast and lesion detectability. All primary tumors (46/46) were clearly visualized by 68Ga-FAP-2286 PET/CT, whereas 9 of the 46 lesions could not be visualized by 18F-FDG PET/CT. The lesion detection rate of 68Ga-FAP-2286 PET/CT was superior to that of 18F-FDG PET/CT for involved lymph nodes (98% [105/107] vs. 85% [91/107], P = 0.001) and bone and visceral metastases (95% [162/171] vs. 67% [114/171], P < 0.001). 68Ga-FAP-2286 yielded tumor uptake and lesion detection rates similar to those of 68Ga-FAPI-46 in a subcohort of 19 patients. Conclusion: 68Ga-FAP-2286 is a promising FAP-inhibitor derivative for safe cancer diagnosis, staging, and restaging. It may be a better alternative to 18F-FDG for the cancer types that exhibit low-to-moderate uptake of 18F-FDG, which include gastric, pancreatic, and hepatic cancers. In addition, 68Ga-FAP-2286 and 68Ga-FAPI-46 yielded comparable clinical results.

PET/CT molecular imaging in the era of immune-checkpoint inhibitors therapy

Cancer immunotherapy, especially immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has paved a new way for the treatment of many types of malignancies, particularly advanced-stage cancers. Accumulating evidence suggests that as a molecular imaging modality, positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) can play a vital role in the management of ICIs therapy by using different molecular probes and metabolic parameters. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the clinical data to support the importance of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT (18F-FDG PET/CT) imaging in the treatment of ICIs, including the evaluation of the tumor microenvironment, discovery of immune-related adverse events, evaluation of therapeutic efficacy, and prediction of therapeutic prognosis. We also discuss perspectives on the development direction of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging, with a particular emphasis on possible challenges in the future. In addition, we summarize the researches on novel PET molecular probes that are expected to potentially promote the precise application of ICIs.

Prognostic value of PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2 deserves attention in head and neck cancer

Head and neck cancer has high heterogeneity with poor prognosis, and emerging researches have been focusing on the prognostic markers of head and neck cancer. PD-L1 expression is an important basis for strategies of immunosuppressive treatment, but whether it has prognostic value is still controversial. Although meta-analysis on PD-L1 expression versus head and neck cancer prognosis has been performed, the conclusions are controversial. Since PD-L1 and PD-L2 are two receptors for PD-1, here we summarize and analyze the different prognostic values of PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 in head and neck cancer in the context of different cell types, tissue localization and protein forms. We propose that for head and neck cancer, the risk warning value of PD-1/PD-L1 expression in precancerous lesions is worthy of attention, and the prognostic value of PD-L1 expression at different subcellular levels as well as the judgment convenience of prognostic value of PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2 should be fully considered. The PD-L1 evaluation systems established based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are not fully suitable for the evaluation of PD-L1 prognosis in head and neck cancer. It is necessary to establish a new PD-L1 evaluation system based on the prognosis for further explorations. The prognostic value of PD-L1, PD-L2 expression in head and neck cancer may be different for early-stage and late-stage samples, and further stratification is required.

Monitoring of Current Cancer Therapy by Positron Emission Tomography and Possible Role of Radiomics Assessment

Evaluation of cancer therapy with imaging is crucial as a surrogate marker of effectiveness and survival. The unique response patterns to therapy with immune-checkpoint inhibitors have facilitated the revision of response evaluation criteria using FDG-PET, because the immune response recalls reactive cells such as activated T-cells and macrophages, which show increased glucose metabolism and apparent progression on morphological imaging. Cellular metabolism and function are critical determinants of the viability of active cells in the tumor microenvironment, which would be novel targets of therapies, such as tumor immunity, metabolism, and genetic mutation. Considering tumor heterogeneity and variation in therapy response specific to the mechanisms of therapy, appropriate response evaluation is required. Radiomics approaches, which combine objective image features with a machine learning algorithm as well as pathologic and genetic data, have remarkably progressed over the past decade, and PET radiomics has increased quality and reliability based on the prosperous publications and standardization initiatives. PET and multimodal imaging will play a definitive role in personalized therapeutic strategies by the precise monitoring in future cancer therapy.

Positron emission tomography and computed tomography with [68Ga]Ga-fibroblast activation protein inhibitors improves tumor detection and staging in patients with pancreatic cancer

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT for primary and metastatic pancreatic carcinoma lesions and compare the results with those of [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) PET/CT.

METHODS

Patients with suspected or diagnosed pancreatic malignancy, who underwent contemporaneous [18F]FDG and [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT between June 2020 and January 2021, were retrospectively analyzed. Routine contrast-enhanced CT (CE-CT) is performed in all patients as standardized care. Findings were confirmed by histopathology or radiographic follow-up. We compared radiotracer uptake, diagnostic performance, and TNM (tumor-node-metastasis) classifications.

RESULTS

We evaluated 36 participants (25/36 men; median age, 60 years), including 26 patients with pancreatic malignancies and ten patients with pancreatic benign lesions. [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT showed higher radiotracer uptake and higher sensitivity than [18F]FDG PET/CT in evaluating primary tumors (SUVmax, 21.4 vs. 4.8; sensitivity, 100% vs. 73.1%), involved lymph nodes (SUVmax, 8.6 vs. 2.7; sensitivity, 81.8% vs. 59.1%), and metastases (SUVmax, 7.9 vs. 3.5; sensitivity, 91.5% vs. 44.0%); Compared with [18F]FDG, [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT upstaged six patients' TNM staging (6/23, 26.1%) and changed two patients' clinical management (2/23, 8.7%). Compared with CE-CT, [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT upgraded TNM staging in five patients (5/23, 21.7%) and changed the therapeutic regimen in only one patient (1/23, 4.3%). Intense [68Ga]Ga-FAPI uptake was observed throughout the pancreas in 12/26 pancreatic malignancies; dual-time point [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT may differentiate pancreatitis from malignancy.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with [18F]FDG PET/CT, [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT shows higher sensitivity in detecting primary pancreatic tumors, involved lymph nodes, and metastases and is superior in terms of TNM staging. Prospective trials with larger patient population are needed to evaluate whether [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT could elicit treatment modification in pancreatic cancer when compared with standard of care imaging.

Somatostatin receptor imaging with [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma

PURPOSE

To explore the feasibility of [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTATATE positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in patients with non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and to evaluate whether [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT could be used for non-invasive determination of somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) expression in NPC.

METHODS

This prospective study included patients with NPC who underwent [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT between February and May 2021. The [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTATATE and [¹⁸F]FDG uptakes in primary and metastatic NPC lesions were calculated and compared, and the [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTATATE uptake between SSTR2 score groups was analysed.

RESULTS

A total of 36 participants (25 patients, initial staging; 11 patients, recurrence detection) were included; 33 patients also underwent [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT for staging/restaging as a part of their routine diagnostic workup. [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT showed an intense tracer uptake in primary and metastatic NPC lesions. The radiotracer uptake was higher with [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTATATE than with [¹⁸F]FDG PET in primary NPC lesions (SUVmax: 12.03 vs. 10.07, P = 0.048; tumour-to-brain ratio: 36.16 vs. 0.86, P < 0.001) and regional lymph node metastases (median SUVmax: 9.11 vs. 6.12, P < 0.001) and comparable in bone and visceral metastases. Importantly, most NPC lesions showed intense SSTR2 expression (85.7%), which was strongly correlated with the [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTATATE uptake. The SUVmax of SSTR2-negative lesions was significantly lower than that of SSTR2-positive lesions (SUVmax: 4.95 vs. 12.61, P = 0.013).

CONCLUSION

[⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT is a promising imaging modality for detecting primary and metastatic NPC, with favourable image contrast and comparable diagnostic efficacy when compared to [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT. An intense SSTR2 expression was observed in most NPCs, and this expression was significantly correlated with the [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTATATE uptake.

Diagnostic test accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/CT for prediction of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in solid tumours: a meta-analysis

AIM

To investigate the predictive value of integrated 2-[¹⁸F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (¹⁸F-FDG) positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for the prediction of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in solid tumours via a systematic review and meta-analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The PubMed, Cochrane, and EMBASE databases, from the earliest available date of indexing through 31 October 2020, were searched for studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT for prediction of PD-L1 expression in solid tumours other than lung cancer.

RESULTS

Across seven studies (473 patients), the pooled sensitivity for ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT was 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.65-0.82) without heterogeneity (I² = 47.2, p=0.08) and a pooled specificity of 0.73 (95% CI: 0.64-0.81) with heterogeneity (I² = 53.8, p=0.04). Likelihood ratio (LR) syntheses gave an overall positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of 2.8 (95% CI: 2.1-3.7) and negative likelihood ratio (LR-) of 0.35 (95% CI: 0.26-0.47). The pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 8 (95% CI: 5-13). Hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and indicates that the area under the curve was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.77-0.84).

CONCLUSION

The current meta-analysis showed a moderate sensitivity and specificity of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT for the prediction of PD-L1 expression in solid tumours. At present, the literature regarding the use of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT for the prediction of PD-L1 expression in solid tumours still limited; thus, further large multicentre studies would be necessary to substantiate the diagnostic accuracy of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT for prediction of PD-L1 expression in solid tumours.

Usefulness of 18F-FDG PET/CT in treatment-naive patients with thymic squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

Thymic squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is very rare. This study aims to investigate the clinical utility of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT) in treatment-naive patients with TSCC.

METHODS

The tumor metabolic parameters of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT, including maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax), metabolic tumor volume of primary lesion (MTV-P) and combination of primary lesion and metastases (MTV-C), and total lesion glycolysis of primary lesion (TLG-P) and combination of primary lesion and metastases (TLG-C) were collected. Age, sex, smoking, serum tumor markers, tumor size, Masaoka-Koga stage, TNM stage, contrast-enhanced CT scan, and tumor immunity were also reviewed. Moreover, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of these patients were analyzed.

RESULTS

Forty-two treatment-naive patients with TSCC were enrolled in this study. All primary tumors were FDG-avid with the average SUVmax of 10.0 ± 4.5 (range, 1.5-20.4). Higher SUVmax, MTV-C, and TLG-C were observed in advanced Masaoka-Koga stage than early stage, and higher SUVmax was found in advanced TNM stage than early stage. Next, 36 out of 42 patients performed chest contrast-enhanced CT scan, which showed SUVmax associated with the enhancement degree of CT. Moreover, 27 out of 42 lesions were assessed tumor immunity, and the detective rates of PD-L1, PD-1, CD4, CD8, and Foxp3 were 59.3%, 37.0%, 59.3%, 100%, and 77.8%, respectively. Higher SUVmax was observed in lesions with lower CD4-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Furthermore, 12- and 24-month PFS and OS rates were 62.0% vs 32.8% and 84.5% vs 68.9%, respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that only MTV-C was an independent predictor of PFS.

CONCLUSION

¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT is useful in evaluating tumor staging, assessing CT enhancement degree, and detecting tumor immunity of TSCC before treatment. ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT could also be a promising tool to provide prognostic information for treatment-naive patients with TSCC.

Clinical utility of [68Ga]Ga-labeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) positron emission tomography/computed tomography for primary staging and recurrence detection in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

PURPOSE

This study aimed to explore the clinical utility of [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-labeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitor ([⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) relative to [¹⁸F]-fluorodeoxyglucose ([¹⁸F]FDG) PET/CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for primary staging and recurrence detection in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

METHODS

This retrospective analysis utilized a sub-cohort of patients from a previously acquired database. Patients with NPC who underwent [¹⁸F]FDG and [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT between October 2019 and November 2020 were included. The radiotracer uptake and clinical staging/restaging performances of [¹⁸F]FDG and [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT were compared.

RESULTS

Forty-five participants (39 for initial assessment, 6 for recurrence detection) were included. In treatment-naïve participants, [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT showed higher radiotracer uptake than [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT in primary tumors (16.18 vs. 10.11, P < 0.001), regional lymph nodes (11.42 vs. 7.37, P < 0.001), and bone and visceral metastases (6.94 vs. 3.11, P < 0.001). Compared with the [¹⁸F]FDG-based TNM stage, the [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI-based TNM stage was upgraded in ten patients (26%), resulting in management changes in seven patients (18%). Compared with MRI, [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT upgraded and underestimated the T stage in four and two patients, respectively. In post-treatment patients, [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT yielded more true-positive findings than [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT in detecting local recurrence.

CONCLUSION

[⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT is a promising imaging modality for the diagnosis of primary and metastatic NPC. The exact tumor geographic imaging obtained through [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT may be a supplement to MRI for T staging and radiotherapy planning.

Concordance of PD-L1 Status Between Image-Guided Percutaneous Biopsies and Matched Surgical Specimen in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

OBJECTIVE

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status is a crucial index for identifying patients who will benefit from anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the concordance of Tumor Proportion Score (TPS) between biopsies and matched surgical specimens remains controversial. This study aims to evaluate the concordance of PD-L1 expression between image-guided percutaneous biopsies and matched surgical specimens.

METHOD

We evaluated 157 patients diagnosed with operable NSCLC on both surgical tissue sections and matched lung biopsies retrospectively. The patients underwent either regular computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsy (n = 82) or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT-guided biopsy (n = 75). The concordance between surgical specimens and lung biopsies for PD-L1 TPS was evaluated using Cohen's kappa (κ) coefficient.

RESULTS

Immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 was evaluated in both surgical resected specimens and matched biopsies in the eligible 138 patients. The concordance rate of PD-L1 expression between surgical tissue sections and matched biopsies was fairly high at 84.1% (116/138), and the κ value was 0.73 (95% CI: 0.63-0.83, P < 0.001). The concordance rate was higher for tissue sections from PET/CT-guided biopsy than for tissue sections from CT-guided biopsy [88.6% (62/70, κ value: 0.81) vs 79.4% (54/68, κ value: 0.66)].

CONCLUSION

PD-L1 TPS was strongly concordant between surgical specimens and matched lung biopsies. Thus, the routine evaluation of PD-L1 expression in diagnostic percutaneous biopsies could be reliable for identifying patients who will benefit from anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy.

Concordance of PD-L1 Status Between Image-Guided Percutaneous Biopsies and Matched Surgical Specimen in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Objective

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status is a crucial index for identifying patients who will benefit from anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the concordance of Tumor Proportion Score (TPS) between biopsies and matched surgical specimens remains controversial. This study aims to evaluate the concordance of PD-L1 expression between image-guided percutaneous biopsies and matched surgical specimens.

Method

We evaluated 157 patients diagnosed with operable NSCLC on both surgical tissue sections and matched lung biopsies retrospectively. The patients underwent either regular computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsy (n = 82) or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT-guided biopsy (n = 75). The concordance between surgical specimens and lung biopsies for PD-L1 TPS was evaluated using Cohen’s kappa (κ) coefficient.

Results

Immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 was evaluated in both surgical resected specimens and matched biopsies in the eligible 138 patients. The concordance rate of PD-L1 expression between surgical tissue sections and matched biopsies was fairly high at 84.1% (116/138), and the κ value was 0.73 (95% CI: 0.63–0.83, P < 0.001). The concordance rate was higher for tissue sections from PET/CT-guided biopsy than for tissue sections from CT-guided biopsy [88.6% (62/70, κ value: 0.81) vs 79.4% (54/68, κ value: 0.66)].

Conclusion

PD-L1 TPS was strongly concordant between surgical specimens and matched lung biopsies. Thus, the routine evaluation of PD-L1 expression in diagnostic percutaneous biopsies could be reliable for identifying patients who will benefit from anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy.

68Ga-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor PET/CT on gross tumour volume delineation for radiotherapy planning of oesophageal cancer

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

To compare ⁶⁸Ga-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) and ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT in imaging locally advanced oesophageal cancer, and evaluate the potential usefulness of ⁶⁸Ga-FAPI PET/CT on gross target volume (GTV) delineation aimed at radiotherapy planning for oesophageal cancer as compared with contrast-enhanced CT (CE-CT) and ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-one patients with newly diagnosed oesophageal cancer who underwent both ¹⁸F-FDG and ⁶⁸Ga-FAPI PET/CT scans were selected. GTVs of the primary tumours based on CE-CT (GTV_CT), PET/CT, and CE-CT plus PET/CT were delineated. Gross tumour lengths were measured by GTVs and endoscopy and recorded.

RESULTS

The ⁶⁸Ga-FAPI PET showed significantly higher radiotracer uptake than ¹⁸F-FDG PET (median SUVmax 16.71 vs. 11.23; P = 0.002) in the primary tumours. SUV thresholds of FAPI ×20%, 30%, 40%, and FDG ×40% showed similar lesion lengths compared with that in endoscopic examination (P > 0.05). GTV_CT demonstrated the largest volume (median: 48.80 mm³, range: 14.83-162.23 mm³) than PET-based GTVs. For PET/CT-guided complementary contouring of GTV_CT, four patients (19%) were increased by FAPI ×20% and 30%, two patients (9.5%) were increased by FAPI ×40%, and only one patient was increased by FDG ×40%. Furthermore, the volume of GTV based on CE-CT plus FAPI ×20%, 30%, and 40% showed no significant difference with GTV_CT and planning target volume based CE-CT plus FAPI-PET and meets the organ at risk standard.

CONCLUSION

The ⁶⁸Ga-FAPI PET/CT methodology showed favourable tumour-to-background contrast in oesophageal cancer and might provide additional information for target volume delineation and help avoid tumour geographic misses.

Value of 18F-FDG-PET to predict PD-L1 expression and outcomes of PD-1 inhibition therapy in human cancers

Anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) antibodies are administered in varied human cancer types. The expression of PD-L1 within tumor cells has been identified as a predictive marker, although assessing its expression has benefitted only patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or head and neck cancer. Whereas, more than 75% of the patients with NSCLC showing partial response to PD-1 blockade therapy experienced long-term survival for more than 5-years Thus, identifying the responders to PD-1 blockade at early phase after its initiation is of clinical importance. The 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18] fluoro-D-glucose (¹⁸F-FDG) on positron emission tomography (PET) can evaluate any tumor shrinkage by assessing the metabolic tumor volume at an earlier phase than conventional modalities such as computed tomography (CT). While several reports describe the correlation of PD-L1 expression with ¹⁸F-FDG uptake rate in the tumor cells, it remains to be delineated whether this rate determined by the glucose metabolism and hypoxia is associated with the status of immune microenvironment, including the expression of PD-L1. Moreover, details of the relationship between expression of PD-L1 and ¹⁸F-FDG uptake is still unclear. Therefore, we reviewed the clinical significance of ¹⁸F-FDG uptake on PET as a predictor of the efficacy of PD-1 blockade therapy, by correlating with the expression of PD-L1, in patients with several neoplasms.

Role of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT in the evaluation of peritoneal carcinomatosis and comparison with [18F]-FDG PET/CT

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to explore the role of [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), compared with ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose [¹⁸F]-FDG PET/CT, for evaluating peritoneal carcinomatosis in patients with various types of cancer.

METHODS

Patients with suspected peritoneal malignancy, who underwent both [¹⁸F]-FDG and [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT between October 2019 and August 2020, were retrospectively analysed. The radiotracer uptake, peritoneal cancer index (PCI) score, and diagnostic performance of [¹⁸F]-FDG and [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT were evaluated and compared.

RESULTS

Our cohort consisted of 46 patients, including 16 patients with diffuse-type peritoneal carcinomatosis, 27 with nodular-type peritoneal carcinomatosis, and 3 true-negative patients. A significant difference in standard uptake values (SUV) of lesions between [¹⁸F]-FDG and [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT examination was observed (median SUV: 3.48 vs. 9.82; P < 0.001), particularly in peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric cancer (median SUV: 3.44 vs. 8.05; P = 0.001). Moreover, [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT showed a higher PCI score and better sensitivity than [¹⁸F]-FDG PET/CT for the detection of peritoneal carcinomatosis (6 vs. 18; P < 0.001; 72.09% vs. 97.67%; P = 0.002).

CONCLUSION

[⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT demonstrated superior sensitivity over [¹⁸F]-FDG PET/CT for the detection of peritoneal carcinomatosis in patients with various types of cancer, particularly gastric cancer. Furthermore, the uptake of [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 in peritoneal carcinomatosis was significantly higher than that of [¹⁸F]-FDG, demonstrating a larger extent of the lesions and yielding a higher PCI score. This could help enhance the image contrast, improve physicians' diagnostic confidence, and reduce the proportion of missed diagnoses.

The potential of 18F-FDG PET/CT in predicting PDL1 expression status in pulmonary lesions of untreated stage IIIB-IV non-small-cell lung cancer

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the potential of 2-deoxy-2(¹⁸F)fluoro-d-glucose (¹⁸F-FDG) combined positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) in predicting programmed cell death ligand-1 (PDL1) expression status in pulmonary lesions of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study includes 133 untreated stage IIIB-IV NSCLC patients who underwent pulmonary lesion biopsy for PDL1 immunochemistry 1-4 weeks after ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT scanning, randomly assigned to cohorts for modelling and validation of PDL1 expression predictors. Mean and maximum standard uptake values (pSUVmean and pSUVmax), metabolic tumour volume (pMTV), and total lesion glycolysis (pTLG) of primary lesions were determined. PDL1 expression in pulmonary lesions (pPDL1) was determined using tumour proportion score (TPS), and pPDL1 TPS < 1%, 1-49 %, and ≥ 50 % were considered as pPDL1-negative, pPDL1-moderate, and pPDL1-strong, respectively.

RESULTS

pSUVmean and pSUVmax values were increased with the increase of pPDL1 levels, whereas pMTV and pTLG values were not associated with pPDL1 levels. In the modelling cohort, we found that pSUVmax rather than pSUVmean was an independent predictor for pPDL1-negative, pPDL1-moderate, and pPDL1-strong, whereas pSUVmax < 14.4, 14.4-17.5, and > 17.5 were suggested as predictors for pPDL1-negative, pPDL1-moderate, and pPDL1-strong, respectively (odds ratio: 4.82, 3.92, and 4.45, respectively; P = 0.002, 0.021, and 0.020, respectively). In the validation cohort, pSUVmax < 14.4, 14.4-17.5, and > 17.5 showed significantly high probabilities of being pPDL1-negative, pPDL1-moderate, and pPDL1-strong, respectively (P = 0.006). The accuracies of pSUVmax < 14.4, 14.4-17.5, and > 17.5 predicting pPDL1-negative, pPDL1-moderate, and pPDL1-strong, respectively, in validation cohort, were 66.7 %, 75.8 %, and 84.8 %, respectively.

CONCLUSION

pSUVmax on ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT is a potential biomarker for pPDL1 TPS < 1%, 1-49 %, and ≥ 50 % in untreated stage IIIB-IV NSCLC, and therefore may be helpful for determining immunotherapeutic strategy for advanced NSCLC.

Clinical application and research advancement of positron emission tomography/computed tomography in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors of the digestive system. Early diagnosis and accurate staging and restaging of tumors are the preconditions for standardized treatment of colorectal cancer, which is conducive to the selection of treatment options and the evaluation of prognosis, as well as the improvement of patients' quality of life. With the popularization of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), its value in the diagnosis, staging and restaging, treatment decision-making, and efficacy and prognosis assessment of colorectal cancer is becoming increasingly important. This review briefly introduces the application and advancement of PET/CT in the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer, in the hope that clinicians can have a more comprehensive understanding of the significance of PET/CT in the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer.