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Alford L, Roudine S, Valsami D, Fontaine-Guenel T, Namintraporn T, Guedon A, Normand R, Lagneau L, Le Lann C, Van Baaren J. No evidence for competition over floral resources between winter-active parasitoids and pollinators in agroecosystems. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2239. [PMID: 38278827 PMCID: PMC10817971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Warming temperate winters are resulting in increased insect winter activity. With modern agroecosystems largely homogenous, characterised by low floral diversity, competitive interactions may arise between flower-visiting species, with potential implications for the ecosystem services they provide (e.g. biological control and pollination). Flower strips may be implemented during winter months to support flower-visiting insects and enhance ecosystem service provision. Employing field trials conducted in Brittany, France between 2019 and 2021 and laboratory cage experiments, the current study examined the impact of winter flower strips on aphid biological control performed by parasitoid wasps and the potential for competitive interactions between winter-active parasitoids and pollinators. Results revealed that parasitism rate was not enhanced by the presence of winter flower strips. This lack of effect was not the consequence of pollinator presence, and the current study found no effect of pollinator abundance on parasitism rate. Flower strips may thus be implemented during winter months to support nectar-feeding insects when floral resources are scarce, with no evidence of exploitative competition between pollinators and parasitoids, nor a detrimental impact on biological control provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Alford
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution)]-UMR 6553, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Sacha Roudine
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution)]-UMR 6553, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Dimitra Valsami
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Tiphanie Fontaine-Guenel
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution)]-UMR 6553, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Talay Namintraporn
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Anaëlle Guedon
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution)]-UMR 6553, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Romane Normand
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution)]-UMR 6553, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Ludovic Lagneau
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution)]-UMR 6553, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Cecile Le Lann
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution)]-UMR 6553, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Joan Van Baaren
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution)]-UMR 6553, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
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2
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Sheng S, Song Y, Ahmad S, Wang J, Shao Y, Liu ZX, Wu FA. Sublethal effects of organophosphorus insecticide phoxim on patch time allocation and oviposition behavior in a parasitoid wasp Meteorus pulchricornis. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 112:91-100. [PMID: 34425923 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are key agents for controlling insect pests in integrated pest management programs. Although many studies have revealed that the behavior of parasitic wasps can be influenced by insecticides, the strategies of patch time allocation and oviposition have received less attention. In the present study, we forced the endoparasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis to phoxim exposure at the LC30 and tested the foraging behavior within patches with different densities of the host, the larvae of the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura. The results showed that phoxim treatment can significantly increase the patch-leaving tendency of female wasps, while host density had no impact. The number of oviposition and the number of previous patch visits also significantly influenced the patch time allocation decisions. The occurrence of oviposition behavior was negatively affected by phoxim exposure; however, progeny production was similar among patches with different host densities. Phoxim exposure shaped the offspring fitness correlates, including longer durations from cocoon to adult wasps, smaller body size, and shorter longevity. The findings of the present study highlight the sublethal effects that reduce the patch residence time and the fitness of parasitoid offspring, suggesting that the application of phoxim in association with M. pulchricornis should be carefully schemed in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
| | - Yan Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
| | - Sheraz Ahmad
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
| | - Ying Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
| | - Fu-An Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
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3
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Humphreys RK, Ruxton GD, Karley AJ. Drop when the stakes are high: adaptive, flexible use of dropping behaviour by aphids. BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
For herbivorous insects, dropping from the host plant is a commonly-observed antipredator defence. The use of dropping compared to other behaviours and its timing in relation to contact with a predator was explored in both pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and potato aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae). Pea aphids dropped more frequently in response to ladybird adults (Adalia bipunctata) than lacewing larvae (Chrysoperla carnea). Potato aphids mainly walked away or backed-up in response to both predator types; but they dropped more frequently relative to other non-walking defences when faced with ladybird adults. Contact with a predator was an important influencer of dropping for both species, and most drops occurred from adjacent to the predator. Dropping appears to be a defence adaptively deployed only when the risk of imminent predation is high; factors that increase dropping likelihood include presence of faster-foraging predators such as adult ladybirds, predator proximity, and contact between aphid and predator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind K. Humphreys
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Dyer’s Brae House, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Graeme D. Ruxton
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Dyer’s Brae House, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, UK
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Glaser GL, Miller MC, Healy SD, Shuker DM. The rationality of decisions depends on behavioural context. Behav Processes 2020; 182:104293. [PMID: 33290832 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Decision makers can be described as economically rational (making consistent choices), or economically irrational (making choices that vary with the options available). As the extent to which animals can and do make rational versus irrational decisions remains unclear, we tested the decision-making strategies of female Nasonia vitripennis parasitic wasps in two behavioural contexts: oviposition and foraging. In our first experiment, to determine whether oviposition preferences changed depending on the options available, we presented females with a high and a medium-quality blow fly host to parasitize, and gave some females an additional low or very low quality 'decoy' host. Presence of decoy options did not affect females' oviposition choices, either in willingness to parasitize a host or the number of offspring laid. In our second experiment, we tested the effects of a low-quality decoy option on foraging preference for a high and a medium-quality sucrose concentration option. Here, presence of the low-quality decoy enhanced female preference for the high-quality option. Females therefore made economically rational decisions when ovipositing and economically irrational decisions when foraging. This difference in decision outcomes suggests that the cost/benefit ratio of making one type of decision over another may differ with the behavioural task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina L Glaser
- Harold Mitchell Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Mhairi C Miller
- Harold Mitchell Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan D Healy
- Harold Mitchell Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TJ, United Kingdom
| | - David M Shuker
- Harold Mitchell Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TJ, United Kingdom
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5
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Food or host: do physiological state and flower type affect foraging decisions of parasitoids? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Louâpre P, Le Lann C, Hance T. When parasitoids deal with the spatial distribution of their hosts: consequences for both partners. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:923-931. [PMID: 29488695 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Insect parasitoids developing inside hosts face a true challenge: hosts are scattered in the field and their localization and selection require the use of complex and sometime confusing information. It was assumed for a long time that small-brained organisms like parasitoids have evolved simple and efficient behavioral mechanisms, leading them to be adapted to a given ecological situation, for example, the spatial distribution of hosts in the habitat. However, hosts are not static and their distribution may also vary through generations and within the life of parasitoid individuals. We investigated if and how parasitoids deal with such a spatial complexity in a mesocosm experiment. We used the Aphidius rhopalosiphi/Sitobion avenae parasitoid/host system to investigate if parasitoid females experiencing different host aggregation levels exhibit different foraging behaviors independently of the number of hosts in the environment. We showed that A. rhopalosiphi females exploited hosts more intensively both within and among patches at higher host aggregation levels. We discussed the adaptiveness of such behaviors in the light of evolution and biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Louâpre
- Earth and Life Institue, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- CNRS, Biogéosciences UMR 6282, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Cécile Le Lann
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, University of Rennes 1, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Hance
- Earth and Life Institue, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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7
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Davidson JD, El Hady A. Foraging as an evidence accumulation process. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007060. [PMID: 31339878 PMCID: PMC6682163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The patch-leaving problem is a canonical foraging task, in which a forager must decide to leave a current resource in search for another. Theoretical work has derived optimal strategies for when to leave a patch, and experiments have tested for conditions where animals do or do not follow an optimal strategy. Nevertheless, models of patch-leaving decisions do not consider the imperfect and noisy sampling process through which an animal gathers information, and how this process is constrained by neurobiological mechanisms. In this theoretical study, we formulate an evidence accumulation model of patch-leaving decisions where the animal averages over noisy measurements to estimate the state of the current patch and the overall environment. We solve the model for conditions where foraging decisions are optimal and equivalent to the marginal value theorem, and perform simulations to analyze deviations from optimal when these conditions are not met. By adjusting the drift rate and decision threshold, the model can represent different “strategies”, for example an incremental, decremental, or counting strategy. These strategies yield identical decisions in the limiting case but differ in how patch residence times adapt when the foraging environment is uncertain. To describe sub-optimal decisions, we introduce an energy-dependent marginal utility function that predicts longer than optimal patch residence times when food is plentiful. Our model provides a quantitative connection between ecological models of foraging behavior and evidence accumulation models of decision making. Moreover, it provides a theoretical framework for potential experiments which seek to identify neural circuits underlying patch-leaving decisions. Foraging is a ubiquitous animal behavior, performed by organisms as different as worms, birds, rats, and humans. Although the behavior has been extensively studied, it is not known how the brain processes information obtained during foraging activity to make subsequent foraging decisions. We form an evidence accumulation model of foraging decisions that describes the process through which an animal gathers information and uses it to make foraging decisions. By building on studies of the neural decision mechanisms within systems neuroscience, this model connects the foraging decision process with ecological models of patch-leaving decisions, such as the marginal value theorem. The model suggests the existence of different foraging strategies, which optimize for different environmental conditions and their potential implementation by neural decision making circuits. The model also shows how state-dependence, such as satiation level, can affect evidence accumulation to lead to sub-optimal foraging decisions. Our model provides a framework for future experimental studies which seek to elucidate how neural decision making mechanisms have been shaped by evolutionary forces in an animal’s surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Davidson
- Department Collective Behavior, Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ahmed El Hady
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
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8
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Monticelli LS, Outreman Y, Frago E, Desneux N. Impact of host endosymbionts on parasitoid host range - from mechanisms to communities. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 32:77-82. [PMID: 31113635 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In insects, bacterial endosymbionts are known to influence the ecology of their hosts by modifying interactions with natural enemies such as parasitoids. Symbionts can modulate both parasitoid behavioral and/or physiological traits as well as host behaviors and life-history traits. Together these suggest that endosymbionts may impact the host range of parasitoids. For example, endosymbionts may narrow parasitoid host range through first, reducing parasitoid ability to locate hosts and/or larval survival, second, affecting fitness traits of the emerging adult parasitoid and/or third, modulating the outcome of interference and exploitative competition between parasitoid species. From both a fundamental and applied point of view, these symbiotic effects would influence the ecology and evolution of parasitoids and associated population-level processes and ecosystem services (e.g. biocontrol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie S Monticelli
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Yannick Outreman
- Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne-Loire, UMR IGEPP, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Enric Frago
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Saint-Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France.
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9
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Tougeron K, Damien M, Le Lann C, Brodeur J, van Baaren J. Rapid Responses of Winter Aphid-Parasitoid Communities to Climate Warming. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kant R, Minor MA. Parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Adjusts Reproductive Strategy When Competing for Hosts. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:521-527. [PMID: 28369291 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid fitness depends on its ability to manipulate reproductive strategies when in competition. This study investigated the parasitism and sex allocation strategies of the parasitic wasp Diaeretiella rapae McIntosh at a range of host (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) and conspecific densities. The results suggest that D. rapae females adjust their progeny production and progeny sex ratio with changing competition. When foraging alone, female D. rapae parasitize larger number of B. brassicae nymphs when the number of available hosts is increased, but the overall proportion of parasitized hosts decreases with increase in host density. The proportion of female offspring also decreases with elevated host density. Increase in the number of female D. rapae foraging together increased total parasitism, but reduced relative contribution of each individual female. The number of female progeny decreased when multiple females competed for the same host. However, foraging experience in the presence of one or more conspecifics increased the parasitism rate and proportion of female progeny. Competing females were more active during oviposition and had shorter lives. The study suggests that both host and foundress (female parasitoid) densities have significant effect on progeny production, sex allocation, and longevity of foraging females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kant
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4412, New Zealand ( ; )
- Current address: Plant and Food Research, Food Industry Science Centre, Fitzherbert Science Center, Batchelar Road, Plamerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Maria A Minor
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4412, New Zealand (; )
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Migani V, Ekesi S, Merkel K, Hoffmeister T. At Lunch with a Killer: The Effect of Weaver Ants on Host-Parasitoid Interactions on Mango. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170101. [PMID: 28146561 PMCID: PMC5287459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions can affect the behaviour of the species involved, with consequences for population distribution and competitive interactions. Under predation pressure, potential prey may adopt evasive strategies. These responses can be costly and could impact population growth. As some prey species may be more affected than others, predation pressure could also alter the dynamics among species within communities. In field cages and small observation cages, we studied the interactions between a generalist predator, the African weaver ant, Oecophylla longinoda, two species of fruit flies that are primary pests of mango fruits, Ceratitis cosyra and Bactrocera dorsalis, and their two exotic parasitoids, Fopius arisanus and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. In all experiments, either a single individual (observation cage experiments) or groups of individuals (field cage experiments) of a single species were exposed to foraging in the presence or absence of weaver ants. Weaver ant presence reduced the number of eggs laid by 75 and 50 percent in B. dorsalis and C. cosyra respectively. Similarly, parasitoid reproductive success was negatively affected by ant presence, with success of parasitism reduced by around 50 percent for both F. arisanus and D. longicaudata. The negative effect of weaver ants on both flies and parasitoids was mainly due to indirect predation effects. Encounters with weaver ant workers increased the leaving tendency in flies and parasitoids, thus reduced the time spent foraging on mango fruits. Parasitoids were impacted more strongly than fruit flies. We discuss how weaver ant predation pressure may affect the population dynamics of the fruit flies, and, in turn, how the alteration of host dynamics could impact parasitoid foraging behaviour and success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Migani
- University of Bremen, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Institute for Ecology, Bremen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology(icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Katharina Merkel
- University of Bremen, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Institute for Ecology, Bremen, Germany
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thomas Hoffmeister
- University of Bremen, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Institute for Ecology, Bremen, Germany
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12
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Influence of temperature on patch residence time in parasitoids: physiological and behavioural mechanisms. Naturwissenschaften 2016; 103:32. [PMID: 26961124 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-016-1357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Patch time allocation has received much attention in the context of optimal foraging theory, including the effect of environmental variables. We investigated the direct role of temperature on patch time allocation by parasitoids through physiological and behavioural mechanisms and its indirect role via changes in sex allocation and behavioural defences of the hosts. We compared the influence of foraging temperature on patch residence time between an egg parasitoid, Trichogramma euproctidis, and an aphid parasitoid, Aphidius ervi. The latter attacks hosts that are able to actively defend themselves, and may thus indirectly influence patch time allocation of the parasitoid. Patch residence time decreased with an increase in temperature in both species. The increased activity levels with warming, as evidenced by the increase in walking speed, partially explained these variations, but other mechanisms were involved. In T. euproctidis, the ability to externally discriminate parasitised hosts decreased at low temperature, resulting in a longer patch residence time. Changes in sex allocation with temperature did not explain changes in patch time allocation in this species. For A. ervi, we observed that aphids frequently escaped at intermediate temperature and defended themselves aggressively at high temperature, but displayed few defence mechanisms at low temperature. These defensive behaviours resulted in a decreased patch residence time for the parasitoid and partly explained the fact that A. ervi remained for a shorter time at the intermediate and high temperatures than at the lowest temperature. Our results suggest that global warming may affect host-parasitoid interactions through complex mechanisms including both direct and indirect effects on parasitoid patch time allocation.
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14
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Polilov AA. Small is beautiful: features of the smallest insects and limits to miniaturization. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 60:103-121. [PMID: 25341106 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturization leads to considerable reorganization of structures in insects, affecting almost all organs and tissues. In the smallest insects, comparable in size to unicellular organisms, modifications arise not only at the level of organs, but also at the cellular level. Miniaturization is accompanied by allometric changes in many organ systems. The consequences of miniaturization displayed by different insect taxa include both common and unique changes. Because the smallest insects are among the smallest metazoans and have the most complex organization among organisms of the same size, their peculiar structural features and the factors that limit their miniaturization are of considerable theoretical interest to general biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Polilov
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia;
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15
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Mohamad R, Wajnberg E, Monge JP, Goubault M. The effect of direct interspecific competition on patch exploitation strategies in parasitoid wasps. Oecologia 2014; 177:305-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Mann O, Kiflawi M. Social foraging with partial (public) information. J Theor Biol 2014; 359:112-9. [PMID: 24911779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Group foragers can utilize public information to better estimate patch quality and arrive at more efficient patch-departure rules. However, acquiring such information may come at a cost; e.g. reduced search efficiency. We present a Bayesian group-foraging model in which social foragers do not require full awareness of their companions' foraging success; only of their number. In our model, patch departure is based on direct estimates of the number of remaining items. This is achieved by considering all likely combinations of initial patch-quality and group foraging-success; given the individual forager's experience within the patch. Slower rates of information-acquisition by our 'partially-aware' foragers lead them to over-utilize poor patches; more than fully-aware foragers. However, our model suggests that the ensuing loss in long-term intake-rates can be matched by a relatively low cost to the acquisition of full public information. In other words, we suggest that group-size offers sufficient information for optimal patch utilization by social foragers. We suggest, also, that our model is applicable to other situations where resources undergo 'background depletion', which is coincident but independent of the consumer's own utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofri Mann
- Department of Life-Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Eilat Campus, Eilat, Israel; The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, PO Box 469, Eilat, Israel.
| | - Moshe Kiflawi
- Department of Life-Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Eilat Campus, Eilat, Israel; The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, PO Box 469, Eilat, Israel.
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Nectar provisioning close to host patches increases parasitoid recruitment, retention and host parasitism. Basic Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Sheng S, Feng S, Meng L, Li B. Departure mechanisms for host search on high-density patches by the Meteorus pulchricornis. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:205. [PMID: 25502040 PMCID: PMC5633939 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Less attention has been paid to the parasitoid-host system in which the host occurs in considerably high density with a hierarchical patch structure in studies on time allocation strategies of parasitoids. This study used the parasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the Oriental leafworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as the parasitoids-host model system to investigate patch-leaving mechanisms as affected by the high-host density, hierarchical patch structure, and foraging behaviors on both former and current patches. The results showed that three out of eight covariates tested had significant effects on the patch-leaving tendency, including the host density, ovipositor insertion, and host rejection on the current patch. The parasitoid paid more visits to the patch with high-density hosts. While the patch with higher host densities decreased the leaving tendency, the spatial distribution of hosts examined had no effect on the leaving tendency. Both oviposition and host rejection decreased the patch-leaving tendency. The variables associated with the former patch, such as the host density and number of ovipositor insertions, however, did not have an effect on the leaving tendency. Our study suggested that M. pulchricornis females may use an incremental mechanism to exploit high-density patches to the fullest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Sheng
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China Agricultural Pests Management Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China Eastern China Crop Pests Management Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sufang Feng
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China Agricultural Pests Management Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China Eastern China Crop Pests Management Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Meng
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China Agricultural Pests Management Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China Eastern China Crop Pests Management Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoping Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China Agricultural Pests Management Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China Eastern China Crop Pests Management Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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19
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Optimal within-patch movement strategies for optimising patch residence time: an agent-based modelling approach. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-013-1615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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21
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Reigada C, Araujo SB, de Aguiar M. Patch exploitation strategies of parasitoids: The role of sex ratio and forager's interference in structuring metapopulations. Ecol Modell 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Reigada C, de Aguiar MAM. Host-parasitoid persistence over variable spatio-temporally susceptible habitats: bottom-up effects of ephemeral resources. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Louâpre P, Pierre JS. Carbon dioxide narcosis modifies the patch leaving decision of foraging parasitoids. Anim Cogn 2011; 15:429-35. [PMID: 22042510 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-011-0464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Gleaning information is a way for foragers to adjust their behavior in order to maximize their fitness. Information decreases the uncertainty about the environment and could help foragers to accurately estimate environmental characteristics. In a patchy resource, information sampled during previous patch visits is efficient only if it is retained in the memory and retrieved upon arrival in a new patch. In this study, we tested whether the braconid Asobara tabida, a parasitoid of Drosophila larvae, retains information gleaned on patch quality in the memory and adjusts its foraging behavior accordingly. Females were anesthetized with CO(2) after leaving a first patch containing a different number of hosts and were allowed to visit a second patch containing only kairomones. CO(2) is known to erase unconsolidated information from the memory. We show that in the absence of a short CO(2) narcosis, females responded according to their previous experience, whereas anesthetized females did not. The anesthetized females stayed a given time in the second patch irrespective of what they encountered before. CO(2) narcosis had no effect on the residence time of the non-experienced females in a patch containing hosts or only kairomones in comparison with the non-anesthetized females that had a previous foraging experience. We conclude that CO(2) narcosis erases the effect of the previous patch quality, perhaps due to a memory disruption. Direct information processing is likely to be involved in parasitoid decision making through retention of the information on the previous patch quality into a CO(2) sensitive memory.
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Louâpre P, van Baaren J, Pierre J, van Alphen J. Information gleaned and former patch quality determine foraging behavior of parasitic wasps. Behav Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arr090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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25
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Le Lann C, Outreman Y, van Alphen J, van Baaren J. First in, last out: asymmetric competition influences patch exploitation of a parasitoid. Behav Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arq180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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27
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Eliassen S, Jørgensen C, Mangel M, Giske J. Quantifying the Adaptive Value of Learning in Foraging Behavior. Am Nat 2009; 174:478-89. [DOI: 10.1086/605370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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van Baaren J, Le Lann C, Pichenot J, Pierre JS, Krespi L, Outreman Y. How could host discrimination abilities influence the structure of a parasitoid community? BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2009; 99:299-306. [PMID: 19063755 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485308006342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Three related Aphidius parasitoid species share the same host, the grain aphid Sitobion avenae. Among this parasitoid community, Aphidius rhopalosiphi is the most abundant species in the field. Both the interspecific host discrimination of A. rhopalosiphi towards hosts parasitized by the two other species (i.e. A. avenae and A. ervi) and the interspecific host discrimination of the two other species towards hosts parasitized by A. rhopalosiphi were studied here. Results showed that females of A. rhopalosiphi and A. avenae both discriminated between unparasitized hosts and hosts parasitized by the other species. This discrimination occurred only after ovipositor insertion, suggesting the perception of an internal marker of parasitism. Likewise, females of A. rhopalosiphi and A. ervi were able to discriminate between unparasitized hosts and hosts parasitized by the other species. However, in this combination of species, recognition of parasitized hosts occurred before ovipositor insertion, through an antennal perception, suggesting the presence an external cue indicating parasitism. Hence, interspecific host discrimination in the three Aphidius species is based on internal or external cues, which are used either alone or together. Our results showed that the cues used for interspecific host discrimination depend on the specific identity of the interaction. These differences seemed strongly linked to the way the different species respond to defensive behaviours of their aphid hosts. Results are discussed in the context of optimal foraging and possible consequences for community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Baaren
- UMR 1099 INRA-Agrocampus Ouest-Université Rennes I, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes cedex, France.
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Fievet V, Le Guigo P, Casquet J, Poinsot D, Outreman Y. Living with the dead: when the body count rises, prey stick around. Behav Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arp014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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31
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Inflexible wasps: the aphid parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes does not track multiple changes in habitat profitability. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Differential use of conspecific-derived information by sexual and asexual parasitic wasps exploiting partially depleted host patches. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-008-0691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Benefits of repeated mine trackings by a parasitoid when the host leafminer has a tortuous feeding pattern. Anim Behav 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Fievet V, Lhomme P, Outreman Y. Predation risk cues associated with killed conspecifics affect the behavior and reproduction of prey animals. OIKOS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Hutchinson JM, Wilke A, Todd PM. Patch leaving in humans: can a generalist adapt its rules to dispersal of items across patches? Anim Behav 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Eberhard WG. Miniaturized orb-weaving spiders: behavioural precision is not limited by small size. Proc Biol Sci 2007; 274:2203-9. [PMID: 17609181 PMCID: PMC2706203 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The special problems confronted by very small animals in nervous system design that may impose limitations on their behaviour and evolution are reviewed. Previous attempts to test for such behavioural limitations have suffered from lack of detail in behavioural observations of tiny species and unsatisfactory measurements of their behavioural capacities. This study presents partial solutions to both problems. The orb-web construction behaviour of spiders provided data on the comparative behavioural capabilities of tiny animals in heretofore unparalleled detail; species ranged about five orders of magnitude in weight, from approximately 50-100mg down to some of the smallest spiders known (less than 0.005mg), whose small size is a derived trait. Previous attempts to quantify the 'complexity' of behaviour were abandoned in favour of using comparisons of behavioural imprecision in performing the same task. The prediction of the size limitation hypothesis that very small spiders would have a reduced ability to repeat one particular behaviour pattern precisely was not confirmed. The anatomical and physiological mechanisms by which these tiny animals achieve this precision and the possibility that they are more limited in the performance of higher-order behaviour patterns await further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Eberhard
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria, Costa Rica.
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37
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Bukovinszky T, Gols R, Hemerik L, Van Lenteren JC, Vet LEM. Time allocation of a parasitoid foraging in heterogeneous vegetation: implications for host?parasitoid interactions. J Anim Ecol 2007; 76:845-53. [PMID: 17714262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Changing plant composition in a community can have profound consequences for herbivore and parasitoid population dynamics. To understand such effects, studies are needed that unravel the underlying behavioural decisions determining the responses of parasitoids to complex habitats. 2. The searching behaviour of the parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum was followed in environments with different plant species composition. In the middle of these environments, two Brassica oleracea plants infested by the host Plutella xylostella were placed. The control set-up contained B. oleracea plants only. In the more complex set-ups, B. oleracea plants were interspersed by either Sinapis alba or Hordeum vulgare. 3. Parasitoids did not find the first host-infested plant with the same speed in the different environments. Sinapis alba plants were preferentially searched by parasitoids, resulting in fewer initial host encounters, possibly creating a dynamic enemy-free space for the host on adjacent B. oleracea plants. In set-ups with H. vulgare, also, fewer initial host encounters were found, but in this case plant structure was more likely than infochemicals to interfere with the searching behaviour of parasitoids. 4. On discovering a host-infested plant, parasitoids located the second host-infested plant with equal speed, demonstrating the effect of experience on time allocation. Further encounters with host-infested plants that had already been visited decreased residence times and increased the tendency to leave the environment. 5. Due to the intensive search of S. alba plants, hosts were encountered at lower rates here than in the other set-ups. However, because parasitoids left the set-up with S. alba last, the same number of hosts were encountered as in the other treatments. 6. Plant composition of a community influences the distribution of parasitoid attacks via its effects on arrival and leaving tendencies. Foraging experiences can reduce or increase the importance of enemy-free space for hosts on less attractive plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Bukovinszky
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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38
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Toju H. Interpopulation variation in predator foraging behaviour promotes the evolutionary divergence of prey. J Evol Biol 2007; 20:1544-53. [PMID: 17584247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite intensive investigation of the role of predation on evolutionary processes, few studies have questioned the possibility of the evolutionary divergence of prey populations in response to interpopulation variation in predator foraging behaviour. In an interaction between a seed-predatory insect, the camellia weevil (Curculio camelliae), and its host plant, the Japanese camellia (Camellia japonica), I tested whether the evolutionary differentiation of the plant's defensive trait, pericarp thickness, was related to the interpopulation variation in the foraging behaviour of female weevils. I found that the preference of weevils for the plant fruit based on pericarp thickness varied across 13 populations in Japan. Importantly, variation in weevil behaviour explained interpopulation variation in pericarp thickness and the direction/strength of natural selection on the trait. Overall, I show that adaptive foraging of predators can result in the evolutionary divergence of predator-prey interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Toju
- Ecology Sciences, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
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39
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Lefebvre D, Pierre J, Outreman Y, Pierre JS. Patch departure rules in Bumblebees: evidence of a decremental motivational mechanism. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-007-0402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Small but smart: the interaction between environmental cues and internal state modulates host-patch exploitation in a parasitic wasp. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-007-0372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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42
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Wajnberg É. Time allocation strategies in insect parasitoids: from ultimate predictions to proximate behavioral mechanisms. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-006-0198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Outreman Y, Pierre JS. Adaptive value of host discrimination in parasitoids: When host defences are very costly. Behav Processes 2005; 70:93-103. [PMID: 15908141 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2004] [Revised: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Host acceptance decision in parasitic wasps strongly depends on the parasitism status of the encountered host. In solitary species, a host only allows the development of a single parasitic larva and then, any oviposition in an already parasitised host leads to larval competition and loss of offspring. Females of many parasitoid species are able to discriminate between parasitised hosts and healthy ones. However, the host discrimination process may require more time than oviposition, exposing the wasp to high risks when the host has efficient defences. Consequently, depending on the degree of success of the host defence, the cost of host inspection for discrimination can outweigh the benefit of superparasitism avoidance. In the present paper, a theoretical approach was developed for determining how host defences may affect optimal host acceptance behaviour in parasitoids. The present model compares the lifetime reproductive success over the strategy used, discrimination and no-discrimination: a discriminating wasp sets a relatively greater value in its current oviposition, while a non-discriminating female sets a greater value in its own survival and future reproduction. The model predicts that depending on physiological state variables and environmental state variables, the optimal policy is not discriminating. Our results suggest that the low discriminating ability observed in some parasitic wasps could probably be an evolutionary response to host defences pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Outreman
- UMR INRA-Agrocampus Rennes BiO3P, Laboratoire Ecologie et Sciences Phytosanitaires, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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44
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Goubault M, Outreman Y, Poinsot D, Cortesero AM. Patch exploitation strategies of parasitic wasps under intraspecific competition. Behav Ecol 2005. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ari043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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