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Milchram M, Bruckner A, Kniha E, Landler L, Hoxha I, Reiter G, Linhart S, Sageder M, Zechmeister T, Suarez-Rubio M. How individual variation shapes ecological niches in two Pipistrellus bat species. Commun Biol 2025; 8:503. [PMID: 40148495 PMCID: PMC11950338 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-025-07948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2025] [Indexed: 03/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Niche partitioning is a crucial mechanism explaining species coexistence and biodiversity; however, the role of individual variation is less understood. As global changes reshuffle species communities, understanding coexistence mechanisms is vital. In this study, we use two co-occurring, morphologically similar bat species, Nathusius' pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nathusii) and the range-expanding Kuhl's pipistrelle (P. kuhlii), as models. We examine their niche partitioning across habitats and time, considering individual variations by analysing the spatio-temporal habitat selection of 58 radio-tracked individuals. For resource assessment, we use metabarcoding of guano samples. Our results show that individual variation in both species exceeded species-level differences. Nathusius' pipistrelle exhibits greater between-individual variation, while the range-expanding Kuhl's pipistrelle shows stronger within-individual variation, probably facilitating its expansion. This study emphasises the significance of individual variation in investigating animal niche partitioning. It suggests a contribution of within-individual variation in the range expansion of bat species, reshaping animal communities under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Milchram
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Ecosystem Management, Climate and Biodiversity, BOKU University, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Alexander Bruckner
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Ecosystem Management, Climate and Biodiversity, BOKU University, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edwin Kniha
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Landler
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Ecosystem Management, Climate and Biodiversity, BOKU University, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ina Hoxha
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guido Reiter
- Austrian Coordination Centre for Bat Conservation and Research, Fritz-Störk-Straße 13, Leonding, Austria
| | - Samira Linhart
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Ecosystem Management, Climate and Biodiversity, BOKU University, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monica Sageder
- Department of Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Zechmeister
- Amt der Burgenländischen Landesregierung, Biologische Station Neusiedler See, Seevorgelände 1, 7142, Illmitz, Austria
| | - Marcela Suarez-Rubio
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Ecosystem Management, Climate and Biodiversity, BOKU University, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Scott JE. The macroevolutionary dynamics of activity pattern in mammals: Primates in context. J Hum Evol 2023; 184:103436. [PMID: 37741141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Activity pattern has played a prominent role in discussions of primate evolutionary history. Most primates are either diurnal or nocturnal, but a small number are active both diurnally and nocturnally. This pattern-cathemerality-also occurs at low frequency across mammals. Using a large sample of mammalian species, this study evaluates two macroevolutionary hypotheses proposed to explain why cathemerality is less common than diurnality and nocturnality: 1) that cathemeral lineages have higher extinction probabilities (differential diversification) and 2) that transitions out of cathemerality are more frequent, making it a less persistent state (differential state persistence). Rates of speciation, extinction, and transition between character states were estimated using hidden-rates models applied to a phylogenetic tree containing 3013 mammals classified by activity pattern. The models failed to detect consistent differences in diversification dynamics among activity patterns, but there is strong support for differential state persistence. Transition rates out of cathemerality tend to be much higher than transition rates out of nocturnality. Transition rates out of diurnality are similar to those for cathemerality in most clades, with two important exceptions: diurnality is unusually persistent in anthropoid primates and sciurid rodents. These two groups combine very low rates of transition out of diurnality with high speciation rates. This combination has no parallels among cathemeral lineages, explaining why diurnality has become more common than cathemerality in mammals. Similarly, the combination of rates found in anthropoids is sufficient to explain the low relative frequency of cathemerality in primates, making it unnecessary to appeal to high extinction probabilities in cathemeral lineages in this clade. These findings support the hypothesis that the distribution of activity patterns across mammals has been influenced primarily by differential state persistence, whereas the effect of differential diversification appears to have been more idiosyncratic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah E Scott
- Department of Medical Anatomical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
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3
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Campera M, Chimienti M, Nekaris KAI. Applications of Accelerometers and Other Bio-Logging Devices in Captive and Wild Animals. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020222. [PMID: 36670762 PMCID: PMC9855032 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-logging devices have been widely used in ecology across a range of species to acquire information on the secret lives of animals in the wild, which would otherwise be challenging to obtain via direct observations [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Campera
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Marianna Chimienti
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, 405 Route de Prissé la Charrière, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - K. A. I. Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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4
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Kooros SJ, Goossens B, Sterck EHM, Kenderdine R, Malim PT, Ramirez Saldivar DA, Stark DJ. External environmental conditions impact nocturnal activity levels in proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) living in Sabah, Malaysia. Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23423. [PMID: 35848355 PMCID: PMC9540267 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several diurnal nonhuman anthropoids have been identified displaying varying degrees of nocturnal activity, which can be influenced by activity “masking effects”—external events or conditions that suppress or trigger activity, temporarily altering normal activity patterns. Environmental masking characteristics include nocturnal temperature, rainfall, cloud cover, and moon brightness. Similarly, other ecological characteristics, including proximity to humans and predators and daytime activity, may also trigger or suppress nocturnal activity. Understanding the effects of external conditions on activity patterns is pertinent to effective species conservation. We investigated the presence of nocturnal activity and the influence of masking effects on the level of nocturnal activity displayed by wild proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Dual‐axis accelerometers were attached by collar to six male proboscis monkeys from different one‐male, multi‐female groups to record activity continuously (165–401 days each). We measured the monkeys' nocturnal and diurnal activity levels and investigated the effects of seven potential masking effects. Nocturnal activity was much lower than diurnal activity. Still, proboscis monkeys did display varying levels of nocturnal activity. Generalized linear mixed models identified higher nocturnal activity in the study individuals during nights with cooler temperatures, higher rainfall, and after higher diurnal activity. These three masking effects affected nocturnal activity levels during the observation period that informed our model, although they did not predict nocturnal activity outside of this period. While the generalizability of these results remains uncertain, this study highlights the utility of accelerometers in identifying activity patterns and masking effects that create variability in these patterns. Six male proboscis monkeys displayed low levels of nocturnal activity, consistent with a diurnal activity pattern. Nocturnal activity in five of these male proboscis monkeys increased during nights that had cooler temperatures, higher rainfall, and after higher daytime activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Kooros
- Animal Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Danau Girang Field Centre, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Benoit Goossens
- c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Danau Girang Field Centre, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Sabah Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Elisabeth H M Sterck
- Animal Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter T Malim
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Diana A Ramirez Saldivar
- c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Danau Girang Field Centre, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Danica J Stark
- c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Danau Girang Field Centre, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Rasoamazava L, Rakotomalala VF, Sefczek TM, Frasier CL, Dinsmore MP, Rasoloharijaona S, Louis EE. Feeding ecology of Lepilemur septentrionalis in the dry forest of Montagne des Français, northern Madagascar. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20210702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The role of folivorous primates in ecosystem restoration has been largely overlooked. This may primarily be due to the lack of basic ecological information on many of these species. The northern sportive lemur (Lepilemur septentrionalis), for example, is one of the most endangered primates in the world, yet we lack baseline ecological knowledge of this lemur. This dearth only serves to exacerbate their situation as conservation initiatives do not have the fundamental information needed to properly manage conservation efforts for this species. To obtain an ecological baseline for L. septentrionalis, we used instantaneous focal animal sampling to collect behavioral data, including strata use, to investigate feeding ecology for five individuals over a 12-month period (December 2018-November 2019) in Montagne des Français. We conducted a total of 755.1 hours of observation. Our results showed that L. septentrionalis’ diet consisted of mature and young leaves, ripe and unripe fruits, flowers, and buds. Mature leaves of Tamarindus indica were the most frequently consumed resource, yet L. septentrionalis consumed 61 different species of plants from 23 families. Though mature leaves were the most frequently consumed resource overall, we only observed L. septentrionalis eating them during the cold/dry season. The most frequently used stratum during feeding was the canopy, which correlated strongly with the consumption of mature and young leaves. Though many aspects of this species’ diet are similar to other Lepilemur, there are specific ecological conditions, notably seasonal frugivory, which should be considered when developing restoration ecology programs in Montagne des Français.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Rasoamazava
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologie et de l’Environnement, Université de Mahajanga, 5 rue Georges V, Mahajanga, B.P. 652, Madagascar
| | - Valérie F. Rakotomalala
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologie et de l’Environnement, Université de Mahajanga, 5 rue Georges V, Mahajanga, B.P. 652, Madagascar
| | - Timothy M. Sefczek
- Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Center for Conservation and Research, Omaha, NE 68107, USA
| | - Cynthia L. Frasier
- Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Center for Conservation and Research, Omaha, NE 68107, USA
| | - Mary P. Dinsmore
- School of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Solofonirina Rasoloharijaona
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologie et de l’Environnement, Université de Mahajanga, 5 rue Georges V, Mahajanga, B.P. 652, Madagascar
- École Doctorale Ecosystèmes Naturels, Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - Edward E. Louis
- Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Center for Conservation and Research, Omaha, NE 68107, USA
- Madagascar Biodiversity Partnership, NGO, VO12 Bis A, Manakambahiny, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
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Nekaris KAI, Campera M, Chimienti M, Murray C, Balestri M, Showell Z. Training in the Dark: Using Target Training for Non-Invasive Application and Validation of Accelerometer Devices for an Endangered Primate (Nycticebus bengalensis). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040411. [PMID: 35203119 PMCID: PMC8868541 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recent advances in technology allow for the study of animal behaviours through indirect observations. This facilitates research on cryptic animals for which direct observations may miss a considerable portion of their activity. The validity of accelerometers in obtaining accurate animal behaviours, however, needs to be tested before collecting data in the wild. Modern zoos offer excellent opportunities for researchers to test field techniques in a safe setting. Here, we describe a non-invasive training program to attach an accelerometer to an individual Bengal slow loris at the Shaldon Wildlife Trust. This training took 39 15-min sessions and allowed for the attachment of the accelerometer for validation with reduced stress for the animal. We also collected videos to associate to accelerometer data to estimate the accuracy of accelerometers in identifying the behaviours of Bengal slow loris. The accuracy was above 80% with some of the behaviours that were clearly identified (e.g., resting: 99.8%), while others were more difficult to discern (e.g., suspensory walk, a locomotion behaviour, was discerned only 60.3% of times from other behaviours). The non-invasive training and accelerometer validation can be used on similar species before using accelerometers in the wild. Abstract Accelerometers offer unique opportunities to study the behaviour of cryptic animals but require validation to show their accuracy in identifying behaviours. This validation is often undertaken in captivity before use in the wild. While zoos provide important opportunities for trial field techniques, they must consider the welfare and health of the individuals in their care and researchers must opt for the least invasive techniques. We used positive reinforcement training to attach and detach a collar with an accelerometer to an individual Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis) at the Shaldon Wildlife Trust, U.K. This allowed us to collect accelerometer data at different periods between January–June 2020 and January–February 2021, totalling 42 h of data with corresponding video for validation. Of these data, we selected 54 min where ten behaviours were present and ran a random forest model. We needed 39 15-min sessions to train the animal to wear/remove the collar. The accelerometer data had an accuracy of 80.7 ± SD 9.9% in predicting the behaviours, with 99.8% accuracy in predicting resting, and a lower accuracy (but still >75% for all of them apart from suspensory walk) for the different types of locomotion and feeding behaviours. This training and validation technique can be used in similar species and shows the importance of working with zoos for in situ conservation (e.g., validation of field techniques).
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (M.C.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marco Campera
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (M.C.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Carly Murray
- Shaldon Wildlife Trust, Shaldon TQ14 0HP, UK; (C.M.); (Z.S.)
| | - Michela Balestri
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (M.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Zak Showell
- Shaldon Wildlife Trust, Shaldon TQ14 0HP, UK; (C.M.); (Z.S.)
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7
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Perea-Rodríguez JP, Corley MK, de la Iglesia H, Fernandez-Duque E. Thermoenergetic challenges and daytime behavioural patterns of a wild cathemeral mammal. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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8
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Hending D. Environmental drivers of Cheirogaleidae population density: Remarkable resilience of Madagascar's smallest lemurs to habitat degradation. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5874-5891. [PMID: 34141190 PMCID: PMC8207435 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Global animal populations are in decline due to destruction and degradation of their natural habitat. Understanding the factors that determine the distribution and density of threatened animal populations is therefore now a crucial component of their study and conservation. The Cheirogaleidae are a diverse family of small-bodied, nocturnal lemurs that are widespread throughout the forests of Madagascar. However, many cheirogaleid lemurs are now highly threatened with extinction and the environmental factors that determine their distribution and population density are still little known. Here, I investigated the environmental drivers of Cheirogaleidae population density at genus level. LOCATION Various forest sites across Madagascar. METHODS I investigated how six environmental variables affect Cheirogaleidae population density at the genus level via random-effect meta-analyses. I then used a generalized linear mixed-effects model to identify the primary predictors of Cheirogaleidae population density. Finally, I investigated how the population density of this family of lemurs varies between protected and unprotected areas of Madagascar via a GLM analysis. RESULTS My results indicate that the relationships between the tested environmental factors and population density are genus-specific among the Cheirogaleidae. Rather remarkably, the density of Microcebus appears to have a profoundly positive relationship with anthropogenic disturbance and a negative relationship with forest cover, a finding that is also reflected by larger population densities within unprotected areas in comparison with localities within Madagascar's protected area network. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The results of this study are highly encouraging for the conservation of the Cheirogaleidae and highlight the remarkable resilience of these lemurs to habitat degradation and anthropogenic activity. However, this study also outlines the dearth of knowledge that we have for many species, and why these data are urgently needed to understand the biogeography and ecology of threatened animal populations and implement successful conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hending
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of BristolBristolUK
- Bristol Zoological SocietyClifton, BristolUK
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9
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Kappeler PM. Orientation in Time and Space. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-82879-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Mougi A. Polyrhythmic foraging and competitive coexistence. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20282. [PMID: 33219304 PMCID: PMC7679447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The current ecological understanding still does not fully explain how biodiversity is maintained. One strategy to address this issue is to contrast theoretical prediction with real competitive communities where diverse species share limited resources. I present, in this study, a new competitive coexistence theory-diversity of biological rhythms. I show that diversity in activity cycles plays a key role in coexistence of competing species, using a two predator-one prey system with diel, monthly, and annual cycles for predator foraging. Competitive exclusion always occurs without activity cycles. Activity cycles do, however, allow for coexistence. Furthermore, each activity cycle plays a different role in coexistence, and coupling of activity cycles can synergistically broaden the coexistence region. Thus, with all activity cycles, the coexistence region is maximal. The present results suggest that polyrhythmic changes in biological activity in response to the earth's rotation and revolution are key to competitive coexistence. Also, temporal niche shifts caused by environmental changes can easily eliminate competitive coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Mougi
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan.
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Buil JMM, Peckre LR, Dörge M, Fichtel C, Kappeler PM, Scherberger H. Remotely releasable collar mechanism for medium-sized mammals: an affordable technology to avoid multiple captures. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen M. M. Buil
- J. M. M. Buil, M. Dörge and H. Scherberger (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6593-2800) ✉ , Neurobiology Laboratory, German Primate Center GmbH – Leibniz Inst. for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany. HS also at: Johann-Friedrich-Bl
| | - Louise R. Peckre
- L. R. Peckre (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0065-8529), C. Fichtel (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8346-2168)P. M. Kappeler, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center GmbH – Leibniz Inst. for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Dörge
- J. M. M. Buil, M. Dörge and H. Scherberger (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6593-2800) ✉ , Neurobiology Laboratory, German Primate Center GmbH – Leibniz Inst. for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany. HS also at: Johann-Friedrich-Bl
| | - Claudia Fichtel
- L. R. Peckre (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0065-8529), C. Fichtel (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8346-2168)P. M. Kappeler, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center GmbH – Leibniz Inst. for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Peter M. Kappeler
- L. R. Peckre (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0065-8529), C. Fichtel (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8346-2168)P. M. Kappeler, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center GmbH – Leibniz Inst. for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Scherberger
- J. M. M. Buil, M. Dörge and H. Scherberger (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6593-2800) ✉ , Neurobiology Laboratory, German Primate Center GmbH – Leibniz Inst. for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany. HS also at: Johann-Friedrich-Bl
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