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Zhao L, Wu Q, Long Y, Qu Q, Qi F, Liu L, Zhang L, Ai K. microRNAs: critical targets for treating rheumatoid arthritis angiogenesis. J Drug Target 2024; 32:1-20. [PMID: 37982157 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2284097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Vascular neogenesis, an early event in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) inflammation, is critical for the formation of synovial vascular networks and plays a key role in the progression and persistence of chronic RA inflammation. microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of single-stranded, non-coding RNAs with approximately 21-23 nucleotides in length, regulate gene expression by binding to the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of specific mRNAs. Increasing evidence suggests that miRNAs are differently expressed in diseases associated with vascular neogenesis and play a crucial role in disease-related vascular neogenesis. However, current studies are not sufficient and further experimental studies are needed to validate and establish the relationship between miRNAs and diseases associated with vascular neogenesis, and to determine the specific role of miRNAs in vascular development pathways. To better treat vascular neogenesis in diseases such as RA, we need additional studies on the role of miRNAs and their target genes in vascular development, and to provide more strategic references. In addition, future studies can use modern biotechnological methods such as proteomics and transcriptomics to investigate the expression and regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs, providing a more comprehensive and in-depth research basis for the treatment of related diseases such as RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Zhao
- College of Acupuncture, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qingze Wu
- College of Acupuncture, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yiying Long
- Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Qirui Qu
- College of Acupuncture, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Qi
- College of Acupuncture, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Li Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Acupuncture, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Kun Ai
- College of Acupuncture, Tuina and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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Fu W, Shentu C, Chen D, Qiu J, Zong C, Yu H, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Liu X, Xu T. Network pharmacology combined with affinity ultrafiltration to elucidate the potential compounds of Shaoyao Gancao Fuzi Decoction for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118268. [PMID: 38677569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shaoyao Gancao Fuzi Decoction (SGFD), has been employed for thousands of years in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with remarkable clinical efficacy. However, the material basis underlying the effectiveness of SGFD still remains unclear. AIM OF THE REVIEW This study aims to elucidate the material basis of SGFD through the application of network pharmacology and biological affinity ultrafiltration. RESULTS UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS was employed to characterize the components in SGFD, the identified 145 chemical components were mainly categorized into alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and monoterpenoids according to the structures. Network pharmacology method was utilized to identify potential targets and signaling pathways of SGFD in the RA treatment, and the anti-inflammatory and anti-RA effects of SGFD were validated through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Moreover, as the significant node in the pharmacology network, TNF-α, a classical therapeutic target in RA, was subsequent employed to screen the interacting compounds in SGFD via affinity ultrafiltration screening method, 6 active molecules (i.e.,glycyrrhizic acid, paeoniflorin, formononetin, isoliquiritigenin, benzoyl mesaconitine, and glycyrrhetinic acid) were exhibited significant interactions. Finally, the significant anti-inflammatory and anti-TNF-α effects of these compounds were validated at the cellular level. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study comprehensively elucidates the pharmacodynamic material basis of SGFD, offering a practical reference model for the systematic investigation of traditional Chinese medicine formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Chengyu Shentu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Dan Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Junjie Qiu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Cangnan County Qiushi Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 366, Xingke Road, Lingxi Town, Cangnan County, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325899, China
| | - Chuhong Zong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Hengyuan Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Cangnan County Qiushi Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 366, Xingke Road, Lingxi Town, Cangnan County, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325899, China
| | - Xuesong Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Cangnan County Qiushi Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 366, Xingke Road, Lingxi Town, Cangnan County, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325899, China.
| | - Tengfei Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Cangnan County Qiushi Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 366, Xingke Road, Lingxi Town, Cangnan County, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325899, China.
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3
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Huang Z, Liu D, Mo S, Hong X, Xie J, Chen Y, Liu L, Song D, Tang S, Wu H, Xu J, Dong F. Multimodal PA/US imaging in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Enhanced correlation with clinical scores. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 38:100615. [PMID: 38817689 PMCID: PMC11137597 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Background Accurate assessment of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) activity remains a challenge. Multimodal photoacoustic/ultrasound (PA/US) joint imaging emerges as a novel imaging modality capable of depicting microvascularization and oxygenation levels in inflamed joints associated with RA. However, the scarcity of large-scale studies limits the exploration of correlating joint oxygenation status with disease activity. Objective This study aimed to explore the correlation between multimodal PA/US imaging scores and RA disease activity, assessing its clinical applicability in managing RA. Methods In this study, we recruited 111 patients diagnosed with RA and conducted examinations of seven small joints on their clinically dominant side using a PA/US imaging system. The PA and power Doppler ultrasound (PDUS) signals were semi-quantitatively assessed using a 0-3 grading system. The cumulative scores for PA and PDUS across these seven joints (PA-sum and PDUS-sum) were calculated. Relative oxygen saturation (So2) values of inflamed joints on the clinically dominant side were measured, and categorized into four distinct PA+So2 patterns. The correlation between PA/US imaging scores and disease activity indices was systematically evaluated. Results Analysis of 777 small joints in 111 patients revealed that the PA-sum scores exhibited a strong positive correlation with standard clinical scores for RA, including DAS28 [ESR] (ρ = 0.682), DAS28 [CRP] (ρ = 0.683), CDAI (ρ = 0.738), and SDAI (ρ = 0.739), all with p < 0.001. These correlations were superior to those of the PDUS-sum scores (DAS28 [ESR] ρ = 0.559, DAS28 [CRP] ρ = 0.555, CDAI ρ = 0.575, SDAI ρ = 0.581, p < 0.001). Significantly, in patients with higher PA-sum scores, notable differences were observed in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (p < 0.01) and swollen joint count 28 (SJC28) (p < 0.01) between hypoxia and intermediate groups. Notably, RA patients in the hypoxia group exhibited higher clinical scores in certain clinical indices. Conclusion Multi-modal PA/US imaging introduces potential advancements in RA assessment, especially regarding So2 evaluations in synovial tissues and associated PA scores. However, further studies are warranted, particularly with more substantial sample sizes and in multi-center settings. Summary This study utilized multi-modal PA/US imaging to analyze Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients' synovial tissues and affected joints. When juxtaposed with traditional PDUS imaging, the PA approach demonstrated enhanced sensitivity, especially concerning detecting small vessels in thickened synovium and inflamed tendon sheaths. Furthermore, correlations between the derived PA scores, PA+So2 patterns, and standard clinical RA scores were observed. These findings suggest that multi-modal PA/US imaging could be a valuable tool in the comprehensive assessment of RA, offering insights not only into disease activity but also into the oxygenation status of synovial tissues. However, as promising as these results are, further investigations, especially in larger and diverse patient populations, are imperative. Key points ⸸ Multi-modal PA/US Imaging in RA: This novel technique was used to assess the So2 values in synovial tissues and determine PA scores of affected RA joints.⸸ Correlation significantly with Clinical RA Scores: Correlations significantly were noted between PA scores, PA+So2 patterns, and standard clinical RA metrics, hinting at the potential clinical applicability of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Dongzhou Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Sijie Mo
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Xiaoping Hong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Jingyi Xie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Lixiong Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Di Song
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Shuzhen Tang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Huaiyu Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Jinfeng Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Fajin Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China
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An X, Yang J, Cui X, Zhao J, Jiang C, Tang M, Dong Y, Lin L, Li H, Wang F. Advances in local drug delivery technologies for improved rheumatoid arthritis therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 209:115325. [PMID: 38670229 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by an inflammatory microenvironment and cartilage erosion within the joint cavity. Currently, antirheumatic agents yield significant outcomes in RA treatment. However, their systemic administration is limited by inadequate drug retention in lesion areas and non-specific tissue distribution, reducing efficacy and increasing risks such as infection due to systemic immunosuppression. Development in local drug delivery technologies, such as nanostructure-based and scaffold-assisted delivery platforms, facilitate enhanced drug accumulation at the target site, controlled drug release, extended duration of the drug action, reduced both dosage and administration frequency, and ultimately improve therapeutic outcomes with minimized damage to healthy tissues. In this review, we introduced pathogenesis and clinically used therapeutic agents for RA, comprehensively summarized locally administered nanostructure-based and scaffold-assisted drug delivery systems, aiming at improving the therapeutic efficiency of RA by alleviating the inflammatory response, preventing bone erosion and promoting cartilage regeneration. In addition, the challenges and future prospects of local delivery for clinical translation in RA are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran An
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jiapei Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jiaxuan Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Chenwei Jiang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Minglu Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yabing Dong
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Longfei Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Industry, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanchang 330000, PR China
| | - Feihu Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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Murillo-Saich JD, Coras R, Ramirez J, Quesada-Masachs E, Sala-Climent M, Eschelbach K, Mahony CB, Celis R, Armando A, Quehenberger O, Croft AP, Kavanaugh A, Chang E, Cañete JD, Singh A, Guma M. Synovial 5-Lipoxygenase-Derived Oxylipins Define a Lympho-Myeloid-Enriched Synovium. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024. [PMID: 38508862 DOI: 10.1002/art.42848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxylipins are bioactive lipids derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that modulate inflammation and may remain overexpressed in refractory synovitis. In plasma, they could also be biomarkers of synovial pathology. The aim of this study is to determine if synovial oxylipins in inflamed joints correlate with plasma oxylipins and with synovial histologic patterns. METHODS Patients with established rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis with active disease despite treatment were recruited, and paired synovial tissue (ST) and plasma were collected. Oxylipins were determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and were classified into groups according to their PUFA precursor and enzyme. The expression of CD20, CD68, CD3, and CD138 was obtained to describe synovial histology. Cell-specific expression of oxylipin-related genes was identified by examining available synovial single-cell RNA sequencing data. RESULTS We included a total of 32 ST and 26 paired-plasma samples. A total of 71 oxylipins were identified in ST, but only 24 were identified in plasma. Only levels of 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid and tetranor-Prostaglandin FM had a significant positive correlation between plasma and ST. Several oxylipins and oxylipin-related genes were differentially expressed among synovial phenotypes. Specifically, several 5-lipoxygenase (LOX)-derived oxylipins were statistically elevated in the lympho-myeloid phenotype and associated with B cell expression in rheumatoid arthritis samples. CONCLUSION The lack of correlation between ST and plasma oxylipins suggests that ST lipid profiling better characterizes active pathways in treated joints. Synovial 5-LOX-derived oxylipins were highly expressed in lympho-myeloid-enriched synovium. Combination therapy with 5-LOX inhibitors to improve refractory inflammation may be needed in patients with this histologic group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julio Ramirez
- Hospital Clinic and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Christopher B Mahony
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Raquel Celis
- Hospital Clinic and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Adam P Croft
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eric Chang
- University of California, San Diego, and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System
| | - Juan D Cañete
- Hospital Clinic and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Monica Guma
- University of California, San Diego, and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System
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Bogatyreva AI, Gerasimova EV, Kirichenko TV, Markina YV, Tolstik TV, Kiseleva DG, Popkova TV, Markin AM. Mitochondrial DNA copy number in patients with systemic sclerosis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1313426. [PMID: 38161383 PMCID: PMC10755920 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1313426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Systemic scleroderma (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease of inflammatory origin. Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered as an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of SSc. Currently mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number is used as a surrogate marker of mitochondrial dysfunction. Previous studies demonstrate that innate immune cells are important participants in inflammatory and fibrotic processes in SSc. The aim of the study was to evaluate the number of mtDNA copies in CD14+ monocytes and whole blood of patients with SSc in comparison with healthy individuals. Methods: Absolute mtDNA copy number was measured using digital PCR. It was found that the number of mtDNA copies in CD14+ monocytes was significantly higher in patients with SSc compared to control, while the number of mtDNA copies in the whole blood did not have significant differences. Results: The correlation analysis revealed an inverse association of mtDNA copy number with disease duration and the relationship between pro-inflammatory activation of CD14+ monocytes in terms of LPS-stimulated IL-6 secretion and mtDNA copy number. At the same time, basal and LPS-stimulated secretion of IL-6 by cultured CD+ monocytes were significantly higher in SSc group in comparison with control. Discussion: The study results suggest that increase of mtDNA copy number in CD14+ monocytes is a possible mechanism to maintain the reduced function of defective mitochondria in monocytes from patients with SSc associated with the development and progression of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia I. Bogatyreva
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Gerasimova
- Department of Systemic Rheumatic Diseases, VA Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Kirichenko
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuliya V. Markina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Taisiya V. Tolstik
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Diana G. Kiseleva
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biophysics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Popkova
- Department of Systemic Rheumatic Diseases, VA Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Markin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery”, Moscow, Russia
- Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
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7
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Wu Z, Zhang T, Ma X, Guo S, Zhou Q, Zahoor A, Deng G. Recent advances in anti-inflammatory active components and action mechanisms of natural medicines. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:2901-2937. [PMID: 37947913 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a series of reactions caused by the body's resistance to external biological stimuli. Inflammation affects the occurrence and development of many diseases. Anti-inflammatory drugs have been used widely to treat inflammatory diseases, but long-term use can cause toxic side-effects and affect human functions. As immunomodulators with long-term conditioning effects and no drug residues, natural products are being investigated increasingly for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we focus on the inflammatory process and cellular mechanisms in the development of diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, and coronavirus disease-2019. Also, we focus on three signaling pathways (Nuclear factor-kappa B, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3) to explain the anti-inflammatory effect of natural products. In addition, we also classified common natural products based on secondary metabolites and explained the association between current bidirectional prediction progress of natural product targets and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Wu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingqing Zhou
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Arshad Zahoor
- College of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ganzhen Deng
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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8
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Qin Y, Jin J, Zhang J, Wang H, Liu L, Zhang Y, Ling S, Hu J, Li N, Wang J, Lv C, Yang X. A fully human monoclonal antibody targeting Semaphorin 5A alleviates the progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115666. [PMID: 37832409 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic autoimmune disease worldwide. Although progress has been made in RA treatment in recent decades, remission cannot be effectively achieved for a considerable proportion of RA patients. Thus, novel potential targets for therapeutic strategies are needed. Semaphorin 5A (SEMA5A) plays a pivotal role in RA progression by facilitating pannus formation, and it is a promising therapeutic target. In this study, we sought to develop an antibody treatment strategy targeting SEMA5A and evaluate its therapeutic effect using a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. We generated SYD12-12, a fully human SEMA5A blocking antibody, through phage display technology. SYD12-12 intervention effectively inhibited angiogenesis and aggressive phenotypes of RA synoviocytes in vitro and dose-dependently inhibited synovial hyperplasia, pannus formation, bone destruction in CIA mice. Notably, SYD12-12 also improved the Treg/Th17 imbalance in CIA mice. We confirmed through immunofluorescence and molecular docking that SYD12-12 integrated with the unique TSP-1 domain of SEMA5A. In conclusion, we developed and characterized a fully human SEMA5A-blocking antibody for the first time. SYD12-12 effectively alleviated disease progression in CIA mice by inhibiting pannus formation and improving the Treg/Th17 imbalance, demonstrating its potential for the RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qin
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Jin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiani Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanwen Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sunwang Ling
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinzhu Hu
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Nuan Li
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianguang Wang
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Chen Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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9
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Zhang F, Cheng T, Zhang SX. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR): a potential new therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:187. [PMID: 37784141 PMCID: PMC10544394 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by systemic synovitis and bone destruction. Proinflammatory cytokines activate pathways of immune-mediated inflammation, which aggravates RA. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway associated with RA connects immune and metabolic signals, which regulates immune cell proliferation and differentiation, macrophage polarization and migration, antigen presentation, and synovial cell activation. Therefore, therapy strategies targeting mTOR have become an important direction of current RA treatment research. In the current review, we summarize the biological functions of mTOR, its regulatory effects on inflammation, and the curative effects of mTOR inhibitors in RA, thus providing references for the development of RA therapeutic targets and new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 382, Wuyi Road, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Rheumatism Immune Microecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ting Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 382, Wuyi Road, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Rheumatism Immune Microecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Sheng-Xiao Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 382, Wuyi Road, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China.
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Rheumatism Immune Microecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China.
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Rajendran K, Pahal S, Badnikar K, Nayak MM, Subramanyam DN, Vemula PK, Krishnan UM. Methotrexate delivering microneedle patches for improved therapeutic efficacy in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Pharm 2023; 642:123184. [PMID: 37379893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Arthritis is an inflammatory disorder that leads to degeneration and swelling in the joints thereby severely affecting mobility. Till date, a complete cure for this disorder remains elusive. Administration of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs has not proved effective owing to poor retention of drugs at the site of inflammation in the joints. In most cases, lack of adherence to the therapeutic regimen further aggravates the condition. Localized administration of the drugs through intra-articular injections is highly invasive and painful. A possible solution to overcome these issues will be to ensure sustained release of the anti-arthritic drug at the site of inflammation through a minimally invasive method. The present work focuses on the development of a microneedle patch for localized and minimally invasive delivery of methotrexate to arthritic joints in guinea pig model. The microneedle patch was found to elicit minimal immune response and ensured sustained release of the drug that was manifested through faster restoration of mobility and a distinct reduction in inflammatory and rheumatoid markers at the joints when compared to untreated and those treated through conventional hypodermic injections. Our results demonstrate the promise of microneedle-based platform for an effective arthritic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayalvizhi Rajendran
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, India; School of Chemical & Biotechnology (SCBT), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Suman Pahal
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Post, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Kedar Badnikar
- Mechatronics Lab, Department of Electronic System Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjunatha M Nayak
- Centre for Nanoscience and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Dinesh N Subramanyam
- Mechatronics Lab, Department of Electronic System Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen K Vemula
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Post, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, India; School of Chemical & Biotechnology (SCBT), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, India; School of Arts, Sciences, Humanities & Education (SASHE), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, India.
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11
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Straub RH, Pongratz G, Buttgereit F, Gaber T. [Energy metabolism of the immune system : Consequences in chronic inflammation]. Z Rheumatol 2023:10.1007/s00393-023-01389-4. [PMID: 37488246 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-023-01389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy is the currency of life. The systemic and intracellular energy metabolism plays an essential role for the energy supply of the resting and activated immune system and this also applies to chronic inflammatory diseases. OBJECTIVE This presentation examines both components of the systemic and cellular energy metabolism in health and chronic inflammation. MATERIAL AND METHODS A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. The information is presented in the form of a narrative review. RESULTS A chronically activated immune system acquires large amounts of energy-rich substrates that are lost for other functions of the body. In particular, the immune system and the brain are in competition. The consequences of this competition are many known diseases, such as fatigue, anxiety, depression, anorexia, sleep problems, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, insulin resistance, hypertension and others. The permanent change in the brain causes long-term alterations that stimulate disease sequelae even after disease remission. In the intracellular energy supply, chronic inflammation typically involves a conversion to glycolysis (to lactate, which has its own regulatory functions) and the pentose phosphate pathway in disorders of mitochondrial function. The chronic changes in immune cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) lead to a disruption of the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). The hypoxic situation in the inflamed tissue stimulates many alterations. A differentiation is made between effector functions and regulatory functions of immune cells. CONCLUSION Based on the energy changes mentioned, novel treatment suggestions can be made in addition to those already known in energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer H Straub
- Labor für Experimentelle Rheumatologie und Neuroendokrin-Immunologie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, 93042, Regensburg, Deutschland.
| | - Georg Pongratz
- Abteilung für Rheumatologie, Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Krankenhaus Barmherzige Brüder Regensburg, 93049, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Frank Buttgereit
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin und Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Timo Gaber
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin und Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
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12
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Jiang M, Liu K, Lu S, Qiu Y, Zou X, Zhang K, Chen C, Jike Y, Xie M, Dai Y, Bo Z. Verification of cuproptosis-related diagnostic model associated with immune infiltration in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1204926. [PMID: 37547319 PMCID: PMC10399571 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1204926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease closely related to inflammation. Cuproptosis is a newly discovered unique type of cell death, and it has been found that it may play an essential role in the occurrence and development of RA. Therefore, we intend to explore the potential association between cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) and RA to provide a new biomarker for the treatment and prognosis of RA. Methods Download GSE93777 datasets from the GEO database. Variance analysis was performed on the CRGs that had been reported. Then, the random forest (RF) model and nomogram of differentially expressed CRGs were constructed, and the ROC curve was used to evaluate the accuracy of the diagnostic model. Next, RA patients were subtyped by consensus clustering, and immune infiltration was analyzed in each subgroup to confirm the correlation between CRGs and abundance of immune cells. The expression levels of CRGs were verified by qRT-PCR. Results Eight differentially expressed CRGs (DLST, DLD, PDHB, PDHA1, ATP7A, CDKN2A, LIAS, DLAT) were screened out by differential analysis to construct an RF model. The ROC curve proved that this model had good diagnostic accuracy. Based on the above eight significant CRGs, a nomogram was built to predict effective and high-precision results. The consensus clustering method identified two CRG patterns. Most of the immune cells were enriched in cluster A, indicating that cluster A may be related to the development of RA. Finally, qRT-PCR verified the expression of eight key genes, further confirming our findings. Conclusion The diagnosis model of RA based on the above eight CRGs has excellent diagnostic potential. Based on these, patients can be divided into two different molecular subtypes; it is expected to develop a new treatment strategy for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Jiang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Guangxi Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Kaicheng Liu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Guangxi Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Shenyi Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Guangxi Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaochong Zou
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Guangxi Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Guangxi Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Chuanliang Chen
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Guangxi Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Yiji Jike
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Guangxi Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Mingjing Xie
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Guangxi Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Yongheng Dai
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Guangxi Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Zhandong Bo
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Guangxi Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanning, China
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13
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Wei Q, Zhu X, Wang L, Zhang W, Yang X, Wei W. Extracellular matrix in synovium development, homeostasis and arthritis disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110453. [PMID: 37331300 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a three-dimensional network entity composed of extracellular macromolecules. ECM in synovium not only supports the structural integrity of synovium, but also plays a crucial role in regulating homeostasis and damage repair response in synovium. Obvious disorders in the composition, behavior and function of synovial ECM will lead to the occurrence and development of arthritis diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Based on the importance of synovial ECM, targeted regulation of the composition and structure of ECM is considered to be an effective measure for the treatment of arthritis disease. This paper reviews the current research status of synovial ECM biology, discusses the role and mechanism of synovial ECM in physiological status and arthritis disease, and summarizes the current strategies for targeting synovial ECM to provide information for the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of arthritis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xuemin Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Luping Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wankang Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xuezhi Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China.
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14
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Liskovykh M, Petrov NS, Noskov VN, Masumoto H, Earnshaw WC, Schlessinger D, Shabalina SA, Larionov V, Kouprina N. Actively transcribed rDNA and distal junction (DJ) sequence are involved in association of NORs with nucleoli. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:121. [PMID: 37043028 PMCID: PMC10097779 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Although they are organelles without a limiting membrane, nucleoli have an exclusive structure, built upon the rDNA-rich acrocentric short arms of five human chromosomes (nucleolar organizer regions or NORs). This has raised the question: what are the structural features of a chromosome required for its inclusion in a nucleolus? Previous work has suggested that sequences adjacent to the tandemly repeated rDNA repeat units (DJ, distal junction sequence) may be involved, and we have extended such studies by addressing several issues related to the requirements for the association of NORs with nucleoli. We exploited both a set of somatic cell hybrids containing individual human acrocentric chromosomes and a set of Human Artificial Chromosomes (HACs) carrying different parts of a NOR, including an rDNA unit or DJ or PJ (proximal junction) sequence. Association of NORs with nucleoli was increased when constituent rDNA was transcribed and may be also affected by the status of heterochromatin blocks formed next to the rDNA arrays. Furthermore, our data suggest that a relatively small size DJ region, highly conserved in evolution, is also involved, along with the rDNA repeats, in the localization of p-arms of acrocentric chromosomes in nucleoli. Thus, we infer a cooperative action of rDNA sequence-stimulated by its activity-and sequences distal to rDNA contributing to incorporation into nucleoli. Analysis of NOR sequences also identified LncRNA_038958 in the DJ, a candidate transcript with the region of the suggested promoter that is located close to the DJ/rDNA boundary and contains CTCF binding sites. This LncRNA may affect RNA Polymerase I and/or nucleolar activity. Our findings provide the basis for future studies to determine which RNAs and proteins interact critically with NOR sequences to organize the higher-order structure of nucleoli and their function in normal cells and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Liskovykh
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Nikolai S Petrov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vladimir N Noskov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hiroshi Masumoto
- Laboratory of Chromosome Engineering, Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - William C Earnshaw
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, NIH, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Svetlana A Shabalina
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vladimir Larionov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Natalay Kouprina
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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15
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Seifert JA, Bemis EA, Ramsden K, Lowell C, Polinski K, Feser M, Fleischer C, Demoruelle MK, Buckner J, Gregersen PK, Keating RM, Mikuls TR, O’Dell JR, Weisman MH, Deane KD, Norris JM, Steere AC, Holers VM. Association of Antibodies to Prevotella copri in Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide-Positive Individuals At Risk of Developing Rheumatoid Arthritis and in Patients With Early or Established Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:507-516. [PMID: 36259174 PMCID: PMC10065886 DOI: 10.1002/art.42370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prevotella copri (P copri), a gut commensal, has been reported to be an immune-relevant organism in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study sought to evaluate anti-P copri (anti-Pc) antibody responses in our participant cohorts and to determine when in the natural history of RA such responses develop. METHODS We analyzed serum levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG antibodies from a 27-kd protein of P copri (anti-Pc-p27), an immunogenic P copri protein, in study participants at risk of developing RA, participants who transitioned to RA, participants with early RA (<1 year of disease), and participants with established RA, with comparisons made to their matched controls. We also evaluated anti-Pc-p27 antibody levels in individuals stratified by RA-related autoantibody status. RESULTS Overall, participants with RA had significantly higher IgA anti-Pc-p27 antibody levels and trended toward higher IgG anti-Pc-p27 antibody levels compared with matched controls. When stratified by early versus established RA, participants with early RA had median IgG anti-Pc-p27 antibody levels that were overall higher, whereas median IgA anti-Pc-p27 antibody levels were statistically significantly higher in participants with established RA compared with their matched controls. In the autoantibody-specific analyses, the at-risk population with anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies, but not rheumatoid factor (RF), trended toward increased levels of IgG anti-Pc-p27. Additionally, RA participants who were seropositive for both CCP and RF had significantly increased levels of IgA anti-Pc-p27 antibodies and trended toward higher levels of IgG anti-Pc-p27 antibodies compared with matched controls. CONCLUSION Our findings support a potential etiologic role for P copri in both RA preclinical evolution and the subsequent pathogenesis of synovitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristina Ramsden
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cassidy Lowell
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Marie Feser
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | - Jane Buckner
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter K. Gregersen
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research and North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York
| | | | - Ted R. Mikuls
- University of Nebraska Medical Center and VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Healthcare System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - James R. O’Dell
- University of Nebraska Medical Center and VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Healthcare System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | | | | | - Allen C. Steere
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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16
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Abbas AA, Abdulkader HA, Giordo R, Ashour HM, Erre GL, Pintus G, Zayed H. Implications and theragnostic potentials of circular RNAs in rheumatic diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123783. [PMID: 36822282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), are highly stable and ubiquitous molecules that exhibit tissue-specific expression. Accumulating evidence has shown that aberrant expression of circRNAs can play a role in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Rheumatic diseases are a varied group of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders affecting mainly the musculoskeletal system. Notably, circRNAs, which are essential immune system gene modulators, are strongly linked to the occurrence and progression of autoimmune disorders. Here, we present and discuss the current findings concerning the roles, implications and theragnostic potentials of circRNAs in common rheumatic diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis (AS), osteoarthritis (OA), osteoporosis (OP), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Crohn's disease (CD), and gout. This review aims to provide new insights to support the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for these disabling diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Ahmed Abbas
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadil Adnan Abdulkader
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Roberta Giordo
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 505055 Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hossam M Ashour
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Gian Luca Erre
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital (AOUSS) and University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43B, 07100 Sassari, Italy; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, University City Rd, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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Signaling pathways in rheumatoid arthritis: implications for targeted therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:68. [PMID: 36797236 PMCID: PMC9935929 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an incurable systemic autoimmune disease. Disease progression leads to joint deformity and associated loss of function, which significantly impacts the quality of life for sufferers and adds to losses in the labor force. In the past few decades, RA has attracted increased attention from researchers, the abnormal signaling pathways in RA are a very important research field in the diagnosis and treatment of RA, which provides important evidence for understanding this complex disease and developing novel RA-linked intervention targets. The current review intends to provide a comprehensive overview of RA, including a general introduction to the disease, historical events, epidemiology, risk factors, and pathological process, highlight the primary research progress of the disease and various signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms, including genetic factors, epigenetic factors, summarize the most recent developments in identifying novel signaling pathways in RA and new inhibitors for treating RA. therapeutic interventions including approved drugs, clinical drugs, pre-clinical drugs, and cutting-edge therapeutic technologies. These developments will hopefully drive progress in new strategically targeted therapies and hope to provide novel ideas for RA treatment options in the future.
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18
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Jia M, Ren W, Liu Y, Wang C, Zheng X, Zhang D, Tan X, Li C. Messenger Nanozyme for Reprogramming the Microenvironment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:338-353. [PMID: 36580409 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of superoxide anion (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) metabolism in the microenvironment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) drives the feedback loops of TNF-α and IL-1β thereby inducing an inflammatory storm between immune cells and joint tissue cells. Here, we combine nanoscale manganese dioxide (MnO2) with microvesicles derived from macrophage (MMV). The former possesses superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)-like activities that can modulate this imbalance, and we amplify the enzyme-like activities by using the amorphous hollow mesoporous structure and surface modification. The latter is a natural endogenous component with the parent cell-like inflammatory homing ability and a unique function of transmitting information to surrounding and distant cells (″messenger function″), which helps amorphous hollow MnO2 (H-MnO2) nanozymes to cloak in the blood and reach the site of inflammation, where they can not only accumulate in activated macrophages but also pretend to be ″messengers″ that are utilized by fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and chondrocytes. In addition, we also load dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) for helping the nanozymes work. Messenger nanozyme (MMV-MnO2@DSP) inherits the natural properties of MMV and mimics the enzymatic activity of SOD and CAT. It accumulates in activated macrophages to restore the metabolism of O2- and H2O2 while promoting repolarization and inhibits the feedback loops of TNF-α and IL-1β among macrophages, fibroblast-like synoviocytes, and chondrocytes, leading to anti-rheumatoid arthritis effects in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan646000, China
| | - Wei Ren
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou646000, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou646000, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan646000, China
| | - Chenglong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan646000, China
| | - Xiu Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan646000, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou646000, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Tan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou646000, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou646000, China
| | - Chunhong Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan646000, China
- Nucleic Acid Medicine of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou646000, China
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Chen W, Wu P, Yu F, Luo G, Qing L, Tang J. HIF-1α Regulates Bone Homeostasis and Angiogenesis, Participating in the Occurrence of Bone Metabolic Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223552. [PMID: 36428981 PMCID: PMC9688488 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the physiological condition, the skeletal system's bone resorption and formation are in dynamic balance, called bone homeostasis. However, bone homeostasis is destroyed under pathological conditions, leading to the occurrence of bone metabolism diseases. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is regulated by oxygen concentration. It affects energy metabolism, which plays a vital role in preventing bone metabolic diseases. This review focuses on the HIF-1α pathway and describes in detail the possible mechanism of its involvement in the regulation of bone homeostasis and angiogenesis, as well as the current experimental studies on the use of HIF-1α in the prevention of bone metabolic diseases. HIF-1α/RANKL/Notch1 pathway bidirectionally regulates the differentiation of macrophages into osteoclasts under different conditions. In addition, HIF-1α is also regulated by many factors, including hypoxia, cofactor activity, non-coding RNA, trace elements, etc. As a pivotal pathway for coupling angiogenesis and osteogenesis, HIF-1α has been widely studied in bone metabolic diseases such as bone defect, osteoporosis, osteonecrosis of the femoral head, fracture, and nonunion. The wide application of biomaterials in bone metabolism also provides a reasonable basis for the experimental study of HIF-1α in preventing bone metabolic diseases.
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Thorpe JR, Wilson RA, Mesiano S, Malemud CJ. Tofacitinib Inhibits STAT Phosphorylation and Matrix Metalloproteinase-3, -9 and -13 Production by C28/I2 Human Juvenile Chondrocytes. Open Access Rheumatol 2022; 14:195-209. [PMID: 36217356 PMCID: PMC9547596 DOI: 10.2147/oarrr.s363736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This in vitro study was designed to determine the effect of the pan-Janus kinase inhibitor, Tofacitinib, on basal and interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) phosphorylation and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene expression and MMP production by C28/I2 human chondrocytes. Methods C28/I2 chondrocytes were grown to a confluent high-density and treated either with recombinant human IL-6 (rhIL-6; 10-20ng/mL) or maintained in the basal state for up to 60 min. MMP gene expression was determined using RT-PCR and MMP production by semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry. The effect of IL-6 with or without Tofacitinib on activation of STAT proteins was determined from quantitative Western blots. Results C28/I2 chondrocytes produced STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5AB which were phosphorylated (p) following treatment with rhIL-6 for 30 min. Tofacitinib (2.5nM-100nM) decreased rhIL-6-induced activation of STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5AB as well as decreasing the expression of MMP3 and MMP13 but not MMP9, MMP1 or MMP2. In addition, Tofacitinib (50nM) reduced the number of rhIL-6-induced MMP3-, and MMP13- antibody-positive C28/I2 chondrocytes. However, Tofacitinib did decrease the number of MMP9-antibody-positive C28/I2 chondrocytes. Conclusion Taken together, these data showed that Tofacitinib, a pan-JAK small molecule inhibitor employed for the medical therapy of rheumatoid arthritis was a potent inhibitor of rhIL-6-induced STAT phosphorylation that appeared to be coupled to the inhibition of MMP-3, -9 and -13 production by C28/I2 chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Thorpe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Rachel A Wilson
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Sam Mesiano
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Charles J Malemud
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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21
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Ke JT, Zhang H, Bu YH, Gan PR, Chen FY, Dong XT, Wang Y, Wu H. Metabonomic analysis of abnormal sphingolipid metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts in hypoxia microenvironment and intervention of geniposide. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:969408. [PMID: 35935818 PMCID: PMC9353937 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.969408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by a joint hypoxia microenvironment. Our previous untargeted metabolomics study found that sphingolipid (SPL) metabolism was abnormal in the joint synovial fluid samples from adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats. Geniposide (GE), an iridoid glycoside component of the dried fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, is commonly used for RA treatment in many Asian countries. At present, the mechanism of GE in the treatment of RA, especially in the joint hypoxia microenvironment, is not entirely clear from the perspective of SPL metabolism. The purpose of this research was to explore the potential mechanism of abnormal SPL metabolism in RA joint hypoxia microenvironment and the intervention effect of GE, through the untargeted metabolic analysis based on the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS). Arthritis index, foot swelling and histopathology were used to assess whether the AA rat model was successfully established. The SPLs extracts collected from AA rats’ synovial tissue, serum and rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs, MH7A cells, hypoxia/normoxia culture) were analyzed by metabolomics and lipdomics approach based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MS, to identify potential biomarkers associated with disorders of GE regulated RA sphingolipid metabolism. As a result, 11 sphingolipid metabolites related to RA were screened and identified. Except for galactosylceramide (d18:1/20:0), GE could recover the change levels of the above 10 sphingolipid biomarkers in varying degrees. Western blotting results showed that the changes in ceramide (Cer) level regulated by GE were related to the down-regulation of acid-sphingomyelinase (A-SMase) expression in synovial tissue of AA rats. To sum up, this research examined the mechanism of GE in the treatment of RA from the perspective of SPL metabolism and provided a new strategy for the screening of biomarkers for clinical diagnosis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Tao Ke
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Yan-Hong Bu
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Pei-Rong Gan
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Xin-Tong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Wang, ; Hong Wu,
| | - Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Wang, ; Hong Wu,
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Nooreen R, Nene S, Jain H, Prasannanjaneyulu V, Chitlangya P, Otavi S, Khatri DK, Raghuvanshi RS, Singh SB, Srivastava S. Polymer nanotherapeutics: A versatile platform for effective rheumatoid arthritis therapy. J Control Release 2022; 348:397-419. [PMID: 35660632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an aggressive and severely debilitating disorder that is characterized by joint pain and cartilage damage. It restricts mobility in patients, leaving them unable to carry out simple tasks. RA presents itself with severe lasting pain, swelling and stiffness in the joints and may cause permanent disability in patients. Treatment regimens currently employed for rheumatoid arthritis revolve around keeping clinical symptoms like joint pain, inflammation, swelling and stiffness at bay. The current therapeutic interventions in rheumatoid arthritis involve the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and newer biological drugs that are engineered for inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. These conventional drugs are plagued with severe adverse effects because of their higher systemic distribution, lack of specificity and higher doses. Oral, intra-articular, and intravenous routes are routinely used for drug delivery which is associated with decreased patient compliance, high cost, poor bioavailability and rapid systemic clearance. All these drawbacks have enticed researchers to create novel strategies for drug delivery, the main approach being nanocarrier-based systems. In this article, we aim to consolidate the remarkable contributions of polymeric carrier systems including microneedle technology and smart trigger-responsive polymeric carriers in the management of rheumatoid arthritis along with its detailed pathophysiology. This review also briefly describes the safety and regulatory aspects of polymer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimsha Nooreen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Shweta Nene
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Harsha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Velpula Prasannanjaneyulu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Palak Chitlangya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Shivam Otavi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Biological Science, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Rajeev Singh Raghuvanshi
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Biological Science, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
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Wang Y, Zhang G, Huang W. MiR-300 promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis by targeting IL-37. Autoimmunity 2022; 55:371-377. [PMID: 35658770 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2022.2081842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) are crucial regulators in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Reportedly, microRNA (miR) participates in regulating the pathogenesis of RA. In this study, we explored the regulatory effects of miR-300 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of FLS, which were obtained from RA patients. METHODS qPCR was utilized to detect miR-300 expression and interleukin-37 (IL-37) mRNA expression in the synovial tissue of RA patients and healthy controls. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and Transwell assay were performed to investigate the regulatory function of miR-300 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of FLS. ELISA was employed to detect TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 levels, to evaluate the inflammatory response. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay were applied to validate the targeting relationship between miR-300 and IL-37. Western blot assay was executed to detect IL-37 protein expression in FLS. RESULTS MiR-300 was revealed to be markedly down-modulated in the synovial tissue and FLS of RA patients; meanwhile, IL-37 expression was up-modulated. The transfection of miR-300 mimics enhanced RA-FLS growth, migration, invasion and inflammatory response; transfection of miR-300 inhibitors repressed the growth, migration, invasion and inflammatory response of RA-FLS. IL-37 was identified as a downstream target of miR-300, and IL-37 partially counteracted the enhanced growth, migration, invasion and inflammatory response of RA-FLS induced by miR-300. CONCLUSION MiR-300 facilitates growth, migration, invasion and inflammatory response of FLS by targeting IL-37, suggesting it was a crucial regulator in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
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Ma X, Zhang X, Kong Y, Su B, Wu L, Liu D, Wang X. Therapeutic effects of Panax notoginseng saponins in rheumatoid arthritis: network pharmacology and experimental validation. Bioengineered 2022; 13:14438-14449. [PMID: 36694450 PMCID: PMC9995134 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2086379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) have been reported to have good anti-inflammatory effects. However, the anti-inflammatory effect mechanism in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains unknown. The focus of this research was to investigate the molecular mechanism of PNS in the treatment of RA. The primary active components of PNS were tested utilizing the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database (TCMSP) and Analysis Platform based on oral bioavailability and drug-likeness. The target databases for knee osteoarthritis were created using GeneCards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). The visual interactive network structure 'active component - action target - illness' was created using Cytoscape software. A protein interaction network was built, and associated protein interactions were analyzed using the STRING database. The key targets were analyzed using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) biological process enrichment analyses. The effects of PNS on cell growth were studied in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with various doses of PNS, and the optimum concentration of PNS was identified. PNS was studied for its implication on angiogenesis and migration. The active components of PNS had 114 common targets, including cell metabolism and apoptosis, according to the network analysis. The therapeutic effects of the PNS components were suggested to be mediated through apoptotic and cytokine signaling pathways. In vitro, PNS therapy boosted HUVEC proliferation. Wound healing, Boyden chamber and tube formation tests suggested that PNS may increase HUVEC activity and capillary-like tube branching. This study clarified that for the treatment of RA, PNS has multisystem, multicomponent, and multitargeted properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinnan Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuanhang Kong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bo Su
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Leilei Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Daqian Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xintao Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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25
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Wang DW, Pang XT, Zhang H, Gao HX, Leng YF, Chen FQ, Zhang R, Feng Y, Sun ZL. Gut microbial dysbiosis in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review protocol of case-control studies. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e052021. [PMID: 35365513 PMCID: PMC8977794 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has a huge societal impact due to the high prevalence, irreversible joint damage and systemic complications. Gut microbiota plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of RA by regulating the host immune system. Restoring intestinal homeostasis by altering the microbiota could be an attractive strategy for the prevention and treatment of RA. However, the signature features of microbial dysbiosis in RA are still controversial. Therefore, we aim to elucidate the characteristic change in the diversity and composition of gut microbiota in RA. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will systematically search through PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library, as well as dissertations and conference proceedings. The reference lists of all included studies will be also reviewed to retrieve additional relevant studies. The case-control studies that reported either the relative abundance of bacteria at the phylum or genus level or at least one of the alpha-diversity, beta-diversity indexes in both RA and healthy controls will be included. Eligible studies will be screened independently by two reviewers according to the inclusion criteria. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale will be used to assess the quality of the included studies. Data extraction, qualitative and quantitative analysis will be performed within the gut microbial dysbiosis in RA. The expected outcomes will be the identification of the specific changes in composition and diversity of the gut microbiota in patients with RA. The quality of evidence will be assessed by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval is unnecessary as this review does not address the data and privacy of patients. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal and conference presentations. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021225229.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Wen Wang
- School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang-Tian Pang
- School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hai-Xia Gao
- School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Fei Leng
- Animal Surgery Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng-Qin Chen
- School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Feng
- School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Sun
- School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Dörner T, Vital EM, Ohrndorf S, Alten R, Bello N, Haladyj E, Burmester G. A Narrative Literature Review Comparing the Key Features of Musculoskeletal Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Rheumatol Ther 2022; 9:781-802. [PMID: 35359260 PMCID: PMC9127025 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-022-00442-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the clinical approach to the management of musculoskeletal manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is often similar to that of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), there are distinct differences in immunopathogenesis, structural and imaging phenotypes and therapeutic evidence. Additionally, there are few published comparisons of these diseases. The objective of this narrative literature review is to compare the immunopathogenesis, structural features, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) studies and management of joint manifestations in RA and SLE. We highlight the key similarities and differences between the two diseases. Overall, the literature evaluated indicates that synovitis and radiographical progression are the key features in RA, while inflammation without swelling, tendinitis and tenosynovitis are more prominent features in SLE. In addition, the importance of defining patients with RA by the presence or absence of autoantibodies and categorizing patients with SLE by synovitis detected by musculoskeletal ultrasound and by structural phenotype (non-deforming, non-erosive arthritis, Jaccoud’s arthropathy and ‘Rhupus’) with respect to joint manifestations will also be discussed. An increased understanding of the joint manifestations in RA and SLE may inform evidence-based clinical decisions for both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dörner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Edward M Vital
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah Ohrndorf
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rieke Alten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Schlosspark-Klinik, Teaching Hospital of the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ewa Haladyj
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gerd Burmester
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Jiang Y, Zheng Y, Dong Q, Liao W, Pang L, Chen J, He Q, Zhang J, Luo Y, Li J, Fu C, Fu Q. Metabolomics combined with network pharmacology to study the mechanism of Shentong Zhuyu decoction in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114846. [PMID: 34826542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shentong Zhuyu decoction (STZYD) was first recorded in the classic of "Yilin Gaicuo" written by Wang Qingren, and recognized by the Chinese National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine as one of the 100 classic formulas. The formula has been widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with significant clinical effects. However, its mechanism of action is not completely clear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to explore the mechanism of STZYD in the treatment of RA by network pharmacology and metabolomics. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of STZYD anti-RA were investigated by paw swelling, arthritis score, cytokine level, histopathological and micro-CT analysis in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats. The chemical constituents of STZYD and absorbed constituents in AIA rat serum were analyzed by UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS. Based on the characterized chemical components, the network pharmacology was used to find potential targets and signaling pathways of STZYD in RA treatment. Meanwhile, the predicted pathway was determined by the Western blot (WB). Subsequently, non-targeted metabolomics of serum was performed to analyze metabolic profiles, potential biomarkers, and metabolic pathways of STZYD in the treatment of RA based on LC-MS technology. RESULTS STZYD significantly alleviated RA symptoms by improving paw redness and swelling, bone and cartilage damage, synovial hyperplasia, and infiltration of inflammatory cells, and decreased the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A and TNF-α in AIA rats. Totally, 59 chemical components of STZYD and 24 serum migrant ingredients were identified. A total of 655 genes of potential bioactive components in STZYD and 1025 related genes of RA were obtained. TNF signaling pathway was considered to one of the main signaling pathways of STZYD anti-RA by KEGG analysis, including a wide range intracellular signaling pathways. NF-κB signaling pathway regulates inflammation and immunity in the TNF signaling pathway. STZYD markedly inhibited the expression of NF-κB signaling pathway. Ten potential biomarkers were found in metabolomics based on LC-MS technology. Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism are the most related pathways of STZYD anti-RA. CONCLUSION The study based on serum pharmacochemistry, network pharmacology and metabolomics indicated that STZYD can improve RA through regulating inflammation and immunity related pathways, and provided a new possibility for treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yongfeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Qin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Wan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Lan Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Qinman He
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Jinming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yuanhong Luo
- Chengdu Jingze Biopharmaceutical Co.,Ltd, Chengdu, 611100, China.
| | - Jiaxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Chaomei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Qiang Fu
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
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Wu D, Liu L, Fu S, Zhang J. Osteostatin improves the Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and enhances angiogenesis through HIF-1α under hypoxia conditions in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 606:100-107. [PMID: 35339748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia conditions induced by bone defects would prolong the duration of bone regeneration. The effect of osteostatin (OST) on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and angiogenesis under hypoxia conditions remain unexplored. METHODS SPF mice were obtained, and MSCs were isolated from bone marrow. MSCs were treated with 1% oxygen for hypoxia induction, and 200 nM of OST was used to treat cells under nomorxia or hypoxia conditions. Cell proliferation was evaluated using CCK8 assay, and trypan blue staining was implemented for determining cell death ratio. Alkaline phosphatase activity and alizarin redS staining was conducted to histologically evaluated osteogenic differentiation. Flow cytometry was used for the detection of CD31hiEmcnhi cells (Type H ECs), whose migration was detected by Transwell assay and angiogenesis was measured by tube formation assay. Protein level was measured by western blotting and mRNA level was monitored via RT-qPCR. RESULTS The MSC proliferation was enhanced by OST under hypoxia conditions. The osteogenic differentiation of MSCs was decreased under hypoxia conditions, and treatment of OST significantly reversed its inhibitory effect. The hypoxia treated culture medium of MSCs promoted the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of type H ECs, while the effects were further strengthened by OST addition. HIF-1α was found to be upregulated in hypoxia treated MSCs, whereas silencing of HIF-1α had reversed effects on the angiogenic capacity of Type H ECs. CONCLUSION OST improved the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and further promoted angiogenesis of type H ECs through upregulating HIF-1α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjin Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Liyan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shenglong Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Debreova M, Culenova M, Smolinska V, Nicodemou A, Csobonyeiova M, Danisovic L. Rheumatoid arthritis: From synovium biology to cell-based therapy. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:365-375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lin J, Sun AR, Li J, Yuan T, Cheng W, Ke L, Chen J, Sun W, Mi S, Zhang P. A Three-Dimensional Co-Culture Model for Rheumatoid Arthritis Pannus Tissue. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:764212. [PMID: 34869276 PMCID: PMC8638776 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.764212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) co-culture models have closer physiological cell composition and behavior than traditional 2D culture. They exhibit pharmacological effects like in vivo responses, and therefore serve as a high-throughput drug screening model to evaluate drug efficacy and safety in vitro. In this study, we created a 3D co-culture environment to mimic pathological characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pannus tissue. 3D scaffold was constructed by bioprinting technology with synovial fibroblasts (MH7A), vascular endothelial cells (EA.hy 926) and gelatin/alginate hydrogels. Cell viability was observed during 7-day culture and the proliferation rate of co-culture cells showed a stable increase stage. Cell-cell interactions were evaluated in the 3D printed scaffold and we found that spheroid size increased with time. TNF-α stimulated MH7A and EA.hy 926 in 3D pannus model showed higher vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin (ANG) protein expression over time. For drug validation, methotrexate (MTX) was used to examine inhibition effects of angiogenesis in 3D pannus co-culture model. In conclusion, this 3D co-culture pannus model with biological characteristics may help the development of anti-RA drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jietao Lin
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Shenzhen, China
| | - Antonia RuJia Sun
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Li
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tianying Yuan
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiang Cheng
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liqing Ke
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianhai Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengli Mi
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Shenzhen, China
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Bjarnadóttir U, Einarsdóttir HK, Stefánsdóttir E, Helgason EA, Jónasdóttir D, Gudmundsson S, Gudbjornsson B, Ludviksson BR. Resolution of Th/Tc17‐driven inflammation during anti‐TNFα treatment of rheumatoid arthritis reveals a unique immune biomarker profiling pattern. Scand J Immunol 2021; 95:e13116. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Una Bjarnadóttir
- Department of Immunology Landspitali University Hospital Reykjavík Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bjorn Gudbjornsson
- Centre for Rheumatology Research Landspitali University Hospital Reykjavik Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine University of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
| | - Björn R. Ludviksson
- Department of Immunology Landspitali University Hospital Reykjavík Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine University of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
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Wang Y, Wu H, Deng R. Angiogenesis as a potential treatment strategy for rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174500. [PMID: 34509462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an early and key event in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is crucial for the proliferation of synovial tissue and the formation of pannus. This process is regulated by both angiogenesis-stimulating factors and angiogenesis inhibitors, the basis for the "on-off hypothesis of angiogenesis." In RA, inflammation, immune imbalance, and hypoxia can further turn on the switch for blood vessel formation and induce angiogenesis. The new vasculature can recruit white blood cells, induce immune imbalance, and aggravate inflammation. At the same time, it also can provide oxygen and nutrients for the proliferating synovial tissue, which can accelerate the process of RA. The current therapies for RA mainly target the inflammatory response of autoimmune activation. Although these therapies have been greatly improved, there are still many patients whose RA is difficult to treat or who do not fully respond to treatment. Therefore, new innovative therapies are still urgently needed. This review covers the mechanism of synovial angiogenesis in RA, including the detailed process of angiogenesis and the relationship between inflammation, immune imbalance, hypoxia, and synovial angiogenesis, respectively. At the same time, in the context of the development of angiogenesis inhibition therapy for cancer, we also discuss similar treatment strategies for RA, especially the combination of targeted angiogenesis inhibition therapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qian Jiang Road 1, Hefei, 230012, China; Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Hong Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qian Jiang Road 1, Hefei, 230012, China; Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China.
| | - Ran Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qian Jiang Road 1, Hefei, 230012, China; Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China
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Correlation between NLR, PLR, and LMR and Disease Activity, Efficacy Assessment in Rheumatoid Arthritis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:4433141. [PMID: 34721631 PMCID: PMC8556079 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4433141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective To analyze the value of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR) in the evaluation of disease activity and efficacy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods The clinical data of 132 newly diagnosed RA patients admitted to our hospital from November 2018 to January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, and the NLR, PLR, and LMR were calculated. According to the 28-joint disease activity score (DAS28), all patients was divided into the remission group (n = 40) and the active group (n = 92). According to the curative effect of the active group, the patients were divided into the effective group (n = 61) and the ineffective group (n = 39). Logistic regression analysis of clinical data was to determine the influencing factors of RA disease activity. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the predictive value of NLR, PLR, and LMR on disease activity and efficacy of RA. Results The number of cases of smoking history, the number of cases of drinking history, and NLR, PLR, CRP, and ESR levels of patients in the active group were higher than those of the remission group, and the LMR level was lower than that of the remission group; the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that NLR, PLR, LMR, CRP, and ESR were independent influencing factors of disease activity in RA patients (P < 0.05). The AUC of NLR, PLR, and LMR on the disease activity of RA patients was 0.872, 0.821, and 0.824, the sensitivity was 87.6%, 70.2%, and 69.3%, and the specificity was 75.6%, 76.8%, and 84.3%, respectively. The NLR and PLR values of the effective group were lower than those of the ineffective group, and the LMR values were higher than those of the ineffective group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The AUC of NLR, PLR, and LMR on the efficacy of RA patients was 0.756, 0.732, and 0.779, the sensitivity was 68.4%, 60.2%, and 67.9%, and the specificity was 83.2%, 86.4%, and 85.1%, respectively. Conclusion NLR, PLR, and LMR are the independent factors that affect the disease activity of RA patients and can better evaluate the disease activity and efficacy of RA.
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Kültür T, Zengin M. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis in terms of sex hormone receptors and histopathological comparison of features. Arch Rheumatol 2021; 36:192-200. [PMID: 34527923 PMCID: PMC8418768 DOI: 10.46497/archrheumatol.2021.8242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
This study aims to investigate the relationship between estrogen receptors (ERs) and progesterone receptors (PRs) and histopathological findings in synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Patients and methods
Synovial tissue samples obtained from synovial surgery from 30 RA (10 males, 20 females) and 92 OA (27 males, 65 females) patients with median age of 59 (range, 50 to 67) years were analyzed retrospectively between January 2010 and January 2019. The relationship between histopathological features and hormone receptor presence was analyzed. Results
There was a meaningful relationship between histopathological parameters and RA and OA (p=0.01). The sex hormone receptor's presence was significantly higher in females with RA (p=0.01). Additionally, in the RA group, there was a remarkable relationship between ER and focal aggregates of lymphocytes (p=0.01), perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes (p=0.03), and diffuse infiltrates of lymphocytes (p=0.01). In the OA group, a significant relationship was observed between PR and subchondral inflammation (p=0.01). In multivariate analysis, it was observed that ER was an independent risk factor for focal aggregates of lymphocytes in RA group (odds ratio [OR]=1.51 [1.02-2.25], p=0.04). Besides, PR was found to be an independent risk factor for subchondral inflammation in OA group (OR=3.90 [1.28-11.80], p=0.02). Conclusion The presence of the sex hormone receptor in the synovium may change histopathological features and affect the clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgut Kültür
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Zengin
- Department of Pathology, Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey
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Dong Y, Cao W, Cao J. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by phototherapy: advances and perspectives. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:14591-14608. [PMID: 34473167 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03623h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease that is prevalent worldwide and seriously threatens human health. Though traditional drug therapy can alleviate RA symptoms and slow progression, high dosage and frequent administration would cause unfavorable side effects. Phototherapy including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) has demonstrated distinctive potential in RA treatment. Under light irradiation, phototherapy can convert light into heat, or generate ROS, to promote necrosis or apoptosis of RA inflammatory cells, thus reducing the concentration of related inflammatory factors and relieving the symptoms of RA. In this review, we will summarize the development in the application of phototherapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The People's Hospital of Feixian, Linyi, 273400, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
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36
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Liu S, Ma H, Zhang H, Deng C, Xin P. Recent advances on signaling pathways and their inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol 2021; 230:108793. [PMID: 34242749 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by systemic synovitis leading to joint destruction in which imbalances in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines promote the induction of autoimmunity. Some pro-inflammatory cytokines can trigger the signaling pathways which responsible for immune-mediated inflammation in RA, and the activated signaling pathways produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in aggravation of RA. Hence, understanding of the signaling pathways and their inhibitors might be advantageous in the development of therapeutic targets and new drugs for RA. In the current review, we summarize the signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of RA as well as the potential role of specific inhibitors in its management. We hope this paper may serve a reference for future studies on signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of RA and benefit the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hongxing Ma
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing 211200, China
| | - Huaxi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Chengjie Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Ping Xin
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China.
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37
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Rooney L, Veale DJ, Orr C, McCarthy C. Targeting GM-CSF in rheumatological conditions: risk of PAP. THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY 2021; 3:e473. [PMID: 38279398 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(21)00145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah Rooney
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Douglas J Veale
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carl Orr
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cormac McCarthy
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Mai CT, Zheng DC, Li XZ, Zhou H, Xie Y. Liver X receptors conserve the therapeutic target potential for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105747. [PMID: 34186192 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic multi-system autoimmune disease with extremely complex pathogenesis. Significantly altered lipid paradox related to the inflammatory burden is reported in RA patients, inducing 50% higher cardiovascular risks. Recent studies have also demonstrated that lipid metabolism can regulate many functions of immune cells in which metabolic pathways have altered. The nuclear liver X receptors (LXRs), including LXRα and LXRβ, play a central role in regulating lipid homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Undoubtedly, LXRs have been considered as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of RA. However, there are some contradictory effects of LXRs agonists observed in previous animal studies where both pro-inflammatory role and anti-inflammatory role were revealed for LXRs activation in RA. Therefore, in addition to updating the knowledge of LXRs as the prominent regulators of lipid homeostasis, the purpose of this review is to summarize the effects of LXRs agonists in RA-associated immune cells, to explore the underlying reasons for the contradictory therapeutic effects of LXRs agonists observed in RA animal models, and to discuss future strategy for the treatment of RA with LXRs modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Tian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau; Faculty of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - De-Chong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau; Faculty of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Xin-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau; Faculty of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Ying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau.
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Aihaiti Y, Song Cai Y, Tuerhong X, Ni Yang Y, Ma Y, Shi Zheng H, Xu K, Xu P. Therapeutic Effects of Naringin in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:672054. [PMID: 34054546 PMCID: PMC8160516 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.672054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent hyperplasia of the synovial membrane and progressive erosion of articular cartilage. Disequilibrium between the proliferation and death of RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLSs) is the critical factor in progression of RA. Naringin has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect in acute and chronic animal models of RA. However, the therapeutic effect and underlying mechanisms of naringin in human RA-FLS remain unclear. Based on network pharmacology, the corresponding targets of naringin were identified using SwissTargetPrediction database, STITCH database, and Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. Deferentially expressed genes (DEGs) in RA were obtained from the GEO database. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks of intersected targets were constructed using the STRING database and visualized using Cytoscape. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed, and the pathways directly related to pathogenesis of RA were integrated manually. Further, in vitro studies were carried out based on network pharmacology. 99 target genes were intersected between targets of naringin and DEGs. The PPI network and topological analysis indicated that IL-6, MAPK8, MMP-9, TNF, and MAPK1 shared the highest centrality among all. GO analysis and KEGG analysis indicated that target genes were mostly enriched in (hsa05200) pathways in cancer, (hsa05161) hepatitis B, (hsa04380) osteoclast differentiation, (hsa04151) PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and (hsa05142) Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis). In vitro studies revealed that naringin exposure was found to promote apoptosis of RA-FLS, increased the activation of caspase-3, and increased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, treatment of naringin attenuated the production of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in TNF-ɑ–induced RA-FLS. Moreover, treatment of naringin inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK in RA-FLS. Network pharmacology provides a predicative strategy to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of herbs and compounds. Naringin inhibits inflammation and MMPs production and promotes apoptosis in RA-FLS via PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirixiati Aihaiti
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated HongHui Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Song Cai
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated HongHui Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiadiye Tuerhong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated HongHui Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Ni Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated HongHui Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yao Ma
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated HongHui Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Hai Shi Zheng
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated HongHui Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated HongHui Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated HongHui Hospital, Xi'an, China
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40
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Xin PL, Jie LF, Cheng Q, Bin DY, Dan CW. Pathogenesis and Function of Interleukin-35 in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:655114. [PMID: 34054534 PMCID: PMC8155723 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.655114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that RA (Rheumatoid arthritis) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multiple and symmetric arthropathy. The main pathological features of RA are synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis, pannus formation, inflammatory cell infiltration, articular cartilage, bone destruction, and ultimately joint dysfunction, even deformity. IL-35 (Interleukin-35) is a new member of the IL-12 (Interleukin-12) family, which is an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory cytokine secreted mainly by Treg (T regulatory cells). There is evidence suggested that IL-35 can attenuate the progression of RA through influencing the immune and pathological process. It suggests that IL-35 played an important role in the pathogenesis of RA, and can be used as a potential target for the future treatment of RA. This review summarizes the recent advances of IL-35 in the pathological roles and the therapeutic potential roles in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Lin Xin
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Fan Jie
- Department of Orthopedic, Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Research and Experimental Center of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Du Yi Bin
- Department of Orthopedic, Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Wen Dan
- Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Erythrocyte reduced/oxidized glutathione and serum thiol/disulfide homeostasis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Biochem 2021; 94:56-61. [PMID: 33933432 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are the most known mechanisms in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) pathophysiology, which is still not fully elucidated. In this study, we evaluated oxidative status by determining intracellular reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) homeostasis and serum thiol/disulfide (SH/SS) homeostasis in RA patients. METHODS A total of 152 RA patient and 89 healthy controls were included in the study. RA patients were subdivided according to disease activity score-28 (DAS-28) as active RA and remission RA. Intracellular GSH/GSSG and serum SH/SS homeostasis parameters were analyzed. RESULTS Median (1st-3rd quartile values) SS/SH and GSSG/GSH percent ratio levels were significantly higher in RA patients (6.94 (6.02-8.54) and 69.8 (44.05-85.29); respectively) compared to controls (4.62 (4.15-5.46) and 34.9 (22.43-62.2); respectively) (p < 0.05 for all). SS/SH and GSSG/GSH percent ratio levels were significantly higher in active RA patients when compared to remission RA patients and controls (p < 0.05 for all). SS/SH and GSSG/GSH percent ratios were significantly increased in remission RA group compared to controls (p < 0.05 for all). DAS28 scores were positively correlated with SS/SH and GSSG/GSH percent ratios (rho = 0.259 and 0.296; respectively). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that active intracellular and extracellular thiol group oxidation process might play a role in RA pathogenesis and further work in these areas may be warranted to show potential value of evaluating intracellular GSSG/GSH and serum SH/SS balances together in disease monitoring.
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42
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Doshi G, Thakkar A. Deciphering Role of Cytokines for Therapeutic Strategies Against Rheumatoid Arthritis. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:803-815. [PMID: 33109042 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666201027124625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a systemic, chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory disorder that affects both large and small synovial joints in a symmetric pattern. RA initiates as painful inflammation of the joints leading to stiffness of joint, joint destruction and further worsens the condition causing permanent irreversible damage to the joints, making them physically disabled. Across the globe, there are around 1.2 million cases of RA reported. Inspite of various available therapeutic and pharmacological agents against RA, none of the treatments assure complete cure. Understanding the in depth-role of cytokines and interleukins in the disease pathogenesis of RA could help in exploiting them for developing novel therapeutic strategies against RA. This review provides insights into the pathogenesis of RA and gives a brief overview of cytokines, which play an important role in the progression of the disease. We have also discussed the possible role of interleukins in the context of RA, which could help future researchers to explore them for identifying new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V. M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ami Thakkar
- M.Pharm Research Scholar, Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V. M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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43
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Shang ZZ, Qin DY, Li QM, Zha XQ, Pan LH, Peng DY, Luo JP. Dendrobium huoshanense stem polysaccharide ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis in mice via inhibition of inflammatory signaling pathways. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 258:117657. [PMID: 33593544 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored the beneficial effect of Dendrobium huoshanense stem polysaccharide (cDHPS) after oral administration on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using type Ⅱ collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model. It was found that cDHPS effectively alleviated joint swelling, synovial hyperplasia, pannus formation, cartilage erosion and bone destruction in CIA mice. Concurrently, cDHPS remodeled the balance of Th17 and regulatory T cells, reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators related to fibroblast-like synoviocyte activation, angiogenesis, articular cartilage degradation and osteoclast differentiation, inhibited HIF-1α expression and promoted anti-inflammatory mediator release in the joint tissues and serum of CIA mice. Western blot of joint tissues showed that cDHPS significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB, p65, JNK, p38, ERK1/2, AKT, PI3K, JAK1 and STAT3 in CIA mice. These results suggest that cDHPS possesses the potential of ameliorating RA and its anti-RA effect may be attributed to the inhibition of inflammatory signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zi Shang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Dan-Yang Qin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Qiang-Ming Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Li-Hua Pan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Dai-Yin Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Jian-Ping Luo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
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44
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Qiu J, Wu B, Goodman SB, Berry GJ, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Metabolic Control of Autoimmunity and Tissue Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:652771. [PMID: 33868292 PMCID: PMC8050350 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) develops in distinct stages, with each phase of disease linked to immune cell dysfunction. HLA class II genes confer the strongest genetic risk to develop RA. They encode for molecules essential in the activation and differentiation of T cells, placing T cells upstream in the immunopathology. In Phase 1 of the RA disease process, T cells lose a fundamental function, their ability to be self-tolerant, and provide help for autoantibody-producing B cells. Phase 2 begins many years later, when mis-differentiated T cells gain tissue-invasive effector functions, enter the joint, promote non-resolving inflammation, and give rise to clinically relevant arthritis. In Phase 3 of the RA disease process, abnormal innate immune functions are added to adaptive autoimmunity, converting synovial inflammation into a tissue-destructive process that erodes cartilage and bone. Emerging data have implicated metabolic mis-regulation as a fundamental pathogenic pathway in all phases of RA. Early in their life cycle, RA T cells fail to repair mitochondrial DNA, resulting in a malfunctioning metabolic machinery. Mitochondrial insufficiency is aggravated by the mis-trafficking of the energy sensor AMPK away from the lysosomal surface. The metabolic signature of RA T cells is characterized by the shunting of glucose toward the pentose phosphate pathway and toward biosynthetic activity. During the intermediate and terminal phase of RA-imposed tissue inflammation, tissue-residing macrophages, T cells, B cells and stromal cells are chronically activated and under high metabolic stress, creating a microenvironment poor in oxygen and glucose, but rich in metabolic intermediates, such as lactate. By sensing tissue lactate, synovial T cells lose their mobility and are trapped in the tissue niche. The linkage of defective DNA repair, misbalanced metabolic pathways, autoimmunity, and tissue inflammation in RA encourages metabolic interference as a novel treatment strategy during both the early stages of tolerance breakdown and the late stages of tissue inflammation. Defining and targeting metabolic abnormalities provides a new paradigm to treat, or even prevent, the cellular defects underlying autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Qiu
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Bowen Wu
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Stuart B Goodman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Gerald J Berry
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jorg J Goronzy
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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45
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Ji M, Ryu HJ, Hong JH. Signalling and putative therapeutic molecules on the regulation of synoviocyte signalling in rheumatoid arthritis. Bone Joint Res 2021; 10:285-297. [PMID: 33890482 PMCID: PMC8077181 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.104.bjr-2020-0331.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by symmetrical and chronic polyarthritis. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes are mainly involved in joint inflammation and cartilage and bone destruction by inflammatory cytokines and matrix-degrading enzymes in RA. Approaches that induce various cellular growth alterations of synoviocytes are considered as potential strategies for treating RA. However, since synoviocytes play a critical role in RA, the mechanism and hyperplastic modulation of synoviocytes and their motility need to be addressed. In this review, we focus on the alteration of synoviocyte signalling and cell fate provided by signalling proteins, various antioxidant molecules, enzymes, compounds, clinical candidates, to understand the pathology of the synoviocytes, and finally to achieve developed therapeutic strategies of RA. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(4):285–297.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Ji
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hee Jung Ryu
- Department of Rheumatology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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46
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Xu Y, Chen F. Current Status of Functional Studies on Circular RNAs in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Their Potential Role as Diagnostic Biomarkers. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:1185-1193. [PMID: 33833541 PMCID: PMC8020583 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s302846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a new class of endogenous non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), are highly stable and exhibit tissue-specific expression. Accumulating evidence has indicated that circRNAs play crucial roles in the development and progression of multiple diseases. Notably, circRNAs, important epigenetic modulators of gene expression in inflammation and autoimmune regulation, have a close association with the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA, one of the most common systemic autoimmune diseases, is characterized by synovial hyperplasia and inflammation, and cartilage and bone destruction. Here, we focus on the roles of circRNAs in macrophage, synovial tissues, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), and cartilage tissues in pathogenesis and progression of RA, highlighting the potential of circRNAs in the blood as diagnostic biomarkers, and aiming at providing new insights into the diagnosis and therapy of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Feihu Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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47
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ACPA Status Correlates with Differential Immune Profile in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030647. [PMID: 33799480 PMCID: PMC8000255 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive erosive autoimmune disease that affects 1% of the world population. Anti-citrullinated protein autoantibodies (ACPA) are routinely used for the diagnosis of RA, however 20–30% of patients are ACPA negative. ACPA status is a delineator of RA disease endotypes with similar clinical manifestation but potentially different pathophysiology. Profiling of key peripheral blood and synovial tissue immune populations including B cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and CD4 T cell proinflammatory cytokine responses could elucidate the underlying immunological mechanisms involved and inform a treat to target approach for both ACPA-positive and ACPA-negative RA. Detailed high dimensionality flow cytometric analysis with supervised and unsupervised algorithm analysis revealed unique RA patient peripheral blood B cell and Tfh cell profiles. Synovial tissue single cell analysis of B cell subpopulation distribution was similar between ACPA− and ACPA+ RA patients, highlighting a key role for specific B cell subsets in both disease endotypes. Interestingly, synovial tissue single cell analysis of CD4 T cell proinflammatory cytokine production was markedly different between ACPA− and APCA+ RA patients. RNAseq analysis of RA patient synovial tissue highlighted disease endotype specific gene signatures. ACPA status associates with unique immune profile signatures that reinforce the need for a treat to target approach for both endotypes of RA.
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48
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Khanna N, Kumar A, Pawar SV. A Review on Rheumatoid Arthritis Interventions and Current Developments. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:463-483. [PMID: 33243118 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121999201125200558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation, swelling, and joint destruction primarily affecting the peripheral joints. In recent years, RA has become an alarming concern affecting more than 1.5% of the population worldwide. The majority of the drugs in clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis are immunomodulatory. The development of novel drugs for RA is impending and scientists are exploring new strategies through various innovative approaches for RA drug development. Treat-to-target and window of opportunity hypothesis are the new approaches that are used to treat, improve outcomes, and prevent long-term use of ineffective therapy, respectively. Novel therapeutic agents (e.g. GM-CSF inhibitors, Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors) and delivery systems (e.g., Liposomes, Superparamagnetic iron oxide nano particles (SPIONs)) are under investigation for more target based therapy with reduced side effects and toxicity. The new drug discovery and repositioning of previously FDA-approved drugs are also being considered for chronic inflammatory disorder. The review encompasses a vast array of information, including genetics, etiology, clinical symptoms, current treatment, and newer therapeutics approaches, focused on the development of RA interventions. The introduction of the bioinformatics-based approach in RA has also been significantly discussed in the review. This review provides a general understanding of the challenges and uncertainties in the treatment of RA and summarizes the evolving scenario as well as innovative approaches taken into consideration for drug development in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Khanna
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sandip V Pawar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Gan D, Cheng W, Ke L, Sun AR, Jia Q, Chen J, Lin J, Li J, Xu Z, Zhang P. Repurposing of Pirfenidone (Anti-Pulmonary Fibrosis Drug) for Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:631891. [PMID: 33746759 PMCID: PMC7973213 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.631891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that pirfenidone (PFD) effectively relieves joint pain in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying the anti-RA effects of PFD have not been investigated. This study was undertaken to investigate the repurposing of PFD for the treatment of RA, and explore its anti-rheumatic mechanisms. A collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model was used to observe joint pathological changes following PFD treatment. Based on bioinformatics to predict the mechanism of PFD anti-RA, using EA. hy926 and TNF-α-induced MH7A cells to establish in vitro model to explore its biological mechanism from the perspectives of synovial inflammation and angiogenesis. PFD significantly relieved pathological changes, including joint swelling, synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration and joint destruction. PFD was also associated with reduced expression of MMP-3 and VEGF in articular chondrocytes and synovial cells of CIA rats (p < 0.05). Using bioinformatic methods, we predicted that PFD inhibits cell inflammation and migration by interfering with the JAK2/STAT3 and Akt pathways. These results were verified using in vitro models. In particular, PFD effectively reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory, chondrogenic, and angiogenic cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1/3/2/9 and VEGF (p < 0.05), in TNF-α-induced MH7A cells. In addition, PFD significantly reduced the production of MMP-2/9 and VEGF in EA. hy926 cells, thereby weakening migration and inhibiting angiogenesis (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that PFD may alleviate the pathological process in CIA rats, by inhibiting inflammation and angiogenesis through multiple pathways, and serve as a potential therapeutic drug for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Gan
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wenxiang Cheng
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liqing Ke
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Antonia RuJia Sun
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qingyun Jia
- Second Ward of Trauma Surgery Department, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Jianhai Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jietao Lin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Li
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanwang Xu
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Shenzhen, China
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50
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Identification of hub genes and therapeutic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 40:3299-3309. [PMID: 33604823 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-021-05650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that causes great morbidity and shortens life expectancy; however, the precise pathogenesis of RA remains unclear. This study aimed to select hub genes correlated with the development of RA. METHODS Two gene expression profiles, GSE55235 and GSE12021, obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in control and RA samples using GEO2R, followed by other bioinformatics methods, including functional enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, miRNA-hub gene network, and drug-hub gene interactions. In addition, qRT-PCR was finally conducted to confirm the reliability and validity of the expression level of the novel DEGs via freshly collected heparinized blood samples of healthy controls and RA patients. RESULTS A sum of 136 upregulated and 37 downregulated DEGs were selected. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that all the upregulated DEGs were correlated with immune response, B cell receptor signalling pathway, and adaptive immune response. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the upregulated DEGs were mostly related to cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, primary immunodeficiency, chemokine signalling pathways, and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). In total, 12 hub genes (IL15, KLRK1, GZMA, CXCR6, IGHV4-38-2, IGLL5, CXCL13, CXCL11, MS4A1, SDC1, SLAMF1, and PDCD1LG2) were identified and all these hub genes were upregulated, of which IGLL5 and IGHV4-38-2 were first reported to be correlated with the pathogenic mechanism and prognosis of RA. Furthermore, we also used qRT-PCR to validate the overexpression of IGLL5 and IGHV4-38-2 in RA patients compared to the healthy controls. In the miRNA-hub gene network, hsa-miR-1185-5p and hsa-miR-3679-5p might inhibit the expression of IGLL5 during the progression of RA. The 15 most promising candidate drugs, which were all approved by the Food and Drug Administration, may assist with the treatment of RA. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings may assist with developing diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers for RA. Key Points • IGLL5 and IGHV4-38-2 were first reported to be correlated with the pathogenic mechanism and prognosis of RA. • Besides, hsa-miR-1185-5p and hsa-miR-3679-5p may inhibit the expression of IGLL5 during the progression of RA.
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