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Jeong GJ, Khan F, Tabassum N, Kim YM. Alteration of oral microbial biofilms by sweeteners. Biofilm 2024; 7:100171. [PMID: 38197082 PMCID: PMC10772577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in using sweeteners for taste improvement in the food and drink industry. Sweeteners were found to regulate the formation or dispersal of structural components of microbial biofilms. Dietary sugars may enhance biofilm formation and facilitate the development of antimicrobial resistance, which has become a major health issue worldwide. In contrast, bulk and non-nutritive sweeteners are also beneficial for managing microbial infections. This review discusses the clinical significance of oral biofilms formed upon the administration of nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners. The underlying mechanism of action of sweeteners in the regulation of mono- or poly-microbial biofilm formation and destruction is comprehensively discussed. Bulk and non-nutritive sweeteners have also been used in conjunction with antimicrobial substances to reduce microbial biofilm formation. Formulations with bulk and non-nutritive sweeteners have been demonstrated to be particularly efficient in this regard. Finally, future perspectives with respect to advancing our understanding of mechanisms underlying biofilm regulation activities of sweeteners are presented as well. Several alternative strategies for the application of bulk sweeteners and non-nutritive sweeteners have been employed to control the biofilm-forming microbial pathogens. Gaining insight into the underlying mechanisms responsible for enhancing or inhibiting biofilm formation and virulence properties by both mono- and poly-microbial species in the presence of the sweetener is crucial for developing a therapeutic agent to manage microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
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Mohd Fuad AS, Amran NA, Nasruddin NS, Burhanudin NA, Dashper S, Arzmi MH. The Mechanisms of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Postbiotics in Oral Cancer Management. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1298-1311. [PMID: 36048406 PMCID: PMC9434094 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oral carcinogenesis is preceded by oral diseases associated with inflammation such as periodontitis and oral candidiasis, which are contributed by chronic alcoholism, smoking, poor oral hygiene, and microbial infections. Dysbiosis is an imbalance of microbial composition due to oral infection, which has been reported to contribute to oral carcinogenesis. Therefore, in this review, we summarised the role of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics in promoting a balanced oral microbiome, which may prevent oral carcinogenesis due to oral infections. Probiotics have been shown to produce biofilm, which possesses antibacterial activity against oral pathogens. Meanwhile, prebiotics can support growth and increase the benefit of probiotics. In addition, postbiotics possess antibacterial, anticariogenic, and anticancer properties that potentially aid in oral cancer prevention and treatment. The use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics for oral cancer management is still limited despite their vast potential, thus, discovering their prospects could herald a novel approach to disease prevention and treatment while participating in combating antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aalina Sakiinah Mohd Fuad
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Aqilah Amran
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Jardin Pharma Berhad, Sunway Subang Business Park, Selangor, 40150, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Nurrul Shaqinah Nasruddin
- Department of Diagnostic Craniofacial and Bioscience, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Aszlitah Burhanudin
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Diagnosis, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3055, Australia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
- Jardin Pharma Berhad, Sunway Subang Business Park, Selangor, 40150, Shah Alam, Malaysia.
- Department of Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
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Zuo QL, Cai X, Zheng XY, Chen DS, Li M, Liu ZQ, Chen KQ, Han FF, Zhu X. Influences of Xylitol Consumption at Different Dosages on Intestinal Tissues and Gut Microbiota in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12002-12011. [PMID: 34590865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Xylitol is a widely used natural sweetener for the reduction of excessive sugar consumption. However, concerns of xylitol consumption existed as it is a highly permeable substance in the colon that could cause diarrhea and other adverse symptoms. To assess the relationship between xylitol dosage and diarrhea, especially the influences of diarrhea on physiological characteristics, the immune system, and gut microbiota in rats, the control, low-dose (L), medium-dose (M), and high-dose (H) groups were fed with 0, 1, 3, and 10% of xylitol, respectively, correspondingly for 15 days, followed by a 7-day recovery. Only medium- and high-dose xylitol would cause diarrhea in rats. Quantitative imaging of colonic tissue and the expression levels of proinflammatory factors revealed a higher degree of immune responses in the rats from H groups but statistically stable in M groups, despite that light diarrhea was observed. A shift of the gut microbiota composition was observed in the rats from H groups, including significant decreases of genera Ruminococcaceae and Prevotella and a notable increase and colonization of Bacteroides, accompanied with changes of short-chain fatty acid production. Tolerance and adaptation to xylitol consumption were observed in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings demonstrate that diarrhea caused by the high dosage of xylitol can exert distinctive changes on gut microbiota and lay the foundation to explore the mechanism underlying the shift in gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Le Zuo
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 18, Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua County, Zhejiang 324302, Quzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xue Cai
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yang Zheng
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 18, Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua County, Zhejiang 324302, Quzhou, P. R. China
| | - De-Shui Chen
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 18, Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua County, Zhejiang 324302, Quzhou, P. R. China
| | - Mian Li
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 18, Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua County, Zhejiang 324302, Quzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Qian Chen
- Zhejiang Huakang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 18, Huagong Road, Huabu Town, Kaihua County, Zhejiang 324302, Quzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fei-Fei Han
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
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Targeting antibiotic tolerance in anaerobic biofilms associated with oral diseases: Human antimicrobial peptides LL-37 and lactoferricin enhance the antibiotic efficacy of amoxicillin, clindamycin and metronidazole. Anaerobe 2021; 71:102439. [PMID: 34454095 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are receiving increasing attention as potential therapeutic agents for treating biofilm-related infections of the oral cavity. Many bacteria residing in biofilms exhibit an enhanced antibiotic tolerance, which grants intrinsically susceptible microorganisms to survive lethal concentrations of antibiotics. In this study, we examined the effects of two endogenous human antimicrobial peptides, LL-37 and human Lactoferricin, on the antibiotic drug efficacy of amoxicillin, clindamycin and metronidazole in two types of polymicrobial biofilms, which aimed to represent frequent oral diseases: (1) facultative anaerobic (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Actinomyces naeslundii) and (2) obligate anaerobic biofilms (Veillonella parvula, Parvimonas micra, Fusobacterium nucleatum). LL-37 and Lactoferricin enhanced the anti-biofilm effect of amoxicillin and clindamycin in facultative anaerobic biofilms. Metronidazole alone was ineffective against facultative anaerobic biofilms, but the presence of LL-37 and Lactoferricin led to a greater biofilm reduction. Obligate anaerobic biofilms showed an increased drug tolerance to amoxicillin and clindamycin, presumably due to metabolic downshifts of the bacteria residing within the biofilm. However, when combined with LL-37 or Lactoferricin, the reduction of obligate anaerobic biofilms was markedly enhanced for all antibiotics, even for amoxicillin and clindamycin. Furthermore, our results suggest that antimicrobial peptides enhance the dispersion of matured biofilms, which may be one of their mechanisms for targeting biofilms. In summary, our study proves that antimicrobial peptides can serve as an auxiliary treatment strategy for combatting enhanced antibiotic tolerance in bacterial biofilms.
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Wuersching SN, Huth KC, Hickel R, Kollmuss M. Inhibitory effect of LL-37 and human lactoferricin on growth and biofilm formation of anaerobes associated with oral diseases. Anaerobe 2020; 67:102301. [PMID: 33249255 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of the antimicrobial peptides (AMP) LL-37 and human Lactoferricin (LfcinH) on the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of oral pathogenic anaerobes related to caries and periodontitis. Multi-species bacterial suspensions of either facultative anaerobic bacteria (FAB: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Actinomyces naeslundii) or obligate anaerobic bacteria (OAB: Veillonella parvula, Parvimonas micra, Fusobacterium nucleatum) were incubated with different concentrations of AMP solutions for 8 h. Planktonic growth was registered with an ATP-based cell viability assay for FAB and via plate counting for OAB. Biofilms were grown on ZrO2 discs for 4 days in a mixture of the multi-species bacterial suspensions and AMP solutions. Biofilm mass was quantified using a microtiter plate biofilm assay with crystal violet staining. An overall planktonic growth inhibition and biofilm mass reduction of FAB and OAB was registered for LL-37 and LfcinH. Significant inhibitory threshold concentrations of LL-37 were observed in all experiments (p < 0.0001). No significant threshold was observed for LfcinH. Biofilm mass of OAB was barely reduced by LfcinH. The complete mechanisms of the AMPs are not fully understood yet. While LL-37 shows promising features as potential therapeutic for biofilm-associated oral diseases, LfcinH seems unsuitable for this particular indication. For clinical AMP use, further investigations will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Noreen Wuersching
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Christine Huth
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hickel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kollmuss
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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Ahuja V, Macho M, Ewe D, Singh M, Saha S, Saurav K. Biological and Pharmacological Potential of Xylitol: A Molecular Insight of Unique Metabolism. Foods 2020; 9:E1592. [PMID: 33147854 PMCID: PMC7693686 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylitol is a white crystalline, amorphous sugar alcohol and low-calorie sweetener. Xylitol prevents demineralization of teeth and bones, otitis media infection, respiratory tract infections, inflammation and cancer progression. NADPH generated in xylitol metabolism aid in the treatment of glucose-6-phosphate deficiency-associated hemolytic anemia. Moreover, it has a negligible effect on blood glucose and plasma insulin levels due to its unique metabolism. Its diverse applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food and polymer industries fueled its market growth and made it one of the top 12 bio-products. Recently, xylitol has also been used as a drug carrier due to its high permeability and non-toxic nature. However, it become a challenge to fulfil the rapidly increasing market demand of xylitol. Xylitol is present in fruit and vegetables, but at very low concentrations, which is not adequate to satisfy the consumer demand. With the passage of time, other methods including chemical catalysis, microbial and enzymatic biotransformation, have also been developed for its large-scale production. Nevertheless, large scale production still suffers from high cost of production. In this review, we summarize some alternative approaches and recent advancements that significantly improve the yield and lower the cost of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Ahuja
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, India;
| | - Markéta Macho
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology—Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (D.E.); (S.S.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Ewe
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology—Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (D.E.); (S.S.)
| | - Manoj Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana 133207, India;
| | - Subhasish Saha
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology—Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (D.E.); (S.S.)
| | - Kumar Saurav
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology—Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (D.E.); (S.S.)
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Loimaranta V, Mazurel D, Deng D, Söderling E. Xylitol and erythritol inhibit real-time biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:184. [PMID: 32600259 PMCID: PMC7325245 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01867-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regular consumption of xylitol decreases the number of cariogenic streptococci in dental plaque. In vitro biofilm models to study the mechanism of xylitol action have been set-up, but the obtained results are contradictory. Biofilm growth is a dynamic process with time-specific characteristics that may remain undetected in conventional end-point biofilm tests. In this study we used an impedance spectroscopy instrument, xCELLigence Real Time Cell Analyzer (RTCA), that allows label-free, non-invasive real-time monitoring of biofilm formation, to explore effects of xylitol on biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans. Based on the obtained information of biofilm dynamics, we assessed the number of viable bacteria, the polysaccharide content, and the expression levels of selected genes involved in glucan-mediated biofilm formation in different biofilm stages. Xylitol inhibition was compared with that of erythritol; another polyol suggested to have a positive impact on oral health. Results Our results showed that real-time monitoring provided new information of polyol-induced changes in S. mutans biofilm formation dynamics. The inhibitory effect of polyols was more pronounced in the early stages of biofilm formation but affected also the measured total amount of formed biofilm. Effects seen in the real-time biofilm assay were only partially explained by changes in CFU values and polysaccharide amounts in the biofilms. Both xylitol and erythritol inhibited real-time biofilm formation by all the nine tested S. mutans strains. Sensitivity of the strains to inhibition varied: some were more sensitive to xylitol and some to erythritol. Xylitol also modified the expression levels of gbpB, gtfB, gtfC and gtfD genes that are important in polysaccharide-mediated adherence of S. mutans. Conclusion The erythritol- and xylitol- induced inhibition of biofilm formation was only partly explained by decrease in the number of viable S. mutans cells or the amount of polysaccharides in the biofilm matrix, suggesting that in addition to reduced proliferation also the matrix composition and thereby the surface attachment quality of biofilm matrix may be altered by the polyols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuokko Loimaranta
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Danuta Mazurel
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Deng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eva Söderling
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland
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Zhou G, Peng H, Wang YS, Huang XM, Xie XB, Shi QS. Enhanced synergistic effects of xylitol and isothiazolones for inhibition of initial biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. J Oral Sci 2019; 61:255-263. [PMID: 31217374 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.18-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms, formed on biotic or abiotic surfaces, can lead to serious environmental or medical problems. Therefore, it is necessary to find novel antimicrobial agents to combat biofilms, or more effective combinations of existing biocides. In this study, initial biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 in the presence of xylitol or xylitol and isothiazolones were determined using crystal violet staining in 96-well microplates and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Xylitol and isothiazolones exhibited enhanced synergistic inhibition of initial biofilm formation, and also the structure and production of extracellular polymeric substances by P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and S. aureus ATCC 6538 in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, xylitol and isothiazolones inhibited and restored the swimming motility of P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, respectively. These findings show that a combination of xylitol and isothiazolones exerts pronounced antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus biofilms and may be applicable for preventing or reducing bacterial biofilms in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology
| | - Hong Peng
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology
| | - Ying-Si Wang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology
| | - Xiao-Mo Huang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology
| | - Xiao-Bao Xie
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology
| | - Qing-Shan Shi
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology
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Zhou Y, Millhouse E, Shaw T, Lappin DF, Rajendran R, Bagg J, Lin H, Ramage G. Evaluating Streptococcus mutans Strain Dependent Characteristics in a Polymicrobial Biofilm Community. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1498. [PMID: 30083138 PMCID: PMC6064717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate strain dependent differences of the cariogenic biofilm forming Streptococcus mutans within both simple and complex communities. Methods: A mono-species containing representative S. mutans clinical isolates (caries and non-caries), and a multispecies in vitro caries biofilm model containing Lactobacillus casei, Veillonella dispar, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Actinomyces naeslundii, and either of two representative S. mutans clinical isolates (caries and non-caries), was developed as a comparison model. Compositional analysis of total and live bacteria within biofilms, and transcriptional analysis of biofilm associated virulence factors were evaluated by live/dead PCR and quantitative PCR, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the architecture of biofilm. One-way analysis of variance and t-tests were used to investigate significant differences between independent groups of data. Results: Within a mono-species biofilm, different S. mutans strains responded similarly to one another during biofilm formation in different carbohydrate sources, with sucrose showing the highest levels of biofilm biomass and galactose showing the lowest. Within the polymicrobial biofilm system, compositional analysis of the bacteria within the biofilm showed that S. mutans derived from a caries-free patient was preferentially composed of both total and viable L. casei, whereas S. mutans derived from a caries patient was dominated by both total and viable S. mutans (p < 0.001). Normalized gene expression analysis of srtA, gtfB, ftf, spaP, gbpB, and luxS, showed a general upregulation within the S. mutans dominant biofilm. Conclusion: We were able to demonstrate that individual strains derived from different patients exhibited altered biofilm characteristics, which were not obvious within a simple mono-species biofilm model. Influencing the environmental conditions changed the composition and functionality S. mutans within the polymicrobial biofilm. The biofilm model described herein provides a novel and reproducible method of assessing the impact on the biofilm microbiome upon different environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Emma Millhouse
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Shaw
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David F Lappin
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ranjith Rajendran
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Bagg
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Huancai Lin
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,ESCMID Study Group for Biofilms, Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Philip N, Suneja B, Walsh LJ. Ecological Approaches to Dental Caries Prevention: Paradigm Shift or Shibboleth? Caries Res 2018; 52:153-165. [PMID: 29320767 DOI: 10.1159/000484985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary paradigms of dental caries aetiology focus on the ecology of the dental plaque biofilm and how local environmental factors can modulate this to cause disease. The crucial role that a healthy oral microbiome plays in preventing caries and promoting oral health is also being increasingly recognized. Based on these concepts, several ecological preventive approaches have been developed that could potentially broaden the arsenal of currently available caries-preventive measures. Many of these ecological approaches aim for long-term caries control by either disrupting cariogenic virulence factors without affecting bacterial viability, or include measures that can enhance the growth of health-associated, microbially diverse communities in the oral microbiome. This paper argues for the need to develop ecological preventive measures that go beyond conventional caries-preventive methods, and discusses whether these ecological approaches can be effective in reducing the severity of caries by promoting stable, health-associated oral biofilm communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebu Philip
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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11
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Effects of Xylitol and Sucrose Mint Products on Streptococcus mutans Colonization in a Dental Simulator Model. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:1153-1159. [PMID: 28717846 PMCID: PMC5596035 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Few laboratory methods exist for evaluating the cariogenicity of food ingredients. In this study, a dental simulator was used to determine the effects of commercial sucrose and xylitol mint products on the adherence and planktonic growth of Streptococcus mutans. Solutions (3% w/v) of sucrose, xylitol, sucrose mints, xylitol mints, xylitol with 0.02% peppermint oil (PO), and 0.02% PO alone were used to test the levels of planktonic and adhered S. mutans. A dental simulator with continuous artificial saliva flow, constant temperature, and mixing was used as a test environment and hydroxyapatite (HA) discs were implemented into the model to simulate the tooth surface. Bacterial content was quantified by qPCR. Compared with the artificial saliva alone, sucrose and sucrose mints increased the numbers of HA-attached S. mutans, whereas xylitol decreased them. Similarly, planktonic S. mutans quantities rose with sucrose and declined with xylitol and xylitol mints. Versus sucrose mints, xylitol mints significantly reduced the counts of HA-bound and planktonic S. mutans. Similar results were observed with the main ingredients of both types of mints separately. PO-supplemented artificial saliva did not influence the numbers of S. mutans that attached to HA or planktonic S. mutans compared with artificial saliva control. In our dental simulator model, xylitol reduced the counts of adhering and planktonic S.mutans. The mints behaved similarly as their pure, main ingredients—sucrose or xylitol, respectively. PO, which has been suggested to have antimicrobial properties, did not influence S. mutans colonization.
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Ho CSF, Ming Y, Foong KWC, Rosa V, Thuyen T, Seneviratne CJ. Streptococcus mutans forms xylitol-resistant biofilm on excess adhesive flash in novel ex-vivo orthodontic bracket model. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017; 151:669-677. [PMID: 28364889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During orthodontic bonding procedures, excess adhesive is invariably left on the tooth surface at the interface between the bracket and the enamel junction; it is called excess adhesive flash (EAF). We comparatively evaluated the biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans on EAF produced by 2 adhesives and examined the therapeutic efficacy of xylitol on S mutans formed on EAF. METHODS First, we investigated the biofilm formation of S mutans on 3 orthodontic bracket types: stainless steel preadjusted edgewise, ceramic preadjusted edgewise, and stainless steel self-ligating. Subsequently, tooth-colored Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) and green Grengloo (Ormco, Glendora, Calif) adhesives were used for bonding ceramic brackets to extracted teeth. S mutans biofilms on EAF produced by the adhesives were studied using the crystal violet assay and scanning electron microscopy. Surface roughness and surface energy of the EAF were examined. The therapeutic efficacies of different concentrations of xylitol were tested on S mutans biofilms. RESULTS Significantly higher biofilms were formed on the ceramic preadjusted edgewise brackets (P = 0.003). Transbond XT had significantly higher S mutans biofilms compared with Grengloo surfaces (P = 0.007). There was no significant difference in surface roughness between Transbond XT and Grengloo surfaces (P >0.05). Surface energy of Transbond XT had a considerably smaller contact angle than did Grengloo, suggesting that Transbond XT is a more hydrophilic material. Xylitol at low concentrations had no significant effect on the reduction of S mutans biofilms on orthodontic adhesives (P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Transbond XT orthodontic adhesive resulted in more S mutans biofilm compared with Grengloo adhesive on ceramic brackets. Surface energy seemed to play a more important role than surface roughness for the formation of S mutans biofilm on EAF. Xylitol does not appear to have a therapeutic effect on mature S mutans biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy S F Ho
- Discipline of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yue Ming
- Discipline of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kelvin W C Foong
- Discipline of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Vinicius Rosa
- Discipline of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Truong Thuyen
- Discipline of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chaminda J Seneviratne
- Discipline of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Salli K, Forssten S, Lahtinen S, Ouwehand A. Influence of sucrose and xylitol on an early Streptococcus mutans biofilm in a dental simulator. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 70:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Combining prebiotics and probiotics to develop novel synbiotics that suppress oral pathogens. J Oral Biosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Brambilla E, Ionescu AC, Cazzaniga G, Ottobelli M, Samaranayake LP. Levorotatory carbohydrates and xylitol subdueStreptococcus mutansandCandida albicansadhesion and biofilm formation. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 56:480-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Brambilla
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, IRCCS Galeazzi Institute; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Andrei C. Ionescu
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, IRCCS Galeazzi Institute; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Gloria Cazzaniga
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, IRCCS Galeazzi Institute; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Marco Ottobelli
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, IRCCS Galeazzi Institute; University of Milan; Milan Italy
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Salli KM, Ouwehand AC. The use of in vitro model systems to study dental biofilms associated with caries: a short review. J Oral Microbiol 2015; 7:26149. [PMID: 25740099 PMCID: PMC4349908 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v7.26149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A dental biofilm forms a distinct environment where microorganisms live in a matrix of extracellular polysaccharides. The biofilm favors certain bacteria and creates a habitat that functions differently compared to planktonic bacteria. Reproducible model systems which help to address various questions related to biofilm formation, the process of caries development, and its prevention are needed and are continuously developed. Recent research using both batch culture, continuous culture and flow cells in caries biofilm formation is presented. The development of new techniques and equipment has led to a deeper understanding of how caries biofilms function. Biofilm models have also been used in the development of materials inhibiting secondary caries. This short review summarizes available models to study these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M Salli
- DuPont Nutrition and Health, Kantvik Active Nutrition, Kirkkonummi, Finland;
| | - Arthur C Ouwehand
- DuPont Nutrition and Health, Kantvik Active Nutrition, Kirkkonummi, Finland
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Lee HJ, Kim SC, Kim J, Do A, Han SY, Lee BD, Lee HH, Lee MC, Lee SH, Oh T, Park S, Hong SH. Synergistic inhibition of Streptococcal biofilm by ribose and xylitol. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 60:304-12. [PMID: 25463908 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are the major causative agents of human dental caries. Therefore, the removal or inhibition of these streptococcal biofilms is essential for dental caries prevention. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of ribose treatment alone or in combination with xylitol on streptococcal biofilm formation for both species. Furthermore, we examined the expression of genes responsible for dextran-dependent aggregation (DDAG). In addition, we investigated whether ribose affects the biofilm formation of xylitol-insensitive streptococci, which results from long-term exposure to xylitol. The viability of streptococci biofilms formed in a 24-well polystyrene plate was quantified by fluorescent staining with the LIVE/DEAD bacterial viability and counting kit, which was followed by fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis. The effects of ribose and/or xylitol on the mRNA expression of DDAG-responsible genes, gbpC and dblB, was evaluated by RT-qPCR. Our data showed that ribose and other pentose molecules significantly inhibited streptococcal biofilm formation and the expression of DDAG-responsible genes. In addition, co-treatment with ribose and xylitol decreased streptococcal biofilm formation to a further extent than ribose or xylitol treatment alone in both streptococcal species. Furthermore, ribose attenuated the increase of xylitol-insensitive streptococcal biofilm, which results in the reduced difference of biofilm formation between S. mutans that are sensitive and insensitive to xylitol. These data suggest that pentose may be used as an additive for teeth-protective materials or in sweets. Furthermore, ribose co-treatment with xylitol might help to increase the anti-cariogenic efficacy of xylitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heon-Jin Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2-188-1 Samduk-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-412, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Chul Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2-188-1 Samduk-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-412, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyung Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2-188-1 Samduk-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-412, Republic of Korea
| | - Aejin Do
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2-188-1 Samduk-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-412, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Yeong Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2-188-1 Samduk-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-412, Republic of Korea
| | - Bhumgey David Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2-188-1 Samduk-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-412, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2-188-1 Samduk-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-412, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Chan Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2-188-1 Samduk-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-412, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hui Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2-188-1 Samduk-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-412, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejun Oh
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2-188-1 Samduk-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-412, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangbin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2-188-1 Samduk-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-412, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Hong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2-188-1 Samduk-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-412, Republic of Korea.
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Nayak PA, Nayak UA, Khandelwal V. The effect of xylitol on dental caries and oral flora. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2014; 6:89-94. [PMID: 25422590 PMCID: PMC4232036 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s55761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries, the most chronic disease affecting mankind, has been in the limelight with regard to its prevention and treatment. Professional clinical management of caries has been very successful in cases of different severities of disease manifestations. However, tertiary management of this disease has been gaining attention, with numerous methods and agents emerging on a daily basis. Higher intake of nutritive sweeteners can result in higher energy intake and lower diet quality and thereby predispose an individual to conditions like obesity, cardiovascular disorders, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Non-nutritive sweeteners have gained popularity as they are sweeter and are required in substantially lesser quantities. Xylitol, a five-carbon sugar polyol, has been found to be promising in reducing dental caries disease and also reversing the process of early caries. This paper throws light on the role and effects of various forms of xylitol on dental caries and oral hygiene status of an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathibha Anand Nayak
- Department of Periodontics, NIMS Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ullal Anand Nayak
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, NIMS Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vishal Khandelwal
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Index Dental College and Hospital, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Metabolic activity of Streptococcus mutans biofilms and gene expression during exposure to xylitol and sucrose. Int J Oral Sci 2014; 6:195-204. [PMID: 25059251 PMCID: PMC5153587 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2014.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to analyse Streptococcus mutans biofilms grown under different dietary conditions by using multifaceted methodological approaches to gain deeper insight into the cariogenic impact of carbohydrates. S. mutans biofilms were generated during a period of 24 h in the following media: Schaedler broth as a control medium containing endogenous glucose, Schaedler broth with an additional 5% sucrose, and Schaedler broth supplemented with 1% xylitol. The confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)-based analyses of the microbial vitality, respiratory activity (5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride, CTC) and production of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) were performed separately in the inner, middle and outer biofilm layers. In addition to the microbiological sample testing, the glucose/sucrose consumption of the biofilm bacteria was quantified, and the expression of glucosyltransferases and other biofilm-associated genes was investigated. Xylitol exposure did not inhibit the viability of S. mutans biofilms, as monitored by the following experimental parameters: culture growth, vitality, CTC activity and EPS production. However, xylitol exposure caused a difference in gene expression compared to the control. GtfC was upregulated only in the presence of xylitol. Under xylitol exposure, gtfB was upregulated by a factor of 6, while under sucrose exposure, it was upregulated by a factor of three. Compared with glucose and xylitol, sucrose increased cell vitality in all biofilm layers. In all nutrient media, the intrinsic glucose was almost completely consumed by the cells of the S. mutans biofilm within 24 h. After 24 h of biofilm formation, the multiparametric measurements showed that xylitol in the presence of glucose caused predominantly genotypic differences but did not induce metabolic differences compared to the control. Thus, the availability of dietary carbohydrates in either a pure or combined form seems to affect the cariogenic potential of S. mutans biofilms.
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