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Li W, Xie X, Liu J, Yu H, Li SM. Prenylation of dimeric cyclo-L-Trp-L-Trp by the promiscuous cyclo-L-Trp-L-Ala prenyltransferase EchPT1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:6887-6895. [PMID: 37713115 PMCID: PMC10589136 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Prenyltransferases (PTs) from the dimethylallyl tryptophan synthase (DMATS) superfamily are known as efficient biocatalysts and mainly catalyze regioselective Friedel-Crafts alkylation of tryptophan and tryptophan-containing cyclodipeptides (CDPs). They can also use other unnatural aromatic compounds as substrates and play therefore a pivotal role in increasing structural diversity and biological activities of a broad range of natural and unnatural products. In recent years, several prenylated dimeric CDPs have been identified with wide range of bioactivities. In this study, we demonstrate the production of prenylated dimeric CDPs by chemoenzymatic synthesis with a known promiscuous enzyme EchPT1, which uses cyclo-L-Trp-L-Ala as natural substrate for reverse C2-prenylation. High product yields were achieved with EchPT1 for C3-N1' and C3-C3' linked dimers of cyclo-L-Trp-L-Trp. Isolation and structural elucidation confirmed the product structures to be reversely C19/C19'-mono- and diprenylated cyclo-L-Trp-L-Trp dimers. Our study provides an additional example for increasing structural diversity by prenylation of complex substrates with known biosynthetic enzymes. KEY POINTS: • Chemoenzymatic synthesis of prenylated cyclo-L-Trp-L-Trp dimers • Same prenylation pattern and position for cyclodipeptides and their dimers. • Indole prenyltransferases such as EchPT1 can be widely used as biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jing Liu
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Huili Yu
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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2
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Davis KA, Jones AM, Panaccione DG. Two Satellite Gene Clusters Enhance Ergot Alkaloid Biosynthesis Capacity of Aspergillus leporis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0079323. [PMID: 37432119 PMCID: PMC10467348 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00793-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids are fungal specialized metabolites that are important in agriculture and serve as sources of several pharmaceuticals. Aspergillus leporis is a soil saprotroph that possesses two ergot alkaloid biosynthetic gene clusters encoding lysergic acid amide production. We identified two additional, partial biosynthetic gene clusters within the A. leporis genome containing some of the ergot alkaloid synthesis (eas) genes required to make two groups of clavine ergot alkaloids, fumigaclavines and rugulovasines. Clavines possess unique biological properties compared to lysergic acid derivatives. Bioinformatic analyses indicated the fumigaclavine cluster contained functional copies of easA, easG, easD, easM, and easN. Genes resembling easQ and easH, which are required for rugulovasine production, were identified in a separate gene cluster. The pathways encoded by these partial, or satellite, clusters would require intermediates from the previously described lysergic acid amide pathway to synthesize a product. Chemical analyses of A. leporis cultures revealed the presence of fumigaclavine A. However, rugulovasine was only detected in a single sample, prompting a heterologous expression approach to confirm functionality of easQ and easH. An easA knockout strain of Metarhizium brunneum, which accumulates the rugulovasine precursor chanoclavine-I aldehyde, was chosen as expression host. Strains of M. brunneum expressing easQ and easH from A. leporis accumulated rugulovasine as demonstrated through mass spectrometry analysis. These data indicate that A. leporis is exceptional among fungi in having the capacity to synthesize products from three branches of the ergot alkaloid pathway and for utilizing an unusual satellite cluster approach to achieve that outcome. IMPORTANCE Ergot alkaloids are chemicals produced by several species of fungi and are notable for their impacts on agriculture and medicine. The ability to make ergot alkaloids is typically encoded by a clustered set of genes that are physically adjacent on a chromosome. Different ergot alkaloid classes are formed via branching of a complex pathway that begins with a core set of the same five genes. Most ergot alkaloid-producing fungi have a single cluster of genes that is complete, or self-sufficient, and produce ergot alkaloids from one or occasionally two branches from that single cluster. Our data show that Aspergillus leporis is exceptional in having the genetic capacity to make products from three pathway branches. Moreover, it uses a satellite cluster approach, in which gene products of partial clusters rely on supplementation with a chemical intermediate produced via another gene cluster, to diversify its biosynthetic potential without duplicating all the steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Davis
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Abigail M. Jones
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel G. Panaccione
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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3
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Ramachanderan R, Schramm S, Schaefer B. Migraine drugs. CHEMTEXTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40828-023-00178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAccording to recent studies, migraine affects more than 1 billion people worldwide, making it one of the world’s most prevalent diseases. Although this highly debilitating illness has been known since ancient times, the first therapeutic drugs to treat migraine, ergotamine (Gynergen) and dihydroergotamine (Dihydergot), did not appear on the market until 1921 and 1946, respectively. Both drugs originated from Sandoz, the world’s leading pharmaceutical company in ergot alkaloid research at the time. Historically, ergot alkaloids had been primarily used in obstetrics, but with methysergide (1-methyl-lysergic acid 1′-hydroxy-butyl-(2S)-amide), it became apparent that they also held some potential in migraine treatment. Methysergide was the first effective prophylactic drug developed specifically to prevent migraine attacks in 1959. On the basis of significantly improved knowledge of migraine pathophysiology and the discovery of serotonin and its receptors, Glaxo was able to launch sumatriptan in 1992. It was the first member from the class of triptans, which are selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists. Recent innovations in acute and preventive migraine therapy include lasmiditan, a selective 5-HT1F receptor agonist from Eli Lilly, the gepants, which are calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists discovered at Merck & Co and BMS, and anti-CGRP/receptor monoclonal antibodies from Amgen, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, and others.
Graphical abstract
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Methods of Lysergic Acid Synthesis—The Key Ergot Alkaloid. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217322. [PMID: 36364148 PMCID: PMC9654825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot is the spore form of the fungus Claviceps purpurea. Ergot alkaloids are indole compounds that are biosynthetically derived from L-tryptophan and represent the largest group of fungal nitrogen metabolites found in nature. The common part of ergot alkaloids is lysergic acid. This review shows the importance of lysergic acid as a representative of ergot alkaloids. The subject of ergot and its alkaloids is presented, with a particular focus on lysergic acid. All methods of total lysergic acid synthesis—through Woodward, Hendrickson, and Szantay intermediates and Heck coupling methods—are presented. The topic of biosynthesis is also discussed.
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Wong G, Lim LR, Tan YQ, Go MK, Bell DJ, Freemont PS, Yew WS. Reconstituting the complete biosynthesis of D-lysergic acid in yeast. Nat Commun 2022; 13:712. [PMID: 35132076 PMCID: PMC8821704 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ergot alkaloids are a class of natural products known for their pharmacologically privileged molecular structure that are used in the treatment of neurological ailments, such as Parkinsonism and dementia. Their synthesis via chemical and biological routes are therefore of industrial relevance, but suffer from several challenges. Current chemical synthesis methods involve long, multi-step reactions with harsh conditions and are not enantioselective; biological methods utilizing ergot fungi, produce an assortment of products that complicate product recovery, and are susceptible to strain degradation. Reconstituting the ergot alkaloid pathway in a strain strongly amenable for liquid fermentation, could potentially resolve these issues. In this work, we report the production of the main ergoline therapeutic precursor, D-lysergic acid, to a titre of 1.7 mg L−1 in a 1 L bioreactor. Our work demonstrates the proof-of-concept for the biological production of ergoline-derived compounds from sugar in an engineered yeast chassis. The ergot alkaloids are a class of natural products known for their pharmacologically privileged molecular structure that are used in the treatment of neurological ailments. Here the authors report on the production of the ergot (fungus)-derived therapeutic precursor, D-lysergic acid (DLA), in baker’s yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Wong
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Li Rong Lim
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Yong Quan Tan
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Maybelle Kho Go
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - David J Bell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Paul S Freemont
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. .,London Biofoundry, Imperial College Translation & Innovation Hub, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK. .,UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Wen Shan Yew
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore. .,Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore. .,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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A Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase Gene Involved in the Synthesis of Lysergic Acid Amides Affects the Interaction of the Fungus Metarhizium brunneum with Insects. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0074821. [PMID: 34160271 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00748-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Several fungi, including the plant root symbiont and insect pathogen Metarhizium brunneum, produce lysergic acid amides via a branch of the ergot alkaloid pathway. Lysergic acid amides include important pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical lead compounds and have potential ecological significance, making knowledge of their biosynthesis relevant. Many steps in the biosynthesis of lysergic acid amides have been determined, but terminal steps in the synthesis of lysergic acid α-hydroxyethylamide (LAH)-by far the most abundant lysergic acid amide in M. brunneum-are unknown. Ergot alkaloid synthesis (eas) genes are clustered in the genomes of fungi that produce these compounds, and the eas clusters of LAH producers contain two uncharacterized genes (easO and easP) not found in fungi that do not produce LAH. Knockout of easO via a CRISPR-Cas9 approach eliminated LAH and resulted in accumulation of the alternate lysergic acid amides lysergyl-alanine and ergonovine. Despite the elimination of LAH, the total concentration of lysergic acid derivatives was not affected significantly by the mutation. Complementation with a wild-type allele of easO restored the ability to synthesize LAH. Substrate feeding studies indicated that neither lysergyl-alanine nor ergonovine were substrates for the product of easO (EasO). EasO had structural similarity to Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs), and labeling studies with deuterated alanine supported a role for a BVMO in LAH biosynthesis. The easO knockout had reduced virulence to larvae of the insect Galleria mellonella, indicating that LAH contributes to virulence of M. brunneum on insects and that LAH has biological activities different from ergonovine and lysergyl-alanine. IMPORTANCE Fungi in the genus Metarhizium are important plant root symbionts and insect pathogens. They are formulated commercially to protect plants from insect pests. Several Metarhizium species, including M. brunneum, were recently shown to produce ergot alkaloids, a class of specialized metabolites studied extensively in other fungi because of their importance in agriculture and medicine. A biological role for ergot alkaloids in Metarhizium species had not been demonstrated previously. Moreover, the types of ergot alkaloids produced by Metarhizium species are lysergic acid amides, which have served directly or indirectly as important pharmaceutical compounds. The terminal steps in the synthesis of the most abundant lysergic acid amide in Metarhizium species and several other fungi (LAH) have not been determined. The results of this study demonstrate the role of a previously unstudied gene in LAH synthesis and indicate that LAH contributes to virulence of M. brunneum on insects.
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Jamieson CS, Misa J, Tang Y, Billingsley JM. Biosynthesis and synthetic biology of psychoactive natural products. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6950-7008. [PMID: 33908526 PMCID: PMC8217322 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Psychoactive natural products play an integral role in the modern world. The tremendous structural complexity displayed by such molecules confers diverse biological activities of significant medicinal value and sociocultural impact. Accordingly, in the last two centuries, immense effort has been devoted towards establishing how plants, animals, and fungi synthesize complex natural products from simple metabolic precursors. The recent explosion of genomics data and molecular biology tools has enabled the identification of genes encoding proteins that catalyze individual biosynthetic steps. Once fully elucidated, the "biosynthetic pathways" are often comparable to organic syntheses in elegance and yield. Additionally, the discovery of biosynthetic enzymes provides powerful catalysts which may be repurposed for synthetic biology applications, or implemented with chemoenzymatic synthetic approaches. In this review, we discuss the progress that has been made toward biosynthetic pathway elucidation amongst four classes of psychoactive natural products: hallucinogens, stimulants, cannabinoids, and opioids. Compounds of diverse biosynthetic origin - terpene, amino acid, polyketide - are identified, and notable mechanisms of key scaffold transforming steps are highlighted. We also provide a description of subsequent applications of the biosynthetic machinery, with an emphasis placed on the synthetic biology and metabolic engineering strategies enabling heterologous production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cooper S Jamieson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Joshua Misa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - John M Billingsley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. and Invizyne Technologies, Inc., Monrovia, CA, USA
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8
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Biosynthesis, total synthesis, and biological profiles of Ergot alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS: CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2021; 85:1-112. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Roy A, Ahuja S, Garg S. Fungal Secondary Metabolites: Biological Activity and Potential Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60659-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Bharadwaj R, Jagadeesan H, Kumar SR, Ramalingam S. Molecular mechanisms in grass-Epichloë interactions: towards endophyte driven farming to improve plant fitness and immunity. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:92. [PMID: 32562008 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
All plants harbor many microbial species including bacteria and fungi in their tissues. The interactions between the plant and these microbes could be symbiotic, mutualistic, parasitic or commensalistic. Mutualistic microorganisms are endophytic in nature and are known to play a role in plant growth, development and fitness. Endophytes display complex diversity depending upon the agro-climatic conditions and this diversity could be exploited for crop improvement and sustainable agriculture. Plant-endophyte partnerships are highly specific, several genetic and molecular cascades play a key role in colonization of endophytes in host plants leading to rapid changes in host and endophyte metabolism. This results in the accumulation of secondary metabolites, which play an important role in plant defense against biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Alkaloids are one of the important class of metabolites produced by Epichloë genus and other related classes of endophytes and confer protection against insect and mammalian herbivory. In this context, this review discusses the evolutionary aspects of the Epichloë genus along with key molecular mechanisms determining the lifestyle of Epichloë endophytes in host system. Novel hypothesis is proposed to outline the initial cellular signaling events during colonization of Epichloë in cool season grasses. Complex clustering of alkaloid biosynthetic genes and molecular mechanisms involved in the production of alkaloids have been elaborated in detail. The natural defense and advantages of the endophyte derived metabolites have also been extensively discussed. Finally, this review highlights the importance of endophyte-arbitrated plant immunity to develop novel approaches for eco-friendly agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bharadwaj
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - H Jagadeesan
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S R Kumar
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - S Ramalingam
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India.
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11
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Chen KL, Lai CY, Pham MT, Chein RJ, Tang Y, Lin HC. Enzyme-Catalyzed Azepinoindole Formation in Clavine Alkaloid Biosynthesis. Org Lett 2020; 22:3302-3306. [PMID: 32243182 PMCID: PMC8092377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Aurantioclavine (1), which contains a characteristic seven-membered ring fused to an indole ring, belongs to the azepinoindole class of fungal clavine alkaloids. Here we show that starting from a 4-dimethylallyl-l-tryptophan precursor, a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-binding oxidase and a catalase-like heme-containing protein are involved in the biosynthesis of 1. The function of these two enzymes was characterized by heterologous expression, in vitro characterization, and deuterium labeling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Lin Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chen-Yu Lai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Mai-Truc Pham
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Rong-Jie Chein
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Yi Tang
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hsiao-Ching Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
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Yao Y, An C, Evans D, Liu W, Wang W, Wei G, Ding N, Houk KN, Gao SS. Catalase Involved in Oxidative Cyclization of the Tetracyclic Ergoline of Fungal Ergot Alkaloids. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17517-17521. [PMID: 31621316 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A dedicated enzyme for the formation of the central C ring in the tetracyclic ergoline of clinically important ergot alkaloids has never been found. Herein, we report a dual role catalase (EasC), unexpectedly using O2 as the oxidant, that catalyzes the oxidative cyclization of the central C ring from a 1,3-diene intermediate. Our study showcases how nature evolves the common catalase for enantioselective C-C bond construction of complex polycyclic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources , Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , P. R. China
| | - Chunyan An
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources , Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , P. R. China
| | - Declan Evans
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles California 90095 , United States
| | - Weiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources , Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources , Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Guangzheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources , Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Ning Ding
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , P. R. China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles California 90095 , United States
| | - Shu-Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources , Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , P. R. China
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Ergot Alkaloid Synthesis Capacity of Penicillium camemberti. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01583-18. [PMID: 30076193 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01583-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids are specialized fungal metabolites with potent biological activities. They are encoded by well-characterized gene clusters in the genomes of producing fungi. Penicillium camemberti plays a major role in the ripening of Brie and Camembert cheeses. The P. camemberti genome contains a cluster of five genes shown in other fungi to be required for synthesis of the important ergot alkaloid intermediate chanoclavine-I aldehyde and two additional genes (easH and easQ) that may control modification of chanoclavine-I aldehyde into other ergot alkaloids. We analyzed samples of Brie and Camembert cheeses, as well as cultures of P. camemberti, and did not detect chanoclavine-I aldehyde or its derivatives. To create a functioning facsimile of the P. camembertieas cluster, we expressed P. camemberti easH and easQ in a chanoclavine-I aldehyde-accumulating easA knockout mutant of Neosartorya fumigata The easH-easQ-engineered N. fumigata strain accumulated a pair of compounds of m/z 269.1288 in positive-mode liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The analytes fragmented in a manner typical of the stereoisomeric ergot alkaloids rugulovasine A and B, and the related rugulovasine producer Penicillium biforme accumulated the same isomeric pair of analytes. The P. camemberti eas genes were transcribed in culture, but comparison of the P. camemberti eas cluster with the functional cluster from P. biforme indicated 11 polymorphisms. Whereas other P. camembertieas genes functioned when expressed in N. fumigata, P. camembertieasC did not restore ergot alkaloids when expressed in an easC mutant. The data indicate that P. camemberti formerly had the capacity to produce the ergot alkaloids rugulovasine A and B.IMPORTANCE The presence of ergot alkaloid synthesis genes in the genome of Penicillium camemberti is significant, because the fungus is widely consumed in Brie and Camembert cheeses. Our results show that, although the fungus has several functional genes from the ergot alkaloid pathway, it produces only an early pathway intermediate in culture and does not produce ergot alkaloids in cheese. Penicillium biforme, a close relative of P. camemberti, contains a similar but fully functional set of ergot alkaloid synthesis genes and produces ergot alkaloids chanoclavine-I, chanoclavine-I aldehyde, and rugulovasine A and B. Our reconstruction of the P. camemberti pathway in the model fungus Neosartorya fumigata indicated that P. camemberti formerly had the capacity to produce these same ergot alkaloids. Neither P. camemberti nor P. biforme produced ergot alkaloids in cheese, indicating that nutritionally driven gene regulation prevents these fungi from producing ergot alkaloids in a dairy environment.
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Ogawara H. Comparison of Strategies to Overcome Drug Resistance: Learning from Various Kingdoms. Molecules 2018; 23:E1476. [PMID: 29912169 PMCID: PMC6100412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance, especially antibiotic resistance, is a growing threat to human health. To overcome this problem, it is significant to know precisely the mechanisms of drug resistance and/or self-resistance in various kingdoms, from bacteria through plants to animals, once more. This review compares the molecular mechanisms of the resistance against phycotoxins, toxins from marine and terrestrial animals, plants and fungi, and antibiotics. The results reveal that each kingdom possesses the characteristic features. The main mechanisms in each kingdom are transporters/efflux pumps in phycotoxins, mutation and modification of targets and sequestration in marine and terrestrial animal toxins, ABC transporters and sequestration in plant toxins, transporters in fungal toxins, and various or mixed mechanisms in antibiotics. Antibiotic producers in particular make tremendous efforts for avoiding suicide, and are more flexible and adaptable to the changes of environments. With these features in mind, potential alternative strategies to overcome these resistance problems are discussed. This paper will provide clues for solving the issues of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ogawara
- HO Bio Institute, Yushima-2, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio-2, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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Martín JF, Álvarez-Álvarez R, Liras P. Clavine Alkaloids Gene Clusters of Penicillium and Related Fungi: Evolutionary Combination of Prenyltransferases, Monooxygenases and Dioxygenases. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8120342. [PMID: 29186777 PMCID: PMC5748660 DOI: 10.3390/genes8120342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The clavine alkaloids produced by the fungi of the Aspergillaceae and Arthrodermatacea families differ from the ergot alkaloids produced by Claviceps and Neotyphodium. The clavine alkaloids lack the extensive peptide chain modifications that occur in lysergic acid derived ergot alkaloids. Both clavine and ergot alkaloids arise from the condensation of tryptophan and dimethylallylpyrophosphate by the action of the dimethylallyltryptophan synthase. The first five steps of the biosynthetic pathway that convert tryptophan and dimethylallyl-pyrophosphate (DMA-PP) in chanoclavine-1-aldehyde are common to both clavine and ergot alkaloids. The biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids has been extensively studied and is not considered in this article. We focus this review on recent advances in the gene clusters for clavine alkaloids in the species of Penicillium, Aspergillus (Neosartorya), Arthroderma and Trychophyton and the enzymes encoded by them. The final products of the clavine alkaloids pathways derive from the tetracyclic ergoline ring, which is modified by late enzymes, including a reverse type prenyltransferase, P450 monooxygenases and acetyltransferases. In Aspergillus japonicus, a α-ketoglutarate and Fe2+-dependent dioxygenase is involved in the cyclization of a festuclavine-like unknown type intermediate into cycloclavine. Related dioxygenases occur in the biosynthetic gene clusters of ergot alkaloids in Claviceps purpurea and also in the clavine clusters in Penicillium species. The final products of the clavine alkaloid pathway in these fungi differ from each other depending on the late biosynthetic enzymes involved. An important difference between clavine and ergot alkaloid pathways is that clavine producers lack the enzyme CloA, a P450 monooxygenase, involved in one of the steps of the conversion of chanoclavine-1-aldehyde into lysergic acid. Bioinformatic analysis of the sequenced genomes of the Aspergillaceae and Arthrodermataceae fungi showed the presence of clavine gene clusters in Arthroderma species, Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium commune, Penicillium camemberti, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium steckii and Penicillium griseofulvum. Analysis of the gene clusters in several clavine alkaloid producers indicates that there are gene gains, gene losses and gene rearrangements. These findings may be explained by a divergent evolution of the gene clusters of ergot and clavine alkaloids from a common ancestral progenitor six genes cluster although horizontal gene transfer of some specific genes may have occurred more recently.
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Oxidative Stress Response Tips the Balance in Aspergillus terreus Amphotericin B Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00670-17. [PMID: 28739793 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00670-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterize the impact of antioxidative enzymes in amphotericin B (AmB)-resistant (ATR) and rare AmB-susceptible (ATS) clinical Aspergillus terreus isolates. We elucidate expression profiles of superoxide dismutase (SOD)- and catalase (CAT)-encoding genes, enzymatic activities of SODs, and superoxide anion production and signaling pathways involved in the oxidative stress response (OSR) in ATS and ATR strains under AmB treatment conditions. We show that ATR strains possess almost doubled basal SOD activity compared to that of ATS strains and that ATR strains exhibit an enhanced OSR, with significantly higher sod2 mRNA levels and significantly increased cat transcripts in ATR strains upon AmB treatment. In particular, inhibition of SOD and CAT proteins renders resistant isolates considerably susceptible to the drug in vitro In conclusion, this study shows that SODs and CATs are crucial for AmB resistance in A. terreus and that targeting the OSR might offer new treatment perspectives for resistant species.
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Abstract
Ergot alkaloids are highly diverse in structure, exhibit diverse effects on animals, and are produced by diverse fungi in the phylum Ascomycota, including pathogens and mutualistic symbionts of plants. These mycotoxins are best known from the fungal family Clavicipitaceae and are named for the ergot fungi that, through millennia, have contaminated grains and caused mass poisonings, with effects ranging from dry gangrene to convulsions and death. However, they are also useful sources of pharmaceuticals for a variety of medical purposes. More than a half-century of research has brought us extensive knowledge of ergot-alkaloid biosynthetic pathways from common early steps to several taxon-specific branches. Furthermore, a recent flurry of genome sequencing has revealed the genomic processes underlying ergot-alkaloid diversification. In this review, we discuss the evolution of ergot-alkaloid biosynthesis genes and gene clusters, including roles of gene recruitment, duplication and neofunctionalization, as well as gene loss, in diversifying structures of clavines, lysergic acid amides, and complex ergopeptines. Also reviewed are prospects for manipulating ergot-alkaloid profiles to enhance suitability of endophytes for forage grasses.
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18
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de Vries RP, Riley R, Wiebenga A, Aguilar-Osorio G, Amillis S, Uchima CA, Anderluh G, Asadollahi M, Askin M, Barry K, Battaglia E, Bayram Ö, Benocci T, Braus-Stromeyer SA, Caldana C, Cánovas D, Cerqueira GC, Chen F, Chen W, Choi C, Clum A, dos Santos RAC, Damásio ARDL, Diallinas G, Emri T, Fekete E, Flipphi M, Freyberg S, Gallo A, Gournas C, Habgood R, Hainaut M, Harispe ML, Henrissat B, Hildén KS, Hope R, Hossain A, Karabika E, Karaffa L, Karányi Z, Kraševec N, Kuo A, Kusch H, LaButti K, Lagendijk EL, Lapidus A, Levasseur A, Lindquist E, Lipzen A, Logrieco AF, MacCabe A, Mäkelä MR, Malavazi I, Melin P, Meyer V, Mielnichuk N, Miskei M, Molnár ÁP, Mulé G, Ngan CY, Orejas M, Orosz E, Ouedraogo JP, Overkamp KM, Park HS, Perrone G, Piumi F, Punt PJ, Ram AFJ, Ramón A, Rauscher S, Record E, Riaño-Pachón DM, Robert V, Röhrig J, Ruller R, Salamov A, Salih NS, Samson RA, Sándor E, Sanguinetti M, Schütze T, Sepčić K, Shelest E, Sherlock G, Sophianopoulou V, Squina FM, Sun H, Susca A, Todd RB, Tsang A, Unkles SE, van de Wiele N, van Rossen-Uffink D, Oliveira JVDC, Vesth TC, Visser J, Yu JH, Zhou M, Andersen MR, Archer DB, Baker SE, Benoit I, Brakhage AA, Braus GH, Fischer R, Frisvad JC, Goldman GH, Houbraken J, Oakley B, Pócsi I, Scazzocchio C, Seiboth B, vanKuyk PA, Wortman J, Dyer PS, Grigoriev IV. Comparative genomics reveals high biological diversity and specific adaptations in the industrially and medically important fungal genus Aspergillus. Genome Biol 2017; 18:28. [PMID: 28196534 PMCID: PMC5307856 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungal genus Aspergillus is of critical importance to humankind. Species include those with industrial applications, important pathogens of humans, animals and crops, a source of potent carcinogenic contaminants of food, and an important genetic model. The genome sequences of eight aspergilli have already been explored to investigate aspects of fungal biology, raising questions about evolution and specialization within this genus. RESULTS We have generated genome sequences for ten novel, highly diverse Aspergillus species and compared these in detail to sister and more distant genera. Comparative studies of key aspects of fungal biology, including primary and secondary metabolism, stress response, biomass degradation, and signal transduction, revealed both conservation and diversity among the species. Observed genomic differences were validated with experimental studies. This revealed several highlights, such as the potential for sex in asexual species, organic acid production genes being a key feature of black aspergilli, alternative approaches for degrading plant biomass, and indications for the genetic basis of stress response. A genome-wide phylogenetic analysis demonstrated in detail the relationship of the newly genome sequenced species with other aspergilli. CONCLUSIONS Many aspects of biological differences between fungal species cannot be explained by current knowledge obtained from genome sequences. The comparative genomics and experimental study, presented here, allows for the first time a genus-wide view of the biological diversity of the aspergilli and in many, but not all, cases linked genome differences to phenotype. Insights gained could be exploited for biotechnological and medical applications of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P. de Vries
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Riley
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Ad Wiebenga
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guillermo Aguilar-Osorio
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, D.F. C.P. 04510 Mexico
| | - Sotiris Amillis
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15781 Athens, Greece
| | - Cristiane Akemi Uchima
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192 CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo Brasil
- Present address: VTT Brasil, Alameda Inajá, 123, CEP 06460-055 Barueri, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojtaba Asadollahi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Marion Askin
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Present address: CSIRO Publishing, Unipark, Building 1 Level 1, 195 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Kerrie Barry
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Evy Battaglia
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Özgür Bayram
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Tiziano Benocci
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susanna A. Braus-Stromeyer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Camila Caldana
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192 CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo Brasil
- Max Planck Partner Group, Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory, CEP 13083-100 Campinas, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - David Cánovas
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Avda de Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
- Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Fusheng Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Wanping Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Cindy Choi
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Alicia Clum
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Renato Augusto Corrêa dos Santos
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192 CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo Brasil
| | - André Ricardo de Lima Damásio
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192 CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo Brasil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, CEP 13083-862 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - George Diallinas
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15781 Athens, Greece
| | - Tamás Emri
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Fekete
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Michel Flipphi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Susanne Freyberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antonia Gallo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Christos Gournas
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, Microbial Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research, Demokritos (NCSRD), Athens, Greece
- Present address: Université Libre de Bruxelles Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine (IBMM), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rob Habgood
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | | | - María Laura Harispe
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Unidad Mixta INIA-IPMont, Mataojo 2020, CP11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Present address: Instituto de Profesores Artigas, Consejo de Formación en Educación, ANEP, CP 11800, Av. del Libertador 2025, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- INRA, USC 1408 AFMB, 13288 Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kristiina S. Hildén
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ryan Hope
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Abeer Hossain
- Dutch DNA Biotech BV, Utrechtseweg 48, 3703AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eugenia Karabika
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH UK
- Present Address: Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110 Greece
| | - Levente Karaffa
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Karányi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nada Kraševec
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alan Kuo
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Harald Kusch
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Centre, Robert-Koch-Str.40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, Göttingen, 37073 Germany
| | - Kurt LaButti
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Ellen L. Lagendijk
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alla Lapidus
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
- Present address: Center for Algorithmic Biotechnology, St.Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- INRA, Aix-Marseille Univ, BBF, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France
- Present address: Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Erika Lindquist
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrew MacCabe
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miia R. Mäkelä
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Petter Melin
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7025, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- Present address: Swedish Chemicals Agency, Box 2, 172 13 Sundbyberg, Sweden
| | - Vera Meyer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Berlin University of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Mielnichuk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Avda de Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
- Present address: Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Saladillo 2468 C1440FFX, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Márton Miskei
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Momentum, Laboratory of Protein Dynamics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt.98., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ákos P. Molnár
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Giuseppina Mulé
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Chew Yee Ngan
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Margarita Orejas
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Erzsébet Orosz
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Jean Paul Ouedraogo
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Present address: Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Karin M. Overkamp
- Dutch DNA Biotech BV, Utrechtseweg 48, 3703AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Hee-Soo Park
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Giancarlo Perrone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francois Piumi
- INRA, Aix-Marseille Univ, BBF, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France
- Present address: INRA UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction - Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy en Josas, 78352 Cedex France
| | - Peter J. Punt
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Dutch DNA Biotech BV, Utrechtseweg 48, 3703AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur F. J. Ram
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Ramón
- Sección Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Stefan Rauscher
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Hertzstrasse 16,, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eric Record
- INRA, Aix-Marseille Univ, BBF, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France
| | - Diego Mauricio Riaño-Pachón
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192 CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo Brasil
| | - Vincent Robert
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julian Röhrig
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Hertzstrasse 16,, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Roberto Ruller
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192 CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo Brasil
| | - Asaf Salamov
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Nadhira S. Salih
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
- Department of Biology, School of Science, University of Sulaimani, Al Sulaymaneyah, Iraq
| | - Rob A. Samson
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erzsébet Sándor
- Institute of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Manuel Sanguinetti
- Sección Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Tabea Schütze
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Present address: Department Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ekaterina Shelest
- Systems Biology/Bioinformatics group, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gavin Sherlock
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5120 USA
| | - Vicky Sophianopoulou
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, Microbial Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research, Demokritos (NCSRD), Athens, Greece
| | - Fabio M. Squina
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192 CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo Brasil
| | - Hui Sun
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Antonia Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Richard B. Todd
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Shiela E. Unkles
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH UK
| | - Nathalie van de Wiele
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diana van Rossen-Uffink
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Present address: BaseClear B.V., Einsteinweg 5, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Juliana Velasco de Castro Oliveira
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192 CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo Brasil
| | - Tammi C. Vesth
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jaap Visser
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- Departments of Bacteriology and Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mikael R. Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David B. Archer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Scott E. Baker
- Fungal Biotechnology Team, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352 USA
| | - Isabelle Benoit
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Present address: Centre of Functional and Structure Genomics Biology Department Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute (HKI) and Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard H. Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Hertzstrasse 16,, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jens C. Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gustavo H. Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café S/N, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Jos Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Berl Oakley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 USA
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Claudio Scazzocchio
- Department of Microbiology, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, University Paris‐Sud, Université Paris‐Saclay, 91198 Gif‐sur‐Yvette cedex, France
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- Research Division Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia A. vanKuyk
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Wortman
- Broad Institute, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
- Present address: Seres Therapeutics, 200 Sidney St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Paul S. Dyer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
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Abstract
Ergot alkaloids are a class of indole derivatives produced by the genera of Ascomycota includingClaviceps,Aspergillus,Penicillium, andEpichloë.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines
- Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products of National Health and Family Planning Commission
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100050
| | - Meng-Yao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines
- Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products of National Health and Family Planning Commission
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100050
| | - Ting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines
- Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products of National Health and Family Planning Commission
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100050
| | - Jin-Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines
- Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products of National Health and Family Planning Commission
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100050
| | - Ping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines
- Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products of National Health and Family Planning Commission
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100050
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McCabe SR, Wipf P. Total synthesis, biosynthesis and biological profiles of clavine alkaloids. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:5894-913. [PMID: 27215547 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00878j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights noteworthy synthetic and biological aspects of the clavine subfamily of ergot alkaloids. Recent biosynthetic insights have laid the groundwork for a better understanding of the diverse biological pathways leading to these indole derivatives. Ergot alkaloids were among the first fungal-derived natural products identified, inspiring pharmaceutical applications in CNS disorders, migraine, infective diseases, and cancer. Pergolide, for example, is a semi-synthetic clavine alkaloid that has been used to treat Parkinson's disease. Synthetic activities have been particularly valuable to facilitate access to rare members of the Clavine family and empower medicinal chemistry research. Improved molecular target identification tools and a better understanding of signaling pathways can now be deployed to further extend the biological and medical utility of Clavine alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R McCabe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Banani H, Marcet-Houben M, Ballester AR, Abbruscato P, González-Candelas L, Gabaldón T, Spadaro D. Genome sequencing and secondary metabolism of the postharvest pathogen Penicillium griseofulvum. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:19. [PMID: 26729047 PMCID: PMC4700700 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penicillium griseofulvum is associated in stored apples with blue mould, the most important postharvest disease of pome fruit. This pathogen can simultaneously produce both detrimental and beneficial secondary metabolites (SM). In order to gain insight into SM synthesis in P. griseofulvum in vitro and during disease development on apple, we sequenced the genome of P. griseofulvum strain PG3 and analysed important SM clusters. RESULTS PG3 genome sequence (29.3 Mb) shows that P. griseofulvum branched off after the divergence of P. oxalicum but before the divergence of P. chrysogenum. Genome-wide analysis of P. griseofulvum revealed putative gene clusters for patulin, griseofulvin and roquefortine C biosynthesis. Furthermore, we quantified the SM production in vitro and on apples during the course of infection. The expression kinetics of key genes of SM produced in infected apple were examined. We found additional SM clusters, including those potentially responsible for the synthesis of penicillin, yanuthone D, cyclopiazonic acid and we predicted a cluster putatively responsible for the synthesis of chanoclavine I. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide relevant information to understand the molecular basis of SM biosynthesis in P. griseofulvum, to allow further research directed to the overexpression or blocking the synthesis of specific SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Banani
- DiSAFA - Dept. Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences and AGROINNOVA - Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agroenvironmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
| | - Marina Marcet-Houben
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme. Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana-Rosa Ballester
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain.
| | - Pamela Abbruscato
- Bioeconomy Unit, Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
| | - Luis González-Candelas
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain.
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme. Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Davide Spadaro
- DiSAFA - Dept. Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences and AGROINNOVA - Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agroenvironmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
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Gerhards N, Matuschek M, Wallwey C, Li SM. Genome mining of ascomycetous fungi reveals their genetic potential for ergot alkaloid production. Arch Microbiol 2015; 197:701-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lin HC, Chiou G, Chooi YH, McMahon TC, Xu W, Garg NK, Tang Y. Elucidation of the concise biosynthetic pathway of the communesin indole alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3004-7. [PMID: 25571861 PMCID: PMC4409825 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The communesins are a prominent class of indole alkaloids isolated from Penicillium species. Owing to their daunting structural framework and potential as pharmaceuticals, communesins have inspired numerous synthetic studies. However, the genetic and biochemical basis of communesin biosynthesis has remained unexplored. Herein, we report the identification and characterization of the communesin (cns) biosynthetic gene cluster from Penicillium expansum. We confirmed that communesin is biosynthesized by the coupling of tryptamine and aurantioclavine, two building blocks derived from L-tryptophan. The postmodification steps were mapped by targeted-gene-deletion experiments and the structural elucidation of intermediates and new analogues. Our studies set the stage for the biochemical characterization of communesin biosynthesis. This knowledge will aid our understanding of how nature generates remarkable structural complexity from simple precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ching Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 90095 (USA)
| | - Grace Chiou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Yit-Heng Chooi
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Australia
| | - Travis C. McMahon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 90095 (USA)
| | - Neil K. Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 90095 (USA)
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Diversification of ergot alkaloids in natural and modified fungi. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:201-18. [PMID: 25609183 PMCID: PMC4303823 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several fungi in two different families--the Clavicipitaceae and the Trichocomaceae--produce different profiles of ergot alkaloids, many of which are important in agriculture and medicine. All ergot alkaloid producers share early steps before their pathways diverge to produce different end products. EasA, an oxidoreductase of the old yellow enzyme class, has alternate activities in different fungi resulting in branching of the pathway. Enzymes beyond the branch point differ among lineages. In the Clavicipitaceae, diversity is generated by the presence or absence and activities of lysergyl peptide synthetases, which interact to make lysergic acid amides and ergopeptines. The range of ergopeptines in a fungus may be controlled by the presence of multiple peptide synthetases as well as by the specificity of individual peptide synthetase domains. In the Trichocomaceae, diversity is generated by the presence or absence of the prenyl transferase encoded by easL (also called fgaPT1). Moreover, relaxed specificity of EasL appears to contribute to ergot alkaloid diversification. The profile of ergot alkaloids observed within a fungus also is affected by a delayed flux of intermediates through the pathway, which results in an accumulation of intermediates or early pathway byproducts to concentrations comparable to that of the pathway end product.
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Ryan KL, Akhmedov NG, Panaccione DG. Identification and structural elucidation of ergotryptamine, a new ergot alkaloid produced by genetically modified aspergillus nidulans and natural isolates of Epichloë species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:61-67. [PMID: 25491167 DOI: 10.1021/jf505718x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ergot alkaloid pathway reconstruction in Aspergillus nidulans is an approach used to better understand the biosynthesis of these mycotoxins. An engineered strain named A. nidulans WFC (expressing ergot alkaloid synthesis genes dmaW, easF, and easC) produced the established intermediate N-methyl-4-dimethylallyltryptophan, as well as an uncharacterized ergot alkaloid. We investigated the chemical structure of the new metabolite and its role in the ergot alkaloid pathway. Mass spectrometry, labeling, and NMR studies showed that the unknown ergot alkaloid, designated here as ergotryptamine, differed from N-methyl-4-dimethylallyltryptophan by the loss of the carboxyl group, addition of a hydroxyl group, and shift in position of a carbon–carbon double bond. Feeding studies with Aspergillus mutants did not show ergotryptamine turnover, suggesting it is a pathway byproduct as opposed to an authentic intermediate. Several Epichloë species also produced this metabolite, and further investigations revealed the equivalency of ergotryptamine with an Epichloë-derived ergot alkaloid provisionally described as 6,7-secolysergine.
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Lin HC, Chiou G, Chooi YH, McMahon TC, Xu W, Garg NK, Tang Y. Elucidation of the Concise Biosynthetic Pathway of the Communesin Indole Alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gerhards N, Neubauer L, Tudzynski P, Li SM. Biosynthetic pathways of ergot alkaloids. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3281-95. [PMID: 25513893 PMCID: PMC4280535 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6123281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids are nitrogen-containing natural products belonging to indole alkaloids. The best known producers are fungi of the phylum Ascomycota, e.g., Claviceps, Epichloë, Penicillium and Aspergillus species. According to their structures, ergot alkaloids can be divided into three groups: clavines, lysergic acid amides and peptides (ergopeptines). All of them share the first biosynthetic steps, which lead to the formation of the tetracyclic ergoline ring system (except the simplest, tricyclic compound: chanoclavine). Different modifications on the ergoline ring by specific enzymes result in an abundance of bioactive natural products, which are used as pharmaceutical drugs or precursors thereof. From the 1950s through to recent years, most of the biosynthetic pathways have been elucidated. Gene clusters from several ergot alkaloid producers have been identified by genome mining and the functions of many of those genes have been demonstrated by knock-out experiments or biochemical investigations of the overproduced enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Gerhards
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Deutschhausstrasse 17A, D-35037 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Lisa Neubauer
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Paul Tudzynski
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Deutschhausstrasse 17A, D-35037 Marburg, Germany.
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Nielsen CAF, Folly C, Hatsch A, Molt A, Schröder H, O'Connor SE, Naesby M. The important ergot alkaloid intermediate chanoclavine-I produced in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the combined action of EasC and EasE from Aspergillus japonicus. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:95. [PMID: 25112180 PMCID: PMC4249865 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ergot alkaloids are a group of highly bioactive molecules produced by a number of filamentous fungi. These compounds have been intensely studied for decades, mainly due to their deleterious effects in contaminated food and feeds, but also for their beneficial pharmaceutical and agricultural applications. Biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids goes via the common intermediate chanoclavine-I, and studies of the key enzymes, EasE and EasC, involved in chanoclavine-I formation, have relied on gene complementation in fungi, whereas further characterization has been hampered by difficulties of poor EasE protein expression. In order to facilitate the study of ergot alkaloids, and eventually move towards commercial production, the early steps of the biosynthetic pathway were reconstituted in the unicellular yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RESULTS The genomic sequence from an ergot alkaloid producer, Aspergillus japonicus, was used to predict the protein encoding sequences of the early ergot alkaloid pathway genes. These were cloned and expressed in yeast, resulting in de novo production of the common intermediate chanoclavine-I. This allowed further characterization of EasE and EasC, and we were able to demonstrate how the N-terminal ER targeting signal of EasE is crucial for activity in yeast. A putative, peroxisomal targeting signal found in EasC was shown to be nonessential. Overexpression of host genes pdi1 or ero1, associated with disulphide bond formation and the ER protein folding machinery, was shown to increase chanoclavine-I production in yeast. This was also the case when overexpressing host fad1, known to be involved in co-factor generation. CONCLUSIONS A thorough understanding of the enzymatic steps involved in ergot alkaloid formation is essential for commercial production and exploitation of this potent compound class. We show here that EasE and EasC are both necessary and sufficient for the production of chanoclavine-I in yeast, and we provide important new information about the involvement of ER and protein folding for proper functional expression of EasE. Moreover, by reconstructing the chanoclavine-I biosynthetic pathway in yeast we demonstrate the advantage and potential of this host, not only as a convenient model system, but also as an alternative cell factory for ergot alkaloid production.
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Abstract
An update on new developments in the field of ergot alkaloid biosynthesis since 2011 is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Jakubczyk
- The John Innes Centre
- Department of Biological Chemistry
- Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Johnathan Z. Cheng
- The John Innes Centre
- Department of Biological Chemistry
- Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sarah E. O'Connor
- The John Innes Centre
- Department of Biological Chemistry
- Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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31
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Ryan KL, Moore CT, Panaccione DG. Partial reconstruction of the ergot alkaloid pathway by heterologous gene expression in Aspergillus nidulans. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:445-55. [PMID: 23435153 PMCID: PMC3640544 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5020445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids are pharmaceutically and agriculturally important secondary metabolites produced by several species of fungi. Ergot alkaloid pathways vary among different fungal lineages, but the pathway intermediate chanoclavine-I is evolutionarily conserved among ergot alkaloid producers. At least four genes, dmaW, easF, easE, and easC, are necessary for pathway steps prior to chanoclavine-I; however, the sufficiency of these genes for chanoclavine-I synthesis has not been established. A fragment of genomic DNA containing dmaW, easF, easE, and easC was amplified from the human-pathogenic, ergot alkaloid-producing fungus Aspergillus fumigatus and transformed into Aspergillus nidulans, a model fungus that does not contain any of the ergot alkaloid synthesis genes. HPLC and LC-MS analyses demonstrated that transformed A. nidulans strains produced chanoclavine-I and an earlier pathway intermediate. Aspergillus nidulans transformants containing dmaW, easF, and either easE or easC did not produce chanoclavine-I but did produce an early pathway intermediate and, in the case of the easC transformant, an additional ergot alkaloid-like compound. We conclude that dmaW, easF, easE, and easC are sufficient for the synthesis of chanoclavine-I in A. nidulans and expressing ergot alkaloid pathway genes in A. nidulans provides a novel approach to understanding the early steps in ergot alkaloid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy L Ryan
- Genetics and Developmental Biology Program, Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Hulvová H, Galuszka P, Frébortová J, Frébort I. Parasitic fungus Claviceps as a source for biotechnological production of ergot alkaloids. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:79-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Wallwey C, Heddergott C, Xie X, Brakhage AA, Li SM. Genome mining reveals the presence of a conserved gene cluster for the biosynthesis of ergot alkaloid precursors in the fungal family Arthrodermataceae. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:1634-1644. [PMID: 22403186 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.056796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Genome sequence analysis of different fungi of the family Arthrodermataceae revealed the presence of a gene cluster consisting of five genes with high sequence similarity to those involved in the early common steps of ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus and Claviceps purpurea. To provide evidence that this cluster is involved in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis, the gene ARB_04646 of the fungus Arthroderma benhamiae was cloned into pQE60 and expressed in Escherichia coli. Enzyme assays with the soluble tetrameric His(6)-tagged protein proved unequivocally that the deduced gene product, here termed ChaDH, catalysed the oxidation of chanoclavine-I in the presence of NAD(+), resulting in the formation of chanoclavine-I aldehyde. The enzyme product was unequivocally proven by NMR and MS analyses. Therefore, ChaDH functions as a chanoclavine-I dehydrogenase. K(m) values for chanoclavine-I and NAD(+) were 0.09 and 0.36 mM, respectively. Turnover number was 0.76 s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Wallwey
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Deutschhausstraße 17a, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Heddergott
- Abteilung für Molekulare und Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie e.V.-Hans-Knöll-Institut (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Fachbereich Chemie, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Abteilung für Molekulare und Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie e.V.-Hans-Knöll-Institut (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Deutschhausstraße 17a, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Nonribosomal peptide synthetase genes pesL and pes1 are essential for Fumigaclavine C production in Aspergillus fumigatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:3166-76. [PMID: 22344643 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07249-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The identity of metabolites encoded by the majority of nonribosomal peptide synthetases in the opportunistic pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus, remains outstanding. We found that the nonribosomal peptide (NRP) synthetases PesL and Pes1 were essential for fumigaclavine C biosynthesis, the end product of the complex ergot alkaloid (EA) pathway in A. fumigatus. Deletion of either pesL (ΔpesL) or pes1 (Δpes1) resulted in complete loss of fumigaclavine C biosynthesis, relatively increased production of fumitremorgins such as TR-2, fumitremorgin C and verruculogen, increased sensitivity to H(2)O(2), and increased sensitivity to the antifungals, voriconazole, and amphotericin B. Deletion of pesL resulted in severely reduced virulence in an invertebrate infection model (P < 0.001). These findings indicate that NRP synthesis plays an essential role in mediating the final prenylation step of the EA pathway, despite the apparent absence of NRP synthetases in the proposed EA biosynthetic cluster for A. fumigatus. Liquid chromatography/diode array detection/mass spectrometry analysis also revealed the presence of fumiquinazolines A to F in both A. fumigatus wild-type and ΔpesL strains. This observation suggests that alternative NRP synthetases can also function in fumiquinazoline biosynthesis, since PesL has been shown to mediate fumiquinazoline biosynthesis in vitro. Furthermore, we provide here the first direct link between EA biosynthesis and virulence, in agreement with the observed toxicity associated with EA exposure. Finally, we demonstrate a possible cluster cross-talk phenomenon, a theme which is beginning to emerge in the literature.
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Sanchez JF, Somoza AD, Keller NP, Wang CCC. Advances in Aspergillus secondary metabolite research in the post-genomic era. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:351-71. [PMID: 22228366 DOI: 10.1039/c2np00084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review studies the impact of whole genome sequencing on Aspergillus secondary metabolite research. There has been a proliferation of many new, intriguing discoveries since sequencing data became widely available. What is more, the genomes disclosed the surprising finding that there are many more secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways than laboratory research had suggested. Activating these pathways has been met with some success, but many more dormant genes remain to be awakened.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Sanchez
- University of Southern California-Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Abstract
The ergot alkaloids are a family of secondary metabolites produced by a phylogenetically discontinuous group of fungi. Various members of the family are important in agriculture, where they accumulate in grain crops or forage grasses and adversely affect humans or animals who consume them. Other ergot alkaloids have been used clinically to treat a variety of diseases. Because of their significance in agriculture and medicine, the ability to detect and quantify these alkaloids from a variety of substrates is important. The primary analytical approach for these purposes has been high performance liquid chromatography. The ability to manipulate ergot alkaloid production in fungi, by transformation-mediated approaches, has been useful for studies on the biosynthesis of these alkaloids and may have practical application in agriculture and medicine. Such modifications have been informed by comparative genomic approaches, which have provided information on the gene clusters associated with ergot alkaloid biosynthesis.
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Matuschek M, Wallwey C, Wollinsky B, Xie X, Li SM. In vitro conversion of chanoclavine-I aldehyde to the stereoisomers festuclavine and pyroclavine controlled by the second reduction step. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20104f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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