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Fang H, Li H, Zhang H, Wang S, Xu S, Chang L, Yang Y, Cui R. Short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase: A novel vital oncogene or tumor suppressor gene in cancers. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1019312. [PMID: 36313354 PMCID: PMC9614034 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1019312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The reprogramming of cellular metabolism is frequently linked to tumorigenesis. Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are the specific substrates involved in how an organism maintains metabolic equilibrium. The HADH gene codes for the short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH), a crucial enzyme in fatty acid oxidation that catalyzes the third phase of fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria. Increasing data suggest that HADH is differentially expressed in various types of malignancies and is linked to cancer development and progression. The significance of HADH expression in tumors and its potential mechanisms of action in the onset and progression of certain cancers are summarized in this article. The possible roles of HADH as a target and/or biomarker for the detection and treatment of various malignancies is also described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hanyang Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Chang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongsheng Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Functional analysis of HADH c.99C>G shows that the variant causes the proliferation of pancreatic islets and leu-sensitive hyperinsulinaemia. J Genet 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-022-01381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhang W, Sang YM. Genetic pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase hyperinsulinism. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:467. [PMID: 34736508 PMCID: PMC8567654 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-02088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI), a major cause of persistent and recurrent hypoglycemia in infancy and childhood. Numerous pathogenic genes have been associated with 14 known genetic subtypes of CHI. Adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel hyperinsulinism (KATP-HI) is the most common and most severe subtype, accounting for 40–50% of CHI cases. Short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase hyperinsulinism (SCHAD-HI) is a rare subtype that accounts for less than 1% of all CHI cases that are caused by homozygous mutations in the hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HADH) gene. This review provided a systematic description of the genetic pathogenesis and current progress in the diagnosis and treatment of SCHAD-HI to improve our understanding of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yan-Mei Sang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetic and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.
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Merritt JL, Norris M, Kanungo S. Fatty acid oxidation disorders. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:473. [PMID: 30740404 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.10.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAODs) are inborn errors of metabolism due to disruption of either mitochondrial β-oxidation or the fatty acid transport using the carnitine transport pathway. The presentation of a FAOD will depend upon the specific disorder, but common elements may be seen, and ultimately require a similar treatment. Initial presentations of the FAODs in the neonatal period with severe symptoms include cardiomyopathy, while during infancy and childhood liver dysfunction and hypoketotic hypoglycemia are common. Episodic rhabdomyolysis is frequently the initial presentation during or after adolescence; although, these symptoms may develop at any age for most of the FAODs The treatment of all FAOD's include avoidance of fasting, aggressive treatment during illness, and supplementation of carnitine, if necessary. The long-chain FAODs differ by requiring a fat-restricted diet and supplementation of medium chain triglyceride oil and often docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-an essential fatty acid, crucial for brain, visual, and immune functions and prevention of fat soluble vitamin deficiencies. The FAOD are a group of autosomal recessive disorders associated with significant morbidity and mortality, but early diagnosis on newborn screening (NBS) and early initiation of treatment are improving outcomes. There is a need for clinical studies including randomized, controlled, therapeutic trials to continue to evaluate current understanding and to implement future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lawrence Merritt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Biochemial Genetics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marie Norris
- Biochemial Genetics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shibani Kanungo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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Xu Y, Li H, Jin YH, Fan J, Sun F. Dimerization interface of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase tunes the formation of its catalytic intermediate. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95965. [PMID: 24763278 PMCID: PMC3999109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HAD, EC 1.1.1.35) is a homodimeric enzyme localized in the mitochondrial matrix, which catalyzes the third step in fatty acid β-oxidation. The crystal structures of human HAD and subsequent complexes with cofactor/substrate enabled better understanding of HAD catalytic mechanism. However, numerous human diseases were found related to mutations at HAD dimerization interface that is away from the catalytic pocket. The role of HAD dimerization in its catalytic activity needs to be elucidated. Here, we solved the crystal structure of Caenorhabditis elegans HAD (cHAD) that is highly conserved to human HAD. Even though the cHAD mutants (R204A, Y209A and R204A/Y209A) with attenuated interactions on the dimerization interface still maintain a dimerization form, their enzymatic activities significantly decrease compared to that of the wild type. Such reduced activities are in consistency with the reduced ratios of the catalytic intermediate formation. Further molecular dynamics simulations results reveal that the alteration of the dimerization interface will increase the fluctuation of a distal region (a.a. 60–80) that plays an important role in the substrate binding. The increased fluctuation decreases the stability of the catalytic intermediate formation, and therefore the enzymatic activity is attenuated. Our study reveals the molecular mechanism about the essential role of the HAD dimerization interface in its catalytic activity via allosteric effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying-Hua Jin
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail: (FS); (JF)
| | - Fei Sun
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (FS); (JF)
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Xuxia W, Jie C, Bo W, Lijun L, Hui J, Diluo T, Dingxiang P. Characterization by Suppression Subtractive Hybridization of Transcripts That Are Differentially Expressed in Leaves of Anthracnose-Resistant Ramie Cultivar. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER 2012; 30:547-555. [PMID: 24415836 PMCID: PMC3881567 DOI: 10.1007/s11105-011-0361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
For the purpose of screening putative anthracnose resistance-related genes of ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud), a cDNA library was constructed by suppression subtractive hybridization using anthracnose-resistant cultivar Huazhu no. 4. The cDNAs from Huazhu no. 4, which were infected with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, were used as the tester and cDNAs from uninfected Huazhu no. 4 as the driver. Sequencing analysis and homology searching showed that these clones represented 132 single genes, which were assigned to functional categories, including 14 putative cellular functions, according to categories established for Arabidopsis. These 132 genes included 35 disease resistance and stress tolerance-related genes including putative heat-shock protein 90, metallothionein, PR-1.2 protein, catalase gene, WRKY family genes, and proteinase inhibitor-like protein. Partial disease-related genes were further analyzed by reverse transcription PCR and RNA gel blot. These expressed sequence tags are the first anthracnose resistance-related expressed sequence tags reported in ramie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xuxia
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Jie
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Wang Bo
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Liu Lijun
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang Hui
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Tang Diluo
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Dingxiang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei Province People’s Republic of China
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Martins E, Cardoso ML, Rodrigues E, Barbot C, Ramos A, Bennett MJ, Teles EL, Vilarinho L. Short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: the clinical relevance of an early diagnosis and report of four new cases. J Inherit Metab Dis 2011; 34:835-42. [PMID: 21347589 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-011-9287-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH, SCHAD) deficiency (OMIM #231530) represents a recently described disorder of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation, with less than ten cases described worldwide. The main clinical presentation of this metabolic disease is different from other inherited defects of fatty acid β-oxidation as the hypoglycemia is associated with hyperinsulinism. We present the clinical, biochemical and molecular findings of four new Caucasian patients with HADH deficiency. These new cases contribute to a more comprehensive description of the phenotype, diagnostic biomarkers and treatment options for this poorly defined disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Martins
- Unidade de Doenças Metabólicas, Hospital de Crianças Maria Pia, Rua da Boavista, 827, 4050-111 Porto, Portugal.
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Abstract
Mutations in the HADH and HNF4A genes are rare causes of diazoxide responsive congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI). This chapter details the phenotype known to be associated with mutations in these genes. Additionally, the authors give a brief overview of the role of these genes in glucose physiology and the possible mechanisms of CHI in patients with mutations in these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika R Kapoor
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, The Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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Luu-The V, Duche D, Ferraris C, Meunier JR, Leclaire J, Labrie F. Expression profiles of phases 1 and 2 metabolizing enzymes in human skin and the reconstructed skin models Episkin and full thickness model from Episkin. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 116:178-86. [PMID: 19482084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Episkin and full thickness model from Episkin (FTM) are human skin models obtained from in vitro growth of keratinocytes into the five typical layers of the epidermis. FTM is a full thickness reconstructed skin model that also contains fibroblasts seeded in a collagen matrix. OBJECTIVES To assess whether enzymes involved in chemical detoxification are expressed in Episkin and FTM and how their levels compare with the human epidermis, dermis and total skin. METHODS Quantification of the mRNA expression levels of phases 1 and 2 metabolizing enzymes in cultured Episkin and FTM and human epidermis, dermis and total skin using Realtime PCR. RESULTS The data show that the expression profiles of 61 phases 1 and 2 metabolizing enzymes in Episkin, FTM and epidermis are generally similar, with some exceptions. Cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes and flavin monooxygenases are expressed at low levels, while phase 2 metabolizing enzymes are expressed at much higher levels, especially, glutathione-S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), steroid sulfotransferase (SULT2B1b), and N-acetyl transferase (NAT5). The present study also identifies the presence of many enzymes involved in cholesterol, arachidonic acid, leukotriene, prostaglandin, eicosatrienoic acids, and vitamin D3 metabolisms. CONCLUSION The present data strongly suggest that Episkin and FTM represent reliable and valuable in vitro human skin models for studying the function of phases 1 and 2 metabolizing enzymes in xenobiotic metabolisms. They could be used to replace invasive methods or laboratory animals for skin experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Luu-The
- Oncology, Molecular Endocrinology and Genomic Research Center, Quebec University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUQ) and Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec G1 V 4G2, Canada.
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McClelland GB, Craig PM, Dhekney K, Dipardo S. Temperature- and exercise-induced gene expression and metabolic enzyme changes in skeletal muscle of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Physiol 2006; 577:739-51. [PMID: 16990399 PMCID: PMC1890438 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.119032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Both exercise training and cold acclimatization induce muscle remodelling in vertebrates, producing a more aerobic phenotype. In ectothermic species exercise training and cold-acclimatization represent distinct stimuli. It is currently unclear if these stimuli act through a common mechanism or if different mechanisms lead to a common phenotype. The goal of this study was to survey responses that represent potential mechanisms responsible for contraction- and temperature-induced muscle remodelling, using an ectothermic vertebrate. Separate groups of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were either swim trained or cold acclimatized for 4 weeks. We found that the mitochondrial marker enzyme citrate synthase (CS) was increased by 1.5x in cold and by 1.3x with exercise (P<0.05). Cytochrome c oxidase (COx) was increased by 1.2x following exercise training (P<0.05) and 1.2x (P=0.07) with cold acclimatization. However, only cold acclimatization increased beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD) compared to exercise-trained (by 1.3x) and pyruvate kinase (PK) relative to control zebrafish. We assessed the whole-animal performance outcomes of these treatments. Maximum absolute sustained swimming speed (Ucrit) was increased in the exercise trained group but not in the cold acclimatized group. Real-time PCR analysis indicated that increases in CS are primarily transcriptionally regulated with exercise but not with cold treatments. Both treatments showed increases in nuclear respiratory factor (NRF)-1 mRNA which was increased by 2.3x in cold-acclimatized and 4x in exercise-trained zebrafish above controls. In contrast, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha mRNA levels were decreased in both experimental groups while PPAR-beta1 declined in exercise training only. Moreover, PPAR-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha mRNA was not changed by either treatment. In zebrafish, both temperature and exercise produce a more aerobic phenotype, but there are stimulus-dependent responses (i.e. HOAD and PK activities). While similar changes in NRF-1 mRNA suggest that common responses might underlie aerobic muscle remodelling there are distinct changes (i.e. CS and PPAR-beta1 mRNA) that contribute to specific temperature- and exercise-induced phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant B McClelland
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Yang SY, He XY, Schulz H. 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and short chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase in human health and disease. FEBS J 2005; 272:4874-83. [PMID: 16176262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HAD) functions in mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation by catalyzing the oxidation of straight chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoAs. HAD has a preference for medium chain substrates, whereas short chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD) acts on a wide spectrum of substrates, including steroids, cholic acids, and fatty acids, with a preference for short chain methyl-branched acyl-CoAs. Therefore, HAD should not be referred to as SCHAD. SCHAD is not a member of the HAD family, but instead, belongs to the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. Previously reported cases of SCHAD deficiency are due to an inherited HAD deficiency. SCHAD, also known as 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10, is important in brain development and aging. Abnormal levels of SCHAD in certain brain regions may contribute to the pathogenesis of some neural disorders. The human SCHAD gene and its protein product, SCHAD, are potential targets for intervention in conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and an X-linked mental retardation, that may arise from the impaired degradation of branched chain fatty acid and isoleucine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yu Yang
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, 10314, USA.
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Klomp LWJ, Vargas JC, van Mil SWC, Pawlikowska L, Strautnieks SS, van Eijk MJT, Juijn JA, Pabón-Peña C, Smith LB, DeYoung JA, Byrne JA, Gombert J, van der Brugge G, Berger R, Jankowska I, Pawlowska J, Villa E, Knisely AS, Thompson RJ, Freimer NB, Houwen RHJ, Bull LN. Characterization of mutations in ATP8B1 associated with hereditary cholestasis. Hepatology 2004; 40:27-38. [PMID: 15239083 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) and benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) are clinically distinct hereditary disorders. PFIC patients suffer from chronic cholestasis and develop liver fibrosis. BRIC patients experience intermittent attacks of cholestasis that resolve spontaneously. Mutations in ATP8B1 (previously FIC1) may result in PFIC or BRIC. We report the genomic organization of ATP8B1 and mutation analyses of 180 families with PFIC or BRIC that identified 54 distinct disease mutations, including 10 mutations predicted to disrupt splicing, 6 nonsense mutations, 11 small insertion or deletion mutations predicted to induce frameshifts, 1 large genomic deletion, 2 small inframe deletions, and 24 missense mutations. Most mutations are rare, occurring in 1-3 families, or are limited to specific populations. Many patients are compound heterozygous for 2 mutations. Mutation type or location correlates overall with clinical severity: missense mutations are more common in BRIC (58% vs. 38% in PFIC), while nonsense, frameshifting, and large deletion mutations are more common in PFIC (41% vs. 16% in BRIC). Some mutations, however, lead to a wide range of phenotypes, from PFIC to BRIC or even no clinical disease. ATP8B1 mutations were detected in 30% and 41%, respectively, of the PFIC and BRIC patients screened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo W J Klomp
- Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Molven A, Matre GE, Duran M, Wanders RJ, Rishaug U, Njølstad PR, Jellum E, Søvik O. Familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia caused by a defect in the SCHAD enzyme of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Diabetes 2004; 53:221-7. [PMID: 14693719 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.1.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriately elevated insulin secretion is the hallmark of persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI), also denoted congenital hyperinsulinism. Causal mutations have been uncovered in genes coding for the beta-cell's ATP-sensitive potassium channel and the metabolic enzymes glucokinase and glutamate dehydrogenase. In addition, one hyperinsulinemic infant was recently found to have a mutation in the gene encoding short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD), an enzyme participating in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. We have studied a consanguineous family with severe neonatal hypoglycemia due to increased insulin levels and where well-established genetic causes of hyperinsulinism had been eliminated. A genome-wide, microsatellite-based screen for homozygous chromosomal segments was performed. Those regions that were inherited in accordance with the presupposed model were searched for mutations in genes encoding metabolic enzymes. A novel, homozygous deletion mutation was found in the gene coding for the SCHAD enzyme. The mutation affected RNA splicing and was predicted to lead to a protein lacking 30 amino acids. The observations at the molecular level were confirmed by demonstrating greatly reduced SCHAD activity in the patients' fibroblasts and enhanced levels of 3-hydroxybutyryl-carnitine in their blood plasma. Urine metabolite analysis showed that SCHAD deficiency resulted in specific excretion of 3-hydroxyglutaric acid. By the genetic explanation of our family's cases of severe hypoglycemia, it is now clear that recessively inherited SCHAD deficiency can result in PHHI. This finding suggests that mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation influences insulin secretion by a hitherto unknown mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Molven
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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Bartlett K, Pourfarzam M. Defects of beta-oxidation including carnitine deficiency. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2003; 53:469-516. [PMID: 12512350 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(02)53017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Bartlett
- Department of Child Health, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
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Cameron-Smith D, Burke LM, Angus DJ, Tunstall RJ, Cox GR, Bonen A, Hawley JA, Hargreaves M. A short-term, high-fat diet up-regulates lipid metabolism and gene expression in human skeletal muscle. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77:313-8. [PMID: 12540388 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/77.2.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fatty acids may be important in regulating gene expression. However, little is known about the effect of changes in dietary fatty acids on gene regulation in human skeletal muscle. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the effect of altered dietary fat intake on the expression of genes encoding proteins necessary for fatty acid transport and beta-oxidation in skeletal muscle. DESIGN Fourteen well-trained male cyclists and triathletes with a mean (+/- SE) age of 26.9 +/- 1.7 y, weight of 73.7 +/- 1.7 kg, and peak oxygen uptake of 67.0 +/- 1.3 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) consumed either a high-fat diet (HFat: > 65% of energy as lipids) or an isoenergetic high-carbohydrate diet (HCho: 70-75% of energy as carbohydrate) for 5 d in a crossover design. On day 1 (baseline) and again after 5 d of dietary intervention, resting muscle and blood samples were taken. Muscle samples were analyzed for gene expression [fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36), plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm), carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I), beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (beta-HAD), and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3)] and concentrations of the proteins FAT/CD36 and FABPpm. RESULTS The gene expression of FAT/CD36 and beta -HAD and the gene abundance of FAT/CD36 were greater after the HFat than after the HCho diet (P < 0.05). Messenger RNA expression of FABPpm, CPT I, and UCP-3 did not change significantly with either diet. CONCLUSIONS A rapid and marked capacity for changes in dietary fatty acid availability to modulate the expression of mRNA-encoding proteins is necessary for fatty acid transport and oxidative metabolism. This finding is evidence of nutrient-gene interactions in human skeletal muscle.
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Renaud DL, Edwards V, Wilson GJ, Tein I. Glucose-free medium exacerbates microvesicular steatosis in cultured skin fibroblasts of genetic defects of fatty acid oxidation. A novel screening test. J Inherit Metab Dis 2002; 25:547-55. [PMID: 12638938 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022039206660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Skin fibroblasts from patients with various fatty acid oxidation defects (FAOD) and four normal controls were subcultured in standard glucose-containing medium or in glucose-free medium simulating fasting. The FAOD fibroblasts developed microvesicular steatosis, which was greatly exacerbated in glucose-free medium. 'Rescue treatment' with glucose-containing medium was performed in the short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase-deficient (SCHADD) fibroblasts and resulted in a partial resolution of the steatosis and improved cellular viability. Transmission electron microscopy of autopsy specimens from the SCHADD patient demonstrated that most renal interstitial fibroblasts and approximately 50% of fibroblasts in the heart had microvesicular steatosis. The demonstration of microvesicular steatosis in parenchymal and/or cultured skin fibroblasts may provide important and cost-effective screening tools for the detection of genetic defects of fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Renaud
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Clayton PT, Eaton S, Aynsley-Green A, Edginton M, Hussain K, Krywawych S, Datta V, Malingré HE, Berger R, van den Berg IE. Hyperinsulinism in short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency reveals the importance of β-oxidation in insulin secretion. J Clin Invest 2001. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200111294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Clayton PT, Eaton S, Aynsley-Green A, Edginton M, Hussain K, Krywawych S, Datta V, Malingre HE, Berger R, van den Berg IE. Hyperinsulinism in short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency reveals the importance of beta-oxidation in insulin secretion. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:457-65. [PMID: 11489939 PMCID: PMC209352 DOI: 10.1172/jci11294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2000] [Accepted: 06/11/2001] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A female infant of nonconsanguineous Indian parents presented at 4 months with a hypoglycemic convulsion. Further episodes of hypoketotic hypoglycemia were associated with inappropriately elevated plasma insulin concentrations. However, unlike other children with hyperinsulinism, this patient had a persistently elevated blood spot hydroxybutyrylcarnitine concentration when fed, as well as when fasted. Measurement of the activity of L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase in cultured skin fibroblasts with acetoacetyl-CoA substrate showed reduced activity. In fibroblast mitochondria, the activity was less than 5% that of controls. Sequencing of the short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD) genomic DNA from the fibroblasts showed a homozygous mutation (C773T) changing proline to leucine at amino acid 258. Analysis of blood from the parents showed they were heterozygous for this mutation. Western blot studies showed undetectable levels of immunoreactive SCHAD protein in the child's fibroblasts. Expression studies showed that the P258L enzyme had no catalytic activity. We conclude that C773T is a disease-causing SCHAD mutation. This is the first defect in fatty acid beta-oxidation that has been associated with hyperinsulinism and raises interesting questions about the ways in which changes in fatty acid and ketone body metabolism modulate insulin secretion by the beta cell. The patient's hyperinsulinism was easily controlled with diazoxide and chlorothiazide.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Clayton
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Biochemistry, Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom.
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Wanders RJ, Vreken P, den Boer ME, Wijburg FA, van Gennip AH, IJlst L. Disorders of mitochondrial fatty acyl-CoA beta-oxidation. J Inherit Metab Dis 1999; 22:442-87. [PMID: 10407780 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005504223140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years tremendous progress has been made with respect to the enzymology of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation machinery and defects therein. Firstly, a number of new mitochondrial beta-oxidation enzymes have been identified, including very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) and mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTP). Secondly, the introduction of tandem MS for the analysis of plasma acylcarnitines has greatly facilitated the identification of patients with a defect in fatty acid oxidation (FAO). These two developments explain why the number of defined FAO disorders has increased dramatically, making FAO disorders the most rapidly growing group of inborn errors of metabolism. In this review we describe the current state of knowledge of the enzymes involved in the mitochondrial oxidation of straight-chain, branched-chain and (poly)unsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs as well as disorders of fatty acid oxidation. The laboratory diagnosis of these disorders is described, with particular emphasis on the methods used to identify the underlying enzyme defect and the molecular mutations. In addition, a simple flowchart is presented as a guide to the identification of mitochondrial FAO-disorders. Finally, treatment strategies are discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Wanders
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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He XY, Merz G, Mehta P, Schulz H, Yang SY. Human brain short chain L-3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase is a single-domain multifunctional enzyme. Characterization of a novel 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:15014-9. [PMID: 10329704 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.21.15014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brain short chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD) was found to catalyze the oxidation of 17beta-estradiol and dihydroandrosterone as well as alcohols. Mitochondria have been demonstrated to be the proper location of this NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase in cells, although its primary structure is identical to an amyloid beta-peptide binding protein reportedly associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ERAB). This fatty acid beta-oxidation enzyme was identified as a novel 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase responsible for the inactivation of sex steroid hormones. The catalytic rate constant of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 0.66 min-1 with apparent Km values of 43 and 50 microM for 17beta-estradiol and NAD+, respectively. The catalytic efficiency of this enzyme for the oxidation of 17beta-estradiol was comparable with that of peroxisomal 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 4. As a result, the human SCHAD gene product, a single-domain multifunctional enzyme, appears to function in two different pathways of lipid metabolism. Because the catalytic functions of human brain short chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase could weaken the protective effects of estrogen and generate aldehydes in neurons, it is proposed that a high concentration of this enzyme in brain is a potential risk factor for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y He
- Departments of Pharmacology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
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