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Pierotti MER, Wandycz A, Wandycz P, Rebelein A, Corredor VH, Tashiro JH, Castillo A, Wcislo WT, McMillan WO, Loew ER. Aggressive mimicry in a coral reef fish: The prey's view. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:12990-13010. [PMID: 33304511 PMCID: PMC7713928 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since all forms of mimicry are based on perceptual deception, the sensory ecology of the intended receiver is of paramount importance to test the necessary precondition for mimicry to occur, that is, model-mimic misidentification, and to gain insight in the origin and evolutionary trajectory of the signals. Here we test the potential for aggressive mimicry by a group of coral reef fishes, the color polymorphic Hypoplectrus hamlets, from the point of view of their most common prey, small epibenthic gobies and mysid shrimp. We build visual models based on the visual pigments and spatial resolution of the prey, the underwater light spectrum and color reflectances of putative models and their hamlet mimics. Our results are consistent with one mimic-model relationship between the butter hamlet H. unicolor and its model the butterflyfish Chaetodon capistratus but do not support a second proposed mimic-model pair between the black hamlet H. nigricans and the dusky damselfish Stegastes adustus. We discuss our results in the context of color morphs divergence in the Hypoplectrus species radiation and suggest that aggressive mimicry in H. unicolor might have originated in the context of protective (Batesian) mimicry by the hamlet from its fish predators rather than aggressive mimicry driven by its prey.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Wandycz
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of ZoologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Pawel Wandycz
- Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environment ProtectionAGH University of Science and TechnologyKrakowPoland
| | | | - Vitor H. Corredor
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Psychology InstituteUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Juliana H. Tashiro
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Psychology InstituteUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | | | | | - Ellis R. Loew
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
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Feldman T, Yakovleva M, Viljanen M, Lindström M, Donner K, Ostrovsky M. Dark-adaptation in the eyes of a lake and a sea population of opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta): retinoid isomer dynamics, rhodopsin regeneration, and recovery of light sensitivity. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2020; 206:871-889. [PMID: 32880702 PMCID: PMC7603447 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-020-01444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have studied dark-adaptation at three levels in the eyes of the crustacean Mysis relicta over 2-3 weeks after exposing initially dark-adapted animals to strong white light: regeneration of 11-cis retinal through the retinoid cycle (by HPLC), restoration of native rhodopsin in photoreceptor membranes (by MSP), and recovery of eye photosensitivity (by ERG). We compare two model populations ("Sea", Sp, and "Lake", Lp) inhabiting, respectively, a low light and an extremely dark environment. 11-cis retinal reached 60-70% of the pre-exposure levels after 2 weeks in darkness in both populations. The only significant Lp/Sp difference in the retinoid cycle was that Lp had much higher levels of retinol, both basal and light-released. In Sp, rhodopsin restoration and eye photoresponse recovery parallelled 11-cis retinal regeneration. In Lp, however, even after 3 weeks only ca. 25% of the rhabdoms studied had incorporated new rhodopsin, and eye photosensitivity showed only incipient recovery from severe depression. The absorbance spectra of the majority of the Lp rhabdoms stayed constant around 490-500 nm, consistent with metarhodopsin II dominance. We conclude that sensitivity recovery of Sp eyes was rate-limited by the regeneration of 11-cis retinal, whilst that of Lp eyes was limited by inertia in photoreceptor membrane turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Feldman
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow, Russia, 119991.,Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin st. 4, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Marina Yakovleva
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Martta Viljanen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Magnus Lindström
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristian Donner
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mikhail Ostrovsky
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow, Russia, 119991.,Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin st. 4, Moscow, Russia, 119334
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Jokela-Määttä M, Viljanen M, Nevala N, Donner K, Brönmark C. Photoreceptors and eyes of pikeperch Sander lucioperca, pike Esox lucius, perch Perca fluviatilis and roach Rutilus rutilus from a clear and a brown lake. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 95:200-213. [PMID: 30047140 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The photoreceptors and eyes of four fish species commonly cohabiting Fennoscandian lakes with different light transmission properties were compared: pikeperch Sander lucioperca, pike Esox lucius, perch Perca fluviatilis and roach Rutilus rutilus. Each species was represented by individuals from a clear (greenish) and a humic (dark brown) lake in southern Finland: Lake Vesijärvi (LV; peak transmission around 570 nm) and Lake Tuusulanjärvi (LT; peak transmission around 630 nm). In the autumn, all species had almost purely A2-based visual pigments. Rod absorption spectra peaked at c.526 nm (S. lucioperca), c. 533 nm (E. lucius) and c. 540 nm (P. fluviatilis and R. rutilus), with no differences between the lakes. Esox lucius rods had remarkably long outer segments, 1.5-2.8-fold longer than those of the other species. All species possessed middle-wavelength-sensitive (MWS) and long-wavelength-sensitive (LWS) cone pigments in single, twin or double cones. Rutilus rutilus also had two types of short-wavelength sensitive (SWS) cones: UV-sensitive [SWS1] and blue-sensitive (SWS2) cones, although in the samples from LT no UV cones were found. No other within-species differences in photoreceptor cell complements, absorption spectra or morphologies were found between the lakes. However, E. lucius eyes had a significantly lower focal ratio in LT compared with LV, enhancing sensitivity at the expense of acuity in the dark-brown lake. Comparing species, S. lucioperca was estimated to have the highest visual sensitivity, at least two times higher than similar-sized E. lucius, thanks to the large relative size of the eye (pupil) and the presence of a reflecting tapetum behind the retina. High absolute sensitivity will give a competitive edge also in terms of short reaction times and long visual range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirka Jokela-Määttä
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martta Viljanen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Nevala
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Kristian Donner
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Hontani Y, Ganapathy S, Frehan S, Kloz M, de Grip WJ, Kennis JTM. Photoreaction Dynamics of Red-Shifting Retinal Analogues Reconstituted in Proteorhodopsin. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4242-4250. [PMID: 30998011 PMCID: PMC6526469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Microbial rhodopsins
constitute a key protein family in optobiotechnological
applications such as optogenetics and voltage imaging. Spectral tuning
of rhodopsins into the deep-red and near-infrared spectral regions
is of great demand in such applications because more bathochromic
light into the near-infrared range penetrates deeper in living tissue.
Recently, retinal analogues have been successfully used in ion transporting
and fluorescent rhodopsins to achieve red-shifted absorption, activity,
and emission properties. Understanding their photochemical mechanism
is essential for further design of appropriate retinal analogues but
is yet only poorly understood for most retinal analogue pigments.
Here, we report the photoreaction dynamics of red-shifted analogue
pigments of the proton pump proteorhodopsin (PR) containing A2 (all-trans-3,4-dehydroretinal), MOA2 (all-trans-3-methoxy-3,4-dehydroretinal), or DMAR (all-trans-3-dimethylamino-16-nor-1,2,3,4-didehydroretinal), utilizing femto-
to submillisecond transient absorption spectroscopy. We found that
the A2 analogue photoisomerizes in 1.4, 3.0, and/or 13 ps upon 510
nm light illumination, which is comparable to the native retinal (A1)
in PR. On the other hand, the deprotonation of the A2 pigment Schiff
base was observed with a dominant time constant of 67 μs, which
is significantly slower than the A1 pigment. In the MOA2 pigment,
no isomerization or photoproduct formation was detected upon 520 nm
excitation, implying that all the excited molecules returned to the
initial ground state in 2.0 and 4.2 ps. The DMAR pigment showed very
slow excited state dynamics similar to the previously studied MMAR
pigment, but only very little photoproduct was formed. The low efficiency
of the photoproduct formation likely is the reason why DMAR analogue
pigments of PR showed very weak proton pumping activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Hontani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Vrije Universiteit , Amsterdam 1081 HV , The Netherlands
| | - Srividya Ganapathy
- Department of Biophysical Organic Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories , Leiden University , Leiden 2300 RA , The Netherlands
| | - Sean Frehan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Vrije Universiteit , Amsterdam 1081 HV , The Netherlands
| | - Miroslav Kloz
- ELI-Beamlines , Institute of Physics , Na Slovance 2 , Praha 8 182 21 , Czech Republic
| | - Willem J de Grip
- Department of Biophysical Organic Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories , Leiden University , Leiden 2300 RA , The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen 6500 HB , The Netherlands
| | - John T M Kennis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Vrije Universiteit , Amsterdam 1081 HV , The Netherlands
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Ostrovsky MA, Zak PP, Dontsov AE. Vertebrate Eye Melanosomes and Invertebrate Eye Ommochromes as Screening Cell Organelles. BIOL BULL+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359018060109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shen YC, Sasaki T, Matsuyama T, Yamashita T, Shichida Y, Okitsu T, Yamano Y, Wada A, Ishizuka T, Yawo H, Imamoto Y. Red-Tuning of the Channelrhodopsin Spectrum Using Long Conjugated Retinal Analogues. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5544-5556. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chung Shen
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Sasaki
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Take Matsuyama
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamashita
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Shichida
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Okitsu
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0003, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yamano
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0003, Japan
| | - Akimori Wada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0003, Japan
| | - Toru Ishizuka
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hiromu Yawo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yasushi Imamoto
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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7
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Viljanen MLM, Nevala NE, Calais-Granö CL, Lindström KMW, Donner K. Increasing the illumination slowly over several weeks protects against light damage in the eyes of the crustacean Mysis relicta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:2798-2808. [PMID: 28515237 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.155101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The eyes of two glacial-relict populations of opossum shrimp Mysis relicta inhabiting the different photic environments of a deep, dark-brown freshwater lake and a variably lit bay of the Baltic Sea differ in their susceptibility to functional depression from strong light exposures. The lake population is much more vulnerable than the sea population. We hypothesized that the difference reflects physiological adaptation mechanisms operating on long time scales rather than genetically fixed differences between the populations. To test this, we studied how acclimation to ultra-slowly increased illumination (on time scales of several weeks to months) affected the resilience of the eyes to bright-light exposures. Light responses of whole eyes were measured by electroretinography, the visual-pigment content of single rhabdoms by microspectrophotometry and the structural integrity of photoreceptor cells by electron microscopy (EM). Slow acclimation mitigated and even abolished the depression of photoresponsiveness caused by strong light exposures, making a dramatic difference especially in the lake animals. Still, acclimation in the sea animals was faster and the EM studies suggested intrinsic differences in the dynamics of microvillar membrane cycling. In conclusion, we report a novel form of physiological adaptation to general light levels, effective on the time scale of seasonal changes. It explains part but not all of the differences in light tolerance between the lake and sea populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noora E Nevala
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9HR, UK
| | | | | | - Kristian Donner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Ganapathy S, Venselaar H, Chen Q, de Groot HJM, Hellingwerf KJ, de Grip WJ. Retinal-Based Proton Pumping in the Near Infrared. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2338-2344. [PMID: 28094925 PMCID: PMC5342321 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Proteorhodopsin (PR) and Gloeobacter rhodopsin (GR) are retinal-based light-driven proton pumps that absorb visible light (maxima at 520-540 nm). Shifting the action spectra of these proton pumps beyond 700 nm would generate new prospects in optogenetics, membrane sensor technology, and complementation of oxygenic phototrophy. We therefore investigated the effect of red-shifting analogues of retinal, combined with red-shifting mutations, on the spectral properties and pump activity of the resulting pigments. We investigated a variety of analogues, including many novel ones. One of the novel analogues we tested, 3-methylamino-16-nor-1,2,3,4-didehydroretinal (MMAR), produced exciting results. This analogue red-shifted all of the rhodopsin variants tested, accompanied by a strong broadening of the absorbance band, tailing out to 850-950 nm. In particular, MMAR showed a strong synergistic effect with the PR-D212N,F234S double mutant, inducing an astonishing 200 nm red shift in the absorbance maximum. To our knowledge, this is by far the largest red shift reported for any retinal protein. Very importantly, all MMAR-containing holoproteins are the first rhodopsins retaining significant pump activity under near-infrared illumination (730 nm light-emitting diode). Such MMAR-based rhodopsin variants present very promising opportunities for further synthetic biology modification and for a variety of biotechnological and biophysical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividya Ganapathy
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanka Venselaar
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center , 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Que Chen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam , 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huub J M de Groot
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas J Hellingwerf
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam , 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J de Grip
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Donner K, Zak P, Viljanen M, Lindström M, Feldman T, Ostrovsky M. Eye spectral sensitivity in fresh- and brackish-water populations of three glacial-relict Mysis species (Crustacea): physiology and genetics of differential tuning. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2016; 202:297-312. [PMID: 26984686 PMCID: PMC4819508 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-016-1079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Absorbance spectra of single rhabdoms were studied by microspectrophotometry (MSP) and spectral sensitivities of whole eyes by electroretinography (ERG) in three glacial-relict species of opossum shrimps (Mysis). Among eight populations from Fennoscandian fresh-water lakes (L) and seven populations from the brackish-water Baltic Sea (S), L spectra were systematically red-shifted by 20-30 nm compared with S spectra, save for one L and one S population. The difference holds across species and bears no consistent adaptive relation to the current light environments. In the most extensively studied L-S pair, two populations of M. relicta (L(p) and S(p)) separated for less than 10,000 years, no differences translating into amino acid substitutions have been found in the opsin genes, and the chromophore of the visual pigments as analyzed by HPLC is pure A1. However, MSP experiments with spectrally selective bleaching show the presence of two rhodopsins (λ(max) ≈ 525-530 nm, MWS, and 565-570 nm, LWS) expressed in different proportions. ERG recordings of responses to "red" and "blue" light linearly polarized at orthogonal angles indicate segregation of the pigments into different cells differing in polarization sensitivity. We propose that the pattern of development of LWS and MWS photoreceptors is governed by an ontogenetic switch responsive to some environmental signal(s) other than light that generally differ(s) between lakes and sea, and that this reaction norm is conserved from a common ancestor of all three species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Donner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Pavel Zak
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Martta Viljanen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Magnus Lindström
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland
| | - Tatiana Feldman
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Ostrovsky
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Belikov N, Yakovleva M, Feldman T, Demina O, Khodonov A, Lindström M, Donner K, Ostrovsky M. Lake and sea populations of Mysis relicta (Crustacea, Mysida) with different visual-pigment absorbance spectra use the same A1 chromophore. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88107. [PMID: 24516590 PMCID: PMC3917887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glacial-relict species of the genus Mysis (opossum shrimps) inhabiting both fresh-water lakes and brackish sea waters in northern Europe show a consistent lake/sea dichotomy in eye spectral sensitivity. The absorbance peak (λmax) recorded by microspectrophotometry in isolated rhabdoms is invariably 20-30 nm red-shifted in "lake" compared with "sea" populations. The dichotomy holds across species, major opsin lineages and light environments. Chromophore exchange from A1 to A2 (retinal → 3,4-didehydroretinal) is a well-known mechanism for red-shifting visual pigments depending on environmental conditions or stages of life history, present not only in fishes and amphibians, but in some crustaceans as well. We tested the hypothesis that the lake/sea dichotomy in Mysis is due to the use of different chromophores, focussing on two populations of M. relicta from, respectively, a Finnish lake and the Baltic Sea. They are genetically very similar, having been separated for less than 10 kyr, and their rhabdoms show a typical lake/sea difference in λmax (554 nm vs. 529 nm). Gene sequencing has revealed no differences translating into amino acid substitutions in the transmembrane parts of their opsins. We determined the chromophore identity (A1 or A2) in the eyes of these two populations by HPLC, using as standards pure chromophores A1 and A2 as well as extracts from bovine (A1) and goldfish (A2) retinas. We found that the visual-pigment chromophore in both populations is A1 exclusively. Thus the spectral difference between these two populations of M. relicta is not due to the use of different chromophores. We argue that this conclusion is likely to hold for all populations of M. relicta as well as its European sibling species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Belikov
- Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Yakovleva
- Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Feldman
- Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Demina
- Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei Khodonov
- Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Magnus Lindström
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland
| | - Kristian Donner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikhail Ostrovsky
- Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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11
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Zak PP, Lindström M, Demchuk JV, Donner K, Ostrovsky MA. The eye of the opossum shrimp Mysis relicta (Crustacea, Mysidae) contains two visual pigments located in different photoreceptor cells. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2013; 449:68-72. [PMID: 23652429 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496613020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P P Zak
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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12
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Saarinen P, Pahlberg J, Herczeg G, Viljanen M, Karjalainen M, Shikano T, Merilä J, Donner K. Spectral tuning by selective chromophore uptake in rods and cones of eight populations of nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 215:2760-73. [PMID: 22837448 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.068122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The visual pigments of rods and cones were studied in eight Fennoscandian populations of nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius). The wavelength of maximum absorbance of the rod pigment (λ(max)) varied between populations from 504 to 530 nm. Gene sequencing showed that the rod opsins of all populations were identical in amino acid composition, implying that the differences were due to varying proportions of chromophores A1 and A2. Four spectral classes of cones were found (two S-cones, M-cones and L-cones), correlating with the four classes of vertebrate cone pigments. For quantitative estimation of chromophore proportions, we considered mainly rods and M-cones. In four populations, spectra of both photoreceptor types indicated A2 dominance (population mean λ(max)=525-530 nm for rods and 535-544 nm for M-cones). In the four remaining populations, however, rod spectra (mean λ(max)=504-511 nm) indicated strong A1 dominance, whereas M-cone spectra (mean λ(max)=519-534 nm) suggested substantial fractions of A2. Quantitative analysis of spectra by three methods confirmed that rods and cones in these populations use significantly different chromophore proportions. The outcome is a shift of M-cone spectra towards longer wavelengths and a better match to the photic environment (light spectra peaking >560 nm in all the habitats) than would result from the chromophore proportions of the rods. Chromophore content was also observed to vary partly independently in M- and L-cones with potential consequences for colour discrimination. This is the first demonstration that selective processing of chromophore in rods and cones, and in different cone types, may be ecologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Saarinen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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13
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Ostrovsky MA. Molecular physiology of visual pigment rhodopsin. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT SERIES A: MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747812010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sineshchekov OA, Govorunova EG, Wang J, Spudich JL. Enhancement of the long-wavelength sensitivity of optogenetic microbial rhodopsins by 3,4-dehydroretinal. Biochemistry 2012; 51:4499-506. [PMID: 22577956 DOI: 10.1021/bi2018859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrogenic microbial rhodopsins (ion pumps and channelrhodopsins) are widely used to control the activity of neurons and other cells by light (optogenetics). Long-wavelength absorption by optogenetic tools is desirable for increasing the penetration depth of the stimulus light by minimizing tissue scattering and absorption by hemoglobin. A2 retinal (3,4-dehydroretinal) is a natural retinoid that serves as the chromophore in red-shifted visual pigments of several lower aquatic animals. Here we show that A2 retinal reconstitutes a fully functional archaerhodopsin-3 (AR-3) proton pump and four channelrhodopsin variants (CrChR1, CrChR2, CaChR1, and MvChR1). Substitution of A1 with A2 retinal significantly shifted the spectral sensitivity of all tested rhodopsins to longer wavelengths without altering other aspects of their function. The spectral shift upon substitution of A1 with A2 in AR-3 was close to that measured in other archaeal rhodopsins. Notably, the shifts in channelrhodopsins were larger than those measured in archaeal rhodopsins and close to those in animal visual pigments with similar absorption maxima of their A1-bound forms. Our results show that chromophore substitution provides a complementary strategy for improving the efficiency of optogenetic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A Sineshchekov
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, United States.
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Audzijonyte A, Pahlberg J, Viljanen M, Donner K, Väinölä R. Opsin gene sequence variation across phylogenetic and population histories in Mysis (Crustacea: Mysida) does not match current light environments or visual-pigment absorbance spectra. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:2176-96. [PMID: 22429275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that selection on the opsin gene is efficient in tuning vision to the ambient light environment of an organism was assessed in 49 populations of 12 Mysis crustacean species, inhabiting arctic marine waters, coastal littoral habitats, freshwater lakes ('glacial relicts') and the deep Caspian Sea. Extensive sequence variation was found within and among taxa, but its patterns did not match expectations based on light environments, spectral sensitivity of the visual pigment measured by microspectrophotometry or the history of species and populations. The main split in the opsin gene tree was between lineages I and II, differing in six amino acids. Lineage I was present in marine and Caspian Sea species and in the North American freshwater Mysis diluviana, whereas lineage II was found in the European and circumarctic fresh- and brackish-water Mysis relicta, Mysis salemaai and Mysis segerstralei. Both lineages were present in some populations of M. salemaai and M. segerstralei. Absorbance spectra of the visual pigment in nine populations of the latter three species showed a dichotomy between lake (λ(max) =554-562 nm) and brackish-water (Baltic Sea) populations (λ(max) = 521-535 nm). Judged by the shape of spectra, this difference was not because of different chromophores (A2 vs. A1), but neither did it coincide with the split in the opsin tree (lineages I/II), species identity or current light environments. In all, adaptive evolution of the opsin gene in Mysis could not be demonstrated, but its sequence variation did not conform to a neutral expectation either, suggesting evolutionary constraints and/or unidentified mechanisms of spectral tuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Audzijonyte
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 17, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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LARMUSEAU MAARTENHD, VANCAMPENHOUT KIM, RAEYMAEKERS JOOSTAM, VAN HOUDT JEROENKJ, VOLCKAERT FILIPAM. Differential modes of selection on the rhodopsin gene in coastal Baltic and North Sea populations of the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:2256-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pahlberg J, Lindström M, Ala-Laurila P, Fyhrquist-Vanni N, Koskelainen A, Donner K. The photoactivation energy of the visual pigment in two spectrally different populations of Mysis relicta (Crustacea, Mysida). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2005; 191:837-44. [PMID: 16010556 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-005-0005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2004] [Accepted: 04/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the first study of the relation between the wavelength of maximum absorbance (lambdamax) and the photoactivation energy (Ea) in invertebrate visual pigments. Two populations of the opossum shrimp Mysis relicta were compared. The two have been separated for 9,000 years and have adapted to different spectral environments ("Sea" and "Lake") with porphyropsins peaking at lambdamax=529 nm and 554 nm, respectively. The estimation of Ea was based on measurement of temperature effects on the spectral sensitivity of the eye. In accordance with theory (Stiles in Transactions of the optical convention of the worshipful company of spectacle makers. Spectacle Makers' Co., London, 1948), relative sensitivity to long wavelengths increased with rising temperature. The estimates calculated from this effect are Ea,529=47.8+/-1.8 kcal/mol and Ea,554=41.5+/-0.7 kcal/mol (different at P<0.01). Thus the red-shift of lambdamax in the "Lake" population, correlating with the long-wavelength dominated light environment, is achieved by changes in the opsin that decrease the energy gap between the ground state and the first excited state of the chromophore. We propose that this will carry a cost in terms of increased thermal noise, and that evolutionary adaptation of the visual pigment to the light environment is directed towards maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio rather than the quantum catch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Pahlberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Division of Physiology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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