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Questa M, Weimer BC, Fiehn O, Chow B, Hill SL, Ackermann MR, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Marsilio S. Unbiased serum metabolomic analysis in cats with naturally occurring chronic enteropathies before and after medical intervention. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6939. [PMID: 38521833 PMCID: PMC10960826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic enteropathies (CE) are common disorders in cats and the differentiation between the two main underlying diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma (LGITL), can be challenging. Characterization of the serum metabolome could provide further information on alterations of disease-associated metabolic pathways and may identify diagnostic or therapeutic targets. Unbiased metabolomics analysis of serum from 28 cats with CE (14 cats with IBD, 14 cats with LGITL) and 14 healthy controls identified 1,007 named metabolites, of which 129 were significantly different in cats with CE compared to healthy controls at baseline. Random Forest analysis revealed a predictive accuracy of 90% for differentiating controls from cats with chronic enteropathy. Metabolic pathways found to be significantly altered included phospholipids, amino acids, thiamine, and tryptophan metabolism. Several metabolites were found to be significantly different between cats with IBD versus LGITL, including several sphingolipids, phosphatidylcholine 40:7, uridine, pinitol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and glucuronic acid. However, random forest analysis revealed a poor group predictive accuracy of 60% for the differentiation of IBD from LGITL. Of 129 compounds found to be significantly different between healthy cats and cats with CE at baseline, 58 remained different following treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Questa
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bart C Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Betty Chow
- VCA Animal Specialty & Emergency Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steve L Hill
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark R Ackermann
- US Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sina Marsilio
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Shimizu Y, Tamiya-Koizumi K, Tsutsumi T, Kyogashima M, Kannagi R, Iwaki S, Aoyama M, Tokumura A. Hypoxia increases cellular levels of phosphatidic acid and lysophospholipids in undifferentiated Caco-2 cells. Lipids 2023; 58:93-103. [PMID: 36708255 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are known to survive in a hypoxic microenvironment by altering their lipid metabolism as well as their energy metabolism. In this study, Caco-2 cells derived from human colon cancer, were found to have elevated intracellular levels of phosphatidic acid and its lysoform, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), under hypoxic conditions. Our results suggested that the elevation of LPA in Caco-2 cells was mainly due to the combined increases in cellular levels of lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine by phospholipase A2 and subsequent hydrolysis to LPA by lysophospholipase D. We detected the Ca2+ -stimulated choline-producing activities toward exogenous lysophosphatidylcholines in whole Caco-2 cell homogenates, indicating their involvement in the LPA production in intact Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshibumi Shimizu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keiko Tamiya-Koizumi
- Department of Pathobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Japan
| | - Mamoru Kyogashima
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Reiji Kannagi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Soichiro Iwaki
- Department of Pathobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mineyoshi Aoyama
- Department of Pathobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Tokumura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Luo Y, Wu J, Liu Y, Shen Y, Zhu F, Wu J, Hu Y. Metabolomics Study of Shaoyao Plants Decoction on the Proximal and Distal Colon in Mice with Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:4343-4364. [PMID: 36583115 PMCID: PMC9792814 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s384607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Shaoyao decoction (SYD) is a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat ulcerative colitis (UC). The exact mechanism of action of SYD in UC treatment is still unclear. Here, we examined the therapeutic effects of SYD in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and explored the underlying mechanism. Methods The experimental group was divided into normal control, UC, and SYD treatment groups. The UC model of C57BL/6 mice was induced using 3% (w/v) DSS for 7 days. SYD was orally administered for 7 days. The proximal and distal colonic metabolic profiles were detected using quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics. Results SYD significantly increased weight, reduced disease activity index scores, and ameliorated colon length shortening and pathological damage in mice. In the distal colon, SYD increased the abundance of phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidylethanolamine and decreased the abundance of lactosylceramide, erythrodiol 3-palmitate, and lysophosphatidylcholine. In the proximal colon, SYD increased the abundance of palmitic acid, cyclonormammein, monoacylglyceride, 13S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, and ceanothine C and decreased the abundance of tetracosahexaenoic acid, phosphatidylserine, and diglyceride. Conclusion Our findings revealed that SYD could alleviate UC by regulating metabolic dysfunction, which provides a reference for further studies on SYD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Luo
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingchao Liu
- Academic Affairs Office, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Shen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangyuan Zhu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqian Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuyao Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Yuyao Hu, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 318 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Email
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4
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Ai R, Xu J, Ji G, Cui B. Exploring the Phosphatidylcholine in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Potential Mechanisms and Therapeutic Interventions. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3486-3491. [PMID: 36424797 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666221124112803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a significant health problem with an increasing financial burden worldwide. Although various treatment strategies have been used, the results were not satisfactory. More and more researches have proved that the application of phosphatidylcholine (PC) may become an alternative therapy for IBD. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide an overview of the possible mechanisms of PC and promote the potential application of PC for IBD therapy further. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed with the following keywords: 'phosphatidylcholine', 'inflammatory bowel disease', 'Crohn's disease', 'inflammation', 'ulcerative colitis', 'therapy', 'nanomedicines', 'PKCζ', 'lysophosphatidylcholine', 'microbiota' and 'drug carrier'. The logical operators "AND" and "OR" were applied to combine different sets of the search results. RESULTS Studies suggested that PC displays a significant effect in the treatment of IBD by modulating gut barrier function, remodeling gut microbiota structure, regulating polarization of macrophages, and reducing the inflammatory response. PC has also been exploited as a drug carrier for anticancer or anti-inflammation agents in multiple forms, which implies that PC has immense potential for IBD therapy. CONCLUSION PC has shown promising potential as a new therapeutic agent or a drug carrier, with a novel, stable, prolonged mechanism of action in treating IBD. However, more high-quality basic and clinical studies are needed to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujun Ai
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, China.,Key Lab of Holistic Integrative Enterology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, China.,Key Lab of Holistic Integrative Enterology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Guozhong Ji
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, China.,Key Lab of Holistic Integrative Enterology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Bota Cui
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, China.,Key Lab of Holistic Integrative Enterology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
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Uptake of Vitamins D 2, D 3, D 4, D 5, D 6, and D 7 Solubilized in Mixed Micelles by Human Intestinal Cells, Caco-2, an Enhancing Effect of Lysophosphatidylcholine on the Cellular Uptake, and Estimation of Vitamins D' Biological Activities. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041126. [PMID: 33805560 PMCID: PMC8067314 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamins D have various biological activities, as well as intestinal calcium absorption. There has been recent concern about insufficient vitamin D intake. In addition to vitamins D2 and D3, there are lesser-known vitamins D4–D7. We synthesized vitamins D5–D7, which are not commercially available, and then evaluated and compared the mixed micelles-solubilized vitamins D uptake by Caco-2 cells. Except for vitamin D5, the uptake amounts of vitamins D4–D7 by differentiated Caco-2 cells were similar to those of vitamins D2 and D3. The facilitative diffusion rate in the ezetimibe inhibited pathway was approximately 20% for each vitamin D type, suggesting that they would pass through the pathway at a similar rate. Lysophosphatidylcholine enhanced each vitamin D uptake by approximately 2.5-fold. Lysophosphatidylcholine showed an enhancing effect on vitamin D uptake by reducing the intercellular barrier formation of Caco-2 cells by reducing cellular cholesterol, suggesting that increasing the uptakes of vitamins D and/or co-ingesting them with lysophosphatidylcholine, would improve vitamin D insufficiency. The various biological activities in the activated form of vitamins D4–D7 were estimated by Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) online simulation. These may have some biological activities, supporting the potential as nutritional components.
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Yu WY, Li L, Wu F, Zhang HH, Fang J, Zhong YS, Yu CH. Moslea Herba flavonoids alleviated influenza A virus-induced pulmonary endothelial barrier disruption via suppressing NOX4/NF-κB/MLCK pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 253:112641. [PMID: 32017949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Moslae Herba, a common traditional Chinese herb with special flavor, has potential for treating respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. AIM OF THIS STUDY Lung endothelial barrier dysfunction (LEBD) accelerates the pathogenesis of influenza A virus (IAV)-induced secondary acute lung injury. New strategies against LEBD provide benefits in prevention and treatment of IAV. Previous studies showed that flavonoids (MHF), main bioactivity fraction derived from M. Herba, exerted anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities, but the underlying protection of MHF against IAV-induced acute lung injury remained obscure. The present study was to investigate the protection of MHF against IAV-induced LEBD in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were intranasally challenged with IAV and orally administered with MHF for 5 days. The pulmonary hyperpermeability of infected mice was evaluated by Evans Blue staining and in vivo imaging. Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and mediators were detected by ELISA assay. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVECs) was measured by using TER meter. The expressions of key proteins in NOX4-mediated NF-κB/MLCK pathways were determined by western blotting. RESULTS MHF treatment reduced lung index, W/D ratios, and serum levels of inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, PLA2, LBT4 and ICAM-1) in IAV-infected mice. Evans blue staining and in vivo imaging results revealed that MHF alleviated IAV-induced barrier dysfunction and pulmonary hyperpermeability. Moreover, luteolin and kaempferol, the main activity compounds in MHF, significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced HPMVEC apoptosis, and downregulated NF-κB/MLCK pathway by targeting NOX4. CONCLUSION MHF attenuated IAV-induced barrier dysfunction by suppressing NOX4/NF-κB/MLCK pathway and may serve as a potential agent for the prevention of LEBD and IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Lan Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of TCM, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Huan-Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, China; Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of TCM, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jie Fang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Yu-Sen Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Chen-Huan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, China.
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7
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Muntoni E, Marini E, Ahmadi N, Milla P, Ghè C, Bargoni A, Capucchio MT, Biasibetti E, Battaglia L. Lipid nanoparticles as vehicles for oral delivery of insulin and insulin analogs: preliminary ex vivo and in vivo studies. Acta Diabetol 2019; 56:1283-1292. [PMID: 31407113 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-019-01403-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Subcutaneous administration of insulin in patients suffering from diabetes is associated with the distress of daily injections. Among alternative administration routes, the oral route seems to be the most advantageous for long-term administration, also because the peptide undergoes a hepatic first-pass effect, contributing to the inhibition of the hepatic glucose output. Unfortunately, insulin oral administration has so far been hampered by degradation by gastrointestinal enzymes and poor intestinal absorption. Loading in lipid nanoparticles should allow to overcome these limitations. METHODS Entrapment of peptides into such nanoparticles is not easy, because of their high molecular weight, hydrophilicity and thermo-sensitivity. In this study, this objective was achieved by employing fatty acid coacervation method: solid lipid nanoparticles and newly engineered nanostructured lipid carriers were formulated. Insulin and insulin analog-glargine insulin-were entrapped in the lipid matrix through hydrophobic ion pairing. RESULTS Bioactivity of lipid entrapped peptides was demonstrated through a suitable in vivo experiment. Ex vivo and in vivo studies were carried out by employing fluorescently labelled peptides. Gut tied up experiments showed the superiority of glargine insulin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers, which demonstrated significantly higher permeation (till 30% dose/mL) compared to free peptide. Approximately 6% absolute bioavailability in the bloodstream was estimated for the same formulation through in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats. Consequently, a discrete blood glucose responsivity was noted in healthy animals. CONCLUSIONS Given the optimized ex vivo and in vivo intestinal uptake of glargine insulin from nanostructured lipid carriers, further studies will be carried out on healthy and diabetic rat models in order to establish a glargine insulin dose-glucose response relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Muntoni
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Marini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, Italy
| | - Nahid Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sistan and Baluchistan, University Boulevard, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Paola Milla
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, Italy
| | - Corrado Ghè
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bargoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Università degli Studi di Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Elena Biasibetti
- Histopathology Department CIBA, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Via Bologna 148, Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Battaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin, Italy.
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8
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Milard M, Penhoat A, Durand A, Buisson C, Loizon E, Meugnier E, Bertrand K, Joffre F, Cheillan D, Garnier L, Viel S, Laugerette F, Michalski MC. Acute effects of milk polar lipids on intestinal tight junction expression: towards an impact of sphingomyelin through the regulation of IL-8 secretion? J Nutr Biochem 2019; 65:128-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Milard M, Laugerette F, Durand A, Buisson C, Meugnier E, Loizon E, Louche-Pelissier C, Sauvinet V, Garnier L, Viel S, Bertrand K, Joffre F, Cheillan D, Humbert L, Rainteau D, Plaisancié P, Bindels LB, Neyrinck AM, Delzenne NM, Michalski MC. Milk Polar Lipids in a High-Fat Diet Can Prevent Body Weight Gain: Modulated Abundance of Gut Bacteria in Relation with Fecal Loss of Specific Fatty Acids. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801078. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Milard
- Univ Lyon; CarMeN Laboratory; INSERM U1060; INRA U1397; INSA Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 69621 Villeurbanne France
| | - Fabienne Laugerette
- Univ Lyon; CarMeN Laboratory; INSERM U1060; INRA U1397; INSA Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 69621 Villeurbanne France
| | - Annie Durand
- Univ Lyon; CarMeN Laboratory; INSERM U1060; INRA U1397; INSA Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 69621 Villeurbanne France
| | - Charline Buisson
- Univ Lyon; CarMeN Laboratory; INSERM U1060; INRA U1397; INSA Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 69621 Villeurbanne France
| | - Emmanuelle Meugnier
- Univ Lyon; CarMeN Laboratory; INSERM; INRA; INSA Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 69600 Oullins France
| | - Emmanuelle Loizon
- Univ Lyon; CarMeN Laboratory; INSERM; INRA; INSA Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 69600 Oullins France
| | - Corinne Louche-Pelissier
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine (CRNH) Rhône-Alpes; Centre Européen Pour la Nutrition et la Santé; Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; INSERM, Hospices Civils de Lyon F-69310 Pierre Bénite France
| | - Valérie Sauvinet
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine (CRNH) Rhône-Alpes; Centre Européen Pour la Nutrition et la Santé; Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; INSERM, Hospices Civils de Lyon F-69310 Pierre Bénite France
| | - Lorna Garnier
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud; Pierre-Bénite France
| | - Sébastien Viel
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud; Pierre-Bénite France
| | | | | | - David Cheillan
- Univ Lyon; CarMeN Laboratory; INSERM U1060; INRA U1397; INSA Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 69621 Villeurbanne France
- Service Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand Est; Centre de Biologie Est; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Lydie Humbert
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ. Paris 06; École normale supérieure; PSL Research University; CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 27 rue de Chaligny Paris 75005 France
| | - Dominique Rainteau
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ. Paris 06; École normale supérieure; PSL Research University; CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 27 rue de Chaligny Paris 75005 France
| | - Pascale Plaisancié
- Univ Lyon; CarMeN Laboratory; INSERM U1060; INRA U1397; INSA Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 69621 Villeurbanne France
| | - Laure B. Bindels
- Louvain Drug Research Institute; Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group; Université catholique de Louvain; Brussels Belgium
| | - Audrey M. Neyrinck
- Louvain Drug Research Institute; Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group; Université catholique de Louvain; Brussels Belgium
| | - Nathalie M. Delzenne
- Louvain Drug Research Institute; Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group; Université catholique de Louvain; Brussels Belgium
| | - Marie-Caroline Michalski
- Univ Lyon; CarMeN Laboratory; INSERM U1060; INRA U1397; INSA Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 69621 Villeurbanne France
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Oliveira R, Canuto L, Collares-Buzato C. Intestinal luminal content from high-fat-fed prediabetic mice changes epithelial barrier function in vitro. Life Sci 2019; 216:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Statovci D, Aguilera M, MacSharry J, Melgar S. The Impact of Western Diet and Nutrients on the Microbiota and Immune Response at Mucosal Interfaces. Front Immunol 2017; 8:838. [PMID: 28804483 PMCID: PMC5532387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings point toward diet having a major impact on human health. Diets can either affect the gut microbiota resulting in alterations in the host’s physiological responses or by directly targeting the host response. The microbial community in the mammalian gut is a complex and dynamic system crucial for the development and maturation of both systemic and mucosal immune responses. Therefore, the complex interaction between available nutrients, the microbiota, and the immune system are central regulators in maintaining homeostasis and fighting against invading pathogens at mucosal sites. Westernized diet, defined as high dietary intake of saturated fats and sucrose and low intake of fiber, represent a growing health risk contributing to the increased occurrence of metabolic diseases, e.g., diabetes and obesity in countries adapting a westernized lifestyle. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and asthma are chronic mucosal inflammatory conditions of unknown etiology with increasing prevalence worldwide. These conditions have a multifactorial etiology including genetic factors, environmental factors, and dysregulated immune responses. Their increased prevalence cannot solely be attributed to genetic considerations implying that other factors such as diet can be a major contributor. Recent reports indicate that the gut microbiota and modifications thereof, due to a consumption of a diet high in saturated fats and low in fibers, can trigger factors regulating the development and/or progression of both conditions. While asthma is a disease of the airways, increasing evidence indicates a link between the gut and airways in disease development. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the impact of westernized diet and associated nutrients on immune cell responses and the microbiota and how these can influence the pathology of IBD and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donjete Statovci
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mònica Aguilera
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John MacSharry
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Silvia Melgar
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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12
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Kotake-Nara E, Yonekura L, Nagao A. Glyceroglycolipids Affect Uptake of Carotenoids Solubilized in Mixed Micelles by Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells. Lipids 2015; 50:847-60. [PMID: 26012480 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that phospholipids markedly affected the uptake of carotenoids solubilized in mixed micelles by human intestinal Caco-2 cells. In the present study, we found that two classes of dietary glyceroglycolipids and the corresponding lysoglyceroglycolipids affected uptake of β-carotene and lutein by differentiated Caco-2 cells. The levels of carotenoid uptake from micelles containing digalactosyldiacylglycerol or sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol were significantly lower than that from control micelles. On the other hand, the uptakes from micelles containing digalactosylmonoacylglycerol or sulfoquinovosylmonoacylglycerol were significantly higher than that from control micelles. In dispersed cells and Caco-2 cells with poor cell-to-cell adhesion, however, the levels of uptake from micelles containing these lyso-lipids were much lower than that from control micelles. The uptake levels from control micelles were markedly decreased depending on the development of cell-to-cell/cell-matrix adhesion in Caco-2 cells, but the uptake levels from the micelles containing these lyso-lipids were not substantially changed, suggesting that the intercellular barrier formed by cell-to-cell/cell-matrix adhesion inhibited the uptake from control micelles, but not from the lyso-lipid-containing micelles. The lyso-lipids appeared to enhance carotenoid uptake by decreasing the intercellular barrier integrity. The results showed that some types of glyceroglycolipids have the potential to modify the intestinal uptake of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Kotake-Nara
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan,
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Nanoemulsion-based delivery systems for nutraceuticals: Influence of carrier oil type on bioavailability of pterostilbene. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Abstract
We have previously described that fish larvae absorb a larger fraction of dietary monoacylglycerol than TAG. To investigate how dietary hydrolysed lipids affect a vertebrate at early life stages over time, we fed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae six diets with different degrees of hydrolysed lipids for 30 d. The different diets had no effect on growth, but there was a positive correlation between the level of hydrolysed lipids in the diets and mortality. Important genes in lipid metabolism, such as PPAR, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), were regulated by the different diets. Genes involved in the oxidative stress response did not respond to the increased lipid hydrolysation in the diets. However, enterocyte damage was observed in animals fed diets with 2·7 % NEFA (diet 3) or more. It is thus possible that mortality was due to infections and/or osmotic stress due to the exposure of the subepithelial tissue. In contrast to earlier experiments showing a positive effect of dietary hydrolysed lipids, we have demonstrated a toxic effect of dietary NEFA on Atlantic cod larvae. Toxicity is not acute but needs time to accumulate.
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Shores DR, Binion DG, Freeman BA, Baker PR. New insights into the role of fatty acids in the pathogenesis and resolution of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:2192-204. [PMID: 21910181 PMCID: PMC4100336 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dietary and endogenously modified lipids modulate inflammation by functioning as intra- and intercellular signaling molecules. Proinflammatory lipid mediators such as the eicosanoids compete against the signaling actions of newly discovered modified fatty acids that act to resolve inflammation. In inflammatory bowel disease, multiple aberrancies in lipid metabolism have been discovered, which shed further light on the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. Mechanisms by which lipids modulate inflammation, abnormalities of lipid metabolism in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease, and potential therapeutic application of lipid derivatives in this setting are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darla R. Shores
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David G. Binion
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bruce A. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul R.S. Baker
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Navarro C, González-Álvarez I, González-Álvarez M, Manku M, Merino V, Casabó V, Bermejo M. Influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids on Cortisol transport through MDCK and MDCK-MDR1 cells as blood–brain barrier in vitro model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 42:290-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Estensoro I, Benedito-Palos L, Palenzuela O, Kaushik S, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Pérez-Sánchez J. The nutritional background of the host alters the disease course in a fish-myxosporean system. Vet Parasitol 2010; 175:141-50. [PMID: 20947256 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to determine if a practical plant protein-based diet containing vegetable oils (VO) as the major lipid source could alter the disease course when challenged with the myxosporean Enteromyxum leei, a wide-spread parasite in the Mediterranean basin causing heavy economic losses. Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed for 9 months either a fish oil (FO) diet or a blend of VOs at 66% of replacement (66VO diet) were challenged by exposure to parasite-contaminated water effluent. All fish were periodically and non-lethally sampled to obtain biometrical data and to know their infection status. After 102 days of exposure, fish were euthanized and haematological, biometrical, histological, immunological, glutathione and anti-oxidant data were obtained from tissue, blood and serum samples. Anorexia appeared in both exposed groups, but feed intake reduction was higher in 66VO fish. The signs of disease (lower growth, condition factor, specific growth rate, haematocrit) as well as the disease course were worse in fish from 66VO group, with a higher prevalence and intensity of infection, a higher percentage of fish harbouring the parasite in the entire intestinal tract, and a faster establishment of the parasite. Parasite intensity of infection was negatively correlated with growth parameters and haematocrit in both groups, and with complement, lysozyme and hepatic total glutathione in 66VO fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Department of Marine Species Biology, Culture and Pathology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
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18
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Ehehalt R, Braun A, Karner M, Füllekrug J, Stremmel W. Phosphatidylcholine as a constituent in the colonic mucosal barrier--physiological and clinical relevance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1801:983-93. [PMID: 20595010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is an important constituent of the gastrointestinal tract. PC molecules are not only important in intestinal cell membranes but also receiving increasing attention as protective agents in the gastrointestinal barrier. They are largely responsible for establishing the hydrophobic surface of the colon. Decreased phospholipids in colonic mucus could be linked to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis, a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical studies revealed that therapeutic addition of PC to the colonic mucus of these patients alleviated the inflammatory activity. This positive role is still elusive, however, we hypothesized that luminal PC has two possible functions: first, it is essential for surface hydrophobicity, and second, it is integrated into the plasma membrane of enterocytes and it modulates the signaling state of the mucosa. The membrane structure and lipid composition of cells is a regulatory component of the inflammatory signaling pathways. In this perspective, we will shortly summarize what is known about the localization and protective properties of PC in the colonic mucosa before turning to its evident medical importance. We will discuss how PC contributes to our understanding of the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis and how reinforcing the luminal phospholipid monolayer can be used as a therapeutic concept in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ehehalt
- Department of Gastroenterology, University hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Potential use of tight junction modulators to reversibly open membranous barriers and improve drug delivery. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:892-910. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Shi LZ, Zheng W. Establishment of an in vitro brain barrier epithelial transport system for pharmacological and toxicological study. Brain Res 2006; 1057:37-48. [PMID: 16126179 PMCID: PMC4151265 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Revised: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An immortalized Z310 murine choroidal epithelial cell line was recently established in this laboratory. The purposes of this study were (1) to investigate the presence of tight junction (TJ) proteins in Z310 cells and (2) to develop a Z310 cell-based in vitro brain barrier transport model. Real-time RT-PCR studies revealed that Z310 cells possess mRNAs encoding ZO-1, -2, and -3, claudin-1, -2, -4, and -8, occludin, and connexin-32. Confocal microscopic analyses confirmed the presence of claudin-1 and ZO-1 in Z310 cells at cell-cell contact sites. When Z310 cells were grown on a two-chamber Transwell device, the [14C]sucrose permeability coefficient and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) across the cell monolayer were 6 x 10(-4) cm/min and 61 omega-cm2, respectively. To improve the tightness of Z310 barrier, the cells were cultured in astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM), or in the presence of eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA, 10 microM), epidermal growth factor (EGF, 100 ng/mL), or dexamethasone (1 microM) in the growth medium. Treatment with ACM, EPA, EGF and dexamethasone significantly increased the TEER by 33%, 38%, 40%, and 50% above controls, respectively. However, only dexamethasone significantly reduced [14C]sucrose paracellular permeability (-231% of controls). These data suggest that Z310 cells possess the TJ proteins. The presence of dexamethasone in the growth medium improves the tightness of Z310 cell monolayer to the level better than that of the primary culture of choroidal epithelial cells. The Z310 cell-based in vitro model appears to be suitable for transepithelial transport study of drugs and toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Zheng
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 765 496 1377. (W. Zheng)
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Tazuke Y, Drongowski RA, Teitelbaum DH, Coran AG. Interleukin-6 changes tight junction permeability and intracellular phospholipid content in a human enterocyte cell culture model. Pediatr Surg Int 2003; 19:321-5. [PMID: 12732938 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-003-1003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2002] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines and secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) are elevated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We previously reported that the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 increased the expression of sPLA(2) (a hydrolyzer of phosphatidylcholine) and decreased membrane integrity in an intestinal epithelial cell culture model. To determine the physiological effects of the IL-6 mediated increase in sPLA(2) on decreased epithelial layer integrity, we investigated alterations of intracellular/secretory phospholipid (PL) composition in a cell culture model. In addition, since other PLs may also mediate epithelial membrane activity, we investigated the effect of IL-6 on PL activity in a Caco-2 enterocyte culture model. Caco-2 cells were incubated for 72 h with IL-6 or media alone (control). Both media and cell lysate were analyzed for PL composition using thin-layer chromatography. The PL composition in the media did not show any differences between the two groups ( p>0.1). Total intracellular PL contents were also unchanged; however, IL-6 led to significant changes in PL composition including an increase in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and sphingomyelin (SM) and a decrease in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) ( p<0.05). Both PE and SM are known as inflammatory signaling factors involved in human IBD. Our study suggests that the decreased membrane integrity seen with IL-6 application may occur via intracellular PL alterations, rather than through the direct effects of sPLA(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tazuke
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, F3970 Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0245, USA
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Yamagata K, Tagami M, Takenaga F, Yamori Y, Nara Y, Itoh S. Polyunsaturated fatty acids induce tight junctions to form in brain capillary endothelial cells. Neuroscience 2003; 116:649-56. [PMID: 12573708 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions create a rate-limiting barrier to the diffusion of solutes between vertebrate epithelial cells and endothelial cells. They are also controlled within individual cells by a variety of physiologically relevant signals. We investigated the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the formation of tight junctions in brain capillary endothelial cells, monitoring the transepithelial electrical resistance, and analyzed the expression of occludin messenger RNA. Brain-capillary endothelial cells were grown to confluence on filters and exposed to eicosapentaenoic acids, gamma linolenic acid and linoleic acid. Transepithelial electrical resistance was determined with voltage-measuring electrodes. The messenger RNA expression of occludin was quantitated by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The basal resistance across monolayers of porcine brain capillary endothelial cells was 83+/-8.1 Omega cm(2). Cells cultured in eicosapentaenoic acids and gamma linolenic acid, but not linolenic acid, displayed a 2.7-fold increase in transepithelial electrical resistance at 10 microM in brain capillary endothelial cells. The expression level of occludin messenger RNA increased markedly immediately after the exposure to eicosapentaenoic acids or gamma linolenic acid. Following an 8 h exposure to exogenous eicosapentaenoic acids or gamma linolenic acid, occludin messenger RNA levels were significantly increased. In addition, the rise in transepithelial electrical resistance induced by eicosapentaenoic acids and gamma linolenic acid was markedly inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein and PP2 and protein kinase C inhibitor, calphostin C. In contrast, the rise in transepithelial electrical resistance induced by eicosapentaenoic acids and gamma linolenic acid was not inhibited by the PI 3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002. We conclude that eicosapentaenoic acids and gamma linolenic acid increased the transepithelial electrical resistance and the expression of occludin messenger RNA in brain capillary endothelial cells. This gamma linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid induced assembly of tight junction is likely to be regulated by protein kinase C and tyrosine kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamagata
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Art, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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Hui DY, Howles PN. Carboxyl ester lipase: structure-function relationship and physiological role in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 2002; 43:2017-30. [PMID: 12454261 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r200013-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboxyl ester lipase (CEL), previously named cholesterol esterase or bile salt-stimulated (or dependent) lipase, is a lipolytic enzyme capable of hydrolyzing cholesteryl esters, tri-, di-, and mono-acylglycerols, phospholipids, lysophospholipids, and ceramide. The active site catalytic triad of serine-histidine-aspartate is centrally located within the enzyme structure and is partially covered by a surface loop. The carboxyl terminus of the protein regulates enzymatic activity by forming hydrogen bonds with the surface loop to partially shield the active site. Bile salt binding to the loop domain frees the active site for accessibility by water-insoluble substrates. CEL is synthesized primarily in the pancreas and lactating mammary gland, but the enzyme is also expressed in liver, macrophages, and in the vessel wall. In the gastrointestinal tract, CEL serves as a compensatory protein to other lipolytic enzymes for complete digestion and absorption of lipid nutrients. Importantly, CEL also participates in chylomicron assembly and secretion, in a mechanism mediated through its ceramide hydrolytic activity. Cell culture studies suggest a role for CEL in lipoprotein metabolism and oxidized LDL-induced atherosclerosis. Thus, this enzyme, which has a wide substrate reactivity and diffuse anatomic distribution, may have multiple functions in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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