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Kanata MC, Yanni AE, Koliaki C, Pateras I, Anastasiou IA, Kokkinos A, Karathanos VT. Effects of Wheat Biscuits Enriched with Plant Proteins Incorporated into an Energy-Restricted Dietary Plan on Postprandial Metabolic Responses of Women with Overweight/Obesity. Nutrients 2024; 16:1229. [PMID: 38674919 PMCID: PMC11053654 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of daily consumption of wheat biscuits enriched with plant proteins in postprandial metabolic responses of women with overweight/obesity who follow an energy-restricted diet. Thirty apparently healthy women participated in a 12-week randomized controlled trial and were assigned either to a control (CB) or an intervention (PB) group. Participants consumed daily either a conventional (CB) or an isocaloric wheat biscuit enriched with plant proteins (PB) containing high amounts of amino acids with appetite-regulating properties, i.e., BCAAs and L-arg. At baseline and the end of the intervention, a mixed meal tolerance test was performed. The responses of glucose, insulin, ghrelin, GLP-1, and glicentin were evaluated over 180 min. After 12 weeks, both groups experienced significant decreases in body weight, fat mass, and waist circumference. In the PB group, a trend towards higher weight loss was observed, accompanied by lower carbohydrate, fat, and energy intakes (p < 0.05 compared to baseline and CB group), while decreases in fasting insulin and the HOMA-IR index were also observed (p < 0.05 compared to baseline). In both groups, similar postprandial glucose, ghrelin, and GLP-1 responses were detected, while iAUC for insulin was lower (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the iAUC of glicentin was greater in the PB group (p < 0.05 compared to baseline). Subjective appetite ratings were beneficially affected in both groups (p < 0.05). Consumption of wheat biscuits enriched in plant proteins contributed to greater weight loss, lower energy intake, and insulin resistance and had a positive impact on postprandial glicentin response, a peptide that can potentially predict long-term weight loss and decreased food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Christina Kanata
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece; (M.-C.K.); (V.T.K.)
| | - Amalia E. Yanni
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece; (M.-C.K.); (V.T.K.)
| | - Chrysi Koliaki
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece; (C.K.); (I.A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Irene Pateras
- ELBISCO S.A., Industrial and Commercial Food Company, 21st Km Marathonos Avenue, 19009 Pikermi, Greece;
| | - Ioanna A. Anastasiou
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece; (C.K.); (I.A.A.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece; (C.K.); (I.A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Vaios T. Karathanos
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece; (M.-C.K.); (V.T.K.)
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Kabisch S, Weickert MO, Pfeiffer AFH. The role of cereal soluble fiber in the beneficial modulation of glycometabolic gastrointestinal hormones. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4331-4347. [PMID: 36382636 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2141190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
According to cohort studies, cereal fiber, and whole-grain products might decrease risk for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), inflammatory processes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. These associations, mainly affect insoluble, but not soluble cereal fiber. In intervention studies, soluble fiber elicit anti-hyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory short-term effects, partially explained by fermentation to short-chain fatty acids, which acutely counteract insulin resistance and inflammation. ß-glucans lower cholesterol levels and possibly reduce liver fat. Long-term benefits are not yet shown, maybe caused by T2DM heterogeneity, as insulin resistance and fatty liver disease - the glycometabolic points of action of soluble cereal fiber - are not present in every patient. Thus, only some patients might be susceptive to fiber. Also, incretin action in response to fiber could be a relevant factor for variable effects. Thus, this review aims to summarize the current knowledge from human studies on the impact of soluble cereal fiber on glycometabolic gastrointestinal hormones. Effects on GLP-1 appear to be highly contradictory, while these fibers might lower GIP and ghrelin, and increase PYY and CCK. Even though previous results of specific trials support a glycometabolic benefit of soluble fiber, larger acute, and long-term mechanistic studies are needed in order to corroborate the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kabisch
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V, Geschäftsstelle am Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin O Weickert
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism; The ARDEN NET Centre, ENETS CoE, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- Centre of Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences (ABES), Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Translational & Experimental Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V, Geschäftsstelle am Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Kong H, Yu L, Li C, Ban X, Gu Z, Li Z. Short-Clustered Maltodextrin Activates Ileal Glucose-Sensing and Induces Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Secretion to Ameliorate Glucose Homeostasis in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12604-12619. [PMID: 36125960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reconstructing molecular structure is an effective approach to attenuating glycemic response to starch. Previously, we rearranged α-1,4 and α-1,6-glycosidic bonds in starch molecules to produce short-clustered maltodextrin (SCMD). The present study revealed that SCMD slowly released glucose until the distal ileum. The activated ileal glucose-sensing enabled SCMD to be a potent inducer for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Furthermore, SCMD was found feasible to serve as the dominant dietary carbohydrate to rescue mice from diabetes. Interestingly, a mixture of normal maltodextrin and resistant dextrin (MD+RD), although it caused an attenuated glycemic response similar to that of SCMD, failed to ameliorate glucose homeostasis because it hardly induced GLP-1 secretion. The serum GLP-1 levels seen in MD+RD-fed mice (5.25 ± 1.51 pmol/L) were significantly lower than those seen in SCMD-fed mice (8.25 ± 2.01 pmol/L, p < 0.05). Further investigation revealed that the beneficial effects of SCMD could be abolished by a GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) antagonist. These results identify GLP-1R signaling as a critical contributor to SCMD-exerted health benefits and highlight the role of ileal glucose-sensing in designing dietary carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocun Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Luxi Yu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Caiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Kong H, Yu L, Li C, Ban X, Gu Z, Liu L, Li Z. Perspectives on evaluating health effects of starch: Beyond postprandial glycemic response. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119621. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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5
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Iversen KN, Jonsson K, Landberg R. The Effect of Rye-Based Foods on Postprandial Plasma Insulin Concentration: The Rye Factor. Front Nutr 2022; 9:868938. [PMID: 35757252 PMCID: PMC9218669 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.868938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of whole grain has been associated with lower incidence of type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and their risk factors including improved glycemic control. In comparison with other whole grain products, rye bread has been shown to induce lower insulin response in the postprandial phase, without affecting the glucose response. This phenomenon has been referred to as the “rye factor” and is being explored in this review where we summarize the findings from meal and extended meal studies including rye-based foods. Overall, results from intervention studies showed that rye-based foods vs. (wheat) control foods had positive effect on both insulin and glucose responses in the postprandial phase, rather than on insulin alone. Mechanistic studies have shown that the rye factor phenomenon might be due to slowing of the glucose uptake in the intestine. However, this has also been shown for wheat-based bread and is likely an effect of structural properties of the investigated foods rather than the rye per se. More carefully controlled studies where standardized structural properties of different cereals are linked to the postprandial response are needed to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms and determinants for the effect of specific cereals and product traits on postprandial glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia Nøhr Iversen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Jonsson
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rikard Landberg
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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6
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The contribution of intact structure and food processing to functionality of plant cell wall-derived dietary fiber. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Schlicker L, Zhao G, Dudek CA, Boers HM, Meyer-Hermann M, Jacobs DM, Hiller K. Systemic Lactate Acts as a Metabolic Buffer in Humans and Prevents Nutrient Overflow in the Postprandial Phase. Front Nutr 2022; 9:785999. [PMID: 35360693 PMCID: PMC8961325 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.785999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
On an organismal level, metabolism needs to react in a well-orchestrated manner to metabolic challenges such as nutrient uptake. Key metabolic hubs in human blood are pyruvate and lactate, both of which are constantly interconverted by very fast exchange fluxes. The quantitative contribution of different food sources to these metabolite pools remains unclear. Here, we applied in vivo stable isotope labeling to determine postprandial metabolic fluxes in response to two carbohydrate sources of different complexity. Depending on the ingested carbohydrate source, glucose or wheat flour, the net direction of the lactate dehydrogenase, and the alanine amino transferase fluxes were adjusted in a way to ensure sufficient availability, while, at the same time, preventing an overflow in the respective metabolite pools. The systemic lactate pool acts as a metabolic buffer which is fueled in the early- and depleted in the late-postprandial phase and thus plays a key role for systemic metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schlicker
- Department for Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christian-Alexander Dudek
- Department for Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
- BRENDA Enzyme Database, BRICS, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Hanny M. Boers
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, Hanover, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, BRICS, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
| | | | - Karsten Hiller
- Department for Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
- *Correspondence: Karsten Hiller
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Papakonstantinou E, Xaidara M, Siopi V, Giannoglou M, Katsaros G, Theodorou G, Maratou E, Poulia KA, Dimitriadis GD, Skandamis PN. Effects of Spaghetti Differing in Soluble Fiber and Protein Content on Glycemic Responses in Humans: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Healthy Subjects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19053001. [PMID: 35270698 PMCID: PMC8909947 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19053001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This randomized, single blind, cross-over study investigated the glycemic responses to three spaghetti No 7 types differing in dietary protein and soluble fiber content. Fourteen clinically and metabolically healthy, fasting individuals (25 ± 1 years; ten women; BMI 23 ± 1 kg/m2) received isoglucidic test meals (50 g available carbohydrate) and 50 g glucose reference, in random order. GI was calculated using the FAO/WHO method. Capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min. Subjective appetite ratings (hunger, fullness, and desire to eat) were assessed by visual analogue scales (VAS, 100 mm) at baseline and 120 min. All three spaghetti types (regular, whole wheat, and high soluble fiber–low carbohydrates) provided low GI values (33, 38, and 41, respectively, on glucose scale) and lower peak glucose values compared to glucose or white bread. No differences were observed between spaghetti No 7 types for fasting glucose, fasting and post-test-meal insulin concentrations, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), and subjective appetite. Conclusions: all spaghetti No 7 types, regardless of soluble fiber and/or protein content, attenuated postprandial glycemic response, which may offer advantages to glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Papakonstantinou
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (M.X.); (V.S.); (K.-A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2105294967
| | - Marina Xaidara
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (M.X.); (V.S.); (K.-A.P.)
| | - Vassiliki Siopi
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (M.X.); (V.S.); (K.-A.P.)
| | - Marianna Giannoglou
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER”, 14123 Athens, Greece; (M.G.); (G.K.)
| | - George Katsaros
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER”, 14123 Athens, Greece; (M.G.); (G.K.)
| | - Georgios Theodorou
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Eirini Maratou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, “Attikon” University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Haidari, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Kalliopi-Anna Poulia
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (M.X.); (V.S.); (K.-A.P.)
| | - George D. Dimitriadis
- Sector of Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis N. Skandamis
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
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Efficacy of L-Arabinose in Lowering Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses: The Modifying Effect of Starch and Fat. Foods 2022; 11:foods11020157. [PMID: 35053889 PMCID: PMC8774789 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
L-arabinose is a bio-active compound derived from the side-streams of plant food processing. L-arabinose lowers glycemic and insulinemic responses when added to simple water-based sugary liquids. However, the effect in more complex foods, including fat and starch, is inconsistent. This study assessed the effect of fat or starch in a sugary drink on the efficacy of L-arabinose. Twenty-three healthy volunteers (12 female/11 male; aged 24 ± 3 years; BMI 23 ± 3 kg/m2) participated in a randomised cross-over trial with six drinks: control: 50 g sucrose in water; fat: control + 22 g oil; starch: control + 50 g starch; and all three with and without the addition of 5 g L-arabinose. The addition of L-arabinose to the control drink lowered glucose and insulin peaks by 15% and 52%; for the fat drink by 8% and 45%; and for the starch drink by 7% and 29%. For all three drinks, adding L-arabinose increased glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) responses and lowered Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) responses. Despite adding large quantities of starch and fat to sugary drinks, L-arabinose significantly lowered postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in healthy subjects. These findings suggest that L-arabinose can be functional in more complex foods; however, the factors affecting its efficacy in solid food matrices need to be studied in more detail.
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11
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Korompokis K, Deleu LJ, Delcour JA. The impact of incorporating coarse wheat farina containing intact endosperm cells in a bread recipe on bread characteristics and starch digestibility. J Cereal Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Cai M, Dou B, Pugh JE, Lett AM, Frost GS. The impact of starchy food structure on postprandial glycemic response and appetite: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized crossover trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:472-487. [PMID: 34049391 PMCID: PMC8326057 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starchy foods can have a profound effect on metabolism. The structural properties of starchy foods can affect their digestibility and postprandial metabolic responses, which in the long term may be associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity. OBJECTIVES This systematic review sought to evaluate the clinical evidence regarding the impact of the microstructures within starchy foods on postprandial glucose and insulin responses alongside appetite regulation. METHODS A systematic search was performed in the PUBMED, Ovid Medicine, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases for data published up to 18 January 2021. Data were extracted by 3 independent reviewers from randomized crossover trials (RCTs) that investigated the effect of microstructural factors on postprandial glucose, insulin, appetite-regulating hormone responses, and subjective satiety scores in healthy participants. RESULTS We identified 745 potential articles, and 25 RCTs (n = 369 participants) met our inclusion criteria: 6 evaluated the amylose-to-amylopectin ratio, 6 evaluated the degree of starch gelatinization, 2 evaluated the degree of starch retrogradation, 1 studied starch-protein interactions, and 12 investigated cell and tissue structures. Meta-analyses showed that significant reductions in postprandial glucose and insulin levels was caused by starch with a high amylose content [standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.64 mmol/L*min (95% CI: -0.83 to -0.46) and SMD = -0.81 pmol/L*min (95% CI: -1.07 to -0.55), respectively], less-gelatinized starch [SMD = -0.54 mmol/L*min (95% CI: -0.75 to -0.34) and SMD = -0.48 pmol/L*min (95% CI: -0.75 to -0.21), respectively], retrograded starch (for glucose incremental AUC; SMD = -0.46 pmol/L*min; 95% CI: -0.80 to -0.12), and intact and large particles [SMD = -0.43 mmol/L*min (95% CI: -0.58 to -0.28) and SMD = -0.63 pmol/L*min (95% CI: -0.86 to -0.40), respectively]. All analyses showed minor or moderate heterogeneity (I2 < 50%). Sufficient evidence was not found to suggest how these structural factors influence appetite. CONCLUSIONS The manipulation of microstructures in starchy food may be an effective way to improve postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in the healthy population. The protocol for this systematic review and meta-analysis was registered in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) as CRD42020190873.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Cai
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bowen Dou
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer E Pugh
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron M Lett
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gary S Frost
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
A low-glycaemic diet is crucial for those with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Information on the glycaemic index (GI) of different ingredients can help in designing novel food products for such target groups. This is because of the intricate dependency of material source, composition, food structure and processing conditions, among other factors, on the glycaemic responses. Different approaches have been used to predict the GI of foods, and certain discrepancies exist because of factors such as inter-individual variation among human subjects. Besides other aspects, it is important to understand the mechanism of food digestion because an approach to predict GI must essentially mimic the complex processes in the human gastrointestinal tract. The focus of this work is to review the advances in various approaches for predicting the glycaemic responses to foods. This has been carried out by detailing conventional approaches, their merits and limitations, and the need to focus on emerging approaches. Given that no single approach can be generalised to all applications, the review emphasises the scope of deriving insights for improvements in methodologies. Reviewing the conventional and emerging approaches for the determination of GI in foods, this detailed work is intended to serve as a state-of-the-art resource for nutritionists who work on developing low-GI foods.
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Boosting GLP-1 by Natural Products. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1328:513-522. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73234-9_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Boers HM, Alssema M, Mela DJ, Peters HPF, Vonk RJ, Priebe MG. The Rate of Glucose Appearance Is Related to Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Responses in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Stable Isotope Studies. J Nutr 2019; 149:1896-1903. [PMID: 31291451 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is often assumed that lower postprandial glucose (PPG) and insulin (PPI) responses are induced by slower glucose influx from the gut (e.g., by delayed carbohydrate digestion). However, changes in the rate of appearance of glucose in the peripheral circulation [rate of appearance of exogenous glucose (RaE)] may be accompanied by changes in endogenous glucose production (EGP) and the rate of disappearance of total glucose into tissues (RdT). The quantitative relationships between reductions in RaE and PPG/PPI levels are unclear. OBJECTIVES The objective was to perform a meta-analysis to quantify the effect of changes in RaE on changes in PPG and PPI levels (primary) and EGP and RdT (secondary). METHODS We systematically searched the Scopus, Medline, and Cochrane library databases through 10 January 2019 for randomized, controlled, carbohydrate-rich interventions that aimed to reduce RaE in humans, measured using dual or triple stable isotope methods. The 2-h net incremental AUCs for all variables were extracted or calculated. Relationships between RaE and outcomes were quantified by weighted regression analyses. RESULTS There were 12 articles, including 17 comparisons, that satisfied the inclusion criteria. The subjects were mainly men (60%), with age and BMI ranges of 18-40 y and 20.0-27.5 kg/m2, respectively. A 10% reduction in RaE was associated with reductions in PPG levels, PPI levels, and the RdT of 7% (95% CI: 2%, 12%; P = 0.010), 8% (95% CI: 2%, 13%; P = 0.012), and 11% (95% CI: 4%, 17%; P = 0.005), respectively, but was not significantly associated with a change in EGP (13%; 95% CI: -7%, 33%; P = 0.176). All fluxes together explained 70% and 26% of the variances in PPG and PPI levels, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In adults, reducing glucose RaE by diet is associated with significant reductions in PPG levels, PPI levels, and the rate of glucose disposal. This trial was registered in the PROSPERO database with identifier CRD42018084824.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanny M Boers
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, Netherlands
| | - Marjan Alssema
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, Netherlands
| | - David J Mela
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, Netherlands
| | - Harry P F Peters
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, Netherlands
| | - Roel J Vonk
- Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marion G Priebe
- Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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16
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Incretin Hormones: The Link between Glycemic Index and Cardiometabolic Diseases. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081878. [PMID: 31412576 PMCID: PMC6724226 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to describe the potential mechanisms by which incretin hormones could mediate the relationship between glycemic index and cardiometabolic diseases. A body of evidence from many studies suggests that low glycemic index (GI) diets reduces the risk for type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. In fact, despite the extensive literature on this topic, the mechanisms underlying unfavorable effects of high GI foods on health remain not well defined. The postprandial and hormonal milieu could play a key role in the relationship between GI and cardiovascular risk. Incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are important regulators of postprandial homeostasis by amplifying insulin secretory responses. Response of GIP and GLP-1 to GI have been studied more in depth, also by several studies on isomaltulose, which have been taken as an ideal model to investigate the kinetics of incretin secretion in response to foods’ GI. In addition, extrapancreatic effects of these incretin hormones were also recently observed. Emerging from this have been exciting effects on several targets, such as body weight regulation, lipid metabolism, white adipose tissue, cardiovascular system, kidney, and liver, which may importantly affect the health status.
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17
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Korompokis K, De Brier N, Delcour JA. Differences in endosperm cell wall integrity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) milling fractions impact on the way starch responds to gelatinization and pasting treatments and its subsequent enzymatic in vitro digestibility. Food Funct 2019; 10:4674-4684. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00947g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intact wheat endosperm cell walls reduce intracellular starch swelling and retard its in vitro digestion by acting as physical barriers to amylolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Korompokis
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe)
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Niels De Brier
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe)
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Jan A. Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe)
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
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18
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Papakonstantinou E, Chaloulos P, Papalexi A, Mandala I. Effects of bran size and carob seed flour of optimized bread formulas on glycemic responses in humans: A randomized clinical trial. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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19
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Della Guardia L, Thomas MA, Cena H. Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Homeostasis Can Be Influenced by Metabolic Acid Load. Nutrients 2018; 10:E618. [PMID: 29762478 PMCID: PMC5986498 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological findings suggest that high levels of dietary acid load can affect insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Consumption of high protein diets results in the over-production of metabolic acids which has been associated with the development of chronic metabolic disturbances. Mild metabolic acidosis has been shown to impair peripheral insulin action and several epidemiological findings suggest that metabolic acid load markers are associated with insulin resistance and impaired glycemic control through an interference intracellular insulin signaling pathways and translocation. In addition, higher incidence of diabetes, insulin resistance, or impaired glucose control have been found in subjects with elevated metabolic acid load markers. Hence, lowering dietary acid load may be relevant for improving glucose homeostasis and prevention of type 2 diabetes development on a long-term basis. However, limitations related to patient acid load estimation, nutritional determinants, and metabolic status considerably flaws available findings, and the lack of solid data on the background physiopathology contributes to the questionability of results. Furthermore, evidence from interventional studies is very limited and the trials carried out report no beneficial results following alkali supplementation. Available literature suggests that poor acid load control may contribute to impaired insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, but it is not sufficiently supportive to fully elucidate the issue and additional well-designed studies are clearly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Della Guardia
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Michael Alex Thomas
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA.
| | - Hellas Cena
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The amylose-amylopectin ratio influences starch properties. A higher amylose content is associated with slower starch digestion thus reducing the postprandial plasma glucose response and improving the overall postprandial metabolism. So far, limited evidence is available on the metabolic effect of wheat-based foods rich in amylose. This randomised controlled study investigated the acute metabolic effects of amylose-rich wheat-based rusks in overweight subjects focusing on potential mechanisms. SUBJECTS/METHODS Ten overweight subjects consumed in random order two test meals differing only in the carbohydrate source: rusks prepared with amylose-rich wheat flour (ARR) or conventional wheat flour (control). Blood samples were taken at fasting and over 4 h after the meal. Satiety and intestinal fermentation were evaluated by VAS and H2-breath test, respectively. RESULTS ARR reduced plasma glucose response during the first two hours after the meal and the desire to eat, and increased breath hydrogen concentration at 4 h (p < 0.05 for all). Moreover, according to computational models, the ARR slightly reduced intestinal glucose absorption in the first hour after the meal and increased the overall postprandial insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Rusks made with amylose-rich flour could be useful for improving postprandial glucose metabolism and reduce the desire to eat, thus possibly contributing to the prevention and treatment of overweight/obesity, impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes.
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21
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Suriano F, Bindels LB, Verspreet J, Courtin CM, Verbeke K, Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Delzenne NM. Fat binding capacity and modulation of the gut microbiota both determine the effect of wheat bran fractions on adiposity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5621. [PMID: 28717237 PMCID: PMC5514075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the impact of different wheat bran fractions on the gut microbiota and fat binding capacity to explain their differential effects on metabolic and inflammatory disorders induced by a western diet (WD) in mice. Wheat bran derived arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (AXOS), a crude fraction of wheat bran (WB), or the same wheat bran with reduced particle size (WBs) were added to the WD of mice for 8 weeks. AXOS shifted the gut microbiota composition, blunted Clostridium and Turicibacter genera and strongly promoted Bifidobacterium and Butyricicoccus genera, independently of changes in gut antimicrobial peptide expression. AXOS was the most efficient to reduce adiposity. Only WB fraction promoted fat excretion and differed from the other fractions by the capacity to increase the Akkermansia genus and to counteract gut interleukin 1 beta (IL1β) overexpression. Strikingly, WBs promoted steatosis and adipose tissue inflammation, despite its ability -like WB- to increase bacterial diversity. In conclusion, wheat bran fractions differently affect metabolic and inflammatory disorders associated with WD feeding, depending on their particle size, their fat binding capacity and their influence on the gut microbiota. Those results might be useful to take into account in nutritional advices to control obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Suriano
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joran Verspreet
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition, Research Center (LFoRCe). KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe M Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition, Research Center (LFoRCe). KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Center, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCL, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey M Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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