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Wang X, Qu S, Yang D, Qi W, Zhang F, Zhu R, Sun L, Yan Q, Qi Y, Yue G, Yin C, Luo C. Association between breakfast patterns and executive function among adolescents in Shanghai, China. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1373129. [PMID: 38807645 PMCID: PMC11132186 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1373129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between breakfast patterns and executive function among adolescents in Shanghai, China. Methods In 2022, we randomly recruited 3,012 adolescents aged 12-13 years from all administrative districts in Shanghai. Breakfast information was collected by parents using a one-day recall method. Executive function was measured using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Parent Version. Latent Class Analysis was performed to identify breakfast patterns based on the food groups in the Diet Quality Questionnaire for China. Results Breakfast patterns were classified into three categories: "Egg and milk foods", "Grain foods", and "Abundant foods", except for adolescents who skipped breakfast. Logistic regression was used to estimate the multivariate odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between breakfast patterns and potential executive dysfunction. Adolescents in the "Abundant foods" class had a lower risk of executive dysfunction in terms of initiate (OR: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.17-0.76), and organization of materials (OR: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.04-0.94), compared to those who skipped breakfast. Similarly, the breakfast patterns of "Grain foods" and "Egg and milk foods" were associated with a lower risk of executive dysfunction, including initiate and working memory. Discussion Our findings suggest that breakfast patterns were associated with executive function. The improvement of breakfast patterns among adolescents should be a significant public health intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chunyan Luo
- Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Zeng X, Cai L, Gui Z, Shen T, Yang W, Chen Q, Chen Y. Association Between Dairy Intake and Executive Function in Chinese Children Aged 6–12 Years. Front Nutr 2022; 9:879363. [PMID: 35898711 PMCID: PMC9309784 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.879363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Association between dairy intake and executive function remains controversial, especially among children, a population with fast-developing executive functions. This study aimed to explore this topic. Additionally, we further distinguished the role of dairy intake types (full- or low-fat milk or yogurt) in this relationship. This survey included 5,138 children aged 6–12 years. Dairy intakes were assessed by validated questionnaires. Executive function was measured by the behavior rating inventory of executive function (BRIEF; Parent Version), and lower T-scores of BRIEF indices indicated superior executive function performance. Results showed that children with higher dairy intake had statistically better performance in Shift (46.58 ± 7.48 vs. 45.85 ± 7.10), Initiate (48.02 ± 8.58 vs. 47.14 ± 8.33), and Working Memory (50.69 ± 8.82 vs. 49.89 ± 8.73). In the analysis of multivariate linear regression, we found that for every one unit increase in full-fat dairy intake, T-scores for Shift (β = −0.350 (95% confidence interval [CI]: (−0.660, −0.039) and Initiate (β = −0.486 (95% CI: (−0.845, −0.127) were decreased and for every one unit increase in low-fat dairy intake, T-score for Organizations of Materials (β = −0.940 (95% CI: (−1.690, −0.189) was decreased. After distinguishing dairy into milk and yogurt, we observed that only milk intake, not yogurt, was significantly associated with better executive function performance in Shift (β = −0.390 (95% CI (−0.745, −0.035) and Initiate (β = −0.509 (95% CI (−0.917, −0.101) after adjusting for potential confounding factors. This study shows that a higher intake of dairy, irrespective of fat content, is related to better executive function performance among children aged 6–12. In addition, a significantly positive relationship between dairy intake and executive function’s indices of Shift and Initiate only was observed in milk, not in yogurt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zeng
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohuan Gui
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianran Shen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhan Yang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingsong Chen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qingsong Chen,
| | - Yajun Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Yajun Chen,
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Drozdowska A, Sinningen K, Falkenstein M, Rudolf H, Libuda L, Buyken AE, Lücke T, Kersting M. Impact of lunch with carbohydrates differing in glycemic index on children's cognitive functioning in the late postprandial phase: a randomized crossover study. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:1637-1647. [PMID: 34902050 PMCID: PMC8921027 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Studies about effects of lunch dietary Glycemic Index (GI) on cognition of schoolchildren are scarce. Our previous CogniDo GI study found no changes of cognition in the early postprandial phase after consumption of two rice types with medium vs. high dietary GI for lunch (i.e., 45 min after starting lunch). This study investigated whether the dietary GI of lunch has an impact on cognition of schoolchildren in the late postprandial phase, 90 min after lunch. Methods A randomized, 2 × 2 crossover intervention study was conducted at a comprehensive school with 5th and 6th grade students. Participants (n = 212) were randomly assigned to either sequence 1 or 2. In the first period, participants of sequence 1 received a dish with high GI rice (GI: 79), those of sequence 2 with medium GI rice (GI: 64)—in the second period, 1 week later, vice versa. Computer-based cognitive testing was performed 90 min after lunch examining tonic alertness, visual search and task switching, and working memory. Treatment effects and treatment effects adjusted for estimated lunch glycemic load (GL) were analyzed using a linear mixed model. Results The selected cognitive parameters were not affected by the GI of lunch 90 min after lunch, neither after intention-to-treat nor in the per-protocol analysis. Adjustment for GL also did not change results. Conclusion The present study revealed no notable differences after the consumption of two rice types with medium vs. high dietary GI for lunch in children’s cognitive function in the late postprandial phase, 90 min after lunch. Clinical trial registration German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00013597); date of registration: 16/04/2018, retrospectively registered. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-021-02766-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Drozdowska
- Research Department of Child Nutrition, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinenstraße 5, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sinningen
- Research Department of Child Nutrition, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinenstraße 5, 44791, Bochum, Germany.
| | | | - Henrik Rudolf
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Libuda
- Paderborn University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, Nutrition Sciences, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Anette E Buyken
- Paderborn University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, Public Health Nutrition, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Thomas Lücke
- Research Department of Child Nutrition, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinenstraße 5, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mathilde Kersting
- Research Department of Child Nutrition, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinenstraße 5, 44791, Bochum, Germany
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Hasan F, Jirout J, Garzione S, Kranz S. Changes in Learning Outcomes after Dietary Intervention in Preschoolers: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:1797. [PMID: 34070396 PMCID: PMC8230330 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The executive functioning skill set, which includes working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control, begins developing in early life and continues into adulthood. Preschoolers' abilities to perform those skills may be influenced by diet. The purpose of this study was to explore the acute effects of consuming a low-GI diet compared to the usual childcare diet on preschoolers' self-reported feelings of hunger and fullness and their performance on learning-associated tasks. This study was a prospective feeding trial in n = 20 children 3-4 years of age, completed in a laboratory setting where children attended "day camps" and consumed two days of usual diet (CON) and two days of low-GI (INT) diet. Learning outcomes were evaluated using select learning assessments including the Kansas Reflection-Impulsivity Scale for Preschoolers (KRISP), Track-it, Peg Tapping, and Happy/Sad. Repeated measures, full-factorial analysis of covariance revealed that diet was significantly related to impulsivity (p > 0.05), and univariate analysis of variance indicated that feelings of hunger and fullness differentially affected cognitive constructs in that feeling full improved impulsivity and attention, while feeling hungry improved inhibitory control. These findings highlight that the connection between diet and learning-related skills of children are independently mediated by both diet composition and feelings of hunger and fullness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Hasan
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA;
| | - Jamie Jirout
- Department of Education, Development, Leadership and Foundations, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA;
| | - Sarah Garzione
- College of Arts and Sciences, Formerly University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA;
| | - Sibylle Kranz
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA;
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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