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Stoyanov GS, Dzhenkov DL, Petkova L. Histomorphology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Autopsy Case Report. Cureus 2021; 13:e14999. [PMID: 34150370 PMCID: PMC8202449 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting predominantly the motor neurons of the anterior horns of the spinal cord. The condition, in most cases, starts with lower limb muscle weakness that steadily progresses and affects all muscle groups of the body. This in time leads to severe muscle atrophy and muscle paralysis, with respiratory muscle affection leading to respiratory failure. Several clinical investigations such as a physical examination, imaging modalities of the spinal cord, electroencephalography, electromyography, and genetic tests in the case of suspicion of a hereditary form are often informative enough to place the diagnosis. Histological changes are often nonspecific with neuronal degeneration and demyelination in the anterior horns of the spinal cord being the most severe changes. Here, we present the classical constellation of histopathological changes associated with ALS along with demyelination, neuronal degeneration, Lewy-like intra and extracellular bodies, and intracellular Bunina bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Stoyanov
- General and Clinical Pathology/Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University of Varna, Varna, BGR
| | - Deyan L Dzhenkov
- General and Clinical Pathology/Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University of Varna, Varna, BGR
| | - Lilyana Petkova
- General and Clinical Pathology/Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University of Varna, Varna, BGR
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3
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Highley JR, Lorente Pons A, Cooper-Knock J, Wharton SB, Ince PG, Shaw PJ, Wood J, Kirby J. Motor neurone disease/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with intermediate-length CAG repeat expansions inAtaxin-2does not have 1C2-positive polyglutamine inclusions. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 42:377-89. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Robin Highley
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Alejandro Lorente Pons
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Johnathan Cooper-Knock
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Stephen B. Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Paul G. Ince
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Pamela J. Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Jon Wood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Janine Kirby
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN); University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
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4
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Ng ASL, Rademakers R, Miller BL. Frontotemporal dementia: a bridge between dementia and neuromuscular disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1338:71-93. [PMID: 25557955 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The concept that frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a purely cortical dementia has largely been refuted by the recognition of its close association with motor neuron disease, and the identification of transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) as a major pathological substrate underlying both diseases. Genetic findings have transformed this field and revealed connections between disorders that were previous thought clinically unrelated. The discovery that the C9ORF72 locus is responsible for the majority of hereditary FTD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and FTD-ALS cases and the understanding that repeat-containing RNA plays a crucial role in pathogenesis of both disorders has paved the way for the development of potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for these devastating diseases. In this review, we summarize the historical aspects leading up to our current understanding of the genetic, clinical, and neuropathological overlap between FTD and ALS, and include brief discussions on chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), given its association with TDP-43 pathology, its associated increased dementia risk, and reports of ALS in CTE patients. In addition, we describe other genetic associations between dementia and neuromuscular disease, such as inclusion body myositis with Paget's disease and FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline S L Ng
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Novena, Singapore
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Yang H, Wang G, Sun H, Shu R, Liu T, Wang CE, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Zhao B, Ouyang Z, Yang D, Huang J, Zhou Y, Li S, Jiang X, Xiao Z, Li XJ, Lai L. Species-dependent neuropathology in transgenic SOD1 pigs. Cell Res 2014; 24:464-81. [PMID: 24577199 PMCID: PMC3975503 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human copper/zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (hSOD1) gene cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It remains unknown whether large animal models of ALS mimic more pathological events seen in ALS patients via novel mechanisms. Here, we report the generation of transgenic pigs expressing mutant G93A hSOD1 and showing hind limb motor defects, which are germline transmissible, and motor neuron degeneration in dose- and age-dependent manners. Importantly, in the early disease stage, mutant hSOD1 did not form cytoplasmic inclusions, but showed nuclear accumulation and ubiquitinated nuclear aggregates, as seen in some ALS patient brains, but not in transgenic ALS mouse models. Our findings revealed that SOD1 binds PCBP1, a nuclear poly(rC) binding protein, in pig brain, but not in mouse brain, suggesting that the SOD1-PCBP1 interaction accounts for nuclear SOD1 accumulation and that species-specific targets are key to ALS pathology in large mammals and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Guohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Runzhe Shu
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Chuan-En Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Bentian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Zhen Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Dongshan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Jiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Yueling Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Shihua Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiaodan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Zhicheng Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Liangxue Lai
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
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Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common form of motor neuron disease. ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disease and clinical diagnosis typically takes many months to complete. Early disease diagnosis through the use of biomarkers may aid in correct clinical management of patients and possibly delay time to ventilator and morbidity. This review explores the progress of biomarker discovery efforts for ALS and the many challenges that remain. Included are different technologies utilized in biomarker discovery efforts (proteomic, genomic and metabolomic) and putative biomarkers uncovered using these techniques. These studies have discovered genetic mutations leading to familial forms of ALS, and specific protein alterations that occur in biological fluids (cerebrospinal fluid and blood) and/or tissues of ALS subjects. More recent high-throughput technologies have revealed panels of proteomic or metabolic biomarkers that can discriminate between ALS and control groups. The identification of disease-specific biomarkers will provide opportunities to develop early diagnostic measures as well as surrogate markers to monitor disease progression and test drug efficacy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bowser
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, ST S-420, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Mori F, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Wakabayashi K. Co-localization of Bunina bodies and TDP-43 inclusions in lower motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropathology 2013; 34:71-6. [PMID: 23711197 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by motor neuron involvement with Bunina bodies (BBs) and transactivation response DNA protein 43 (TDP-43) inclusions. We examined the spinal cord (n = 20), hypoglossal nucleus (n = 6) and facial nucleus (n = 5) from ALS patients to elucidate the relationship between BBs and TDP-43 inclusions. BBs were found in the anterior horn in 16 of 20 cases, in the hypoglossal nucleus in all six cases and in the facial nucleus in four out of five cases. TDP-43 inclusions were found in each region of all the cases. Co-localization of BBs and TDP-43 inclusions was found in 15.2% of total neurons in the anterior horn, 29.2% in the hypoglossal nucleus and 17.3% in the facial nucleus. The frequency of TDP-43 inclusions was significantly higher in neurons with BBs than in those without in each region. Ultrastructurally, TDP-43-positive filamentous structures were intermingled with BBs. These findings suggest that there is a close relationship in the occurrence between BBs and TDP-43 inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Mori
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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8
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Kolarcik C, Bowser R. Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid-Based Protein Biomarkers for Motor Neuron Disease. Mol Diagn Ther 2012; 10:281-92. [PMID: 17022691 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) and, in particular, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are a heterogeneous group of neurologic disorders characterized by the progressive loss of motor function. In ALS, a selective and relentless degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons occurs, culminating in mortality typically within 5 years of symptom onset. However, survival rates vary among individual patients and can be from a few months to >10 years from diagnosis. Inadequacies in disease detection and treatment, along with a lack of diagnostic and prognostic tools, have prompted many to turn to proteomics-based biomarker discovery efforts. Proteomics refers to the study of the proteins expressed by a genome at a particular time, and the proteome can respond to and reflect the status of an organism, including health and disease states. Although an emerging field, proteomic applications promise to uncover biomarkers critical for differentiating patients with ALS and other MNDs from healthy individuals and from patients affected by other diseases. Ideally, these studies will also provide mechanistic information to facilitate identification of new drug targets for subsequent therapeutic development. In addition to proper experimental design, standard operating procedures for sample acquisition, preprocessing, and storage must be developed. Biological samples typically analyzed in proteomic studies of neurologic diseases include both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Recent studies have identified individual proteins and/or protein panels from blood plasma and CSF that represent putative biomarkers for ALS, although many of these proteins are not unique to this disease. Continued investigations are required to validate these initial findings and to further pursue the role of these proteins as diagnostic biomarkers or surrogate markers of disease progression. Protein biomarkers specific to ALS will additionally function to evaluate drug efficacy in clinical trials and to identify novel targets for drug design. It is hoped that proteomic technologies will soon integrate the basic biology of ALS with mechanistic disease information to achieve success in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christi Kolarcik
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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9
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Bendotti C, Marino M, Cheroni C, Fontana E, Crippa V, Poletti A, De Biasi S. Dysfunction of constitutive and inducible ubiquitin-proteasome system in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: implication for protein aggregation and immune response. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 97:101-26. [PMID: 22033150 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is the major intracellular proteolytic mechanism controlling the degradation of misfolded/abnormal proteins. A common hallmark in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and in other neurodegenerative disorders is the accumulation of misfolded/abnormal proteins into the damaged neurons, leading to the formation of cellular inclusions that are mostly ubiquitin-positive. Although proteolysis is a complex mechanism requiring the participation of different pathways, the abundant accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins strongly suggests an important contribution of UPS to these neuropathological features. The use of cellular and animal models of ALS, particularly those expressing mutant SOD1, the gene mutation most represented in familiar ALS, has provided significant evidence for a role of UPS in protein inclusions formation and motor neuron death. This review will specifically discuss this piece of evidence and provide suggestions of potential strategies for therapeutic intervention. We will also discuss the finding that, unlike the constitutive proteasome subunits, the inducible subunits are overexpressed early during disease progression in SOD1 mice models of ALS. These subunits form the immunoproteasome and generate peptides for the major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, suggesting a role of this system in the immune responses associated with the pathological features of ALS. Since recent discoveries indicate that innate and adaptive immunity may influence the disease process, in this review we will also provide evidence of a possible connection between immune-inflammatory reactions and UPS function, in the attempt to better understand the etiopathology of ALS and to identify appropriate targets for novel treatment strategies of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Bendotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via La Masa, 19, 20156 Milano, Italy.
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10
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Transport according to GARP: receiving retrograde cargo at the trans-Golgi network. Trends Cell Biol 2010; 21:159-67. [PMID: 21183348 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tethering factors are large protein complexes that capture transport vesicles and enable their fusion with acceptor organelles at different stages of the endomembrane system. Recent studies have shed new light on the structure and function of a heterotetrameric tethering factor named Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP), which promotes fusion of endosome-derived, retrograde transport carriers to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). X-ray crystallography of the Vps53 and Vps54 subunits of GARP has revealed that this complex is structurally related to other tethering factors such as the exocyst, the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) and Dsl1 (dependence on SLY1-20) complexes, indicating that they all might work by a similar mechanism. Loss of GARP function compromises the growth, fertility and/or viability of the defective organisms, emphasizing the essential nature of GARP-mediated retrograde transport.
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Nieto-Gonzalez JL, Moser J, Lauritzen M, Schmitt-John T, Jensen K. Reduced GABAergic Inhibition Explains Cortical Hyperexcitability in the Wobbler Mouse Model of ALS. Cereb Cortex 2010; 21:625-35. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Mori F, Tanji K, Miki Y, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Wakabayashi K. Relationship between Bunina bodies and TDP-43 inclusions in spinal anterior horn in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2010; 36:345-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Martin I, Vourc'h P, Mahé M, Thépault RA, Antar C, Védrine S, Praline J, Camu W, Andres CR, Corcia P. Association study of the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme gene UBE2H in sporadic ALS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 10:432-5. [PMID: 19922136 DOI: 10.3109/17482960802444972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin inclusions represent a cytopathological hallmark of ALS. The ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation pathway may also be involved in the pathophysiology of SOD1 mutated ALS cases as demonstrated in transgenic animals. UBE2H is an ubiquitin conjugating enzyme known to act on histones and cytoskeletal proteins, both involved in the degenerative pathway of the motor neuron. We screened the whole coding sequence of the UBE2H gene in 24 sporadic ALS (SALS) patients using single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). All variants detected by SSCP were analysed by genomic DNA sequencing. We found one known polymorphism (rs12539800) and two new synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) (nG78A and nG501A). The allele distribution of the rs12539800 (A336G) SNP were tested for association in 252 SALS patients and 357 controls. The allele and genotype distributions were identical in the two groups. The UBE2H gene is not implicated in SALS; however, the ubiquitin pathway is worthy of further investigation in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Martin
- INSERM U930, Université François Rabelais Tours, Montpellier, France
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Okamoto K, Fujita Y, Mizuno Y. Pathology of protein synthesis and degradation systems in ALS. Neuropathology 2010; 30:189-93. [PMID: 20102523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2009.01088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein synthesis and degradation systems in neurons are among the major subjects of study in neurobiology. These systems are believed to be the main pathways involved in ALS; however, the essential pathomechanisms that underlie this disease remain obscure. In addition to the ubiquitin-proteasomal and autophagic systems, several cytoplasmic organelles are also involved in ALS. Here, we present our data and discuss the main morphological abnormalities detected in the anterior horn cells of ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Okamoto
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
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Decreased cystatin C immunoreactivity in spinal motor neurons and astrocytes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:1200-6. [PMID: 19816197 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181bdcdce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystatin C (CC), a cysteine protease inhibitor involved in protein degradation, is a marker of Bunina bodies in lower motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). TAR-DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43)-immunoreactive inclusions are also histological hallmarks of ALS but whether CC is found in motor neurons with or without TDP-43-positive inclusions in ALS is not known. To determine whether inclusion body formation affects cytoplasmic CC immunoreactivity, we examined spinal cords from 9 ALS patients and 12 control subjects by immunohistochemistry. Most anterior horn cells (AHCs) showed moderate to intense immunoreactivity in controls, whereas CC immunoreactivity was markedly decreased in AHCs in ALS cases. The proportion of CC-immunolabeled AHCs was reduced regardless of whether they contained Bunina bodies. In contrast, the proportion of CC-immunolabeled AHCs was significantly reduced in those with TDP-43 inclusions. Cystatin C immunoreactivity of astrocytes in the spinal gray matter and white matter in ALS was significantly decreased compared with controls. These findings suggest that the formation of TDP-43 inclusions, but not of Bunina bodies, may be linked to the content of CC in spinal motor neurons and that perturbations in endogenous levels of CC in neuronal and glial cells may be part of the neurodegenerative processes in ALS.
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Strong MJ, Grace GM, Freedman M, Lomen-Hoerth C, Woolley S, Goldstein LH, Murphy J, Shoesmith C, Rosenfeld J, Leigh PN, Bruijn L, Ince P, Figlewicz D. Consensus criteria for the diagnosis of frontotemporal cognitive and behavioural syndromes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 10:131-46. [DOI: 10.1080/17482960802654364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Strong MJ. The syndromes of frontotemporal dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 9:323-38. [PMID: 18752088 DOI: 10.1080/17482960802372371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Rowland LP. T.L. Bunina, Asao Hirano, and the post mortem cellular diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 10:74-8. [DOI: 10.1080/17482960802382321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Wobbler mice modeling motor neuron disease display elevated transactive response DNA binding protein. Neuroscience 2009; 158:745-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Ince PG, Wharton SB. Chapter 5 Cytopathology of the motor neuron. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2007; 82:89-119. [PMID: 18808890 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)80008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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21
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Wootz H, Weber E, Korhonen L, Lindholm D. Altered distribution and levels of cathepsinD and cystatins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis transgenic mice: Possible roles in motor neuron survival. Neuroscience 2006; 143:419-30. [PMID: 16973300 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) there is a selective degeneration of motor neurons leading to muscle paralysis and death. The mechanism underlying cell demise in ALS is not fully understood, but involves the activation of different proteolytic enzymes, including the caspase family of cysteine proteases. We have here studied whether other proteases, such as the cathepsins, residing in lysosomes, and the cathepsin inhibitors, cystatinB and -C are changed in ALS. The expression and protein levels of the cathepsinB, -L and -D all increased in the spinal cord in ALS mice, carrying the mutant copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene. At the cellular level, cathepsinB and -L were present in ventral motor neurons in controls, but in the ALS mice cathepsinB was also expressed by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive astrocytes. The distribution of the aspartic protease, cathepsinD also changed in ALS with a loss of the lysosomal staining in motor neurons. Inhibition of caspases by means of X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) overexpression did not inhibit cleavage of cathepsinD in ALS mice, suggesting a caspase-independent pathway. Expression of cystatinB and -C increased slightly in the ALS spinal cords. Immunostaining showed that in ALS, cystatinC was present in motor neurons and in GFAP positive astrocytes. CystatinB that is a neuroprotective factor decreased in motor neurons in ALS but was expressed by activated microglial cells. The observed changes in the levels and distributions of cathepsinD and cystatinB and-C indicate a role of these proteins in the degeneration of motor neurons in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wootz
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurobiology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 587, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Mendonça DMF, Chimelli L, Martinez AMB. Expression of ubiquitin and proteasome in motorneurons and astrocytes of spinal cords from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurosci Lett 2006; 404:315-9. [PMID: 16806703 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome, ubiquitin, GFAP and neurofilament were evaluated in motorneurons and astrocytes of spinal cords of ALS and control cases. ALS neurons exhibited ubiquitin positive inclusions and areas of strong immunoreaction for proteasome. Areas of proteasome stain were observed close to neurofilament positive proximal process enlargement. The percentage of neurons strongly immunoreacted, for proteasome was higher in ALS cases than in controls. Many astrocytes were positive for ubiquitin and proteasome. These results suggest that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is involved in the ALS pathogenesis and agree with the view that ALS is a disorder of protein aggregation that affects neurons and nonneuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M F Mendonça
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Brig. Trompowsky, s/n, Bl. F, 21941-540 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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23
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Ranganathan S, Williams E, Ganchev P, Gopalakrishnan V, Lacomis D, Urbinelli L, Newhall K, Cudkowicz ME, Brown RH, Bowser R. Proteomic profiling of cerebrospinal fluid identifies biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurochem 2006; 95:1461-71. [PMID: 16313519 PMCID: PMC1540444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by degeneration of motor neurons. We tested the hypothesis that proteomic analysis will identify protein biomarkers that provide insight into disease pathogenesis and are diagnostically useful. To identify ALS specific biomarkers, we compared the proteomic profile of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from ALS and control subjects using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS). We identified 30 mass ion peaks with statistically significant (p < 0.01) differences between control and ALS subjects. Initial analysis with a rule-learning algorithm yielded biomarker panels with diagnostic predictive value as subsequently assessed using an independent set of coded test subjects. Three biomarkers were identified that are either decreased (transthyretin, cystatin C) or increased (carboxy-terminal fragment of neuroendocrine protein 7B2) in ALS CSF. We validated the SELDI-TOF-MS results for transthyretin and cystatin C by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry using commercially available antibodies. These findings identify a panel of CSF protein biomarkers for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Ranganathan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eric Williams
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Philip Ganchev
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - David Lacomis
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leo Urbinelli
- Neurology Clinical Trials Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital East, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Kristyn Newhall
- Neurology Clinical Trials Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital East, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Merit E. Cudkowicz
- Neurology Clinical Trials Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital East, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Robert H. Brown
- Day Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital East, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Robert Bowser
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Watanabe M, Jackson M, Ikeda M, Mizushima K, Amari M, Takatama M, Hirai S, Ikeda Y, Shizuka-Ikeda M, Okamoto K. Genetic analysis of the cystatin C gene in familial and sporadic ALS patients. Brain Res 2006; 1073-1074:20-4. [PMID: 16443201 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 11/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bunina bodies, small eosinophilic intraneuronal inclusions, stain positive for cystatin C and are the only specific pathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We screened the cystatin C gene (CST3) for mutations in 57 sporadic ALS patients and 12 familial ALS cases that did not possess a SOD1 mutation. We detected the known polymorphism in exon 1, a G/A transition at +73, in both familial and sporadic ALS patients. However, the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the +73 G/A polymorphism did not differ between ALS patients and control samples. No other mutation was detected in the ALS patients. The results reported here indicate that there may not be a direct genetic link between cystatin C and ALS, and it may be that deficits occur in proteins that interact with cystatin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Watanabe
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ravits
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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26
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Cudkowicz M, Qureshi M, Shefner J. Measures and markers in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03206611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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27
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Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of spinal and cortical motor neurons, leading to progressive weakness and ultimately, death. Clinically, there appears to be an anatomic focus at disease onset, from which the disease then spreads. Because the focus of initial symptoms and the subsequent direction of spread can vary from patient to patient, disease monitoring is difficult, especially in a clinical trial, in which outcome measures must be identical and able to capture progression of all types. Thus, the search for markers of disease progression is especially important in ALS. Many approaches have been taken, from voluntary strength assessment and functional rating scales to physiological and pathological sampling of affected portions of nervous system. No proposed marker has been demonstrated to meet the desired criteria of biological meaning, sensitivity to disease progression, clear relationship to overall prognosis and survival, and ease of measurement. However, progress is being made in all of these regards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merit Cudkowicz
- Neurology Clinical Trial Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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