Influence of bone morphogenetic protein-2 on spiral ganglion neurite growth in vitro

Pleiotrophin increases neurite length and number of spiral ganglion neurons in vitro

Acoustic trauma, aging, genetic defects or ototoxic drugs are causes for sensorineural hearing loss involving sensory hair cell death and secondary degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons. Auditory implants are the only available therapy for severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss when hearing aids do not provide a sufficient speech discrimination anymore. Neurotrophic factors represent potential therapeutic candidates to improve the performance of cochlear implants (CIs) by the support of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). Here, we investigated the effect of pleiotrophin (PTN), a well-described neurotrophic factor for different types of neurons that is expressed in the postnatal mouse cochlea. PTN knockout mice exhibit severe deficits in auditory brainstem responses, which indicates the importance of PTN in inner ear development and function and makes it a promising candidate to support SGNs. Using organotypic explants and dissociated SGN cultures, we investigated the influence of PTN on the number of neurons, neurite number and neurite length. PTN significantly increased the number and neurite length of dissociated SGNs. We further verified the expression of important PTN-associated receptors in the SG. mRNA of anaplastic lymphoma kinase, α_v integrin, β₃ integrin, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β/ζ, neuroglycan C, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 and syndecan 3 was detected in the inner ear. These results suggest that PTN may be a novel candidate to improve sensorineural hearing loss treatment in the future.

Bone morphogenetic protein 4 promotes the survival and preserves the structure of flow-sorted Bhlhb5+ cochlear spiral ganglion neurons in vitro

SGNs are the primary auditory neurons, and damage or loss of SGNs leads to sensorineural hearing loss. BMP4 is a growth factor that belongs to the TGF-β superfamily and has been shown to play a key role during development, but little is known about its effect on postnatal cochlear SGNs in mice. In this study, we used the P3 Bhlhb5-cre/tdTomato transgenic mouse model and FACS to isolate a pure population of Bhlhb5+ SGNs. We found that BMP4 significantly promoted SGN survival after 7 days of culture. We observed fewer apoptotic cells and decreased expression of pro-apoptotic marker genes after BMP4 treatment. We also found that BMP4 promoted monopolar neurite outgrowth of isolated SGNs, and high concentrations of BMP4 preserved the number and the length of neurites in the explant culture of the modiolus harboring the SGNs. We showed that high concentration of BMP4 enhanced neurite growth as determined by the higher average number of filopodia and the larger area of the growth cone. Finally, we found that high concentrations of BMP4 significantly elevated the synapse density of SGNs in explant culture. Thus, our findings suggest that BMP4 has the potential to promote the survival and preserve the structure of SGNs.

The expression pattern and inhibitory influence of Tenascin-C on the growth of spiral ganglion neurons suggest a regulatory role as boundary formation molecule in the postnatal mouse inner ear

Sensorineural hearing loss, as a consequence of acoustic trauma, aging, genetic defects or ototoxic drugs, is highly associated with irreversible damage of cochlear hair cells (HCs) and secondary degeneration of spiral ganglion (SG) cells. Cochlear implants (CIs), which bypass the lost HC function by direct electrical stimulation of the remaining auditory neurons, offer an effective therapy option. Several studies imply that components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) have a great impact on the adhesion and growth of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) during development. Based on these findings, ECM proteins might act as bioactive CI substrates to optimize the electrode-nerve interface and to improve efficacy of these implants. In the present study, we focused on the ECM glycoproteins Tenascin-C (TN-C), Laminin (LN), and Fibronectin (FN), which show a prominent expression along the growth route of SGNs and the niche around HCs during murine postnatal development in vivo. We compared their influence on adhesion, neurite length, and neurite number of SGNs in vitro. Moreover, we studied the expression of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) dermatan sulfate-dependent proteoglycan-1 (DSD-1-PG), an interaction partner of TN-C. In sum, our in vitro data suggest that TN-C acts as an anti-adhesive and inhibitory factor for the growth of SGNs. The DSD-1 carbohydrate epitope is specifically localized to HC stereocilia and SG fibers. Interestingly, TN-C and the DSD-1-PG exhibit a mutually exclusive expression pattern, with the exception of a very restricted region beneath the habenula perforata, where SG neurites grow through the basilar membrane (BM) toward the HCs. The complementary expression of TN-C, LN, FN, and the DSD-1 epitope suggests that TN-C may act as an important boundary formation molecule in the developing postnatal mouse inner ear, which makes it a promising candidate to regulate neurite outgrowth in the light of CIs.

Novel High Content Screen Detects Compounds That Promote Neurite Regeneration from Cochlear Spiral Ganglion Neurons

The bipolar spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) carry sound information from cochlear hair cells to the brain. After noise, antibiotic or toxic insult to the cochlea, damage to SGN and/or hair cells causes hearing impairment. Damage ranges from fiber and synapse degeneration to dysfunction and loss of cells. New interventions to regenerate peripheral nerve fibers could help reestablish transfer of auditory information from surviving or regenerated hair cells or improve results from cochlear implants, but the biochemical mechanisms to target are largely unknown. Presently, no drugs exist that are FDA approved to stimulate the regeneration of SGN nerve fibers. We designed an original phenotypic assay to screen 440 compounds of the NIH Clinical Collection directly on dissociated mouse spiral ganglia. The assay detected one compound, cerivastatin, that increased the length of regenerating neurites. The effect, mimicked by other statins at different optimal concentrations, was blocked by geranylgeraniol. These results demonstrate the utility of screening small compound libraries on mixed cultures of dissociated primary ganglia. The success of this screen narrows down a moderately sized library to a single compound which can be elevated to in-depth in vivo studies, and highlights a potential new molecular pathway for targeting of hearing loss drugs.

Oriented collagen as a potential cochlear implant electrode surface coating to achieve directed neurite outgrowth

In patients with severe to profound hearing loss, cochlear implants (CIs) are currently the only therapeutic option when the amplification with conventional hearing aids does no longer lead to a useful hearing experience. Despite its great success, there are patients in which benefit from these devices is rather limited. One reason may be a poor neuron-device interaction, where the electric fields generated by the electrode array excite a wide range of tonotopically organized spiral ganglion neurons at the cost of spatial resolution. Coating of CI electrodes to provide a welcoming environment combined with suitable surface chemistry (e.g. with neurotrophic factors) has been suggested to create a closer bioelectrical interface between the electrode array and the target tissue, which might lead to better spatial resolution, better frequency discrimination, and ultimately may improve speech perception in patients. Here we investigate the use of a collagen surface with a cholesteric banding structure, whose orientation can be systemically controlled as a guiding structure for neurite outgrowth. We demonstrate that spiral ganglion neurons survive on collagen-coated surfaces and display a directed neurite growth influenced by the direction of collagen fibril deposition. The majority of neurites grow parallel to the orientation direction of the collagen. We suggest collagen coating as a possible future option in CI technology to direct neurite outgrowth and improve hearing results for affected patients.