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Du J, Nakachi Y, Murata Y, Kiyota E, Kato T, Bundo M, Iwamoto K. Exploration of cell type-specific somatic mutations in schizophrenia and the impact of maternal immune activation on the somatic mutation profile in the brain. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 78:237-247. [PMID: 38334156 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
AIM Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe psychiatric disorder caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Although somatic mutations that occur in the brain after fertilization may play an important role in the cause of SZ, their frequencies and patterns in the brains of patients and related animal models have not been well studied. This study aimed to find somatic mutations related to the pathophysiology of SZ. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) of neuronal and nonneuronal nuclei isolated from the postmortem prefrontal cortex of patients with SZ (n = 10) and controls (n = 10). After detecting somatic mutations, we explored the similarities and differences in shared common mutations between two cell types and cell type-specific mutations. We also performed WES of prefrontal cortex samples from an animal model of SZ based on maternal immune activation (MIA) and explored the possible impact of MIA on the patterns of somatic mutations. RESULTS We did not find quantitative differences in somatic mutations but found higher variant allele fractions of neuron-specific mutations in patients with SZ. In the mouse model, we found a larger variation in the number of somatic mutations in the offspring of MIA mice, with the occurrence of somatic mutations in neurodevelopment-related genes. CONCLUSION Somatic mutations occurring at an earlier stage of brain cell differentiation toward neurons may be important for the cause of SZ. MIA may affect somatic mutation profiles in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Du
- Department of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakachi
- Department of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yui Murata
- Department of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - Emi Kiyota
- Department of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Kato
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Bundo
- Department of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - Kazuya Iwamoto
- Department of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
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Liu Y, Reiken S, Dridi H, Yuan Q, Mohammad KS, Trivedi T, Miotto MC, Wedderburn-Pugh K, Sittenfeld L, Kerley Y, Meyer JA, Peters JS, Persohn SC, Bedwell AA, Figueiredo LL, Suresh S, She Y, Soni RK, Territo PR, Marks AR, Guise TA. Targeting ryanodine receptor type 2 to mitigate chemotherapy-induced neurocognitive impairments in mice. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf8977. [PMID: 37756377 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf8977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced cognitive dysfunction (chemobrain) is an important adverse sequela of chemotherapy. Chemobrain has been identified by the National Cancer Institute as a poorly understood problem for which current management or treatment strategies are limited or ineffective. Here, we show that chemotherapy treatment with doxorubicin (DOX) in a breast cancer mouse model induced protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation of the neuronal ryanodine receptor/calcium (Ca2+) channel type 2 (RyR2), RyR2 oxidation, RyR2 nitrosylation, RyR2 calstabin2 depletion, and subsequent RyR2 Ca2+ leakiness. Chemotherapy was furthermore associated with abnormalities in brain glucose metabolism and neurocognitive dysfunction in breast cancer mice. RyR2 leakiness and cognitive dysfunction could be ameliorated by treatment with a small molecule Rycal drug (S107). Chemobrain was also found in noncancer mice treated with DOX or methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil and could be prevented by treatment with S107. Genetic ablation of the RyR2 PKA phosphorylation site (RyR2-S2808A) also prevented the development of chemobrain. Chemotherapy increased brain concentrations of the tumor necrosis factor-α and transforming growth factor-β signaling, suggesting that increased inflammatory signaling might contribute to oxidation-driven biochemical remodeling of RyR2. Proteomics and Gene Ontology analysis indicated that the signaling downstream of chemotherapy-induced leaky RyR2 was linked to the dysregulation of synaptic structure-associated proteins that are involved in neurotransmission. Together, our study points to neuronal Ca2+ dyshomeostasis via leaky RyR2 channels as a potential mechanism contributing to chemobrain, warranting further translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Steven Reiken
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Haikel Dridi
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Qi Yuan
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Khalid S Mohammad
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Present address: College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Box 50927, Riyadh 1153, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Trupti Trivedi
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marco C Miotto
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kaylee Wedderburn-Pugh
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Leah Sittenfeld
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ynez Kerley
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jill A Meyer
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jonathan S Peters
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Scott C Persohn
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Amanda A Bedwell
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Lucas L Figueiredo
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sukanya Suresh
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yun She
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Rajesh Kumar Soni
- Proteomics and Macromolecular Crystallography Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Paul R Territo
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Andrew R Marks
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Theresa A Guise
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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3
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Sun W, Xie G, Jiang X, Khaitovich P, Han D, Liu X. Epigenetic regulation of human-specific gene expression in the prefrontal cortex. BMC Biol 2023; 21:123. [PMID: 37226244 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in gene expression levels during brain development are thought to have played an important role in the evolution of human cognition. With the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies, changes in brain developmental expression patterns, as well as human-specific brain gene expression, have been characterized. However, interpreting the origin of evolutionarily advanced cognition in human brains requires a deeper understanding of the regulation of gene expression, including the epigenomic context, along the primate genome. Here, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) to measure the genome-wide profiles of histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac), both of which are associated with transcriptional activation in the prefrontal cortex of humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques. RESULTS We found a discrete functional association, in which H3K4me3HP gain was significantly associated with myelination assembly and signaling transmission, while H3K4me3HP loss played a vital role in synaptic activity. Moreover, H3K27acHP gain was enriched in interneuron and oligodendrocyte markers, and H3K27acHP loss was enriched in CA1 pyramidal neuron markers. Using strand-specific RNA sequencing (ssRNA-seq), we first demonstrated that approximately 7 and 2% of human-specific expressed genes were epigenetically marked by H3K4me3HP and H3K27acHP, respectively, providing robust support for causal involvement of histones in gene expression. We also revealed the co-activation role of epigenetic modification and transcription factors in human-specific transcriptome evolution. Mechanistically, histone-modifying enzymes at least partially contribute to an epigenetic disturbance among primates, especially for the H3K27ac epigenomic marker. In line with this, peaks enriched in the macaque lineage were found to be driven by upregulated acetyl enzymes. CONCLUSIONS Our results comprehensively elucidated a causal species-specific gene-histone-enzyme landscape in the prefrontal cortex and highlighted the regulatory interaction that drove transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifen Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Gangcai Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Philipp Khaitovich
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 121205, Russia.
| | - Dingding Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Xiling Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Merikangas AK, Shelly M, Knighton A, Kotler N, Tanenbaum N, Almasy L. What genes are differentially expressed in individuals with schizophrenia? A systematic review. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1373-1383. [PMID: 35091668 PMCID: PMC9095490 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe, complex mental disorder characterized by a combination of positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and impaired cognitive function. Schizophrenia is highly heritable (~80%) with multifactorial etiology and complex polygenic genetic architecture. Despite the large number of genetic variants associated with schizophrenia, few causal variants have been established. Gaining insight into the mechanistic influences of these genetic variants may facilitate our ability to apply these findings to prevention and treatment. Though there have been more than 300 studies of gene expression in schizophrenia over the past 15 years, none of the studies have yielded consistent evidence for specific genes that contribute to schizophrenia risk. The aim of this work is to conduct a systematic review and synthesis of case-control studies of genome-wide gene expression in schizophrenia. Comprehensive literature searches were completed in PubMed, EmBase, and Web of Science, and after a systematic review of the studies, data were extracted from those that met the following inclusion criteria: human case-control studies comparing the genome-wide transcriptome of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia to healthy controls published between January 1, 2000 and June 30, 2020 in the English language. Genes differentially expressed in cases were extracted from these studies, and overlapping genes were compared to previous research findings from the genome-wide association, structural variation, and tissue-expression studies. The transcriptome-wide analysis identified different genes than those previously reported in genome-wide association, exome sequencing, and structural variation studies of schizophrenia. Only one gene, GBP2, was replicated in five studies. Previous work has shown that this gene may play a role in immune function in the etiology of schizophrenia, which in turn could have implications for risk profiling, prevention, and treatment. This review highlights the methodological inconsistencies that impede valid meta-analyses and synthesis across studies. Standardization of the use of covariates, gene nomenclature, and methods for reporting results could enhance our understanding of the potential mechanisms through which genes exert their influence on the etiology of schizophrenia. Although these results are promising, collaborative efforts with harmonization of methodology will facilitate the identification of the role of genes underlying schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K. Merikangas
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Matthew Shelly
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.268256.d0000 0000 8510 1943Department of Biology, College of Science and Engineering, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA USA
| | - Alexys Knighton
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Nicholas Kotler
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Nicole Tanenbaum
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Laura Almasy
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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Wu X, Shukla R, Alganem K, Zhang X, Eby HM, Devine EA, Depasquale E, Reigle J, Simmons M, Hahn MK, Au-Yeung C, Asgariroozbehani R, Hahn CG, Haroutunian V, Meller J, Meador-Woodruff J, McCullumsmith RE. Transcriptional profile of pyramidal neurons in chronic schizophrenia reveals lamina-specific dysfunction of neuronal immunity. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7699-7708. [PMID: 34272489 PMCID: PMC8761210 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While the pathophysiology of schizophrenia has been extensively investigated using homogenized postmortem brain samples, few studies have examined changes in brain samples with techniques that may attribute perturbations to specific cell types. To fill this gap, we performed microarray assays on mRNA isolated from anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) superficial and deep pyramidal neurons from 12 schizophrenia and 12 control subjects using laser-capture microdissection. Among all the annotated genes, we identified 134 significantly increased and 130 decreased genes in superficial pyramidal neurons, while 93 significantly increased and 101 decreased genes were found in deep pyramidal neurons, in schizophrenia compared to control subjects. In these differentially expressed genes, we detected lamina-specific changes of 55 and 31 genes in superficial and deep neurons in schizophrenia, respectively. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was applied to the entire pre-ranked differential expression gene lists to gain a complete pathway analysis throughout all annotated genes. Our analysis revealed overrepresented groups of gene sets in schizophrenia, particularly in immunity and synapse-related pathways, suggesting the disruption of these pathways plays an important role in schizophrenia. We also detected other pathways previously demonstrated in schizophrenia pathophysiology, including cytokine and chemotaxis, postsynaptic signaling, and glutamatergic synapses. In addition, we observed several novel pathways, including ubiquitin-independent protein catabolic process. Considering the effects of antipsychotic treatment on gene expression, we applied a novel bioinformatics approach to compare our differential expression gene profiles with 51 antipsychotic treatment datasets, demonstrating that our results were not influenced by antipsychotic treatment. Taken together, we found pyramidal neuron-specific changes in neuronal immunity, synaptic dysfunction, and olfactory dysregulation in schizophrenia, providing new insights for the cell-subtype specific pathophysiology of chronic schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Rammohan Shukla
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Khaled Alganem
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Hunter M. Eby
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Emily A. Devine
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Erica Depasquale
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James Reigle
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Micah Simmons
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Margaret K. Hahn
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 1R8,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Christy Au-Yeung
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 1R8
| | - Roshanak Asgariroozbehani
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 1R8,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Chang-Gyu Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jarek Meller
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James Meador-Woodruff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert E. McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, USA,Neurosciences Institute, ProMedica, Toledo, OH, USA,Author for correspondence: Robert E. McCullumsmith, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Block Health Science Building, Mail Stop 1007, Toledo, OH 43614,
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Snelleksz M, Dean B. Lower levels of tubulin alpha 1b in the frontal pole in schizophrenia supports a role for changed cytoskeletal dynamics in the aetiology of the disorder. Psychiatry Res 2021; 303:114096. [PMID: 34274903 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our transcriptomic study suggested there were markedly lower levels of tubulin alpha 1b (TUBA1B) expression in BA 10, but not BA 9, from patients with schizophrenia. We now use Western blotting to compare levels of TUBA1B protein in BA 9 and 10 from patients with schizophrenia and BA 10 from patients with mood disorders to controls as well as in the frontal cortex from rats after treatment with haloperidol, chlorpromazine or vehicle for 28 days. Levels of TUBA1B were significantly lower (- 18.6%) in BA 10, but not BA 9, from patients with schizophrenia. Levels of TUBA1B did not differ significantly from controls in BA 10 from patients with mood disorders or in the cortex of rats after antipsychotic drug treatments. Levels of TUBA1B were significantly lower (- 30%) in BA 10 from patients with schizophrenia who were not being treated with antipsychotic drugs close to death compared to those who were treated close to death. These data suggest that lower levels of TUBA1B, a cytoskeletal protein, in BA 10 from patients with schizophrenia are not a simple drug effect and therefore add to the hypothesis that a breakdown in cytoskeletal homoeostasis may be contributing to the genesis of the symptoms of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Snelleksz
- The Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brian Dean
- The Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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7
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Zhang A, Fang J, Hu W, Calhoun VD, Wang YP. A Latent Gaussian Copula Model for Mixed Data Analysis in Brain Imaging Genetics. IEEE/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinform 2021; 18:1350-1360. [PMID: 31689199 PMCID: PMC7756188 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2019.2950904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in imaging genetics make it possible to combine different types of data including medical images like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and genetic data like single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for comprehensive diagnosis of mental disorders. Understanding complex interactions among these heterogeneous data may give rise to a new perspective, while at the same time demand statistical models for their integration. Various graphical models have been proposed for the study of interaction or association networks with continuous, binary, and count data as well as the mixture of them. However, limited efforts have been made for the multinomial case, for instance, SNP data. Our goal is therefore to fill the void by developing a graphical model for the integration of fMRI image and SNP data, which can provide deeper understanding of the unknown neurogenetic mechanism. In this article, we propose a latent Gaussian copula model for mixed data containing multinomial components. We assume that the discrete variable is obtained by discretizing a latent (unobserved) continuous variable and then create a semi-rank based estimator of the graph structure. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed latent correlation has more steady and accurate performance than several existing methods in detecting graph structure. When applying to a real schizophrenia data consisting of SNP array and fMRI image collected by the Mind Clinical Imaging Consortium (MCIC), the proposed method reveals a set of distinct SNP-brain associations, which are verified to be biologically significant. The proposed model is statistically promising in handling mixed types of data including multinomial components, which can find widespread applications. To promote reproducible research, the R code is available at https://github.com/Aiying0512/LGCM.
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8
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Gebicke-Haerter PJ, Leonardi-Essmann F, Haerter JO, Rossner MJ, Falkai P, Schmitt A, Raabe FJ. Differential gene regulation in the anterior cingulate cortex and superior temporal cortex in schizophrenia: A molecular network approach. Schizophr Res 2021; 232:1-10. [PMID: 34004381 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The closely connected anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and superior temporal cortex (STC) are important for higher cognitive functions. Both brain regions are disturbed in schizophrenia, i.e., functional and structural alterations have been reported. This postmortem investigation in brains from patients with schizophrenia and controls compared gene expression in the left ACC and left STC. Most differentially expressed genes were unique to each brain region, but some clusters of genes were equally dysregulated in both, giving rise to a more general disease-specific pattern of gene regulation. The data was used to construct a molecular network of the genes identically expressed in both regions as primary nodes and the metabolically connected genes as secondary nodes. The network analysis identified downregulated clusters of immune-associated gene products and upregulated clusters belonging to the ubiquitin-proteasome system. These findings could help to identify new potential therapeutic targets for future approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gebicke-Haerter
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, J 5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Fernando Leonardi-Essmann
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, J 5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jan O Haerter
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Moritz J Rossner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nußbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nußbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nußbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany; Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 05453-010 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Florian J Raabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nußbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
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An N, Bassil K, Al Jowf GI, Steinbusch HWM, Rothermel M, de Nijs L, Rutten BPF. Dual-specificity phosphatases in mental and neurological disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 198:101906. [PMID: 32905807 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The dual-specificity phosphatase (DUSP) family includes a heterogeneous group of protein phosphatases that dephosphorylate both phospho-tyrosine and phospho-serine/phospho-threonine residues within a single substrate. These protein phosphatases have many substrates and modulate diverse neural functions, such as neurogenesis, differentiation, and apoptosis. DUSP genes have furthermore been associated with mental disorders such as depression and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Herein, we review the current literature on the DUSP family of genes concerning mental and neurological disorders. This review i) outlines the structure and general functions of DUSP genes, and ii) overviews the literature on DUSP genes concerning mental and neurological disorders, including model systems, while furthermore providing perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning An
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Katherine Bassil
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ghazi I Al Jowf
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; College of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Public Health, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Rothermel
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Chemosensation - AG Neuromodulation, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Laurence de Nijs
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Appaji A, Nagendra B, Chako DM, Padmanabha A, Jacob A, Hiremath CV, Varambally S, Kesavan M, Venkatasubramanian G, Rao SV, Webers CAB, Berendschot TTJM, Rao NP. Retinal vascular tortuosity in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2019; 212:26-32. [PMID: 31466896 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The micro-vasculature of retina and brain share common morphological, physiological, and pathological properties. Retina being easily accessible, retinal vascular examination provides an indirect assessment of cerebral vasculature. Considering the high prevalence of vascular morbidity in SCZ and BD a few studies have examined retinal vascular caliber and have reported increased retinal venular caliber in schizophrenia (SCZ). Retinal vascular tortuosity could serve as a better structural measure than caliber as it is static and less susceptible to pulse period variations. However, to date, no study has examined retinal vascular tortuosity in SCZ and bipolar disorder (BD). Hence, we examined retinal vascular tortuosity in comparison with healthy volunteers (HV). We included 255 subjects (78 HV, 79 SCZ, and 86 BD) in the age range of 18 to 50 years. Trained personnel acquired images using a non-mydriatic fundus camera. To measure the average retinal arteriolar tortuosity index (RATI) and retinal venular tortuosity index (RVTI), we used a previously validated, semi-automatic algorithm. The results showed significant differences across the three groups in RATI but not in RVTI; both BD and SCZ had significantly increased RATI compared to HV. There was also a significant difference between SCZ and BD, with BD having higher RATI. If shown to be of predictive utility in future longitudinal studies, it has the potential to identify patients at risk of development of adverse vascular events. As retinal vascular imaging is non-invasive and inexpensive, it could serve as a proxy marker and window to cerebral vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Appaji
- Department of Medical Electronics, B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore, India; University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bhargavi Nagendra
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Dona Maria Chako
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Ananth Padmanabha
- Department of Medical Electronics, B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
| | - Arpitha Jacob
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Chaitra V Hiremath
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Shivarama Varambally
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Muralidharan Kesavan
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Shyam Vasudeva Rao
- Department of Medical Electronics, B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore, India; University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Carroll A B Webers
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tos T J M Berendschot
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Naren P Rao
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
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von Wilmsdorff M, Manthey F, Bouvier ML, Staehlin O, Falkai P, Meisenzahl-Lechner E, Schmitt A, Gebicke-Haerter PJ. Effects of haloperidol and clozapine on synapse-related gene expression in specific brain regions of male rats. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:555-563. [PMID: 29404686 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0872-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of clozapine and haloperidol, drugs that are widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia, on gene expression in six cortical and subcortical brain regions of adult rats. Drug treatments started at postnatal day 85 and continued over a 12-week period. Ten animals received haloperidol (1 mg/kg bodyweight) and ten received clozapine (20 mg/kg bodyweight) orally each day. Ten control rats received no drugs. The ten genes selected for this study did not belong to the dopaminergic or serotoninergic systems, which are typically targeted by the two substances, but coded for proteins of the cytoskeleton and proteins belonging to the synaptic transmitter release machinery. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed in the prelimbic cortex, cingulate gyrus (CG1) and caudate putamen and in the hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) and dentate gyrus. Results show distinct patterns of gene expression under the influence of the two drugs, but also distinct gene regulations dependent on the brain regions. Haloperidol-medicated animals showed statistically significant downregulation of SNAP-25 in CA3 (p = 0.0134) and upregulation of STX1A in CA1 (p = 0.0133) compared to controls. Clozapine-treated animals showed significant downregulation of SNAP-25 in CG1 (p = 0.0013). Our results clearly reveal that the drugs' effects are different between brain regions. These effects are possibly indirectly mediated through feedback mechanisms by proteins targeted by the drugs, but direct effects of haloperidol or clozapine on mechanisms of gene expression cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina von Wilmsdorff
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Manthey
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Alexianer Krefeld GmbH, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Bouvier
- Laboratory of Brain Morphology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine-University, Bergische Landstr.2, 40629, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Meisenzahl-Lechner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter J Gebicke-Haerter
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Chen X, Long F, Cai B, Chen X, Chen G. A novel relationship for schizophrenia, bipolar and major depressive disorder Part 3: Evidence from chromosome 3 high density association screen. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:59-79. [PMID: 28856687 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Familial clustering of schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BPD), and major depressive disorder (MDD) was systematically reported (Aukes et al, Genet Med 2012, 14, 338-341) and convergent evidence from genetics, symptomatology, and psychopharmacology imply that there are intrinsic connections between these three major psychiatric disorders, for example, any two or even three of these disorders could co-exist in some families. A total of 60, 838 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 3 were genotyped by Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP array 6.0 on 119 SCZ, 253 BPD (type-I), 177 MDD patients and 1,000 controls. The population of Shandong province was formed in 14 century and believed that it belongs to homogenous population. Associated SNPs were systematically revealed and outstanding susceptibility genes (CADPS, GRM7,KALRN, LSAMP, NLGN1, PRICKLE2, ROBO2) were identified. Unexpectedly, flanking genes for the associated SNPs distinctive for BPD and/or MDD were replicated in an enlarged cohort of 986 SCZ patients. The evidence from this chromosome 3 analysis supports the notion that both of bipolar and MDD might be subtypes of schizophrenia rather than independent disease entity. Also, a similar finding was detected on chromosome 5, 6, 7, and 8 (Chen et al. Am J Transl Res 2017;9 (5):2473-2491; Curr Mol Med 2016;16(9):840-854; Behav Brain Res 2015;293:241-251; Mol Neurobiol 2016. doi: 10.1007/s12035-016-0102-1). Furthermore, PRICKLE2 play an important role in the pathogenesis of three major psychoses in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Long
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Cai
- CapitalBio corporation, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- CapitalBio corporation, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Schmitt A, Martins-de-Souza D, Akbarian S, Cassoli JS, Ehrenreich H, Fischer A, Fonteh A, Gattaz WF, Gawlik M, Gerlach M, Grünblatt E, Halene T, Hasan A, Hashimoto K, Kim YK, Kirchner SK, Kornhuber J, Kraus TFJ, Malchow B, Nascimento JM, Rossner M, Schwarz M, Steiner J, Talib L, Thibaut F, Riederer P, Falkai P. Consensus paper of the WFSBP Task Force on Biological Markers: Criteria for biomarkers and endophenotypes of schizophrenia, part III: Molecular mechanisms. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:330-356. [PMID: 27782767 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1224929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite progress in identifying molecular pathophysiological processes in schizophrenia, valid biomarkers are lacking for both the disease and treatment response. METHODS This comprehensive review summarises recent efforts to identify molecular mechanisms on the level of protein and gene expression and epigenetics, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and micro RNA expression. Furthermore, it summarises recent findings of alterations in lipid mediators and highlights inflammatory processes. The potential that this research will identify biomarkers of schizophrenia is discussed. RESULTS Recent studies have not identified clear biomarkers for schizophrenia. Although several molecular pathways have emerged as potential candidates for future research, a complete understanding of these metabolic pathways is required to reveal better treatment modalities for this disabling condition. CONCLUSIONS Large longitudinal cohort studies are essential that pair a thorough phenotypic and clinical evaluation for example with gene expression and proteome analysis in blood at multiple time points. This approach might identify biomarkers that allow patients to be stratified according to treatment response and ideally also allow treatment response to be predicted. Improved knowledge of molecular pathways and epigenetic mechanisms, including their potential association with environmental influences, will facilitate the discovery of biomarkers that could ultimately be effective tools in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schmitt
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , LMU Munich , Germany.,b Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27) , Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- b Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27) , Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil.,c Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry , Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- d Division of Psychiatric Epigenomics, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience , Mount Sinai School of Medicine , New York , USA
| | - Juliana S Cassoli
- c Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry , Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- e Clinical Neuroscience , Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, DFG Centre for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- f Research Group for Epigenetics in Neurodegenerative Diseases , German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen , Germany.,g Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Medical Centre Göttingen , Germany
| | - Alfred Fonteh
- h Neurosciences , Huntington Medical Research Institutes , Pasadena , CA , USA
| | - Wagner F Gattaz
- b Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27) , Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Michael Gawlik
- i Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Würzburg , Germany
| | - Manfred Gerlach
- j Centre for Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University of Würzburg , Germany
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- i Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Würzburg , Germany.,k Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich , Switzerland.,l Neuroscience Centre Zurich , University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich , Switzerland.,m Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology , University of Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Tobias Halene
- d Division of Psychiatric Epigenomics, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience , Mount Sinai School of Medicine , New York , USA
| | - Alkomiet Hasan
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , LMU Munich , Germany
| | - Kenij Hashimoto
- n Division of Clinical Neuroscience , Chiba University Centre for Forensic Mental Health , Chiba , Japan
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- o Department of Psychiatry , Korea University, College of Medicine , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Johannes Kornhuber
- p Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | | | - Berend Malchow
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , LMU Munich , Germany
| | - Juliana M Nascimento
- c Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry , Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Moritz Rossner
- r Department of Psychiatry, Molecular and Behavioural Neurobiology , LMU Munich , Germany.,s Research Group Gene Expression , Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Markus Schwarz
- t Institute for Laboratory Medicine, LMU Munich , Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- u Department of Psychiatry , University of Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Leda Talib
- b Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27) , Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Florence Thibaut
- v Department of Psychiatry , University Hospital Cochin (site Tarnier), University of Paris-Descartes, INSERM U 894 Centre Psychiatry and Neurosciences , Paris , France
| | - Peter Riederer
- w Center of Psychic Health; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University Hospital of Würzburg , Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , LMU Munich , Germany
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Amato D, Beasley CL, Hahn MK, Vernon AC. Neuroadaptations to antipsychotic drugs: Insights from pre-clinical and human post-mortem studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:317-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Tee JY, Sutharsan R, Fan Y, Mackay-Sim A. Cell migration in schizophrenia: Patient-derived cells do not regulate motility in response to extracellular matrix. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 80:111-122. [PMID: 28286248 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable psychiatric disorder linked to a large number of risk genes. The function of these genes in disease etiology is not fully understood but pathway analyses of genomic data suggest developmental dysregulation of cellular processes such as neuronal migration and axon guidance. Previous studies of patient-derived olfactory cells show them to be more motile than control-derived cells when grown on a fibronectin substrate, motility that is dependent on focal adhesion kinase signaling. The aim of this study was to investigate whether schizophrenia patient-derived cells are responsive to other extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that bind integrin receptors. Olfactory neurosphere-derived cells from nine patients and nine matched controls were grown on ECM protein substrates at increasing concentrations and their movement was tracked for 24h using automated high-throughput imaging. Control-derived cells increased their motility as the ECM substrate concentration increased, whereas patient-derived cell motility was little affected by ECM proteins. Patient and control cells had appropriate integrin receptors for these ECM substrates and detected them as shown by increases in focal adhesion number and size in response to ECM proteins, which also induced changes in cell morphology and cytoskeleton. These observations indicate that patient cells failed to translate the detection of ECM proteins into appropriate changes in cell motility. In a sense, patient cells act like a moving car whose accelerator is jammed, moving at the same speed without regard to the external environment. This focuses attention on cell motility regulation rather than speed as key to impairment of neuronal migration in the developing brain in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang Tee
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ratneswary Sutharsan
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yongjun Fan
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Falkai P, Rossner MJ, Schulze TG, Hasan A, Brzózka MM, Malchow B, Honer WG, Schmitt A. Kraepelin revisited: schizophrenia from degeneration to failed regeneration. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:671-6. [PMID: 25824303 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One hundred years after its conceptual definition as 'Dementia Praecox' by Emil Kraepelin, schizophrenia is still a serious psychiatric illness that affects young adults and leads to disability in at least half of patients. The key treatment issue is partial or non-response, especially of negative symptoms. The illness is also associated with different degrees of cognitive dysfunction, particularly in verbal and working memory; the resulting functional impairment may lead to unemployment and an inability to maintain stable relationships. Patients' cognitive dysfunction led Kraepelin to the assumption that schizophrenia is a form of juvenile dementia caused by a degenerative process of the human brain. Postmortem studies and a plethora of imaging studies do not support the notion of a degenerative process, but such a process is supported by the recently published, largest genome-wide association study on schizophrenia. More than a 100 hits were described, converging on pathways that have a significant role in dopamine metabolism in immune modulation, calcium signalling and synaptic plasticity. This review suggests that research should focus on animal models based on risk genes like transcription factor 4 and study the effects of exposure to environmental stressors relevant for schizophrenia. The use of relevant end points like pre-pulse inhibition or cognitive dysfunction will allow us to gain an understanding of the molecular pathways in schizophrenia and consequently result in improved treatment options, especially for the disabling aspects of this illness.
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Meyronet D, Dorey A, Massoma P, Rey C, Alix E, Silva K, Perrin C, Quadrio I, Perret-liaudet A, Streichenberger N, Thomasset N, Honnorat J, Arzberger T, Kretzschmar H. The workflow from post-mortem human brain sampling to cell microdissection: a Brain Net Europe study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:975-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Huang KC, Yang KC, Lin H, Tsao TTH, Lee SA. Transcriptome alterations of mitochondrial and coagulation function in schizophrenia by cortical sequencing analysis. BMC Genomics 2014; 15 Suppl 9:S6. [PMID: 25522158 PMCID: PMC4290619 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-s9-s6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transcriptome sequencing of brain samples provides detailed enrichment analysis of differential expression and genetic interactions for evaluation of mitochondrial and coagulation function of schizophrenia. It is implicated that schizophrenia genetic and protein interactions may give rise to biological dysfunction of energy metabolism and hemostasis. These findings may explain the biological mechanisms responsible for negative and withdraw symptoms of schizophrenia and antipsychotic-induced venous thromboembolism. We conducted a comparison of schizophrenic candidate genes from literature reviews and constructed the schizophrenia-mediator network (SCZMN) which consists of schizophrenic candidate genes and associated mediator genes by applying differential expression analysis to BA22 RNA-Seq brain data. The network was searched against pathway databases such as PID, Reactome, HumanCyc, and Cell-Map. The candidate complexes were identified by MCL clustering using CORUM for potential pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Results Published BA22 RNA-Seq brain data of 9 schizophrenic patients and 9 controls samples were analyzed. The differentially expressed genes in the BA22 brain samples of schizophrenia are proposed as schizophrenia candidate marker genes (SCZCGs). The genetic interactions between mitochondrial genes and many under-expressed SCZCGs indicate the genetic predisposition of mitochondria dysfunction in schizophrenia. The biological functions of SCZCGs, as listed in the Pathway Interaction Database (PID), indicate that these genes have roles in DNA binding transcription factor, signal and cancer-related pathways, coagulation and cell cycle regulation and differentiation pathways. In the query-query protein-protein interaction (QQPPI) network of SCZCGs, TP53, PRKACA, STAT3 and SP1 were identified as the central "hub" genes. Mitochondrial function was modulated by dopamine inhibition of respiratory complex I activity. The genetic interaction between mitochondria function and schizophrenia may be revealed by DRD2 linked to NDUFS7 through protein-protein interactions of FLNA and ARRB2. The biological mechanism of signaling pathway of coagulation cascade was illustrated by the PPI network of the SCZCGs and the coagulation-associated genes. The relationship between antipsychotic target genes (DRD2/3 and HTR2A) and coagulation factor genes (F3, F7 and F10) appeared to cascade the following hemostatic process implicating the bottleneck of coagulation genetic network by the bridging of actin-binding protein (FLNA). Conclusions It is implicated that the energy metabolism and hemostatic process have important roles in the pathogenesis for schizophrenia. The cross-talk of genetic interaction by these co-expressed genes and reached candidate genes may address the key network in disease pathology. The accuracy of candidate genes evaluated from different quantification tools could be improved by crosstalk analysis of overlapping genes in genetic networks.
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Durrenberger PF, Fernando FS, Kashefi SN, Bonnert TP, Seilhean D, Nait-oumesmar B, Schmitt A, Gebicke-haerter PJ, Falkai P, Grünblatt E, Palkovits M, Arzberger T, Kretzschmar H, Dexter DT, Reynolds R. Common mechanisms in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation: a BrainNet Europe gene expression microarray study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:1055-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Meda SA, Ruaño G, Windemuth A, O'Neil K, Berwise C, Dunn SM, Boccaccio LE, Narayanan B, Kocherla M, Sprooten E, Keshavan MS, Tamminga CA, Sweeney JA, Clementz BA, Calhoun VD, Pearlson GD. Multivariate analysis reveals genetic associations of the resting default mode network in psychotic bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2066-75. [PMID: 24778245 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1313093111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain's default mode network (DMN) is highly heritable and is compromised in a variety of psychiatric disorders. However, genetic control over the DMN in schizophrenia (SZ) and psychotic bipolar disorder (PBP) is largely unknown. Study subjects (n = 1,305) underwent a resting-state functional MRI scan and were analyzed by a two-stage approach. The initial analysis used independent component analysis (ICA) in 324 healthy controls, 296 SZ probands, 300 PBP probands, 179 unaffected first-degree relatives of SZ probands (SZREL), and 206 unaffected first-degree relatives of PBP probands to identify DMNs and to test their biomarker and/or endophenotype status. A subset of controls and probands (n = 549) then was subjected to a parallel ICA (para-ICA) to identify imaging-genetic relationships. ICA identified three DMNs. Hypo-connectivity was observed in both patient groups in all DMNs. Similar patterns observed in SZREL were restricted to only one network. DMN connectivity also correlated with several symptom measures. Para-ICA identified five sub-DMNs that were significantly associated with five different genetic networks. Several top-ranking SNPs across these networks belonged to previously identified, well-known psychosis/mood disorder genes. Global enrichment analyses revealed processes including NMDA-related long-term potentiation, PKA, immune response signaling, axon guidance, and synaptogenesis that significantly influenced DMN modulation in psychoses. In summary, we observed both unique and shared impairments in functional connectivity across the SZ and PBP cohorts; these impairments were selectively familial only for SZREL. Genes regulating specific neurodevelopment/transmission processes primarily mediated DMN disconnectivity. The study thus identifies biological pathways related to a widely researched quantitative trait that might suggest novel, targeted drug treatments for these diseases.
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Abstract
During the last decades, schizophrenia has been regarded as a developmental disorder. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis proposes schizophrenia to be related to genetic and environmental factors leading to abnormal brain development during the pre- or postnatal period. First disease symptoms appear in early adulthood during the synaptic pruning and myelination process. Meta-analyses of structural MRI studies revealing hippocampal volume deficits in first-episode patients and in the longitudinal disease course confirm this hypothesis. Apart from the influence of risk genes in severe psychiatric disorders, environmental factors may also impact brain development during the perinatal period. Several environmental factors such as antenatal maternal virus infections, obstetric complications entailing hypoxia as common factor or stress during neurodevelopment have been identified to play a role in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, possibly contributing to smaller hippocampal volumes. In major depression, psychosocial stress during the perinatal period or in adulthood is an important trigger. In animal studies, chronic stress or repeated administration of glucocorticoids have been shown to induce degeneration of glucocorticoid-sensitive hippocampal neurons and may contribute to the pathophysiology of affective disorders. Epigenetic mechanisms altering the chromatin structure such as histone acetylation and DNA methylation may mediate effects of environmental factors to transcriptional regulation of specific genes and be a prominent factor in gene-environmental interaction. In animal models, gene-environmental interaction should be investigated more intensely to unravel pathophysiological mechanisms. These findings may lead to new therapeutic strategies influencing epigenetic targets in severe psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich Munich, Germany ; Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Berend Malchow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Alkomiet Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich Munich, Germany
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Peselmann N, Schmitt A, Gebicke-Haerter PJ, Zink M. Aripiprazole differentially regulates the expression of Gad67 and γ-aminobutyric acid transporters in rat brain. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 263:285-97. [PMID: 22968646 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-012-0367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The molecular etiology of schizophrenia comprises abnormal neurotransmission of the amino acid GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid). Neuropathological studies convincingly revealed reduced expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (Gad67) in GABAergic interneurons. Several antipsychotics influence the expression of GABAergic genes, but aripiprazole (APZ), a partial dopaminergic and serotonergic receptor agonist, has not been involved into these studies so far. We treated Sprague-Dawley rats for 4 weeks or 4 months with APZ suspended in drinking water and doses of 10 and 40 mg per kg body weight. Gene expression of Gad67, the vesicular GABA transporter Slc32a1 (solute carrier family, Vgat), the transmembrane transporters Slc6a1 (Gat1) and Slc6a11 (Gat3) was assessed by semiquantitative radioactive in situ hybridization. APZ treatment resulted in time- and dose-dependent effects with qualitative differences between brain regions. In the 10-mg group, Slc6a1 was strongly induced after 4 weeks in the hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex, followed by an induction of Gad67 in the same regions after 4 months, while frontocortical regions as well as basal ganglia showed dose-dependent reductions of Gad67 expression after 4 months. In several frontocortical and subcortical regions, we observed a decrease of Slc32a1 and an increase of Slc6a11 expression. In conclusion, APZ modulates gene expression of GABAergic marker genes involved into pathogenetic theories of schizophrenia. APZ only partially mirrors the effects of other antipsychotics with some important differences regarding brain regions. The findings might be explained by regulatory connections between serotonergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic neurotransmission and should be validated in behavioral animal models of psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Peselmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
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Schmitt A, Falkai P. Schizophrenia: from risk genes to outcome and comorbidity. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012; 262:547-8. [PMID: 22923189 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-012-0358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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