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Dahl H, Olsen AK, Berg E, Duale N, Hofer T, Graupner A, Brede DA, Eide DM. Dose rate-driven responses to ionizing radiation in CBA/Ca and C57BL/6N evaluated using benchmark dose (BMD) modeling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2025; 982:179589. [PMID: 40382965 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2025] [Accepted: 04/30/2025] [Indexed: 05/20/2025]
Abstract
Dose rate is an important factor influencing the biological outcomes of environmental ionizing radiation exposure. This study aimed to investigate genotoxic and phenotypic effects of dose rate while keeping the total dose constant (3 Gy). Using the Figaro facility, CBA/CaOla and C57BL/6N mice were exposed to gamma radiation (60Co) at low (2.5 mGy/h for 54d) and higher dose rates (10 mGy/h for 14d and 100 mGy/h for 30h). Cellular stress was assessed through micronuclei in reticulocytes, DNA damage (comet assay), mitochondrial DNA copy number variation and common deletions (digital droplet PCR), and protein carbonylation in plasma. Micronucleus formation in reticulocytes proved to be a highly sensitive and specific dose rate predictor, shown by a log-linear dose rate response (R2 = 0.98). Mitochondrial DNA copy number increased in a strain- and dose rate-dependent manner, while no significant effects on common deletions or protein carbonylation were detected. Chronic low dose rate exposure led to an approximate 60 % reduction in testis weights, other phenotypic results were not evident. Benchmark dose analysis of liver transcriptomic data revealed shared radiation responses across functional categories and transcriptional points of departure for DNA damage-related pathways. The BMD analysis of MN-RETs demonstrated a BMDL far below the lowest dose, indicating that the MN-RET-assay is suitable for lower dose rates and total doses. Integrating adverse effect analysis with BMDL estimations improves dose rate-response characterization and contributes to more refined risk assessment, reducing reliance on high dose rate extrapolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildegunn Dahl
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo NO-0213, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås NO-1432, Norway
| | - Ann-K Olsen
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo NO-0213, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås NO-1432, Norway
| | - Einar Berg
- Department of Bacteriology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo NO-0213, Norway
| | - Nur Duale
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo NO-0213, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås NO-1432, Norway
| | - Tim Hofer
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo NO-0213, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås NO-1432, Norway
| | - Anne Graupner
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo NO-0213, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås NO-1432, Norway
| | - Dag A Brede
- Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås NO-1432, Norway; Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås NO-1432, Norway.
| | - Dag M Eide
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo NO-0213, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås NO-1432, Norway
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Saigusa Y, Little MP, Azimzadeh O, Hamada N. Biological effects of high-LET irradiation on the circulatory system. Int J Radiat Biol 2025; 101:429-452. [PMID: 40063776 PMCID: PMC12011529 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2025.2470947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2024] [Revised: 01/18/2025] [Accepted: 02/19/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation is generally thought to be more biologically effective in various tissues than low-LET radiation, but whether this also applies to the circulatory system remains unclear. We therefore reviewed biological studies about the effects of high-LET radiation on the circulatory system. CONCLUSIONS We identified 76 relevant papers (24 in vitro, 2 ex vivo, 51 in vivo, one overlapping). In vitro studies used human, bovine, porcine or chick vascular endothelial cells or cardiomyocytes, while ex vivo studies used porcine hearts. In vivo studies used mice, rats, rabbits, dogs or pigs. The types of high-LET radiation used were neutrons, α particles, heavy ions and negative pions. Most studies used a single dose, although some investigated fractionation effects. Twenty-one studies estimated the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) that ranged from 0.1 to 130, depending on radiation quality and endpoint. A meta-analysis of 6 in vitro and 8 in vivo studies (selected based on the feasibility of estimating the RBE and its uncertainty) suggested an RBE of 6.69 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 2.51, 10.88) for in vitro studies and 1.14 (95% CI: 0.91, 1.37) for in vivo studies. The meta-analysis of these 14 studies yielded an RBE of 2.88 (95% CI: 1.52, 4.25). This suggests that high-LET radiation is only slightly more effective than low-LET radiation, although substantial inter-study heterogeneity complicates interpretation. Therapeutic effects have also been reported in disease models. Further research is needed to better understand the effects on the cardiovascular system and to improve radiation protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Saigusa
- Dosimetry Facility Management Section, Department of Nuclear Emergency Preparedness, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba 263-0024, Japan
| | - Mark P. Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, MD 20892-9778, USA
- Faculty of Health, Science and Technology, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Section Radiation Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Chiba 270-1194, Japan
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3
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Hamada N, Kawano KI, Hirota S, Yusoff FM, Nomura T, Saito Y, Nakashima A, Yoshinaga S, Higashi Y. Responses of the carotid artery to acute, fractionated or chronic ionizing irradiation, and differences from the aorta. Sci Rep 2025; 15:7712. [PMID: 40044924 PMCID: PMC11883035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-92710-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2025] [Indexed: 03/09/2025] Open
Abstract
The circulatory system receives ionizing radiation at various dose rates. Given mounting epidemiological evidence of elevated radiation risks for diseases of the circulatory system (DCS), the International Commission on Radiological Protection recently recommended the first ever dose threshold for DCS. However, very little knowledge exists about whether radiation effects differ with dose rates and among tissues of the circulatory system. Here, we investigated the impact of dose rates in the carotid artery (CA) and compared it with the aorta. CA was obtained from mice irradiated with the same total dose that was delivered either acutely, 25 fractions, 100 fractions or chronically. CA underwent immunofluorescence and histochemistry staining. Irradiation led to vascular damage, inflammation and fibrosis in CA. The integrative analysis for 14 prelesional endpoints revealed that the magnitude of carotid changes was greater in 25 fractions, smaller in 100 fractions, and much smaller in chronic irradiation, compared with acute irradiation. Radiation responses of the aorta were qualitatively similar to, but quantitatively greater than those of CA. Irradiation causes sparing and enhancing dose protraction effects in a manner that is not a simple function of dose rate, and that radiosensitivity varies within the circulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan.
| | - Ki-Ichiro Kawano
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minamiku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Seiko Hirota
- Department of Environmetrics and Biometrics, Division of Radiation Basic Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minamiku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Farina Mohamad Yusoff
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minamiku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Takaharu Nomura
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saito
- Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minamiku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Ayumu Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minamiku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shinji Yoshinaga
- Department of Environmetrics and Biometrics, Division of Radiation Basic Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minamiku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yukihito Higashi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minamiku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
- Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minamiku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
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4
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Little MP, Hamada N, Cullings HM. Analysis of Departures from Linearity in the Dose Response for Japanese Atomic Bomb Survivor Solid Cancer Mortality and Cancer Incidence Data and Assessment of Low-Dose Extrapolation Factors. Radiat Res 2025; 203:115-127. [PMID: 39799958 DOI: 10.1667/rade-24-00202.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 12/30/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2025]
Abstract
Although leukemia in the Japanese atomic bomb survivor data has long exhibited upward curvature, until recently this appeared not to be the case for solid cancer. It has been suggested that the recently observed upward curvature in the dose response for the Japanese atomic bomb survivor solid cancer mortality data may be accounted for by flattening of the dose response in the moderate dose range (0.3-0.7 Gy). To investigate this, the latest version available of the solid cancer mortality and incidence datasets (with follow-up over the years 1950-2003 and 1958-2009 respectively) for the Life Span Study cohort of atomic bomb survivors was used to assess possible departures from linearity in the moderate dose range. Linear-spline models were fitted, also up to 6th order polynomial models in dose (higher order polynomials tended not to converge). The organ dose used for all solid cancers was weighted dose to the colon. There are modest indications of departures from linearity for the mortality data, whether using polynomial or linear-spline models. Use of the Akaike information criterion (AIC) suggests that the optimal model for the mortality data is given by a 5th order polynomial in dose. There is borderline significant (P = 0.071) indication of improvement provided by a linear-spline model in the mortality data. The low-dose extrapolation factor (LDEF), which measures the degree of overestimation of low-dose linear slope by the linear slope fitted over some specified dose range, is generally between 1.1-2.0 depending on the dose range, with upper confidence limits that sometimes exceed 10; although LDEF < 1 for the lowest dose range (<0.5 Gy), there are substantial uncertainties, with an upper confidence limit that exceeds 1.6. There are generally only modest indications of departures from linearity for the solid cancer incidence data, whether using polynomial or linear-spline models. In contrast to the mortality data, there are much weaker indications of improvement in fit provided by higher order polynomials, and only weak indications (P > 0.2) of improvement provided by linear-spline models. Nevertheless, use of AIC suggests that the optimal model for the incidence data is given by a 3rd order polynomial. LDEF evaluated over various dose ranges is generally between 1.2-1.4 with upper confidence limits that generally exceed 1.6; although LDEF < 1 for the lowest dose range (<0.5 Gy), there are substantial uncertainties, with an upper confidence limit that substantially exceeds 2.0. In summary, the evidence we have presented for higher order powers than the second in the dose response is not overwhelmingly strong, and is to some extent dependent on dose range. A feature of the dose response, which is reflected in the higher-order polynomials fitted to the data, is a leveling off or even a downturn in the response at doses >2 Gy. The linear-quadratic model is very widely used for modeling of dose response, and has been widely used in radiotherapy oncology applications as part of treatment planning. There is a theoretical basis for this model, based on the two-target model, although the data used to validate this has been mainly in vitro; there may be more complicated interactions than are implied by a two-target model, but the contributions made by these, which would contribute to higher order (than quadratic) powers of dose, may not be very pronounced over moderate ranges of dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9778
- Faculty of Health, Science and Technology, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Harry M Cullings
- Chief (retired), Department of Statistics, Radiation Research Effects Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
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5
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Hamada N, Matsuya Y, Zablotska LB, Little MP. Inverse dose protraction effects of low-LET radiation: Evidence and significance. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2025; 795:108531. [PMID: 39814314 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2025.108531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2024] [Revised: 01/01/2025] [Accepted: 01/07/2025] [Indexed: 01/18/2025]
Abstract
Biological effects of ionizing radiation vary not merely with total dose but also with temporal dose distribution. Sparing dose protraction effects, in which dose protraction reduces effects of radiation have widely been accepted and generally assumed in radiation protection, particularly for stochastic effects (e.g., solid cancer). In contrast, inverse dose protraction effects (IDPEs) in which dose protraction enhances radiation effects have not been well recognized, nor comprehensively reviewed. Here, we review the current knowledge on IDPEs of low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation. To the best of our knowledge, since 1952, 157 biology, epidemiology or clinical papers have reported IDPEs following external or internal low-LET irradiation with photons (X-rays, γ-rays), β-rays, electrons, protons or helium ions. IDPEs of low-LET radiation have been described for biochemical changes in cell-free macromolecules (DNA, proteins or lipids), DNA damage responses in bacteria and yeasts, DNA damage, cytogenetic changes, neoplastic transformation and cell death in mammalian cell cultures of human, rodent or bovine origin, mutagenesis in silkworms, cytogenetic changes, induction of cancer (solid tumors and leukemia) and non-cancer effects (male sterility, cataracts and diseases of the circulatory system), tumor inactivation and survival in non-human mammals (rodents, rabbits, dogs and pigs), and induction of cancer and non-cancer effects (skin changes and diseases of the circulatory system) in humans. In contrast to a growing body of phenomenological evidence for manifestations of IDPEs, there is limited knowledge on mechanistic underpinnings, but proposed mechanisms involve cell cycle-dependent resensitization and low dose hyper-radiosensitivity. These necessitate continued studies for further mechanistic developments and assessment of implications of scientific evidence for radiation protection (e.g., in terms of a dose rate effectiveness factor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Chiba 270-1194, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Matsuya
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan; Research Group for Radiation Transport Analysis, Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Lydia B Zablotska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mark P Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, MD 20892-9778, USA; Faculty of Health, Science and Technology, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, OX3 0BP, UK
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6
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Nakamura N. An examination of the dose rate effect in mice assuming that the carcinogenic effect of radiation is life shortening resulting from a tissue reaction. Int J Radiat Biol 2025; 101:225-231. [PMID: 39746147 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2024.2442690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 11/20/2024] [Accepted: 12/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation exposures do not seem to increase the proportion of mice dying from tumors, but rather cause a shift in the appearance of spontaneous cancers, allowing them to appear earlier, and hence produce a life shortening effect. Then, it was possible to estimate the effect of the dose rate on the carcinogenic effects of radiation using life shortening effects as a measure. CONCLUSION The dose response for the induction of life shortening was linear under acute exposure conditions, which indicates that the response under chronic exposure conditions is also likely to be linear, and hence the dose rate factor (DRF) would be constant throughout the dose. Furthermore, the life shortening effect decreased sharply with an increase in age at exposure. To separate the dose rate effect from the effects of age under long-term exposure conditions, a thought experiment was designed which consisted of 8 repeated exposures to an acute 1 Gy dose at intervals of 50 days with an assumption that the effect is additive, and the results were compared with those observed in a chronic continuous exposure experiment (20 mGy per day for 400 days, for a total of 8 Gy: Tanaka et al. 2003). The results showed 211 days of life shortening in the former and 120 days in the latter, which provided a DRF of 1.8 (211/120). If one assumes that a tissue reaction is the primary cause of radiation carcinogenesis, the contrasting two concepts, radiation hormesis and linear-non-threshold model at low doses, would become compatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nori Nakamura
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
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7
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Picano E, Vano E, Gale RP, Serruys P. Cardiac radiation exposure and incident cancer: challenges and opportunities. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2024; 25:1620-1626. [PMID: 39364918 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeae257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2024] [Revised: 09/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of radiological procedures has enormously advanced cardiology. People with heart disease are exposed to ionizing radiation. Exposure to ionizing radiation increases lifetime cancer risk with a dose-proportional hazard according to the linear no-threshold model adopted for radioprotection purposes. In the USA, the average citizen accumulates a median annual medical radiation exposure of 2.29 millisievert per year per capita as of the radiologic year 2016, corresponding to the dose exposure of 115 chest X-rays. Cardiology studies often involve high exposures per procedure accounting for ∼30-50% of cumulative medical radiation exposures. Malignancy is more incident in the most radiosensitive organs receiving the largest organ dose from cardiac interventions and cardiovascular imaging testing, such as the lung, bone marrow, and female breast. The latency period between radiation exposure and cancer is thought to be at least 2 years for leukaemia and 5 years for all solid cancers, and differences are more likely to emerge in cardiology studies with longer follow-up and inclusion of non-cardiovascular endpoints such as cancer incidence. In cardiological studies, excess cancers are observed 3-12 years following exposure, with longer follow-up times showing greater differences in cancer incidence. The presumed associated excess cancer risk needs greater study. These exposures provide a unique opportunity to expand our knowledge of the relationship between exposure to ionizing radiation and cancer risk. Future trials comparing interventional fluoroscopy vs. optimal medical therapy or open surgery should include a cancer incidence endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Picano
- University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Medical School, Cardiology Clinic, University of Belgrade, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eliseo Vano
- Radiology Department, Medical Faculty, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert P Gale
- Centre for Haematology Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Patrick Serruys
- CORRIB Research Centre for Advanced Imaging and Core Laboratory, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
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8
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Yamada Y, Imaoka T, Iwasaki T, Kobayashi J, Misumi M, Sakai K, Sugihara T, Suzuki K, Tauchi H, Yasuda H, Yoshinaga S, Sasatani M, Tanaka S, Doi K, Tomita M, Iizuka D, Kakinuma S, Sasaki M, Kai M. Establishment and activity of the planning and acting network for low dose radiation research in Japan (PLANET): 2016-2023. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2024; 65:561-574. [PMID: 39007844 PMCID: PMC11420843 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The Planning and Acting Network for Low Dose Radiation Research in Japan (PLANET) was established in 2017 in response to the need for an all-Japan network of experts. It serves as an academic platform to propose strategies and facilitate collaboration to improve quantitative estimation of health risks from ionizing radiation at low-doses and low-dose-rates. PLANET established Working Group 1 (Dose-Rate Effects in Animal Experiments) to consolidate findings from animal experiments on dose-rate effects in carcinogenesis. Considering international trends in this field as well as the situation in Japan, PLANET updated its priority research areas for Japanese low-dose radiation research in 2023 to include (i) characterization of low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation risk, (ii) factors to be considered for individualization of radiation risk, (iii) biological mechanisms of low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation effects and (iv) integration of epidemiology and biology. In this context, PLANET established Working Group 2 (Dose and Dose-Rate Mapping for Radiation Risk Studies) to identify the range of doses and dose rates at which observable effects on different endpoints have been reported; Working Group 3 (Species- and Organ-Specific Dose-Rate Effects) to consider the relevance of stem cell dynamics in radiation carcinogenesis of different species and organs; and Working Group 4 (Research Mapping for Radiation-Related Carcinogenesis) to sort out relevant studies, including those on non-mutagenic effects, and to identify priority research areas. These PLANET activities will be used to improve the risk assessment and to contribute to the revision of the next main recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Yamada
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Iwasaki
- Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Health Sciences at Narita, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3, Kozunomori, Narita, Chiba 286-8686, Japan
| | - Munechika Misumi
- Department of Statistics, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sakai
- Tokyo Healthcare University, 2-5-1 Higashiaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8558, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugihara
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho-mura, Kamikita-gun, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tauchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo 2-1-1, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yasuda
- Department of Radiation Biophysics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shinji Yoshinaga
- Department of Environmetrics and Biometrics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Megumi Sasatani
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho-mura, Kamikita-gun, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Doi
- Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Tomita
- Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Daisuke Iizuka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Michiya Sasaki
- Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kai
- Nippon Bunri University, 1727-162 Ichiki, Oita, Oita 870-0397, Japan
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9
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Little MP, Bazyka D, de Gonzalez AB, Brenner AV, Chumak VV, Cullings HM, Daniels RD, French B, Grant E, Hamada N, Hauptmann M, Kendall GM, Laurier D, Lee C, Lee WJ, Linet MS, Mabuchi K, Morton LM, Muirhead CR, Preston DL, Rajaraman P, Richardson DB, Sakata R, Samet JM, Simon SL, Sugiyama H, Wakeford R, Zablotska LB. A Historical Survey of Key Epidemiological Studies of Ionizing Radiation Exposure. Radiat Res 2024; 202:432-487. [PMID: 39021204 PMCID: PMC11316622 DOI: 10.1667/rade-24-00021.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
In this article we review the history of key epidemiological studies of populations exposed to ionizing radiation. We highlight historical and recent findings regarding radiation-associated risks for incidence and mortality of cancer and non-cancer outcomes with emphasis on study design and methods of exposure assessment and dose estimation along with brief consideration of sources of bias for a few of the more important studies. We examine the findings from the epidemiological studies of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors, persons exposed to radiation for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, those exposed to environmental sources including Chornobyl and other reactor accidents, and occupationally exposed cohorts. We also summarize results of pooled studies. These summaries are necessarily brief, but we provide references to more detailed information. We discuss possible future directions of study, to include assessment of susceptible populations, and possible new populations, data sources, study designs and methods of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, USA
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Dimitry Bazyka
- National Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, 53 Melnikov Street, Kyiv 04050, Ukraine
| | | | - Alina V. Brenner
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Vadim V. Chumak
- National Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, 53 Melnikov Street, Kyiv 04050, Ukraine
| | - Harry M. Cullings
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Robert D. Daniels
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin French
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eric Grant
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Michael Hauptmann
- Institute of Biostatistics and Registry Research, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Gerald M. Kendall
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Dominique Laurier
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, Fontenay aux Roses France
| | - Choonsik Lee
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, USA
| | - Won Jin Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Martha S. Linet
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, USA
| | - Kiyohiko Mabuchi
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, USA
| | - Lindsay M. Morton
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, USA
| | | | | | - Preetha Rajaraman
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - David B. Richardson
- Environmental and Occupational Health, 653 East Peltason, University California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3957 USA
| | - Ritsu Sakata
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Jonathan M. Samet
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Steven L. Simon
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, USA
| | - Hiromi Sugiyama
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Richard Wakeford
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Ellen Wilkinson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Lydia B. Zablotska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16 Street, 2 floor, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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10
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Deng B, Quan Y, Chen Z, Wang H. Radiation Effects of Normal B-Lymphoblastoid Cells after Exposing Them to Low-Dose-Rate Irradiation from Tritium β-rays. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:418. [PMID: 38927298 PMCID: PMC11200481 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The effects of tritium at low doses and low dose rates have received increasing attention due to recent developments in fusion energy and the associated risks of tritium releases into the environment. Mitochondria have been identified as a potential candidate for studying the effects of low-dose/low-dose-rate radiation, with extensive experimental results obtained using X-ray irradiation. In this study, irradiation experiments were conducted on normal B-lymphoblastoid cells using HTO at varying doses. When compared to X-ray irradiation, no significant differences in cell viability induced by different doses were observed. However, the results of ATP levels showed a significant difference between the irradiated sample at a dose of 500 mGy by tritium beta-rays and the sham-irradiated sample, while the levels obtained with X-ray irradiation were almost identical to the sham-irradiated sample. In contrast, ATP levels for both tritium beta-rays and X-rays at a dose of 1.0 Gy showed minimal differences compared to the sham-irradiated sample. Furthermore, distinct effects at 500 mGy were also confirmed in both ROS levels and apoptosis results obtained through tritium beta-ray irradiation. This suggests that mitochondria might be a potential sensitive target for investigating the effects of tritium beta-ray irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Deng
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; (Y.Q.); (Z.C.); (H.W.)
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11
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Chauhan V, Beaton D, Tollefsen KE, Preston J, Burtt JJ, Leblanc J, Hamada N, Azzam EI, Armant O, Bouffler S, Azimzadeh O, Moertl S, Yamada Y, Tanaka IB, Kaiser JC, Applegate K, Laurier D, Garnier-Laplace J. Radiation Adverse Outcome pathways (AOPs): examining priority questions from an international horizon-style exercise. Int J Radiat Biol 2024; 100:982-995. [PMID: 38718325 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2024.2348072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) Development Programme is being explored in the radiation field, as an overarching framework to identify and prioritize research needs that best support strengthening of radiation risk assessment and risk management strategies. To advance the use of AOPs, an international horizon-style exercise (HSE) was initiated through the Radiation/Chemical AOP Joint Topical Group (JTG) formed by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) High-Level Group on Low Dose Research (HLG-LDR) under the auspices of the Committee on Radiological Protection and Public Health (CRPPH). The intent of the HSE was to identify key research questions for consideration in AOP development that would help to reduce uncertainties in estimating the health risks following exposures to low dose and low dose-rate ionizing radiation. The HSE was conducted in several phases involving the solicitation of relevant questions, a collaborative review of open-ended candidate questions and an elimination exercise that led to the selection of 25 highest priority questions for the stated purpose. These questions were further ranked by over 100 respondents through an international survey. This final set of questions was judged to provide insights into how the OECD's AOP approach can be put into practice to meet the needs of hazard and risk assessors, regulators, and researchers. This paper examines the 25 priority questions in the context of hazard/risk assessment framework for ionizing radiation. CONCLUSION By addressing the 25 priority questions, it is anticipated that constructed AOPs will have a high level of specificity, making them valuable tools for simplifying and prioritizing complex biological processes for use in developing revised radiation hazard and risk assessment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Chauhan
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Danielle Beaton
- Isotopes, Radiobiology and Environment Directorate, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Canada
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Julian Preston
- Office of Air and Radiation, Radiation Protection Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Julie J Burtt
- Directorate of Environmental and Radiation Protection and Assessment, Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Julie Leblanc
- Directorate of Environmental and Radiation Protection and Assessment, Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Chiba, Japan
| | - Edouard I Azzam
- Isotopes, Radiobiology and Environment Directorate, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Canada
| | - Olivier Armant
- Institut de Radioprotection Et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SERPEN/LECO, Cadarache, France
| | | | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Federal Office of Radiation Protection, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Simone Moertl
- Federal Office of Radiation Protection, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Yutaka Yamada
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ignacia B Tanaka
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Aomori, Japan
| | | | - Kimberly Applegate
- Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA (retired)
| | - Dominique Laurier
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Jacqueline Garnier-Laplace
- On secondment from IRSN to the Committee on Radiological Protection and Public Health's secretariat, Paris, France
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12
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Seong SY, Kang MK, Kang H, Lee HJ, Kang YR, Lee CG, Sohn DH, Han SJ. Low dose rate radiation impairs early follicles in young mice. Reprod Biol 2023; 23:100817. [PMID: 37890397 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2023.100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Low-dose radiation is generally considered less harmful than high-dose radiation. However, its impact on ovaries remains debated. Since previous reports predominantly employed low-dose radiation delivered at a high dose rate on the ovary, the effect of low-dose radiation at a low dose rate on the ovary remains unknown. We investigated the effect of low-dose ionizing radiation delivered at a low dose rate on murine ovaries. Three- and ten-week-old mice were exposed to 0.1 and 0.5 Gy of radiation at a rate of 6 mGy/h and monitored after 3 and 30 days. While neither body weight nor ovarian area showed significant changes, ovarian cells were damaged, showing apoptosis and a decrease in cell proliferation after exposure to 0.1 and 0.5 Gy radiation. Follicle numbers decreased over time in both age groups proportionally to the radiation dose. Younger mice were more susceptible to radiation damage, as evidenced by decreased follicles in 3-week-old mice after 30 days of 0.1 Gy exposure, while 10-week-old mice showed reduced follicles only following 0.5 Gy exposure. Primordial or primary follicles were the most vulnerable to radiation. These findings suggest that even low-dose radiation, delivered at a low dose rate, can adversely affect ovarian function, particularly in the early follicles of younger mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Yoon Seong
- Institute for Digital Antiaging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kook Kang
- Department of Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Kang
- Institute for Digital Antiaging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-June Lee
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Rok Kang
- Department of Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Geun Lee
- Department of Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Sohn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jin Han
- Institute for Digital Antiaging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Dahl H, Ballangby J, Tengs T, Wojewodzic MW, Eide DM, Brede DA, Graupner A, Duale N, Olsen AK. Dose rate dependent reduction in chromatin accessibility at transcriptional start sites long time after exposure to gamma radiation. Epigenetics 2023; 18:2193936. [PMID: 36972203 PMCID: PMC10054331 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2023.2193936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) impact cellular and molecular processes that require chromatin remodelling relevant for cellular integrity. However, the cellular implications of ionizing radiation (IR) delivered per time unit (dose rate) are still debated. This study investigates whether the dose rate is relevant for inflicting changes to the epigenome, represented by chromatin accessibility, or whether it is the total dose that is decisive. CBA/CaOlaHsd mice were whole-body exposed to either chronic low dose rate (2.5 mGy/h for 54 d) or the higher dose rates (10 mGy/h for 14 d and 100 mGy/h for 30 h) of gamma radiation (60Co, total dose: 3 Gy). Chromatin accessibility was analysed in liver tissue samples using Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-Seq), both one day after and over three months post-radiation (>100 d). The results show that the dose rate contributes to radiation-induced epigenomic changes in the liver at both sampling timepoints. Interestingly, chronic low dose rate exposure to a high total dose (3 Gy) did not inflict long-term changes to the epigenome. In contrast to the acute high dose rate given to the same total dose, reduced accessibility at transcriptional start sites (TSS) was identified in genes relevant for the DNA damage response and transcriptional activity. Our findings link dose rate to essential biological mechanisms that could be relevant for understanding long-term changes after ionizing radiation exposure. However, future studies are needed to comprehend the biological consequence of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildegunn Dahl
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Jarle Ballangby
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Torstein Tengs
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
- Division for Aquaculture, Department of breeding and genetics, Nofima, Ås, Norway
| | - Marcin W. Wojewodzic
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
- Department of Research, Section Molecular Epidemiology and Infections, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag M. Eide
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Dag Anders Brede
- Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Anne Graupner
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Nur Duale
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Ann-Karin Olsen
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
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14
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Hamada N, Kawano KI, Hirota S, Saito Y, Yusoff FM, Maruhashi T, Maeda M, Nomura T, Nakashima A, Yoshinaga S, Higashi Y. Sparing and enhancing dose protraction effects for radiation damage to the aorta of wild-type mice. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 100:37-45. [PMID: 37523500 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2242939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our previous work indicated the greater magnitude of damage to the thoracic aorta at 6 months after starting 5 Gy irradiation in descending order of exposure to X-rays in 25 fractions > acute X-rays > acute γ-rays > X-rays in 100 fractions ≫ chronic γ-rays, in which the limitations of the study included a lack of data for fractionated γ-ray exposure. To better understand effects of dose protraction and radiation quality, the present study examined changes after exposure to γ-rays in 25 fractions, and compared its biological effectiveness with five other irradiation regimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice received 5 Gy of 137Cs γ-rays delivered in 25 fractions spread over six weeks. At 6 months after starting irradiation, mice were subjected to echocardiography, followed by tissue sampling. The descending thoracic aorta underwent scanning electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining and histochemical staining. The integrative analysis of multiple aortic endpoints was conducted for inter-regimen comparisons. RESULTS Exposure to γ-rays in 25 fractions induced vascular damage (evidenced by increases in endothelial detachment and vascular endothelial cell death, decreases in endothelial waviness, CD31, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and vascular endothelial cadherin), inflammation (evidenced by increases in tumor necrosis factor α, CD68 and F4/80) and fibrosis (evidenced by increases in transforming growth factor β1, alanine blue stain and intima-media thickness). The integrative analysis revealed biological effectiveness in descending order of exposure to X-rays in 25 fractions > acute X-rays > γ-rays in 25 fractions > acute γ-rays > X-rays in 100 fractions ≫ chronic γ-rays. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that dose protraction effects on aortic damage depend on radiation quality, and are not a simple function of dose rate and the number of fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Chiba, Japan
| | - Ki-Ichiro Kawano
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Seiko Hirota
- Department of Environmetrics and Biometrics, Division of Radiation Basic Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saito
- Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Farina Mohamad Yusoff
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maruhashi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Maeda
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takaharu Nomura
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayumu Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinji Yoshinaga
- Department of Environmetrics and Biometrics, Division of Radiation Basic Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukihito Higashi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University, Japan Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
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15
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Hamada N. Noncancer Effects of Ionizing Radiation Exposure on the Eye, the Circulatory System and beyond: Developments made since the 2011 ICRP Statement on Tissue Reactions. Radiat Res 2023; 200:188-216. [PMID: 37410098 DOI: 10.1667/rade-23-00030.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
For radiation protection purposes, noncancer effects with a threshold-type dose-response relationship have been classified as tissue reactions (formerly called nonstochastic or deterministic effects), and equivalent dose limits aim to prevent occurrence of such tissue reactions. Accumulating evidence demonstrates increased risks for several late occurring noncancer effects at doses and dose rates much lower than previously considered. In 2011, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) issued a statement on tissue reactions to recommend a threshold of 0.5 Gy to the lens of the eye for cataracts and to the heart and brain for diseases of the circulatory system (DCS), independent of dose rate. Literature published thereafter continues to provide updated knowledge. Increased risks for cataracts below 0.5 Gy have been reported in several cohorts (e.g., including in those receiving protracted or chronic exposures). A dose threshold for cataracts is less evident with longer follow-up, with limited evidence available for risk of cataract removal surgery. There is emerging evidence for risk of normal-tension glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, but the long-held tenet that the lens represents among the most radiosensitive tissues in the eye and in the body seems to remain unchanged. For DCS, increased risks have been reported in various cohorts, but the existence or otherwise of a dose threshold is unclear. The level of risk is less uncertain at lower dose and lower dose rate, with the possibility that risk per unit dose is greater at lower doses and dose rates. Target organs and tissues for DCS are also unknown, but may include heart, large blood vessels and kidneys. Identification of potential factors (e.g., sex, age, lifestyle factors, coexposures, comorbidities, genetics and epigenetics) that may modify radiation risk of cataracts and DCS would be important. Other noncancer effects on the radar include neurological effects (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and dementia) of which elevated risk has increasingly been reported. These late occurring noncancer effects tend to deviate from the definition of tissue reactions, necessitating more scientific developments to reconsider the radiation effect classification system and risk management. This paper gives an overview of historical developments made in ICRP prior to the 2011 statement and an update on relevant developments made since the 2011 ICRP statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Chiba, Japan
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16
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Laurier D, Billarand Y, Klokov D, Leuraud K. The scientific basis for the use of the linear no-threshold (LNT) model at low doses and dose rates in radiological protection. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2023; 43:024003. [PMID: 37339605 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/acdfd7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The linear no-threshold (LNT) model was introduced into the radiological protection system about 60 years ago, but this model and its use in radiation protection are still debated today. This article presents an overview of results on effects of exposure to low linear-energy-transfer radiation in radiobiology and epidemiology accumulated over the last decade and discusses their impact on the use of the LNT model in the assessment of radiation-related cancer risks at low doses. The knowledge acquired over the past 10 years, both in radiobiology and epidemiology, has reinforced scientific knowledge about cancer risks at low doses. In radiobiology, although certain mechanisms do not support linearity, the early stages of carcinogenesis comprised of mutational events, which are assumed to play a key role in carcinogenesis, show linear responses to doses from as low as 10 mGy. The impact of non-mutational mechanisms on the risk of radiation-related cancer at low doses is currently difficult to assess. In epidemiology, the results show excess cancer risks at dose levels of 100 mGy or less. While some recent results indicate non-linear dose relationships for some cancers, overall, the LNT model does not substantially overestimate the risks at low doses. Recent results, in radiobiology or in epidemiology, suggest that a dose threshold, if any, could not be greater than a few tens of mGy. The scientific knowledge currently available does not contradict the use of the LNT model for the assessment of radiation-related cancer risks within the radiological protection system, and no other dose-risk relationship seems more appropriate for radiological protection purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Laurier
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Yann Billarand
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Dmitry Klokov
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Klervi Leuraud
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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17
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Suzuki K, Imaoka T, Tomita M, Sasatani M, Doi K, Tanaka S, Kai M, Yamada Y, Kakinuma S. Molecular and cellular basis of the dose-rate-dependent adverse effects of radiation exposure in animal models. Part I: Mammary gland and digestive tract. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2023; 64:210-227. [PMID: 36773323 PMCID: PMC10036108 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While epidemiological data are available for the dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF) for human populations, animal models have contributed significantly to providing quantitative data with mechanistic insights. The aim of the current review is to compile both the in vitro experiments with reference to the dose-rate effects of DNA damage and repair, and the animal studies, specific to rodents, with reference to the dose-rate effects of cancer development. In particular, the review focuses especially on the results pertaining to underlying biological mechanisms and discusses their possible involvement in the process of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. Because the concept of adverse outcome pathway (AOP) together with the key events has been considered as a clue to estimate radiation risks at low doses and low dose-rates, the review scrutinized the dose-rate dependency of the key events related to carcinogenesis, which enables us to unify the underlying critical mechanisms to establish a connection between animal experimental studies with human epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Suzuki
- Corresponding author. Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Disease Institute. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan. Tel: +81-95-819-7116; Fax: +81-95-819-7117;
| | | | | | | | - Kazutaka Doi
- Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho-mura, Kamikita-gun, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kai
- Nippon Bunri University, 1727-162 Ichiki, Oita, Oita 870-0397, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamada
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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18
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Suzuki K, Imaoka T, Tomita M, Sasatani M, Doi K, Tanaka S, Kai M, Yamada Y, Kakinuma S. Molecular and cellular basis of the dose-rate-dependent adverse effects of radiation exposure in animal models. Part II: Hematopoietic system, lung and liver. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2023; 64:228-249. [PMID: 36773331 PMCID: PMC10036110 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrad003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While epidemiological data have greatly contributed to the estimation of the dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF) for human populations, studies using animal models have made significant contributions to provide quantitative data with mechanistic insights. The current article aims at compiling the animal studies, specific to rodents, with reference to the dose-rate effects of cancer development. This review focuses specifically on the results that explain the biological mechanisms underlying dose-rate effects and their potential involvement in radiation-induced carcinogenic processes. Since the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept together with the key events holds promise for improving the estimation of radiation risk at low doses and low dose-rates, the review intends to scrutinize dose-rate dependency of the key events in animal models and to consider novel key events involved in the dose-rate effects, which enables identification of important underlying mechanisms for linking animal experimental and human epidemiological studies in a unified manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Suzuki
- Corresponding author, Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Disease Institute. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan. Tel:+81-95-819-7116; Fax:+81-95-819-7117; E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Kazutaka Doi
- Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho-mura, Kamikita-gun, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kai
- Nippon Bunri University, 1727-162 Ichiki, Oita, Oita 870-0397, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamada
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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19
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Little MP, Hamada N. Low-Dose Extrapolation Factors Implied by Mortality and Incidence Data from the Japanese Atomic Bomb Survivor Life Span Study Data. Radiat Res 2022; 198:582-589. [PMID: 36161867 PMCID: PMC9797579 DOI: 10.1667/rade-22-00108.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of the effect of low dose and low-dose-rate exposure depends critically on extrapolation from groups exposed at high dose and high-dose rates such as the Japanese atomic bomb survivor data, and has often been achieved via application of a dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF). An important component of DDREF is the factor determining the effect of extrapolation of dose, the so-called low-dose extrapolation factor (LDEF). To assess LDEF models linear (or linear quadratic) in dose are often fitted. In this report LDEF is assessed via fitting relative rate models that are linear or linear quadratic in dose to the latest Japanese atomic bomb survivor data on solid cancer, leukemia and circulatory disease mortality (followed from 1950 through 2003) and to data on solid cancer, lung cancer and urinary tract cancer incidence. The uncertainties in LDEF are assessed using parametric bootstrap techniques. Analysis is restricted to survivors with <3 Gy dose. There is modest evidence for upward curvature in dose response in the mortality data. For leukemia and for all solid cancer excluding lung, stomach and breast cancer there is significant curvature (P < 0.05). There is no evidence of curvature for circulatory disease (P > 0.5). The estimate of LDEF for all solid cancer mortality is 1.273 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.913, 2.182], for all solid cancer mortality excluding lung cancer, stomach cancer and breast cancer is 2.183 (95% CI 1.090, >100) and for leukemia mortality is 11.447 (95% CI 2.390, >100). For stomach cancer mortality LDEF is modestly raised, 1.077 (95% CI 0.526, >100), while for lung cancer, female breast cancer and circulatory disease mortality the LDEF does not much exceed 1. LDEF for solid cancer incidence is 1.186 (95% CI 0.942, 1.626) and for urinary tract cancer is 1.298 (95% CI <0, 7.723), although for lung cancer LDEF is not elevated, 0.842 (95% CI 0.344, >100).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9778
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
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20
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Lowe D, Roy L, Tabocchini MA, Rühm W, Wakeford R, Woloschak GE, Laurier D. Radiation dose rate effects: what is new and what is needed? RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2022; 61:507-543. [PMID: 36241855 PMCID: PMC9630203 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-00996-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of research to understand the biological effects of ionising radiation, there is still much uncertainty over the role of dose rate. Motivated by a virtual workshop on the "Effects of spatial and temporal variation in dose delivery" organised in November 2020 by the Multidisciplinary Low Dose Initiative (MELODI), here, we review studies to date exploring dose rate effects, highlighting significant findings, recent advances and to provide perspective and recommendations for requirements and direction of future work. A comprehensive range of studies is considered, including molecular, cellular, animal, and human studies, with a focus on low linear-energy-transfer radiation exposure. Limits and advantages of each type of study are discussed, and a focus is made on future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Lowe
- UK Health Security Agency, CRCE Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Laurence Roy
- Institut de Radioprotection Et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Maria Antonella Tabocchini
- Istituto Nazionale i Fisica Nucleare, Sezione i Roma, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Werner Rühm
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Richard Wakeford
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Gayle E Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Dominique Laurier
- Institut de Radioprotection Et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
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21
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Tsuchiya H, Shimada M, Tsukada K, Meng Q, Kobayashi J, Matsumoto Y. THE ROLE OF DNA DOUBLE-STRAND BREAK REPAIR THROUGH NON-HOMOLOGOUS END JOINING IN THE DOSE-RATE EFFECT IN TERMS OF CLONOGENIC ABILITY. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2022; 198:990-997. [PMID: 36083749 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It is generally and widely accepted that the biological effects of a given dose of ionizing radiation, especially those of low linear energy transfer radiations like X-ray and gamma ray, become smaller as the dose rate becomes lower. This phenomenon, known as 'dose-rate effect (DRE),' is considered due to the repair of sublethal damage during irradiation but the precise mechanisms for DRE have remained to be clarified. We recently showed that DRE in terms of clonogenic cell survival is diminished or even inversed in rodent cells lacking Ku, which is one of the essential factors in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Here we review and discuss the involvement of NHEJ in DRE, which has potential implications in radiological protection and cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayo Tsuchiya
- Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Mikio Shimada
- Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kaima Tsukada
- Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Qingmei Meng
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidanihonmatsucho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Health Science at Narita, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita, Chiba 286-8686, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Matsumoto
- Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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22
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Azimzadeh O, Moertl S, Ramadan R, Baselet B, Laiakis EC, Sebastian S, Beaton D, Hartikainen JM, Kaiser JC, Beheshti A, Salomaa S, Chauhan V, Hamada N. Application of radiation omics in the development of adverse outcome pathway networks: an example of radiation-induced cardiovascular disease. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1722-1751. [PMID: 35976069 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2110325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have indicated that exposure of the heart to doses of ionizing radiation as low as 0.5 Gy increases the risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality with a latency period of decades. The damaging effects of radiation to myocardial and endothelial structures and functions have been confirmed radiobiologically at high dose, but much less is known at low dose. Integration of radiation biology and epidemiology data is a recommended approach to improve the radiation risk assessment process. The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework offers a comprehensive tool to compile and translate mechanistic information into pathological endpoints which may be relevant for risk assessment at the different levels of a biological system. Omics technologies enable the generation of large volumes of biological data at various levels of complexity, from molecular pathways to functional organisms. Given the quality and quantity of available data across levels of biology, omics data can be attractive sources of information for use within the AOP framework. It is anticipated that radiation omics studies could improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the adverse effects of radiation on the cardiovascular system. In this review, we explored the available omics studies on radiation-induced cardiovascular disease (CVD) and their applicability to the proposed AOP for CVD. RESULTS The results of 80 omics studies published on radiation-induced CVD over the past 20 years have been discussed in the context of the AOP of CVD proposed by Chauhan et al. Most of the available omics data on radiation-induced CVD are from proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, whereas few datasets were available from epigenomics and multi-omics. The omics data presented here show great promise in providing information for several key events of the proposed AOP of CVD, particularly oxidative stress, alterations of energy metabolism, extracellular matrix and vascular remodeling. CONCLUSIONS The omics data presented here shows promise to inform the various levels of the proposed AOP of CVD. However, the data highlight the urgent need of designing omics studies to address the knowledge gap concerning different radiation scenarios, time after exposure and experimental models. This review presents the evidence to build a qualitative omics-informed AOP and provides views on the potential benefits and challenges in using omics data to assess risk-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Azimzadeh
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Section Radiation Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simone Moertl
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Section Radiation Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Raghda Ramadan
- Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Evagelia C Laiakis
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | | | - Jaana M Hartikainen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, and Translational Cancer Research Area, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jan Christian Kaiser
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Radiation Medicine (HMGU-IRM), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- KBR, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sisko Salomaa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vinita Chauhan
- Environmental Health Science Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
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23
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Hamada N, Kawano KI, Nomura T, Furukawa K, Yusoff FM, Maruhashi T, Maeda M, Nakashima A, Higashi Y. Temporal Changes in Sparing and Enhancing Dose Protraction Effects of Ionizing Irradiation for Aortic Damage in Wild-Type Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3319. [PMID: 35884380 PMCID: PMC9321929 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In medical and occupational settings, ionizing irradiation of the circulatory system occurs at various dose rates. We previously found sparing and enhancing dose protraction effects for aortic changes in wild-type mice at 6 months after starting irradiation with 5 Gy of photons. Here, we further analyzed changes at 12 months after stating irradiation. Irrespective of irradiation regimens, irradiation little affected left ventricular function, heart weight, and kidney weight. Irradiation caused structural disorganizations and intima-media thickening in the aorta, along with concurrent elevations of markers for proinflammation, macrophage, profibrosis, and fibrosis, and reductions in markers for vascular functionality and cell adhesion in the aortic endothelium. These changes were qualitatively similar but quantitatively less at 12 months than at 6 months. The magnitude of such changes at 12 months was not smaller in 25 fractions (Frs) but was smaller in 100 Frs and chronic exposure than acute exposure. The magnitude at 6 and 12 months was greater in 25 Frs, smaller in 100 Frs, and much smaller in chronic exposure than acute exposure. These findings suggest that dose protraction changes aortic damage, in a fashion that depends on post-irradiation time and is not a simple function of dose rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo 201-8511, Japan;
| | - Ki-ichiro Kawano
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.-i.K.); (F.M.Y.); (T.M.)
| | - Takaharu Nomura
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo 201-8511, Japan;
| | - Kyoji Furukawa
- Biostatistics Center, Kurume University, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan;
| | - Farina Mohamad Yusoff
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.-i.K.); (F.M.Y.); (T.M.)
| | - Tatsuya Maruhashi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.-i.K.); (F.M.Y.); (T.M.)
| | - Makoto Maeda
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan;
| | - Ayumu Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan;
| | - Yukihito Higashi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.-i.K.); (F.M.Y.); (T.M.)
- Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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24
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Abstract
Radiation detriment is a concept developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection to quantify the burden of stochastic effects from low-dose and/or low-dose-rate exposures to the human population. It is determined from the lifetime risks of cancer for a set of organs and tissues and the risk of heritable effects, taking into account the severity of the consequences. This publication provides a historical review of detriment calculation methodology since ICRP Publication 26, with details of the procedure developed in ICRP Publication 103, which clarifies data sources, risk models, computational methods, and rationale for the choice of parameter values. A selected sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the parameters and calculation conditions that can be major sources of variation and uncertainty in the calculation of radiation detriment. It has demonstrated that sex, age at exposure, dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor, dose assumption in the calculation of lifetime risk, and lethality fraction have a substantial impact on radiation detriment values. Although the current scheme of radiation detriment calculation is well established, it needs to evolve to better reflect changes in population health statistics and progress in scientific understanding of radiation health effects. In this regard, some key parameters require updating, such as the reference population data and cancer severity. There is also room for improvement in cancer risk models based on the accumulation of recent epidemiological findings. Finally, the importance of improving the comprehensibility of the detriment concept and the transparency of its calculation process is emphasised.© 2022 ICRP. Published by SAGE.
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25
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Yamada H, Dias VS, Parker AG, Maiga H, Kraupa C, Vreysen MJB, Mamai W, Schetelig MF, Somda NSB, Bouyer J. Radiation dose-rate is a neglected critical parameter in dose-response of insects. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6242. [PMID: 35422488 PMCID: PMC9010456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive sterility is the basis of the sterile insect technique (SIT) and essential for its success in the field. Numerous factors that influence dose-response in insects have been identified. However, historically the radiation dose administered has been considered a constant. Efforts aiming to standardize protocols for mosquito irradiation found that, despite carefully controlling many variable factors, there was still an unknown element responsible for differences in expected sterility levels of insects irradiated with the same dose and handling protocols. Thus, together with previous inconclusive investigations, the question arose whether dose really equals dose in terms of biological response, no matter the rate at which the dose is administered. Interestingly, the dose rate effects studied in human nuclear medicine indicated that dose rate could alter dose-response in mammalian cells. Here, we conducted experiments to better understand the interaction of dose and dose rate to assess the effects in irradiated mosquitoes. Our findings suggest that not only does dose rate alter irradiation-induced effects, but that the interaction is not linear and may change with dose. We speculate that the recombination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in treatments with moderate to high dose rates might minimize indirect radiation-induced effects in mosquitoes and decrease sterility levels, unless dose along with its direct effects is increased. Together with further studies to identify an optimum match of dose and dose rate, these results could assist in the development of improved methods for the production of high-quality sterile mosquitoes to enhance the efficiency of SIT programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanano Yamada
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Friedensstrasse 1, 2444, Seibersdorf, Austria.
- Department for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Winchester Str. 2, 35394, Gießen, Germany.
| | - Vanessa S Dias
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Friedensstrasse 1, 2444, Seibersdorf, Austria.
| | - Andrew G Parker
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Friedensstrasse 1, 2444, Seibersdorf, Austria
- , Roppersbergweg 15, 2381, Laab im Walde, Austria
| | - Hamidou Maiga
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Friedensstrasse 1, 2444, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Carina Kraupa
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Friedensstrasse 1, 2444, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Marc J B Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Friedensstrasse 1, 2444, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Wadaka Mamai
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Friedensstrasse 1, 2444, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Marc F Schetelig
- Department for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Winchester Str. 2, 35394, Gießen, Germany
| | - Nanwintoum S Bimbilé Somda
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Friedensstrasse 1, 2444, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Jeremy Bouyer
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Friedensstrasse 1, 2444, Seibersdorf, Austria
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26
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Dose Limits and Countermeasures for Mitigating Radiation Risk in Moon and Mars Exploration. PHYSICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/physics4010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
After decades of research on low-Earth orbit, national space agencies and private entrepreneurs are investing in exploration of the Solar system. The main health risk for human space exploration is late toxicity caused by exposure to cosmic rays. On Earth, the exposure of radiation workers is regulated by dose limits and mitigated by shielding and reducing exposure times. For space travel, different international space agencies adopt different limits, recently modified as reviewed in this paper. Shielding and reduced transit time are currently the only practical solutions to maintain acceptable risks in deep space missions.
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27
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Sayed AEDH, Nagata K, Nakazawa T, Mitani H, Kobayashi J, Oda S. Low Dose-Rate Irradiation of Gamma-Rays-Induced Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Alterations in Peripheral Erythrocytes of p53-Deficient Medaka (Oryzias latipes). FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE 2021; 8. [DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.773481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Morphological alterations and nuclear abnormalities in fish erythrocytes have been used in many studies as bioindicators of environmental mutagens including ionizing radiation. In this study, adult Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were irradiated with gamma rays at a low dose rate (9.92 μGy/min) for 7 days, giving a total dose of 100 mGy; and morphological alterations, nuclear abnormalities, and apoptotic cell death induced in peripheral erythrocytes were investigated 8 h and 7 days after the end of the irradiation. A variety of abnormalities, such as tear-drop cell, crenated cell, acanthocyte, sickled cell, micronucleated cell, eccentric nucleus, notched nucleus, and schistocyte, were induced in the peripheral erythrocytes of the wild-type fish, and a less number of abnormalities and apoptotic cell death were induced in the p53-deficient fish. These results indicate that low dose-rate chronic irradiation of gamma rays can induce cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in the peripheral erythrocytes of medaka, and p53-deficient medaka are tolerant to the gamma-ray irradiation than the wild type on the surface.
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28
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Bae MJ, Kang MK, Kye YU, Baek JH, Sim YJ, Lee HJ, Kang YR, Jo WS, Kim JS, Lee CG. Differential Effects of Low and High Radiation Dose Rates on Mouse Spermatogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312834. [PMID: 34884637 PMCID: PMC8657493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The adverse effects of radiation are proportional to the total dose and dose rate. We aimed to investigate the effects of radiation dose rate on different organs in mice. The mice were subjected to low dose rate (LDR, ~3.4 mGy/h) and high dose rate (HDR, ~51 Gy/h) radiation. LDR radiation caused severe tissue toxicity, as observed in the histological analysis of testis. It adversely influenced sperm production, including sperm count and motility, and induced greater sperm abnormalities. The expression of markers of early stage spermatogonial stem cells, such as Plzf, c-Kit, and Oct4, decreased significantly after LDR irradiation, compared to that following exposure of HDR radiation, in qPCR analysis. The compositional ratios of all stages of spermatogonia and meiotic cells, except round spermatid, were considerably reduced by LDR in FACS analysis. Therefore, LDR radiation caused more adverse testicular damage than that by HDR radiation, contrary to the response observed in other organs. Therefore, the dose rate of radiation may have differential effects, depending on the organ; it is necessary to evaluate the effect of radiation in terms of radiation dose, dose rate, organ type, and other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Bae
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan 619-953, Korea; (M.J.B.); (M.K.K.); (Y.U.K.); (J.-H.B.); (Y.-J.S.); (Y.-R.K.); (W.S.J.)
| | - Min Kook Kang
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan 619-953, Korea; (M.J.B.); (M.K.K.); (Y.U.K.); (J.-H.B.); (Y.-J.S.); (Y.-R.K.); (W.S.J.)
| | - Yong Uk Kye
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan 619-953, Korea; (M.J.B.); (M.K.K.); (Y.U.K.); (J.-H.B.); (Y.-J.S.); (Y.-R.K.); (W.S.J.)
| | - Jeong-Hwa Baek
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan 619-953, Korea; (M.J.B.); (M.K.K.); (Y.U.K.); (J.-H.B.); (Y.-J.S.); (Y.-R.K.); (W.S.J.)
| | - Ye-Ji Sim
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan 619-953, Korea; (M.J.B.); (M.K.K.); (Y.U.K.); (J.-H.B.); (Y.-J.S.); (Y.-R.K.); (W.S.J.)
| | - Hae-June Lee
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Korea;
| | - Yeong-Rok Kang
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan 619-953, Korea; (M.J.B.); (M.K.K.); (Y.U.K.); (J.-H.B.); (Y.-J.S.); (Y.-R.K.); (W.S.J.)
| | - Wol Soon Jo
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan 619-953, Korea; (M.J.B.); (M.K.K.); (Y.U.K.); (J.-H.B.); (Y.-J.S.); (Y.-R.K.); (W.S.J.)
| | - Joong Sun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.S.K.); (C.G.L.); Tel.: +82-62-868-9537 (J.S.K.); +82-51-720-5142 (C.G.L.)
| | - Chang Geun Lee
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan 619-953, Korea; (M.J.B.); (M.K.K.); (Y.U.K.); (J.-H.B.); (Y.-J.S.); (Y.-R.K.); (W.S.J.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.K.); (C.G.L.); Tel.: +82-62-868-9537 (J.S.K.); +82-51-720-5142 (C.G.L.)
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Sasaki M, Ogino H, Hattori T. Quantitative evaluation of conservatism in the concept of committed dose from internal exposure for radiation workers. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2021; 41:1328-1343. [PMID: 34038890 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac057f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For compliance with dose limits, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommends that the committed dose be assigned to the year in which radionuclide intake occurred in the case of internal exposure. For radiation workers, the committed dose is evaluated over the 50 year period following the intake, which is a rounded value for the working-life expectancy of a young person entering the workforce. In this study, we develop an approach to the quantitative evaluation of the conservatism in the concept of the committed dose from internal exposure for radiation workers from the viewpoint of radiological risk. Actual annual doses due to an intake of radionuclides for strontium-90 (90Sr), caesium-137 (137Cs), and plutonium-239 (239Pu) were simulated. Risks of fatal cancer, i.e. unconditional death probability rates, were calculated in accordance with the risk estimation method in ICRP Publication 60. It was found that the conservatism ranged from 1.1 to 1.6 for90Sr, 1.0 to 1.6 for137Cs, and 1.6 to 2.2 for239Pu. The importance of understanding the extent of this conservatism and the uncertainty for practical radiological protection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiya Sasaki
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2-11-1 Iwado kita, Komae-shi, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ogino
- Nuclear Regulation Authority, 1-9-9 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-8450, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Hattori
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2-11-1 Iwado kita, Komae-shi, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
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Hamada N, Kawano KI, Nomura T, Furukawa K, Yusoff FM, Maruhashi T, Maeda M, Nakashima A, Higashi Y. Vascular Damage in the Aorta of Wild-Type Mice Exposed to Ionizing Radiation: Sparing and Enhancing Effects of Dose Protraction. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5344. [PMID: 34771507 PMCID: PMC8582417 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During medical (therapeutic or diagnostic) procedures or in other settings, the circulatory system receives ionizing radiation at various dose rates. Here, we analyzed prelesional changes in the circulatory system of wild-type mice at six months after starting acute, intermittent, or continuous irradiation with 5 Gy of photons. Independent of irradiation regimens, irradiation had little impact on left ventricular function, heart weight, and kidney weight. In the aorta, a single acute exposure delivered in 10 minutes led to structural disorganizations and detachment of the aortic endothelium, and intima-media thickening. These morphological changes were accompanied by increases in markers for profibrosis (TGF-β1), fibrosis (collagen fibers), proinflammation (TNF-α), and macrophages (F4/80 and CD68), with concurrent decreases in markers for cell adhesion (CD31 and VE-cadherin) and vascular functionality (eNOS) in the aortic endothelium. Compared with acute exposure, the magnitude of such aortic changes was overall greater when the same dose was delivered in 25 fractions spread over 6 weeks, smaller in 100 fractions over 5 months, and much smaller in chronic exposure over 5 months. These findings suggest that dose protraction alters vascular damage in the aorta, but in a way that is not a simple function of dose rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Unit, Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo 201-8511, Japan;
| | - Ki-ichiro Kawano
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.-i.K.); (F.M.Y.); (T.M.)
| | - Takaharu Nomura
- Radiation Safety Unit, Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo 201-8511, Japan;
| | - Kyoji Furukawa
- Biostatistics Center, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Japan;
| | - Farina Mohamad Yusoff
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.-i.K.); (F.M.Y.); (T.M.)
| | - Tatsuya Maruhashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.-i.K.); (F.M.Y.); (T.M.)
| | - Makoto Maeda
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan;
| | - Ayumu Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan;
| | - Yukihito Higashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (K.-i.K.); (F.M.Y.); (T.M.)
- Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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Dahl H, Eide DM, Tengs T, Duale N, Kamstra JH, Oughton DH, Olsen AK. Perturbed transcriptional profiles after chronic low dose rate radiation in mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256667. [PMID: 34428250 PMCID: PMC8384182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse health outcomes of ionizing radiation given chronically at low dose rates are highly debated, a controversy also relevant for other stressors. Increased knowledge is needed for a more comprehensive understanding of the damaging potential of ionizing radiation from all dose rates and doses. There is a lack of relevant low dose rate data that is partly ascribed to the rarity of exposure facilities allowing chronic low dose rate exposures. Using the FIGARO facility, we assessed early (one day post-radiation) and late (recovery time of 100-200 days) hepatic genome-wide transcriptional profiles in male mice of two strains (CBA/CaOlaHsd and C57BL/6NHsd) exposed chronically to a low dose rate (2.5 mGy/h; 1200h, LDR), a mid-dose rate (10 mGy/h; 300h, MDR) and acutely to a high dose rate (100 mGy/h; 30h, HDR) of gamma irradiation, given to an equivalent total dose of 3 Gy. Dose-rate and strain-specific transcriptional responses were identified. Differently modulated transcriptional responses across all dose rate exposure groups were evident by the representation of functional biological pathways. Evidence of changed epigenetic regulation (global DNA methylation) was not detected. A period of recovery markedly reduced the number of differentially expressed genes. Using enrichment analysis to identify the functional significance of the modulated genes, perturbed signaling pathways associated with both cancer and non-cancer effects were observed, such as lipid metabolism and inflammation. These pathways were seen after chronic low dose rate and were not restricted to the acute high dose rate exposure. The transcriptional response induced by chronic low dose rate ionizing radiation suggests contribution to conditions such as cardiovascular diseases. We contribute with novel genome wide transcriptional data highlighting dose-rate-specific radiation responses and emphasize the importance of considering both dose rate, duration of exposure, and variability in susceptibility when assessing risks from ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildegunn Dahl
- Department of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Dag M. Eide
- Department of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Torstein Tengs
- Department of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Nur Duale
- Department of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Jorke H. Kamstra
- Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah H. Oughton
- Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Ann-Karin Olsen
- Department of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radiation (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
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32
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Walsh L, Shore R, Azizova TV, Rühm W. On the choice of methodology for evaluating dose-rate effects on radiation-related cancer risks. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2021; 60:493-500. [PMID: 34170393 PMCID: PMC8310494 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-021-00920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several compilations of individual radiation epidemiology study results have aimed to obtain direct evidence on the magnitudes of dose-rate effects on radiation-related cancer risks. These compilations have relied on meta-analyses of ratios of risks from low dose-rate studies and matched risks from the solid cancer Excess Relative Risk models fitted to the acutely exposed Japanese A-bomb cohort. The purpose here is to demonstrate how choices of methodology for evaluating dose-rate effects on radiation-related cancer risks may influence the results reported for dose-rate effects. The current analysis is intended to address methodological issues and does not imply that the authors recommend a particular value for the dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor. A set of 22 results from one recent published study has been adopted here as a test set of data for applying the many different methods described here, that nearly all produced highly consistent results. Some recently voiced concerns, involving the recalling of the well-known theoretical point-the ratio of two normal random variables has a theoretically unbounded variance-that could potentially cause issues, are shown to be unfounded when aimed at the published work cited and examined in detail here. In the calculation of dose-rate effects for radiation protection purposes, it is recommended that meta-estimators should retain the full epidemiological and dosimetric matching information between the risks from the individual low dose-rate studies and the acutely exposed A-bomb cohort and that a regression approach can be considered as a useful alternative to current approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Walsh
- Department of Physics, Science Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roy Shore
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Tamara V. Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorskoe shosse 19, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk region 456780 Russia
| | - Werner Rühm
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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33
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Little MP, Pawel DJ, Abalo K, Hauptmann M. Methodological improvements to meta-analysis of low dose rate studies and derivation of dose and dose-rate effectiveness factors. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2021; 60:485-491. [PMID: 34218328 PMCID: PMC10656154 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-021-00921-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies of cancer rates associated with external and internal exposure to ionizing radiation have been subject to extensive reviews by various scientific bodies. It has long been assumed that radiation-induced cancer risks at low doses or low-dose rates are lower (per unit dose) than those at higher doses and dose rates. Based on a mixture of experimental and epidemiologic evidence the International Commission on Radiological Protection recommended the use of a dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor for purposes of radiological protection to reduce solid cancer risks obtained from moderate-to-high acute dose studies (e.g. those derived from the Japanese atomic bomb survivors) when applied to low dose or low-dose rate exposures. In the last few years there have been a number of attempts at assessing the effect of extrapolation of dose rate via direct comparison of observed risks in low-dose rate occupational studies and appropriately age/sex-adjusted analyses of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. The usual approach is to consider the ratio of the excess relative risks in the two studies, a measure of the inverse of the dose rate effectiveness factor. This can be estimated using standard meta-analysis with inverse weighting of ratios of relative risks using variances derived via the delta method. In this paper certain potential statistical problems in the ratio of estimated excess relative risks for low-dose rate studies to the excess relative risk in the Japanese atomic bomb survivors are discussed, specifically the absence of a well-defined mean and the theoretically unbounded variance of this ratio. A slightly different method of meta-analysis for estimating uncertainties of these ratios is proposed, motivated by Fieller's theorem, which leads to slightly different central estimates and confidence intervals for the dose rate effectiveness factor. However, given the uncertainties in the data, the differences in mean values and uncertainties from the dose rate effectiveness factor estimated using delta-method-based meta-analysis are not substantial, generally less than 70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9778, USA.
| | - David J Pawel
- Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC 20460, USA
| | - Kossi Abalo
- Laboratoire D'Épidémiologie, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, BP 17, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Michael Hauptmann
- Institute of Biostatistics and Registry Research, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Fehrbelliner Strasse 38, 16816, Neuruppin, Germany
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34
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Garrett L, Ung MC, Einicke J, Zimprich A, Fenzl F, Pawliczek D, Graw J, Dalke C, Hölter SM. Complex Long-term Effects of Radiation on Adult Mouse Behavior. Radiat Res 2021; 197:67-77. [PMID: 34237145 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00281.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that a single radiation event (0.063, 0.125 or 0.5 Gy, 0.063 Gy/min) in adult mice (age 10 weeks) can have delayed dose-dependent effects on locomotor behavior 18 months postirradiation. The highest dose (0.5 Gy) reduced, whereas the lowest dose (0.063 Gy) increased locomotor activity at older age independent of sex or genotype. In the current study we investigated whether higher doses administered at a higher dose rate (0.5, 1 or 2 Gy, 0.3 Gy/min) at the same age (10 weeks) cause stronger or earlier effects on a range of behaviors, including locomotion, anxiety, sensorimotor and cognitive behavior. There were clear dose-dependent effects on spontaneous locomotor and exploratory activity, anxiety-related behavior, body weight and affiliative social behavior independent of sex or genotype of wild-type and Ercc2S737P heterozygous mice on a mixed C57BL/6JG and C3HeB/FeJ background. In addition, smaller genotype- and dose-dependent radiation effects on working memory were evident in males, but not in females. The strongest dose-dependent radiation effects were present 4 months postirradiation, but only effects on affiliative social behaviors persisted until 12 months postirradiation. The observed radiation-induced behavioral changes were not related to alterations in the eye lens, as 4 months postirradiation anterior and posterior parts of the lens were still normal. Overall, we did not find any sensitizing effect of the mutation towards radiation effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Garrett
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marie-Claire Ung
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Einicke
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annemarie Zimprich
- Technical University Munich, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Felix Fenzl
- Technical University Munich, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Daniel Pawliczek
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Graw
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Dalke
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine M Hölter
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University Munich, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
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Walsh L, Hafner L, Straube U, Ulanowski A, Fogtman A, Durante M, Weerts G, Schneider U. A bespoke health risk assessment methodology for the radiation protection of astronauts. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2021; 60:213-231. [PMID: 33929575 PMCID: PMC8116305 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-021-00910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An alternative approach that is particularly suitable for the radiation health risk assessment (HRA) of astronauts is presented. The quantity, Radiation Attributed Decrease of Survival (RADS), representing the cumulative decrease in the unknown survival curve at a certain attained age, due to the radiation exposure at an earlier age, forms the basis for this alternative approach. Results are provided for all solid cancer plus leukemia incidence RADS from estimated doses from theoretical radiation exposures accumulated during long-term missions to the Moon or Mars. For example, it is shown that a 1000-day Mars exploration mission with a hypothetical mission effective dose of 1.07 Sv at typical astronaut ages around 40 years old, will result in the probability of surviving free of all types of solid cancer and leukemia until retirement age (65 years) being reduced by 4.2% (95% CI 3.2; 5.3) for males and 5.8% (95% CI 4.8; 7.0) for females. RADS dose-responses are given, for the outcomes for incidence of all solid cancer, leukemia, lung and female breast cancer. Results showing how RADS varies with age at exposure, attained age and other factors are also presented. The advantages of this alternative approach, over currently applied methodologies for the long-term radiation protection of astronauts after mission exposures, are presented with example calculations applicable to European astronaut occupational HRA. Some tentative suggestions for new types of occupational risk limits for space missions are given while acknowledging that the setting of astronaut radiation-related risk limits will ultimately be decided by the Space Agencies. Suggestions are provided for further work which builds on and extends this new HRA approach, e.g., by eventually including non-cancer effects and detailed space dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Walsh
- Department of Physics, Science Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luana Hafner
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Straube
- Medical Operations and Space Medicine, HRE-OM, European Space Agency, ESA, European Astronaut Centre, EAC, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Ulanowski
- Present Address: Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Fogtman
- Medical Operations and Space Medicine, HRE-OM, European Space Agency, ESA, European Astronaut Centre, EAC, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marco Durante
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Guillaume Weerts
- Medical Operations and Space Medicine, HRE-OM, European Space Agency, ESA, European Astronaut Centre, EAC, Cologne, Germany
| | - Uwe Schneider
- Department of Physics, Science Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Radiotherapy Hirslanden, Witellikerstrasse 40, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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36
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Zaharieva E, Sasatani M, Matsumoto R, Kamiya K. Formation of DNA Damage Foci in Human and Mouse Primary Fibroblasts Chronically Exposed to Gamma Radiation at 0.1 mGy/min. Radiat Res 2021; 196:40-54. [PMID: 33857310 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00059.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Low-dose-rate radiation exposures and their associated cancer risk are an important concern for radiation protection today. Nevertheless, there is almost no data concerning DNA damage at dose rates below 0.1 mGy/min. In this study, we investigated the formation of DNA damage repair foci under chronic low-dose-rate irradiation relative to acute high-dose-rate irradiation and assessed the magnitude of the dose-rate effect. Four human and four mouse normal fibroblast cell models from different organs were subjected to gamma irradiation at 0.096 mGy/min or 0.81 Gy/min, and dose-response curves were established for the dose range from 0.1 to 0.8 Gy. The results indicate that prolonged low-dose-rate exposures cause modestly increased levels of DNA repair foci, with a strongly supralinear dose-response relationship, where 40-70% of the radiation effect at 1 Gy was already present at the total dose of 0.1 Gy. Thus, compared to acute irradiation, low-dose-rate exposure was 6-9 times less efficient at a total dose of 0.1 Gy, and 10-20 times less efficient at 1 Gy. Comparison between cell models revealed a certain correlation between the presence of persistent, above-background foci at 48 h after irradiation and the sensitivity to low-dose-rate radiation, suggesting that repair capacity plays an important role in the cellular response to chronic irradiation. Given the findings reported here, we propose that establishing detailed dose-response curves and accounting for the repair rates of different cell models are essential steps in elucidating dose-rate effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zaharieva
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Megumi Sasatani
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryoga Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Kamiya
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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37
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Use of Biological Dosimetry for Monitoring Medical Workers Occupationally Exposed to Ionizing Radiation. RADIATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/radiation1020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical workers are the largest group exposed to man-made sources of ionizing radiation. The annual doses received by medical workers have decreased over the last several decades, however for some applications, like fluoroscopically guided procedures, the occupational doses still remain relatively high. Studies show that for some procedures the operator and staff still use insufficient protective and dosimetric equipment, which might cause an underestimation of medical exposures. Physical dosimetry methods are a staple for estimating occupational exposures, although due to the inconsistent use of protection measures, an alternative method such as biological dosimetry might complement the physical methods to achieve a more complete picture. Such methods were used to detect exposures to doses as low as 0.1 mSv/year, and could be useful for a more accurate assessment of genotoxic effects of ionizing radiation in medical workers. Biological dosimetry is usually based on the measurement of the effects present in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Although some methods, such as chromosome aberration scoring or micronucleus assay, show promising results, currently there is no one method recognized as most suitable for dosimetric application in the case of chronic, low-dose exposures. In this review we decided to evaluate different methods used for biological dosimetry in assessment of occupational exposures of medical workers.
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38
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Tsuchiya H, Shimada M, Tsukada K, Meng Q, Kobayashi J, Matsumoto Y. Diminished or inversed dose-rate effect on clonogenic ability in Ku-deficient rodent cells. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021; 62:198-205. [PMID: 33372229 PMCID: PMC7948855 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The biological effects of ionizing radiation, especially those of sparsely ionizing radiations like X-ray and γ-ray, are generally reduced as the dose rate is reduced. This phenomenon is known as 'the dose-rate effect'. The dose-rate effect is considered to be due to the repair of DNA damage during irradiation but the precise mechanisms for the dose-rate effect remain to be clarified. Ku70, Ku86 and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) are thought to comprise the sensor for DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In this study, we measured the clonogenic ability of Ku70-, Ku86- or DNA-PKcs-deficient rodent cells, in parallel with respective control cells, in response to high dose-rate (HDR) and low dose-rate (LDR) γ-ray radiation (~0.9 and ~1 mGy/min, respectively). Control cells and murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) from a severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mouse, which is DNA-PKcs-deficient, showed higher cell survival after LDR irradiation than after HDR irradiation at the same dose. On the other hand, MEF from Ku70-/- mice exhibited lower clonogenic cell survival after LDR irradiation than after HDR irradiation. XR-V15B and xrs-5 cells, which are Ku86-deficient, exhibited mostly identical clonogenic cell survival after LDR and HDR irradiation. Thus, the dose-rate effect in terms of clonogenic cell survival is diminished or even inversed in Ku-deficient rodent cells. These observations indicate the involvement of Ku in the dose-rate effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayo Tsuchiya
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Mikio Shimada
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Kaima Tsukada
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Qingmei Meng
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidanihonmatsucho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Matsumoto
- Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
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Leuraud K, Richardson DB, Cardis E, Daniels RD, Gillies M, Haylock R, Moissonnier M, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Thierry-Chef I, Kesminiene A, Laurier D. Risk of cancer associated with low-dose radiation exposure: comparison of results between the INWORKS nuclear workers study and the A-bomb survivors study. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2021; 60:23-39. [PMID: 33479781 PMCID: PMC7902587 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00890-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Life Span Study (LSS) of Japanese atomic bomb survivors has served as the primary basis for estimates of radiation-related disease risks that inform radiation protection standards. The long-term follow-up of radiation-monitored nuclear workers provides estimates of radiation-cancer associations that complement findings from the LSS. Here, a comparison of radiation-cancer mortality risk estimates derived from the LSS and INWORKS, a large international nuclear worker study, is presented. Restrictions were made, so that the two study populations were similar with respect to ages and periods of exposure, leading to selection of 45,625 A-bomb survivors and 259,350 nuclear workers. For solid cancer, excess relative rates (ERR) per gray (Gy) were 0.28 (90% CI 0.18; 0.38) in the LSS, and 0.29 (90% CI 0.07; 0.53) in INWORKS. A joint analysis of the data allowed for a formal assessment of heterogeneity of the ERR per Gy across the two studies (P = 0.909), with minimal evidence of curvature or of a modifying effect of attained age, age at exposure, or sex in either study. There was evidence in both cohorts of modification of the excess absolute risk (EAR) of solid cancer by attained age, with a trend of increasing EAR per Gy with attained age. For leukemia, under a simple linear model, the ERR per Gy was 2.75 (90% CI 1.73; 4.21) in the LSS and 3.15 (90% CI 1.12; 5.72) in INWORKS, with evidence of curvature in the association across the range of dose observed in the LSS but not in INWORKS; the EAR per Gy was 3.54 (90% CI 2.30; 5.05) in the LSS and 2.03 (90% CI 0.36; 4.07) in INWORKS. These findings from different study populations may help understanding of radiation risks, with INWORKS contributing information derived from cohorts of workers with protracted low dose-rate exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klervi Leuraud
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - David B Richardson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert D Daniels
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael Gillies
- Public Health England Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (PHE-CRCE), Chilton, UK
| | - Richard Haylock
- Public Health England Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (PHE-CRCE), Chilton, UK
| | | | | | - Isabelle Thierry-Chef
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Dominique Laurier
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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40
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Belmans N, Gilles L, Welkenhuysen J, Vermeesen R, Baselet B, Salmon B, Baatout S, Jacobs R, Lucas S, Lambrichts I, Moreels M. In vitro Assessment of the DNA Damage Response in Dental Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Following Low Dose X-ray Exposure. Front Public Health 2021; 9:584484. [PMID: 33692980 PMCID: PMC7939020 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.584484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells contained within the dental mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) population are crucial for tissue homeostasis. Assuring their genomic stability is therefore essential. Exposure of stem cells to ionizing radiation (IR) is potentially detrimental for normal tissue homeostasis. Although it has been established that exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation (IR) has severe adverse effects on MSCs, knowledge about the impact of low doses of IR is lacking. Here we investigated the effect of low doses of X-irradiation with medical imaging beam settings (<0.1 Gray; 900 mGray per hour), in vitro, on pediatric dental mesenchymal stromal cells containing dental pulp stem cells from deciduous teeth, dental follicle progenitor cells and stem cells from the apical papilla. DNA double strand break (DSB) formation and repair kinetics were monitored by immunocytochemistry of γH2AX and 53BP1 as well as cell cycle progression by flow cytometry and cellular senescence by senescence-associated β-galactosidase assay and ELISA. Increased DNA DSB repair foci, after exposure to low doses of X-rays, were measured as early as 30 min post-irradiation. The number of DSBs returned to baseline levels 24 h after irradiation. Cell cycle analysis revealed marginal effects of IR on cell cycle progression, although a slight G2/M phase arrest was seen in dental pulp stromal cells from deciduous teeth 72 h after irradiation. Despite this cell cycle arrest, no radiation-induced senescence was observed. In conclusion, low X-ray IR doses (< 0.1 Gray; 900 mGray per hour), were able to induce significant increases in the number of DNA DSBs repair foci, but cell cycle progression seems to be minimally affected. This highlights the need for more detailed and extensive studies on the effects of exposure to low IR doses on different mesenchymal stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Belmans
- Morphology Group, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Radiobiology Unit, Mol, Belgium
| | - Liese Gilles
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Radiobiology Unit, Mol, Belgium.,Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Randy Vermeesen
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Radiobiology Unit, Mol, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Radiobiology Unit, Mol, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Salmon
- Université de Paris, Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies UR2496 Lab, Montrouge, France.,Dental Medicine Department, AP-HP, Bretonneau hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Radiobiology Unit, Mol, Belgium
| | - Reinhilde Jacobs
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dentomaxillofacial Imaging Center, Department of Imaging and Pathology, OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, and University Hospitals, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Stéphane Lucas
- Laboratory of Analysis by Nuclear Reaction (LARN/PMR), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Radiobiology Unit, Mol, Belgium
| | - Marjan Moreels
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Radiobiology Unit, Mol, Belgium
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41
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Tapio S, Little MP, Kaiser JC, Impens N, Hamada N, Georgakilas AG, Simar D, Salomaa S. Ionizing radiation-induced circulatory and metabolic diseases. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106235. [PMID: 33157375 PMCID: PMC10686049 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Risks to health are the prime consideration in all human situations of ionizing radiation exposure and therefore of relevance to radiation protection in all occupational, medical, and public exposure situations. Over the past few decades, advances in therapeutic strategies have led to significant improvements in cancer survival rates. However, a wide range of long-term complications have been reported in cancer survivors, in particular circulatory diseases and their major risk factors, metabolic diseases. However, at lower levels of exposure, the evidence is less clear. Under real-life exposure scenarios, including radiotherapy, radiation effects in the whole organism will be determined mainly by the response of normal tissues receiving relatively low doses, and will be mediated and moderated by systemic effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for further research on the impact of low-dose radiation. In this article, we review radiation-associated risks of circulatory and metabolic diseases in clinical, occupational or environmental exposure situations, addressing epidemiological, biological, risk modelling, and systems biology aspects, highlight the gaps in knowledge and discuss future directions to address these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soile Tapio
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Mark P Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), MD, USA
| | - Jan Christian Kaiser
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Impens
- Institute of Environment, Health and Safety, Biosphere Impact Studies, SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
| | - David Simar
- Mechanisms of Disease and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sisko Salomaa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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42
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Uchinomiya K, Yoshida K, Kondo M, Tomita M, Iwasaki T. A Mathematical Model for Stem Cell Competition to Maintain a Cell Pool Injured by Radiation. Radiat Res 2020; 194:379-389. [PMID: 32936901 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00034.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The effect of low-dose-rate exposure to ionizing radiation on cancer risk is a major issue associated with radiation protection. Tissue stem cells are regarded as one of the targets of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. However, it is hypothesized that the effect of radiation may be reduced if damaged stem cells are eliminated via stem cell competition between damaged and intact stem cells. This would be particularly effective under very low-dose-rate conditions, in which only a few stem cells in a stem cell pool may be affected by radiation. Following this hypothesis, we constructed a simple mathematical model to discuss the influence of stem cell competition attenuating the accumulation of damaged cells under very low-dose-rate conditions. In this model, a constant number of cells were introduced into a cell pool, and the numbers of intact and damaged cells were calculated via transition and turnover events. A transition event emulates radiation dose, whereby an intact cell is changed into a damaged cell with a given probability. On the other hand, a turnover event expresses cell competition, where reproduction and elimination of cells occur depending on the properties of cells. Under very low-dose-rate conditions, this model showed that radiation damage to the stem cell pool was strongly suppressed when the damaged cells were less reproductive and tended to be eliminated compared to the intact cells. Furthermore, the size of the stem cell pool was positively correlated with reduction in radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Uchinomiya
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yoshida
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kondo
- Integrated Macroscopic Simulation Team, Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masanori Tomita
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Iwasaki
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan
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43
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Preston RJ, Rühm W, Azzam EI, Boice JD, Bouffler S, Held KD, Little MP, Shore RE, Shuryak I, Weil MM. Adverse outcome pathways, key events, and radiation risk assessment. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:804-814. [PMID: 33211576 PMCID: PMC10666972 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1853847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The overall aim of this contribution to the 'Second Bill Morgan Memorial Special Issue' is to provide a high-level review of a recent report developed by a Committee for the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) titled 'Approaches for Integrating Information from Radiation Biology and Epidemiology to Enhance Low-Dose Health Risk Assessment'. It derives from previous NCRP Reports and Commentaries that provide the case for integrating data from radiation biology studies (available and proposed) with epidemiological studies (also available and proposed) to develop Biologically-Based Dose-Response (BBDR) models. In this review, it is proposed for such models to leverage the adverse outcome pathways (AOP) and key events (KE) approach for better characterizing radiation-induced cancers and circulatory disease (as the example for a noncancer outcome). The review discusses the current state of knowledge of mechanisms of carcinogenesis, with an emphasis on radiation-induced cancers, and a similar discussion for circulatory disease. The types of the various informative BBDR models are presented along with a proposed generalized BBDR model for cancer and a more speculative one for circulatory disease. The way forward is presented in a comprehensive discussion of the research needs to address the goal of enhancing health risk assessment of exposures to low doses of radiation. The use of an AOP/KE approach for developing a mechanistic framework for BBDR models of radiation-induced cancer and circulatory disease is considered to be a viable one based upon current knowledge of the mechanisms of formation of these adverse health outcomes and the available technical capabilities and computational advances. The way forward for enhancing low-dose radiation risk estimates will require there to be a tight integration of epidemiology data and radiation biology information to meet the goals of relevance and sensitivity of the adverse health outcomes required for overall health risk assessment at low doses and dose rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Julian Preston
- Office of Air and Radiation, Radiation Protection Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Werner Rühm
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) Ingolstaedter, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Edouard I Azzam
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - John D Boice
- National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Simon Bouffler
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Kathryn D Held
- National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark P Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roy E Shore
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael M Weil
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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44
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Bando M, Tsunoyama Y, Suzuki K, Toki H. WAM to SeeSaw model for cancer therapy - overcoming LQM difficulties. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:228-239. [PMID: 33253050 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1854487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The assessment of biological effects caused by radiation exposure has been currently carried out with the linear-quadratic (LQ) model as an extension of the linear non-threshold (LNT) model. In this study, we suggest a new mathematical model named as SeaSaw (SS) model, which describes proliferation and cell death effects by taking account of Bergonie-Tribondeau's law in terms of a differential equation in time. We show how this model overcomes the long-standing difficulties of the LQ model. MATERIALS AND METHODS We construct the SS model as an extended Wack-A-Mole (WAM) model by using a differential equation with respect to time in order to express the dynamics of the proliferation effect. A large number of accumulated data of such parameters as α and β in the LQ based models provide us with valuable pieces of information on the corresponding parameter b 1 and the maximum volume V m of the SS model. The dose rate b 1 and the notion of active cell can explain the present data without introduction of β, which is obtained by comparing the SS model with not only the cancer therapy data but also with in vitro experimental data. Numerical calculations are presented to grasp the global features of the SS model. RESULTS The SS model predicts the time dependence of the number of active- and inactive-cells. The SS model clarifies how the effect of radiation depends on the cancer stage at the starting time in the treatment. Further, the time dependence of the tumor volume is calculated by changing individual dose strength, which results in the change of the irradiation duration for the same effect. We can consider continuous irradiation in the SS model with interesting outcome on the time dependence of the tumor volume for various dose rates. Especially by choosing the value of the dose rate to be balanced with the total growth rate, the tumor volume is kept constant. CONCLUSIONS The SS model gives a simple equation to study the situation of clinical radiation therapy and risk estimation of radiation. The radiation parameter extracted from the cancer therapy is close to the value obtained from animal experiment in vitro and in vivo. We expect the SS model leads us to a unified description of radiation therapy and protection and provides a great development in cancer-therapy clinical-planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Bando
- Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tsunoyama
- Radioisotope Research Center, Agency for Health, Safety and Environment, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Suzuki
- Preemptive Medicine and Lifestyle-Related Disease Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Toki
- Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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45
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Ulanowski A, Shemiakina E, Güthlin D, Becker J, Preston D, Apostoaei AI, Hoffman FO, Jacob P, Kaiser JC, Eidemüller M. ProZES: the methodology and software tool for assessment of assigned share of radiation in probability of cancer occurrence. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2020; 59:601-629. [PMID: 32851496 PMCID: PMC7544726 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ProZES is a software tool for estimating the probability that a given cancer was caused by preceding exposure to ionising radiation. ProZES calculates this probability, the assigned share, for solid cancers and hematopoietic malignant diseases, in cases of exposures to low-LET radiation, and for lung cancer in cases of exposure to radon. User-specified inputs include birth year, sex, type of diagnosed cancer, age at diagnosis, radiation exposure history and characteristics, and smoking behaviour for lung cancer. Cancer risk models are an essential part of ProZES. Linking disease and exposure to radiation involves several methodological aspects, and assessment of uncertainties received particular attention. ProZES systematically uses the principle of multi-model inference. Models of radiation risk were either newly developed or critically re-evaluated for ProZES, including dedicated models for frequent types of cancer and, for less common diseases, models for groups of functionally similar cancer sites. The low-LET models originate mostly from the study of atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Risks predicted by these models are adjusted to be applicable to the population of Germany and to different time periods. Adjustment factors for low dose rates and for a reduced risk during the minimum latency time between exposure and cancer are also applied. The development of the methodology and software was initiated and supported by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) taking up advice by the German Commission on Radiological Protection (SSK, Strahlenschutzkommission). These provide the scientific basis to support decision making on compensation claims regarding malignancies following occupational exposure to radiation in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ulanowski
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- IAEA Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2444, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Elena Shemiakina
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Denise Güthlin
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Protection and Health, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Janine Becker
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - F Owen Hoffman
- Oak Ridge Center for Risk Analysis, Inc, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Peter Jacob
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Christian Kaiser
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Markus Eidemüller
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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46
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Cahoon EK, Zhang R, Simon SL, Bouville A, Pfeiffer RM. Projected Cancer Risks to Residents of New Mexico from Exposure to Trinity Radioactive Fallout. HEALTH PHYSICS 2020; 119:478-493. [PMID: 32881740 PMCID: PMC7497483 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Trinity nuclear test, conducted in 1945, exposed residents of New Mexico to varying degrees of radioactive fallout. Companion papers in this issue have detailed the results of a dose reconstruction that has estimated tissue-specific radiation absorbed doses to residents of New Mexico from internal and external exposure to radioactive fallout in the first year following the Trinity test when more than 90% of the lifetime dose was received. Estimated radiation doses depended on geographic location, race/ethnicity, and age at the time of the test. Here, these doses were applied to sex- and organ-specific risk coefficients (without applying a dose and dose rate effectiveness factor to extrapolate from a population with high-dose/high-dose rates to those with low-dose/low-dose rates) and combined with baseline cancer rates and published life tables to estimate and project the range of radiation-related excess cancers among 581,489 potentially exposed residents of New Mexico. The total lifetime baseline number of all solid cancers [excluding thyroid and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC)] was estimated to be 183,000 from 1945 to 2034. Estimates of ranges of numbers of radiation-related excess cancers and corresponding attributable fractions from 1945 to 2034 incorporate various sources of uncertainty. We estimated 90% uncertainty intervals (UIs) of excess cancer cases to be 210 to 460 for all solid cancers (except thyroid cancer and NMSC), 80 to 530 for thyroid cancer, and up to 10 for leukemia (except chronic lymphocytic leukemia), with corresponding attributable fractions ranging from 0.12% to 0.25%, 3.6% to 20%, and 0.02% to 0.31%, respectively. In the counties of Guadalupe, Lincoln, San Miguel, Socorro, and Torrance, which received the greatest fallout deposition, the 90% UI for the projected fraction of thyroid cancers attributable to radioactive fallout from the Trinity test was estimated to be from 17% to 58%. Attributable fractions for cancer types varied by race/ethnicity, but 90% UIs overlapped for all race/ethnicity groups for each cancer grouping. Thus, most cancers that have occurred or will occur among persons exposed to Trinity fallout are likely to be cancers unrelated to exposures from the Trinity nuclear test. While these ranges are based on the most detailed dose reconstruction to date and rely largely on methods previously established through scientific committee agreement, challenges inherent in the dose estimation, and assumptions relied upon both in the risk projection and incorporation of uncertainty are important limitations in quantifying the range of radiation-related excess cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. Cahoon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rui Zhang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Steven L. Simon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Ruth M. Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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47
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Doi K, Kai M, Suzuki K, Imaoka T, Sasatani M, Tanaka S, Yamada Y, Kakinuma S. Estimation of Dose-Rate Effectiveness Factor for Malignant Tumor Mortality: Joint Analysis of Mouse Data Exposed to Chronic and Acute Radiation. Radiat Res 2020; 194:500-510. [DOI: 10.1667/rade-19-00003.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michiaki Kai
- Environmental Health Science Division, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Oita, Japan
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Megumi Sasatani
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamada
- Department of Radioecology and Fukushima Project, Center for Advanced Radiation Emergency Medicine, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
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48
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Little MP, Pawel D, Misumi M, Hamada N, Cullings HM, Wakeford R, Ozasa K. Lifetime Mortality Risk from Cancer and Circulatory Disease Predicted from the Japanese Atomic Bomb Survivor Life Span Study Data Taking Account of Dose Measurement Error. Radiat Res 2020; 194:259-276. [PMID: 32942303 PMCID: PMC7646983 DOI: 10.1667/rr15571.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Dosimetric measurement error is known to potentially bias the magnitude of the dose response, and can also affect the shape of dose response. In this report, generalized relative and absolute rate models are fitted to the latest Japanese atomic bomb survivor solid cancer, leukemia and circulatory disease mortality data (followed from 1950 through 2003), with the latest (DS02R1) dosimetry, using Bayesian techniques to adjust for errors in dose estimates and assessing other model uncertainties. Linear-quadratic models are fitted and used to assess lifetime mortality risks for contemporary UK, USA, French, Russian, Japanese and Chinese populations. For a test dose of 0.1 Gy absorbed dose weighted by neutron relative biological effectiveness, solid cancer, leukemia and circulatory disease mortality risks for a UK population using a generalized linear-quadratic relative rate model were estimated to be 3.88% Gy-1 [95% Bayesian credible interval (BCI): 1.17, 6.97], 0.35% Gy-1 (95% BCI: -0.03, 0.78) and 2.24% Gy-1 (95% BCI: -0.17, 13.76), respectively. Using a generalized absolute rate linear-quadratic model at 0.1 Gy, the lifetime risks for these three end points were estimated to be 3.56% Gy-1 (95% BCI: 0.54, 6.78), 0.41% Gy-1 (95% BCI: 0.01, 0.86) and 1.56% Gy-1 (95% BCI: -1.10, 7.21), respectively. There was substantial evidence of curvature for solid cancer (in particular, the group of solid cancers excluding lung, breast and stomach cancers) and leukemia, so that for solid cancer and leukemia, estimates of excess risk per unit dose were nearly doubled by increasing the dose from 0.01 to 1.0 Gy, with most of the increase occurring in the interval from 0.1 to 1.0 Gy. For circulatory disease, the dose-response curvature was inverse, so that risk per unit dose was nearly halved by going from 0.01 t o 1.0 Gy weighted absorbed dose, although there were substantial uncertainties. In general, there were higher radiation risks for females compared to males. This was true for solid cancer and circulatory disease overall, as well as for lung, breast, stomach and the group of other solid cancers, and was the case whether relative or absolute rate projection models were employed; however, for leukemia this pattern was reversed. Risk estimates varied somewhat between populations, with lower cancer risks in aggregate for China and Russia, but higher circulatory disease risks for Russia, particularly using the relative rate model. There was more pronounced variation for certain cancer sites and certain types of projection models, so that breast cancer risk was markedly lower in China and Japan using a relative rate model, but the opposite was the case for stomach cancer. There was less variation between countries using the absolute rate models for stomach cancer and breast cancer, but this was not the case for lung cancer and the group of other solid cancers, or for circulatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9778
| | - David Pawel
- Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20004
| | | | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | | | - Richard Wakeford
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Kotaro Ozasa
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
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49
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Olofsson D, Cheng L, Fernández RB, Płódowska M, Riego ML, Akuwudike P, Lisowska H, Lundholm L, Wojcik A. Biological effectiveness of very high gamma dose rate and its implication for radiological protection. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2020; 59:451-460. [PMID: 32488310 PMCID: PMC7368856 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00852-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many experimental studies are carried out to compare biological effectiveness of high dose rate (HDR) with that of low dose rate (LDR). The rational for this is the uncertainty regarding the value of the dose rate effectiveness factor (DREF) used in radiological protection. While a LDR is defined as 0.1 mGy/min or lower, anything above that is seen as HDR. In cell and animal experiments, a dose rate around 1 Gy/min is usually used as representative for HDR. However, atomic bomb survivors, the reference cohort for radiological protection, were exposed to tens of Gy/min. The important question is whether gamma radiation delivered at very high dose rate (VHDR-several Gy/min) is more effective in inducing DNA damage than that delivered at HDR. The aim of this investigation was to compare the biological effectiveness of gamma radiation delivered at VHDR (8.25 Gy/min) with that of HDR (0.38 Gy/min or 0.79 Gy/min). Experiments were carried out with human peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the human osteosarcoma cell line U2OS. Endpoints related to DNA damage response were analysed. The results show that in PBMC, VHDR is more effective than HDR in inducing gene expression and micronuclei. In U2OS cells, the repair of 53BP1 foci was delayed after VHDR indicating a higher level of damage complexity, but no VHDR effect was observed at the level of micronuclei and clonogenic cell survival. We suggest that the DREF value may be underestimated when the biological effectiveness of HDR and LDR is compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Olofsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Centre for Radiation Protection Research, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Centre for Radiation Protection Research, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rubén Barrios Fernández
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Centre for Radiation Protection Research, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Płódowska
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Milagrosa López Riego
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Centre for Radiation Protection Research, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pamela Akuwudike
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Centre for Radiation Protection Research, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Halina Lisowska
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Lovisa Lundholm
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Centre for Radiation Protection Research, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrzej Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Centre for Radiation Protection Research, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland.
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50
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Kaiser JC, Blettner M, Stathopoulos GT. Biologically based models of cancer risk in radiation research. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:2-11. [PMID: 32573309 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1784490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Christian Kaiser
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Maria Blettner
- Epidemiology and Informatics, Institute of Medical Biometry, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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