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Statins and angiogenesis in non-cardiovascular diseases. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103320. [PMID: 35850434 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase by competitively inhibiting the active site of the enzyme, thus preventing cholesterol synthesis and reducing the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Many pleiotropic effects of statins have been demonstrated that can be either related or unrelated to their cholesterol-lowering ability. Among these effects are their proangiogenic and antiangiogenic properties that could offer new therapeutic applications. In this regard, pro- and anti-angiogenic properties of statins have been shown to be dose dependent. Statins also appear to have a variety of non-cardiovascular angiogenic effects in many diseases, some examples being ocular disease, brain disease, cancer, preeclampsia, diabetes and bone disease, which are discussed in this review using reports from in vitro and in vivo investigations.
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Sharma DS, Wadhwa S, Gulati M, Kadukkattil Ramanunny A, Awasthi A, Singh SK, Khursheed R, Corrie L, Chitranshi N, Gupta VK, Vishwas S. Recent advances in intraocular and novel drug delivery systems for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:553-576. [PMID: 33143473 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1846518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is associated with damage to the retinal blood vessels that lead eventually to vision loss. The existing treatments of DR are invasive, expensive, and cumbersome. To overcome challenges associated with existing therapies, various intraocular sustained release and novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) have been explored.Areas covered: The review discusses recently developed intraocular devices for sustained release of drugs as well as novel noninvasive drug delivery systems that have met a varying degree of success in local delivery of drugs to retinal circulation.Expert opinion: The intraocular devices have got very good success in providing sustained release of drugs in patients. The development of NDDS and their application through the ocular route has certainly provided an edge to treat DR over existing therapies such as anti-VEGF administration but their success rate is quite low. Moreover, most of them have proved to be effective only in animal models. In addition, the extent of targeting the drug to the retina still remains variable and unpredictable. The toxicity aspect of the NDDS has generally been neglected. In order to have successful commercialization of nanotechnology-based innovations well-designed clinical research studies need to be conducted to evaluate their clinical superiority over that of the existing formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Shikha Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Sheetu Wadhwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | | | - Ankit Awasthi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Rubiya Khursheed
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Leander Corrie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Sukriti Vishwas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
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Intensive treat-to-target statin therapy and severity of diabetic retinopathy complicated by hypercholesterolaemia. Eye (Lond) 2020; 35:2221-2228. [PMID: 33106609 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-01202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of intensive and standard statin therapy on severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) complicated by hypercholesterolaemia in a prespecified substudy of the standard vs. intEnsive statin therapy for hypercholesteroleMic Patients with diAbetic retinopaTHY (EMPATHY) study. METHODS Among 5144 patients in the multicentre, prospective, randomized EMPATHY study, this substudy considered 157 patients with seven-field fundus photographs of sufficient quality taken during study enrolment and at the 3-year visit. Eighty-five and seventy-two patients received intensive and standard statin treatments, respectively, in a treat-to-target manner. The primary endpoint was a two-step change in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) DR severity scale at 36 months. Surrogate markers included changes in hard exudates, changes in visual acuity, and additional ocular treatments during study follow-up. RESULTS Intensive and standard treatment groups did not differ significantly in terms of changing two or more steps on the DR severity scale (P = 0.4380). In patients with severe DR, defined as ≥47 on the severity scale, exploratory analysis showed more frequent improvement of DR, by at least one step, with intensive vs. standard treatment (83.3% vs. 40.0%; P = 0.0346). The intensive and standard groups did not differ in changes on the hard exudates severity scale (P = 0.3460), logarithm of minimum angle of resolution visual acuity (P = 0.5500), or additional ocular treatment during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Intensive and standard statin treatment may have similar effects on DR in the population of all patients with DR and hypercholesterolaemia, but intensive therapy may be more beneficial in patients with severe DR.
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Mozhi A, Sunil V, Zhan W, Ghode PB, Thakor NV, Wang CH. Enhanced penetration of pro-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic micellar nanoprobe in 3D multicellular spheroids for chemophototherapy. J Control Release 2020; 323:502-518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ioannidou E, Tseriotis VS, Tziomalos K. Role of lipid-lowering agents in the management of diabetic retinopathy. World J Diabetes 2017; 8:1-6. [PMID: 28138358 PMCID: PMC5237812 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy affects a substantial proportion of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and is the leading cause of blindness in working-aged adults. Even though the incidence of diabetic retinopathy has declined in the last decades, its prevalence increased and is expected to rise further as a result of the increasing incidence of type 2 DM (T2DM) and the longer life expectancy of patients with DM. The pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy is multifactorial. Some observational studies suggested an association between dyslipidemia and the development and progression of retinopathy in patients with DM but others did not confirm this association. Regarding lipid-lowering agents, studies that evaluated the role of statins in the management of these patients are mostly small and yielded discrepant results. Large randomized studies with statins in patients with T2DM showed no benefit of these agents on diabetic retinopathy but were not designed to address this effect. In contrast, both preclinical data and two large randomized controlled studies, the FIELD and the ACCORD trial, showed that fenofibrate delays the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Even though the mechanisms underpinning this favorable effect are not entirely clear, these findings suggest that fenofibrate might represent a useful tool for the management of diabetic retinopathy.
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Lacerda L, Reddy JP, Liu D, Larson R, Li L, Masuda H, Brewer T, Debeb BG, Xu W, Hortobágyi GN, Buchholz TA, Ueno NT, Woodward WA. Simvastatin radiosensitizes differentiated and stem-like breast cancer cell lines and is associated with improved local control in inflammatory breast cancer patients treated with postmastectomy radiation. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:849-56. [PMID: 24833589 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported rates of local failure after adjuvant radiation for women with inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) and triple-negative non-IBC are higher than those of women with receptor-expressing non-IBC. These high rates of locoregional recurrence are potentially influenced by the contribution of radioresistant cancer stem cells to these cancers. Statins have been shown to target stem cells and improve disease-free survival among IBC patients. We examined simvastatin radiosensitization of multiple subtypes of breast cancer cell lines in vitro in monolayer and mammosphere-based clonogenic assays and examined the therapeutic benefit of statin use on local control after postmastectomy radiation (PMRT) among IBC patients. We found that simvastatin radiosensitizes mammosphere-initiating cells (MICs) of IBC cell lines (MDA-IBC3, SUM149, SUM190) and of the metaplastic, non-IBC triple-negative receptor cell line (SUM159). However, simvastatin radioprotects MICs of non-IBC cell lines MCF-7 and SKBR3. In a retrospective clinical study of 519 IBC patients treated with PMRT, 53 patients used a statin. On univariate analysis, actuarial 3-year local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) was higher among statin users, and on multivariate analysis, triple negative breast cancer, absence of lymphatic invasion, neoadjuvant pathological tumor response to preoperative chemotherapy, and statin use were independently associated with higher LRFS. In conclusion, patients with IBC and triple-negative non-IBC breast cancer have the highest rates of local failure, and there are no available known radiosensitizers. We report significant improvement in local control after PMRT among statin users with IBC and significant radiosensitization across triple-negative and IBC cell lines of multiple subtypes using simvastatin. These data suggest that simvastatin should be justified as a radiosensitizing agent by a prospective clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Lacerda
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic and the Departments of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jay P Reddy
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic and the Departments of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Diane Liu
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic and the Departments of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard Larson
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic and the Departments of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li Li
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic and the Departments of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hiroko Masuda
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic and the Departments of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Takae Brewer
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic and the Departments of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bisrat G Debeb
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic and the Departments of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic and the Departments of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gabriel N Hortobágyi
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic and the Departments of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas A Buchholz
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic and the Departments of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Naoto T Ueno
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic and the Departments of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wendy A Woodward
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic and the Departments of Radiation Oncology, Biostatistics, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Rezzola S, Belleri M, Gariano G, Ribatti D, Costagliola C, Semeraro F, Presta M. In vitro and ex vivo retina angiogenesis assays. Angiogenesis 2013; 17:429-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Thirunavukkarasu M, Selvaraju V, Dunna NR, Foye JL, Joshi M, Otani H, Maulik N. Simvastatin treatment inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha-(HIF-1alpha)-prolyl-4-hydroxylase 3 (PHD-3) and increases angiogenesis after myocardial infarction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:2474-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Simvastatin increases circulating endothelial progenitor cells and reduces the formation and progression of diabetic retinopathy in rats. Exp Eye Res 2012; 105:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Xiao Y, Li Y, Han J, Pan Y, Tie L, Li X. Transgelin 2 participates in lovastatin-induced anti-angiogenic effects in endothelial cells through a phosphorylated myosin light chain-related mechanism. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46510. [PMID: 23056327 PMCID: PMC3464299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-angiogenic activity is considered to play a key role in the statin-induced anti-tumor effects. We aimed to identify new targets underlying this pleiotropic effect of lovastatin. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated the inhibitory effects of lovastatin on endothelial cell biology and angiogenesis in vitro. Lovastatin at high doses inhibited endothelial cell migration and tube formation. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry, we identified the up-regulation of the actin-binding protein transgelin 2 in endothelial cells following treatment with lovastatin. Changes in transgelin 2 levels were confirmed by Western blot and confocal microscopy. We further demonstrated that the Rho signaling inactivation and actin depolymerization contributed to the up-regulation of transgelin 2. The knockdown of transgelin 2 by siRNA dramatically enhanced endothelial migration and tube formation, and meanwhile attenuated the inhibitory effects of lovastatin on cell motility. Moreover, the lovastatin-induced inhibition of myosin light chain phosphorylation was also reversed by transgelin 2 knockdown. The activation of Rho GTPase in the absence of transgelin 2 may represent a mechanism underlying the regulation of phosphorylated myosin light chain by transgelin 2. Conclusions/Significance These results strongly imply a novel role for transgelin 2 in the angiostatic activities of lovastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xuejun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of System Biomedicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Kim KJ, Kim KS, Kim NR, Chin HS. Effects of Simvastatin on the Expression of VEGF in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2012.53.6.849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Jin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Inha Vision Science Laboratory, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kyong Sil Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Inha Vision Science Laboratory, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Na Rae Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Inha Vision Science Laboratory, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hee Seung Chin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Inha Vision Science Laboratory, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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Grammas P. Neurovascular dysfunction, inflammation and endothelial activation: implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:26. [PMID: 21439035 PMCID: PMC3072921 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and dementia. Alzheimer's disease is an increasingly prevalent disease with 5.3 million people in the United States currently affected. This number is a 10 percent increase from previous estimates and is projected to sharply increase to 8 million by 2030; it is the sixth-leading cause of death. In the United States the direct and indirect costs of Alzheimer's and other dementias to Medicare, Medicaid and businesses amount to more than $172 billion each year. Despite intense research efforts, effective disease-modifying therapies for this devastating disease remain elusive. At present, the few agents that are FDA-approved for the treatment of AD have demonstrated only modest effects in modifying clinical symptoms for relatively short periods and none has shown a clear effect on disease progression. New therapeutic approaches are desperately needed. Although the idea that vascular defects are present in AD and may be important in disease pathogenesis was suggested over 25 years ago, little work has focused on an active role for cerebrovascular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AD. Nevertheless, increasing literature supports a vascular-neuronal axis in AD as shared risk factors for both AD and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease implicate vascular mechanisms in the development and/or progression of AD. Also, chronic inflammation is closely associated with cardiovascular disease, as well as a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases of aging including AD. In this review we summarize data regarding, cardiovascular risk factors and vascular abnormalities, neuro- and vascular-inflammation, and brain endothelial dysfunction in AD. We conclude that the endothelial interface, a highly synthetic bioreactor that produces a large number of soluble factors, is functionally altered in AD and contributes to a noxious CNS milieu by releasing inflammatory and neurotoxic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Grammas
- Garrison Institute on Aging, and Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
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