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Hoseini M, Samaei MR, Shahesmaeili A, Martínez SS, Amiri H. Using biomonitoring as a complementary approach in BTEX exposure assessment in the general population and occupational settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:493-510. [PMID: 35751850 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous organic compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene (known as BTEX) found at work and at home can cause adverse health effects of human beings throughout their lives. Biological monitoring, an exposure assessment method, considers all exposed organic and non-organic compounds. Our goal was to perform a systematic review and a statistical analysis (meta-analysis) of peer-reviewed publications to assess urinary concentrations of BTEX biomarkers in both occupationally-exposed population and the general population. Several major electronic databases, including Scopus, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, and Google scholar (grey literature), were searched for biomonitoring studies of BTEX. Overall, 33 studies met the eligible criteria for the systematic review and six met the full inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. For meta-analysis, we included studies in which unmetabolized BTEX compounds were measured in urine samples. Due to insufficient data, studies that measured BTEX metabolites in urine samples and unmetabolized BTEX compounds in blood samples were excluded from the meta-analysis but were analyzed in the qualitative synthesis. Most studies showed increased urinary concentrations of BTEX in exposed individuals (mainly workers) compared to unexposed individuals. The results showed that the highest total BTEX concentrations were recorded in painters and policemen. This study showed that the undoubted associations between lifestyle and environmental factors and urinary levels of BTEX or its metabolites have not yet been confirmed in current biomonitoring studies. This is attributed to the few studies reported in this research area, the lack of homogeneous information, and the disagreement in the published results of the studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hoseini
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Samaei
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Armita Shahesmaeili
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Susana Silva Martínez
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Hoda Amiri
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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2
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Barros B, Oliveira M, Morais S. Biomonitoring of firefighting forces: a review on biomarkers of exposure to health-relevant pollutants released from fires. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:127-171. [PMID: 36748115 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2172119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure as a firefighter has recently been classified as a carcinogen to humans by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Biomonitoring has been increasingly used to characterize exposure of firefighting forces to contaminants. However, available data are dispersed and information on the most relevant and promising biomarkers in this context of firefighting is missing. This review presents a comprehensive summary and critical appraisal of existing biomarkers of exposure including volatile organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, several other persistent other organic pollutants as well as heavy metals and metalloids detected in biological fluids of firefighters attending different fire scenarios. Urine was the most characterized matrix, followed by blood. Firefighters exhaled breath and saliva were poorly evaluated. Overall, biological levels of compounds were predominantly increased in firefighters after participation in firefighting activities. Biomonitoring studies combining different biomarkers of exposure and of effect are currently limited but exploratory findings are of high interest. However, biomonitoring still has some unresolved major limitations since reference or recommended values are not yet established for most biomarkers. In addition, half-lives values for most of the biomarkers have thus far not been defined, which significantly hampers the design of studies. These limitations need to be tackled urgently to improve risk assessment and support implementation of better more effective preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela Barros
- REQUIMTE-LAQV,Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Oliveira
- REQUIMTE-LAQV,Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Simone Morais
- REQUIMTE-LAQV,Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Pal VK, Kannan K. Assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds through urinary concentrations of their metabolites in pet dogs and cats from the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120576. [PMID: 36336188 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, exposure to which is associated with birth defects, neurocognitive and reproductive impairments, and cancer. Little is known, however, about VOC exposure in pet dogs and cats, which represent sentinels for human exposure as well as having value as companion animals. In this study, we determined 38 VOC metabolites (VOCMs) in urine samples collected from 47 dogs and 42 cats from the Albany area of New York State. Seventeen (in cats) to twenty (in dogs) VOCMs were found at detection frequencies (DFs) above 60%. The creatinine-adjusted geometric mean (GM) concentrations of individual VOCMs ranged from 5.43 (EMA) to 761 μg/g (3HPMA) in dog urine and 0.824 (SBMA) to 278 μg/g (ATCA) in cat urine. The ∑20 VOCM concentration in dog urine was 2280 μg/g (geometric mean) and the ∑17 VOCM concentration in cat urine was 847 μg/g. Eight individual VOCMs were significantly more abundant in dog than in cat urine, and the urinary concentrations of several VOCMs in dogs were comparable to those reported for human tobacco smokers. Metabolites of acrolein accounted for 43% of ∑20 VOCM concentration in dogs, whereas those of cyanide and benzene accounted for 60% of ∑17 VOCM concentration in cats. Based on acrylamide exposure doses, calculated hazard quotients were above 1 in 77% of dogs and 50% of cats studied, and cancer risk values (using a benchmark of 10-6) from exposure to acrylamide exceeded 1 for all dogs and cats. This is the first study to report VOCM concentrations in urine collected from pet dogs and cats and highlights the need to identify sources and health implications of VOCs exposure in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar Pal
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, United States.
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4
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Louis LM, Kavi LK, Boyle M, Pool W, Bhandari D, De Jesús VR, Thomas S, Pollack AZ, Sun A, McLean S, Rule AM, Quirós-Alcalá L. Biomonitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) among hairdressers in salons primarily serving women of color: A pilot study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 154:106655. [PMID: 34090205 PMCID: PMC8221536 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hairdressers are exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), many of which have been linked to acute and chronic health effects. Those hairdressers serving an ethnic clientele may potentially experience disproportionate exposures from frequent use of products containing VOCs or different VOC concentrations contained in products which are marketed to the specific needs of their clientele. However, no biomonitoring studies have investigated occupational exposures in this population. In the present pilot study, we sought to characterize concentrations and exposure determinants for 28 VOC biomarkers in post-shift urine samples among 23 hairdressers primarily serving an ethnic clientele. VOC biomarker concentrations among hairdressers of color were compared to concentrations among a comparison group of 17 office workers and a representative sample of women participating in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. VOC biomarkers were detected in all hairdressers with higher concentrations observed among hairdressers serving a predominantly Black versus Latino clientele, and among hairdressers overall versus office workers and women in the U.S. general population. Median biomarker concentrations for acrolein,1,3-butadiene, and xylene in hairdressers were more than twice as high as those observed among office workers. Median concentrations for 1-bromopropane, acrolein and 1,3-butadiene were more than four times higher among all hairdressers compared to those reported among women in the U.S. general population. Select salon services (e.g., sister locs, flat ironing, permanent hair coloring, permanent waves or texturizing, Brazilian blowout or keratin treatment, etc.) were also associated with higher VOC biomarker concentrations among hairdressers. This pilot study represents the first biomonitoring analysis to characterize VOC exposures among women hairdressers of color and to provide evidence that this occupational population may experience elevated VOC exposures compared to women in the U.S. general population. Results from our study represent an important first step in elucidating occupational VOC exposures in this understudied occupational group. Larger studies among a racially and ethnically diverse cohort of hairdressers are warranted to confirm our findings and inform future exposure interventions in this understudied occupational population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M Louis
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lucy K Kavi
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Meleah Boyle
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Deepak Bhandari
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Víctor R De Jesús
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen Thomas
- University of Maryland, School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA; Maryland Center for Health Equity, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Anna Z Pollack
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Angela Sun
- Maryland Center for Health Equity, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Seyrona McLean
- Maryland Center for Health Equity, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ana M Rule
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA; Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Ke Y, Liu R, Chen X, Feng Y, Gao P, Huang H, Fan L, Ye D. Volatile organic compounds concentration profiles and control strategy in container manufacturing industry: Case studies in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 104:296-306. [PMID: 33985733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), important precursors of ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), are the key to curb the momentum of O3 growth and further reducing PM2.5 in China. Container manufacturing industry is one of the major VOC emitters, and more than 96% containers of the world are produced in China, with the annual usage of coatings of over 200,000 tons in recent years. This is the first research on the emission characteristics of VOCs in Chinese container manufacturing industry, including concentration and ozone formation potential (OFP) of each species. The result shows that the largest amounts of VOCs are emitted during the pretreatment process, followed by the paint mixing process and primer painting process, and finally other sprays process. The average VOC concentrations in the workshops, the exhausts before treatment and the exhausts after treatment are ranging from 82.67-797.46 , 170-1,812.65 , 66.20-349.63 mg/m3, respectively. Benzenes, alcohols and ethers are main species, which contribute more than 90% OFP together. Based on the emission characteristics of VOCs and the technical feasibility, it is recommended to set the emission limit in standard of benzene to 1.0 mg/m3, toluene to 10 mg/m3, xylene to 20 mg/m3, benzenes to 40 mg/m3, alcohols and ethers to 50 mg/m3, and VOCs to 100 mg/m3. The study reports the industry emission characteristics and discusses the standard limits, which is a powerful support to promote VOCs emission reduction, and to promote the coordinated control of PM2.5 and O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Ke
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaofang Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yang Feng
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ping Gao
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haomin Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Technology and Equipment (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liya Fan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Technology and Equipment (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daiqi Ye
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Technology and Equipment (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China.
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6
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Evaluation of Exposure to Toluene and Xylene in Gasoline Station Workers. Adv Prev Med 2021; 2021:5553633. [PMID: 34104483 PMCID: PMC8159630 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5553633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The main volatile organic compounds found at gasoline stations are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX). They cause several harmful effects on human health. Regulatory Norm 7 (1978) provides that, in Brazil, biological monitoring of toluene and xylene is carried out by measuring the urinary metabolites hippuric acid (HA) and methylhippuric acid (MHA), respectively. The objective of this study was to assess the exposure to toluene and xylene and to identify related signs and symptoms in gasoline station workers. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted with workers occupationally exposed to fuels. These gasoline station workers were divided into two groups: 94 workers exposed mainly by inhalation (convenience store workers (CSWs)) and 181 workers exposed by inhalation and dermal route (filling station attendants (FSAs)). A comparison group was formed by 119 workers not occupationally exposed to fuels (office workers (OWs)). Workers exposed to fuels had higher average levels of these exposure biomarkers (HA and MHA), which were also higher in convenience store workers than in filling station attendants. In addition, individuals exposed to the solvents present in gasoline had altered mood/depression, cramps, dizziness, drowsiness, headaches, irritability/nervousness, weakness, weight loss, and other symptoms more frequently and had higher urinary levels of HA and MHA compared to the comparison group. Gasoline station workers showed high levels of HA and MHA, reflecting high occupational exposure to the solvents toluene and xylene present in gasoline, demonstrating that changes in the current legislation and in the work environment are necessary to ensure better health protection for these workers.
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Davidson CJ, Hannigan JH, Bowen SE. Effects of inhaled combined Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes (BTEX): Toward an environmental exposure model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:103518. [PMID: 33132182 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Combined environmental exposures to the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX) pose clear risks to public health. Research into these risks is under-studied even as BTEX levels in the atmosphere are predicted to rise. This review focuses on the available literature using single- and combined-BTEX component inhaled solvent exposures in animal models, necessarily also drawing on findings from models of inhalant abuse and occupational exposures. Health effects of these exposures are discussed for multiple organ systems, but with particular attention on neurobehavioral outcomes such as locomotor activity, impulsivity, learning, and psychopharmacological responses. It is clear that animal models have significant differences in the concentrations, durations and patterns of exposure. Experimental evidence of the deleterious health and neurobehavioral consequences of exposures to the individual components of BTEX were found, but these effects were typically assessed using concentrations and exposure patterns not characteristic of environmental exposure. Future studies with animal models designed appropriately to explore combined BTEX will be necessary and advantageous to discovering health outcomes and more subtle neurobehavioral impacts of long-term environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John H Hannigan
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child & Family Development, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Scott E Bowen
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Occupational exposure limits for acetaldehyde, 2-bromopropane, glyphosate, manganese and inorganic manganese compounds, and zinc oxide nanoparticle, and the biological exposure indices for cadmium and cadmium compounds and ethylbenzene, and carcinogenicity, occupational sensitizer, and reproductive toxicant classifications. J Occup Health 2021; 63:e12294. [PMID: 34799968 PMCID: PMC8605477 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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9
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Dietary Compounds Influencing the Sensorial, Volatile and Phytochemical Properties of Bovine Milk. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010026. [PMID: 31861730 PMCID: PMC6983252 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to evaluate the volatile profile, sensory perception, and phytochemical content of bovine milk produced from cows fed on three distinct feeding systems, namely grass (GRS), grass/clover (CLV), and total mixed ration (TMR). Previous studies have identified that feed type can influence the sensory perception of milk directly via the transfer of volatile aromatic compounds, or indirectly by the transfer of non-volatile substrates that act as precursors for volatile compounds. In the present study, significant differences were observed in the phytochemical profile of the different feed and milk samples. The isoflavone formonoetin was significantly higher in CLV feed samples, but higher in raw GRS milk, while other smaller isoflavones, such as daidzein, genistein, and apigenin were highly correlated to raw CLV milk. This suggests that changes in isoflavone content and concentration in milk relate to diet, but also to metabolism in the rumen. This study also found unique potential volatile biomarkers in milk (dimethyl sulfone) related to feeding systems, or significant differences in the concentration of others (toluene, p-cresol, ethyl and methyl esters) based on feeding systems. TMR milk scored significantly higher for hay-like flavor and white color, while GRS and CLV milk scored significantly higher for a creamy color. Milk samples were easily distinguishable by their volatile profile based on feeding system, storage time, and pasteurization.
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Wang Y, Hua L, Jiang J, Xie Y, Hou K, Li Q, Wu C, Li H. High-pressure photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with dynamic purge-injection for rapid analysis of volatile metabolites in urine. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1008:74-81. [PMID: 29420946 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule metabolites are widely used as biomarkers in the research field of metabolomics for disease diagnosis and exposure assessment. As a readily available biofluid containing plenty of volatile organic metabolites (VOMs), urine is ideal for non-invasive metabolomic analysis; however, there is still lack of rapid analysis method for VOMs in urine. Here we report a kind of rapid method for urine analysis by employing high-pressure photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPPI-TOFMS) combined with dynamic purge-injection. Various types of metabolites, such as ketones, alcohols, acids, sulfides, pyrroles and amines were detected directly by simple acidification or alkalization of urines. It is noteworthy that nitrogen-containing compounds, especially polar amines, could be ultrasensitively measured without any derivatization. The analytical capability of the direct HPPI-MS technique was demonstrated by analyzing five valuable metabolites, i.e., toluene, 2,5-dimethylpyrrole, trimethlyamine, styrene, and p-xylene, which exhibited relatively low limits of detection, wide linear range and satisfactory repeatability. Being highly sensitive and humidity-friendly, the whole analytical procedure is easily operated in less than 6 min. Interestingly, a new biomarker 2,5-dimethylpyrrole was exclusively found in the smoker's urine sample besides toluene. The work presents a novel tool for rapid nontarget disease biomarkers screening or target monitoring of specific compounds through the investigation of volatile metabolites in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jichun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Li
- Department of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.
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Choi W, Kim S, Baek YW, Choi K, Lee K, Kim S, Yu SD, Choi K. Exposure to environmental chemicals among Korean adults-updates from the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012-2014). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 220:29-35. [PMID: 27816434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
National biomonitoring program can offer solid scientific evidence on exposure profiles of environmental chemicals at a national level, and provide a snapshot of changing exposure level over time. Therefore, several countries have maintained such programs for developing environmental health policies. The Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) was designed to understand the level of human exposure to environmental chemicals by time and location, and to identify possible sources of such exposure. The 2nd stage of KoNEHS, which was conducted between 2012 and 2014, examined a total of 6478 adult subjects over 19 years of age, and measured 21 environmental chemicals of major policy concern. Compared to the findings from the first stage monitoring (2009-2011), slightly higher levels of blood lead were observed, while those of mercury remained similar. Blood metal concentrations, however, were higher than those reported from national biomonitoring programs of United States, Germany and Canada. The urinary concentrations of phthalates metabolites were lower, but those of t,t-muconic acid and BPA were higher than those reported in the first stage survey. The urinary cotinine level decreased perhaps reflecting general declining patterns of first- and second-hand smoking. The results of the second stage survey were made available for public use since April 2016. Some policy efforts appear to be at least in part effective on mitigating chemical exposure among people, e.g., urinary phthalate metabolites and cotinine, while further confirmations are warranted. In-depth assessments will be conducted to identify vulnerable groups and important exposure pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wookhee Choi
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Suejin Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea.
| | - Yong-Wook Baek
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keejae Lee
- Department of Information and Statistics, College of Natural Science, Korea National Open University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Do Yu
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Kyunghee Choi
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
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Mckee RH, Adenuga MD, Carrillo JC. Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:273-365. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1016216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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The sub-chronic oral toxicity of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene in Sprague–Dawley rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:143-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Faniband M, Lindh CH, Jönsson BAG. Human biological monitoring of suspected endocrine-disrupting compounds. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:5-16. [PMID: 24369128 PMCID: PMC3901881 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds are exogenous agents that interfere with the natural hormones of the body. Human biological monitoring is a powerful method for monitoring exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds. In this review, we describe human biological monitoring systems for different groups of endocrine disrupting compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants, phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, metals, perfluronated compounds, parabens, ultraviolet filters, and organic solvents. The aspects discussed are origin to exposure, metabolism, matrices to analyse, analytical determination methods, determinants, and time trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moosa Faniband
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo AG Jönsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Song MK, Song M, Choi HS, Park YK, Ryu JC. Discovery of a characteristic molecular signature by microarray analysis of whole-blood gene expression in workers exposed to volatile organic compounds. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-013-7205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Decision supporting frame to estimate chronic exposure suspicion to VOC chemicals using mixed statistical model. Mol Cell Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-013-0011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Filipiak W, Ruzsanyi V, Mochalski P, Filipiak A, Bajtarevic A, Ager C, Denz H, Hilbe W, Jamnig H, Hackl M, Dzien A, Amann A. Dependence of exhaled breath composition on exogenous factors, smoking habits and exposure to air pollutants. J Breath Res 2012; 6:036008. [PMID: 22932429 PMCID: PMC3863686 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/6/3/036008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive disease monitoring on the basis of volatile breath markers is a very attractive but challenging task. Several hundreds of compounds have been detected in exhaled air using modern analytical techniques (e.g. proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) and have even been linked to various diseases. However,the biochemical background for most of compounds detected in breath samples has not been elucidated; therefore, the obtained results should be interpreted with care to avoid false correlations. The major aim of this study was to assess the effects of smoking on the composition of exhaled breath. Additionally, the potential origin of breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is discussed focusing on diet, environmental exposure and biological pathways based on other's studies. Profiles of VOCs detected in exhaled breath and inspired air samples of 115 subjects with addition of urine headspace derived from 50 volunteers are presented. Samples were analyzed with GC-MS after preconcentration on multibed sorption tubes in case of breath samples and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) in the case of urine samples. Altogether 266 compounds were found in exhaled breath of at least 10% of the volunteers. From these, 162 compounds were identified by spectral library match and retention time (based on reference standards). It is shown that the composition of exhaled breath is considerably influenced by exposure to pollution and indoor-air contaminants and particularly by smoking. More than 80 organic compounds were found to be significantly related to smoking, the largest group comprising unsaturated hydrocarbons (29 dienes, 27 alkenes and 3 alkynes). On the basis of the presented results, we suggest that for the future understanding of breath data it will be necessary to carefully investigate the potential biological origin of volatiles, e.g., by means of analysis of tissues, isolated cell lines or other body fluids. In particular, VOCs linked to smoking habit or being the results of human exposure should be considered with care for clinical diagnosis since small changes in their concentration profiles(typically in the ppt(v)–ppb(v) range) revealing that the outbreak of certain disease might be hampered by already high background.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Filipiak
- Breath Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - V Ruzsanyi
- Breath Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P Mochalski
- Breath Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Filipiak
- Breath Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Bajtarevic
- Breath Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Ager
- Breath Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Denz
- Breath Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Landeskrankenhaus Natters, A-6161 Natters, Austria
| | - W Hilbe
- Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin 5 (Hämatologie und Onkologie), Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Jamnig
- Landeskrankenhaus Natters, A-6161 Natters, Austria
| | - M Hackl
- Landeskrankenhaus Natters, A-6161 Natters, Austria
| | - A Dzien
- Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Bürgerstraße 2, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Amann
- Breath Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Shin GH, Kang YK, Lee SH, Kim SJ, Hwang SY, Nam SW, Ryu JC, Kang BC. mRNA-centric semantic modeling for finding molecular signature of trace chemical in human blood. Mol Cell Toxicol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-012-0005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jakubowski M. Biological monitoring versus air monitoring strategies in assessing environmental-occupational exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 14:348-52. [PMID: 22130625 DOI: 10.1039/c1em10706b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of environmental and occupational exposure to chemicals can be performed with environmental monitoring (EM) and biological monitoring (BM). Biological monitoring was for a long time considered as a method complementary to environmental monitoring. At present this attitude is changing and in certain areas biological monitoring is applied as the method of choice for exposure and health-risk assessment. This paper examines advantages and disadvantages of those two approaches. In occupational settings environmental monitoring of exposure to VOCs seems to be superior to biological monitoring (possibility of simultaneous determination of components of mixtures, simple interpretation, possibility of evaluation of short-term exposure to local irritants). In the case of this group of compounds BM can be useful in selected cases such as evaluation of dermal absorption or efficiency of protective measures. In the case of metals both forms of monitoring can be used depending on the available methods for interpretation of results. BM of exposure may be considered as superior for evaluating the effects of exposure to lead, cadmium and mercury. However, quantitative evaluation of cancer risk after exposure to arsenic or chromium is possible only on the basis of determination in the air and the use of unit risk values. Both environmental and biological monitoring are useful for evaluation of occupational and environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In certain areas such as evaluation of exposure to external tobacco smoking, cytostatic drugs, and pesticides, biological monitoring is the method of choice used for individual exposure assessment or tracing the trends of environmental exposure.
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Abstract
Headspace microextraction has already been established as the method of choice for analyzing volatiles blended in complex matrices, such as environmental, food and biological samples. The modern trend of analytical chemistry for ‘going small’ has led to the successful development of various sorbing materials and microextraction techniques. As it is anticipated, microextraction is usually combined with powerful separation and optical techniques permitting enhanced recoveries of analytes, selectivity and sensitivity. In addition, derivatization reactions are often employed for improved detectability of several classes of compounds. Volatile compounds of biological significance are key substances due to the fact that they may constitute a characteristic of the status of the organism. A closer look at the biological applications of the headspace microextraction techniques (solid-phase and single drop microextraction) is the primary aim of this review. The variability of biological samples and analytes are considered primarily, while derivatization and optimization strategies are also discussed.
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Unmetabolized VOCs in urine as biomarkers of low level occupational exposure. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2010; 23:21-6. [DOI: 10.2478/v10001-010-0003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Validity of new biomarkers of internal dose for use in the biological monitoring of occupational and environmental exposure to low concentrations of benzene and toluene. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2009; 83:341-56. [PMID: 19830448 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-009-0469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study analyzes the validity of new, more sensitive and specific urinary biomarkers of internal dose, namely, urinary benzene for benzene and urinary toluene and S-benzylmercapturic acid (SBMA) for toluene, to assess their efficacy when compared to traditional biomarkers for biological monitoring of occupational exposure to low concentrations of these two toxic substances. METHODS Assessment was made of 41 workers occupationally exposed to benzene and toluene, 18 fuel tanker drivers and 23 filling-station attendants, as well as 31 subjects with no occupational exposure to these toxic substances (controls). Exposure to airborne benzene and toluene was measured using passive Radiello personal samplers worn throughout the work shift. In urine samples collected from all subjects at the end of the workday, both the traditional and the new internal dose biomarkers of benzene and toluene were assessed, as well as creatinine so as to apply suitable adjustments. RESULTS Occupational exposure to benzene and toluene resulted significantly higher in the fuel tanker drivers than the filling-station attendants, and higher in the latter than in controls. Significantly higher concentrations of t,t-muconic acid (t,t-MA), S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), urinary benzene, SBMA and urinary toluene were found in the drivers than the filling-station attendants or the controls. Instead, urinary phenol and hippuric acid were not different in the three groups. In the entire sample, airborne benzene and toluene values were significantly correlated, as were the respective urinary biomarkers, showing coefficients ranging from 0.36 to 0.98. Subdividing the subjects by smoking habit, higher coefficients were evident in non-smokers than in smokers; at multiple regression analysis t,t-MA, SPMA and urinary benzene and toluene were dependent on the number of cigarettes smoked daily and on airborne benzene and toluene, respectively. Instead, SBMA was dependent only on airborne toluene. CONCLUSIONS Our research confirmed the validity of t,t-MA and SPMA for use in the biological monitoring of exposure to low concentrations of benzene. Urinary benzene showed comparable validity to SPMA; both parameters are affected by smoking cigarettes in the hours before urine collection, so it is best to ask subjects to refrain from smoking for 2 h before urine collection. Urinary toluene was found to be a more specific biomarker than SBMA.
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Sari-Minodier I, Truchon G, Charest-Tardif G, Bérubé A, Tardif R. The effect of workload on biological monitoring of occupational exposure to toluene and n-Hexane: contribution of physiologically based toxicokinetic modeling. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2009; 6:415-432. [PMID: 19384711 DOI: 10.1080/15459620902928141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A physiologically based toxicokinetic model was used to examine the impact of work load on the relationship between the airborne concentrations and exposure indicator levels of two industrial solvents, toluene and n-Hexane. The authors simulated occupational exposure (8 hr/day, 5 days/week) at different concentrations, notably 20 ppm and 50 ppm, which are the current threshold limit values recommended by ACGIH for toluene and n-hexane, respectively. Different levels of physical activity, namely, rest, 25 W, and 50 W (for 12 hr followed by 12 hr at rest) were simulated to assess the impact of work load on the recommended biological exposure indices: toluene in blood prior to the last shift of the workweek, urinary o-cresol (a metabolite of toluene) at the end of the shift, and free (nonhydrolyzed) 2,5-hexanedione (a metabolite of n-hexane) at the end of the shift at the end of the workweek. In addition, urinary excretion of unchanged toluene was simulated. The predicted biological concentrations were compared with the results of both experimental studies among human volunteers and field studies among workers. The highest predicted increase with physical exercise was noted for toluene in blood (39 microg/L at 50 W vs. 14 microg/L at rest for 20 ppm, i.e., a 2.8-fold increase). The end-of-shift urinary concentrations of o-cresol and toluene were two times higher at 50 W than at rest (for 20 ppm, 0.65 vs. 0.33 mg/L for o-cresol and 43 vs. 21 microg/L for toluene). Urinary 2,5-hexanedione predicted for 50 ppm was 1.07 mg/L at 50 W and 0.92 mg/L at rest (+16%). The simulations that best describe the concentrations among workers exposed to toluene are those corresponding to 25 W or less. In conclusion, toxicokinetic modeling confirms the significant impact of work load on toluene exposure indicators, whereas only a very slight effect is noted on n-hexane kinetics. These results highlight the necessity of taking work load into account in risk assessment relative to toluene exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irène Sari-Minodier
- Groupe de recherche interdisciplinaire en santé, Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Self-collected urine sampling to study the kinetics of urinary toluene (and o-cresol) and define the best sampling time for biomonitoring. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2009; 82:703-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-008-0393-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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