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Azimi P, Keshavarz Z, Lahaie Luna M, Cedeno Laurent JG, Vallarino J, Christiani DC, Allen JG. An Unrecognized Hazard in E-Cigarette Vapor: Preliminary Quantification of Methylglyoxal Formation from Propylene Glycol in E-Cigarettes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:E385. [PMID: 33419122 PMCID: PMC7825490 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Up to 95% of the liquid volume in an e-cigarette consists of propylene glycol. Previous research has shown that propylene glycol can generate diacetyl and formaldehyde when heated. New research shows that propylene glycol can also generate methylglyoxal, an alpha di-carbonyl compound recently shown to cause epithelial necrosis at even lower concentrations than diacetyl, the flavoring chemical associated with bronchiolitis obliterans ("Popcorn Lung"). We analyzed chemical emissions from 13 JUUL pod flavors. Diacetyl and methylglyoxal was detected in 100% of samples with median concentration (range) of 20 µg/m3 (less than limit of quantification: 54 µg/m3) and 4219 µg/m3 (677-15,342 µg/m3), respectively. We also detected acetaldehyde (median concentration: 341 µg/m3) and propionaldehyde (median concentration: 87 µg/m3) in all samples. The recent evidence that methylglyoxal is more cytotoxic to airway epithelial cells than diacetyl makes this an urgent public health concern. Current smokers considering e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool, and never users, who may be under the impression that e-cigarettes are harmless, need information on emissions and potential risks to make informed decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Azimi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Zahra Keshavarz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Marianne Lahaie Luna
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
- Occupational & Environmental Health Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Jose Guillermo Cedeno Laurent
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Jose Vallarino
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
| | - David C. Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Joseph G. Allen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.A.); (Z.K.); (M.L.L.); (J.G.C.L.); (J.V.); (D.C.C.)
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Occupational exposure limits for acetaldehyde, 2-bromopropane, glyphosate, manganese and inorganic manganese compounds, and zinc oxide nanoparticle, and the biological exposure indices for cadmium and cadmium compounds and ethylbenzene, and carcinogenicity, occupational sensitizer, and reproductive toxicant classifications. J Occup Health 2021; 63:e12294. [PMID: 34799968 PMCID: PMC8605477 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Hande V, Teo K, Srikanth P, Wong JSM, Sethu S, Martinez-Lopez W, Hande MP. Investigations on the new mechanism of action for acetaldehyde-induced clastogenic effects in human lung fibroblasts. Mutat Res 2020; 861-862:503303. [PMID: 33551104 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde (AA) has been classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, WHO) and by the US Environmental Protection Agency due to its ability to cause tumours following inhalation or alcohol consumption in animals. Humans are constantly exposed to AA through inhalation from the environment through cigarette smoke, vehicle fumes and industrial emissions as well as by persistent alcohol ingestion. Individuals with deficiencies in the enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of AA are more susceptible to its toxicity and constitute a vulnerable human population. Studies have shown that AA induces DNA damage and cytogenetic abnormalities. A study was undertaken to elucidate the clastogenic effects induced by AA and any preceding DNA damage that occurs in normal human lung fibroblasts as this will further validate the detrimental effects of inhalation exposure to AA. AA exposure induced DNA damage, involving DNA double strand breaks, which could possibly occur at the telomeric regions as well, resulting in a clastogenic effect and subsequent genomic instability, which contributed to the cell cycle arrest. The clastogenic effect induced by AA in human lung fibroblasts was evidenced by micronuclei induction and chromosomal aberrations, including those at the telomeric regions. Co-localisation between the DNA double strand breaks and telomeric regions was observed, suggesting possible induction of DNA double strand breaks due to AA exposure at the telomeric regions as a new mechanism beyond the clastogenic effect of AA. From the cell cycle profile following AA exposure, a G2/M phase arrest and a decrease in cell viability were also detected. Therefore, these effects due to AA exposure via inhalation may have implications in the development of carcinogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith Teo
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Prarthana Srikanth
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jane See Mei Wong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Swaminathan Sethu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India
| | - Wilner Martinez-Lopez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay; Associate Unit on Genomic Stability, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay; Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Manoor Prakash Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India; Mangalore University, India; Tembusu College, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Hernandez-Castillo C, Termini J, Shuck S. DNA Adducts as Biomarkers To Predict, Prevent, and Diagnose Disease-Application of Analytical Chemistry to Clinical Investigations. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:286-307. [PMID: 31638384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the chemistry, structure, formation, and metabolism of DNA adducts has been one of the most significant contributions to the field of chemical toxicology. This work provides the foundation to develop analytical methods to measure DNA adducts, define their relationship to disease, and establish clinical tests. Monitoring exposure to environmental and endogenous toxicants can predict, diagnose, and track disease as well as guide therapeutic treatment. DNA adducts are one of the most promising biomarkers of toxicant exposure owing to their stability, appearance in numerous biological matrices, and characteristic analytical properties. In addition, DNA adducts can induce mutations to drive disease onset and progression and can serve as surrogate markers of chemical exposure. In this perspective, we highlight significant advances made within the past decade regarding DNA adduct quantitation using mass spectrometry. We hope to expose a broader audience to this field and encourage analytical chemistry laboratories to explore how specific adducts may be related to various pathologies. One of the limiting factors in developing clinical tests to measure DNA adducts is cohort size; ideally, the cohort would allow for model development and then testing of the model to the remaining cohort. The goals of this perspective article are to (1) provide a summary of analyte levels measured using state-of-the-art analytical methods, (2) foster collaboration, and (3) highlight areas in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hernandez-Castillo
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - John Termini
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Sarah Shuck
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope Duarte , California 91010 , United States
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Rosenkranz D, Bünger J, Hoffmeyer F, Monsé C, van Kampen V, Raulf M, Brüning T, Sucker K. How Healthy Is Healthy? Comparison Between Self-Reported Symptoms and Clinical Outcomes in Connection with the Enrollment of Volunteers for Human Exposure Studies on Sensory Irritation Effects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1271:49-59. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Abstract
This review addresses the adverse influences of neurotoxic exposures on the ability to smell and taste. These chemical senses largely determine the flavor of foods and beverages, impact food intake, and ultimately nutrition, and provide a warning for spoiled or poisonous food, leaking natural gas, smoke, airborne pollutants, and other hazards. Hence, toxicants that damage these senses have a significant impact on everyday function. As noted in detail, a large number of toxicants encountered in urban and industrial air pollution, including smoke, solvents, metals, and particulate matter can alter the ability to smell. Their influence on taste, i.e., sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and savory (umami) sensations, is not well documented. Given the rather direct exposure of olfactory receptors to the outside environment, olfaction is particularly vulnerable to damage from toxicants. Some toxicants, such as nanoparticles, have the potential to damage not only the olfactory receptor cells, but also the central nervous system structures by their entrance into the brain through the olfactory mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Genter
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center and Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Geiss O, Bianchi I, Barrero-Moreno J. Correlation of volatile carbonyl yields emitted by e-cigarettes with the temperature of the heating coil and the perceived sensorial quality of the generated vapours. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:268-77. [PMID: 26847410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
E-liquids generally contain four main components: nicotine, flavours, water and carrier liquids. The carrier liquid dissolves flavours and nicotine and vaporises at a certain temperature on the atomizer of the e-cigarette. Propylene glycol and glycerol, the principal carriers used in e-liquids, undergo decomposition in contact with the atomizer heating-coil forming volatile carbonyls. Some of these, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein, are of concern due to their adverse impact on human health when inhaled at sufficient concentrations. The aim of this study was to correlate the yield of volatile carbonyls emitted by e-cigarettes with the temperature of the heating coil. For this purpose, a popular commercial e-liquid was machine-vaped on a third generation e-cigarette which allowed the variation of the output wattage (5-25W) and therefore the heat generated on the atomizer heating-coil. The temperature of the heating-coil was determined by infrared thermography and the vapour generated at each temperature underwent subjective sensorial quality evaluation by an experienced vaper. A steep increase in the generated carbonyls was observed when applying a battery-output of at least 15W corresponding to 200-250°C on the heating coil. However, when considering concentrations in each inhaled puff, the short-term indoor air guideline value for formaldehyde was already exceeded at the lowest wattage of 5W, which is the wattage applied in most 2nd generation e-cigarettes. Concentrations of acetaldehyde in each puff were several times below the short-term irritation threshold value for humans. Acrolein was only detected from 20W upwards. The negative sensorial quality evaluation by the volunteering vaper of the vapour generated at 20W demonstrated the unlikelihood that such a wattage would be realistically set by a vaper. This study highlights the importance to develop standardised testing methods for the assessment of carbonyl-emissions and emissions of other potentially harmful compounds from e-cigarettes. The wide variety and variability of products available on the market make the development of such methods and the associated standardised testing conditions particularly demanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otmar Geiss
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Ivana Bianchi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Josefa Barrero-Moreno
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
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Doty RL. Neurotoxic exposure and impairment of the chemical senses of taste and smell. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2015; 131:299-324. [PMID: 26563795 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62627-1.00016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The chemical senses of taste and smell determine the flavor of foods and beverages, guide appropriate food intake, and warn of such environmental hazards as spoiled or poisonous food, leaking natural gas, smoke, and airborne pollutants. This chapter addresses the influences of neurotoxic exposures on human chemoreception and provides basic information on the adverse influences of such exposures on rodent epithelia. The focus of the chapter is in olfaction, given dearth of empiric research on the effects of neurotoxic chemical exposures on the sense of taste, i.e., sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and savory sensations. As will be apparent from the chapter, numerous neurotoxins--many of which are encountered in industrial workplaces--alter the ability to smell, including solvents, metals, and particulate matter. The olfactory system is particularly vulnerable to such agents since its receptors are more or less directly exposed to the outside environment. Importantly, some such agents can enter the brain via the olfactory nerve or surrounding perineural spaces, bypassing the blood-brain barrier and damaging central nervous system structures and inducing pathologic processes that appear to be similar to those seen in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Brüning T, Bartsch R, Bolt HM, Desel H, Drexler H, Gundert-Remy U, Hartwig A, Jäckh R, Leibold E, Pallapies D, Rettenmeier AW, Schlüter G, Stropp G, Sucker K, Triebig G, Westphal G, van Thriel C. Sensory irritation as a basis for setting occupational exposure limits. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1855-79. [PMID: 25182421 PMCID: PMC4161939 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a need of guidance on how local irritancy data should be incorporated into risk assessment procedures, particularly with respect to the derivation of occupational exposure limits (OELs). Therefore, a board of experts from German committees in charge of the derivation of OELs discussed the major challenges of this particular end point for regulatory toxicology. As a result, this overview deals with the question of integrating results of local toxicity at the eyes and the upper respiratory tract (URT). Part 1 describes the morphology and physiology of the relevant target sites, i.e., the outer eye, nasal cavity, and larynx/pharynx in humans. Special emphasis is placed on sensory innervation, species differences between humans and rodents, and possible effects of obnoxious odor in humans. Based on this physiological basis, Part 2 describes a conceptual model for the causation of adverse health effects at these targets that is composed of two pathways. The first, “sensory irritation” pathway is initiated by the interaction of local irritants with receptors of the nervous system (e.g., trigeminal nerve endings) and a downstream cascade of reflexes and defense mechanisms (e.g., eyeblinks, coughing). While the first stages of this pathway are thought to be completely reversible, high or prolonged exposure can lead to neurogenic inflammation and subsequently tissue damage. The second, “tissue irritation” pathway starts with the interaction of the local irritant with the epithelial cell layers of the eyes and the URT. Adaptive changes are the first response on that pathway followed by inflammation and irreversible damages. Regardless of these initial steps, at high concentrations and prolonged exposures, the two pathways converge to the adverse effect of morphologically and biochemically ascertainable changes. Experimental exposure studies with human volunteers provide the empirical basis for effects along the sensory irritation pathway and thus, “sensory NOAEChuman” can be derived. In contrast, inhalation studies with rodents investigate the second pathway that yields an “irritative NOAECanimal.” Usually the data for both pathways is not available and extrapolation across species is necessary. Part 3 comprises an empirical approach for the derivation of a default factor for interspecies differences. Therefore, from those substances under discussion in German scientific and regulatory bodies, 19 substances were identified known to be human irritants with available human and animal data. The evaluation started with three substances: ethyl acrylate, formaldehyde, and methyl methacrylate. For these substances, appropriate chronic animal and a controlled human exposure studies were available. The comparison of the sensory NOAEChuman with the irritative NOAECanimal (chronic) resulted in an interspecies extrapolation factor (iEF) of 3 for extrapolating animal data concerning local sensory irritating effects. The adequacy of this iEF was confirmed by its application to additional substances with lower data density (acetaldehyde, ammonia, n-butyl acetate, hydrogen sulfide, and 2-ethylhexanol). Thus, extrapolating from animal studies, an iEF of 3 should be applied for local sensory irritants without reliable human data, unless individual data argue for a substance-specific approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Bochum, Germany,
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Richtwerte für Acetaldehyd in der Innenraumluft. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-013-1835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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