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Vitturi BK, Montecucco A, Rahmani A, Dini G, Durando P. Occupational risk factors for multiple sclerosis: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1285103. [PMID: 38054069 PMCID: PMC10694508 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1285103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We decided to conduct the first systematic review with meta-analysis to provide the highest level of up-to-date evidence on the occupational risk factors for Multiple Sclerosis. Methods A systematic, comprehensive literature search was performed in four electronic academic databases. We included any case-control study that enrolled working-age subjects and compared the proportion of MS cases with controls who were not exposed to an occupational risk factor. The primary outcome was the occurrence of MS. The quality assessment was performed with the Critical Appraisal Checklist for Case Control Studies, developed, and validated by the Joanna Briggs Institute. All the selection process was also carried out by two independent and previously trained researchers. Results Overall, the total sample included 19,004 people with MS and 4,164,162 controls. Agricultural workers (OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.13-1.83), offshore workers (OR = 3.56, 95% CI 2.74-4.61), and hairdressers (OR = 8.25, 95% CI 1.02-66.52) were associated with a higher probability of being diagnosed with MS. In parallel, workers exposed to toxic fumes from oil wells (OR = 16.80, 95% CI 8.33-33.90), low-frequency magnetic fields (OR = 1.71, 95% CI 1.03-2.72), and pesticides (OR = 3.17, 95% CI = 2.53-3.99) also had an increased likelihood of having MS. Conclusion Our study has the potential to influence more assertive public policies. Nevertheless, future studies on how the occupational setting may contribute to the incidence of MS are highly recommended. Systematic review registration The protocol was registered in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO- CRD42023443257).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfredo Montecucco
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Occupational Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alborz Rahmani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Dini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Occupational Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Durando
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Occupational Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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2
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Chambers-Richards T, Su Y, Chireh B, D'Arcy C. Exposure to toxic occupations and their association with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:65-83. [PMID: 34796708 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Earlier longitudinal reviews on environmental and occupational toxins and Parkinson's disease (PD) risk have limitations. This study aimed to determine the strength of association between three types of toxic occupational exposures and the occurrence of PD by diagnostic methods. METHODS A search was conducted of EMBASE, PubMed/Medline, Toxnet, LILACS, and Cochrane Library databases for longitudinal studies that assessed toxic occupational exposure, Parkinsonian, or related disorders, diagnosed by International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes, medical records, or confirmation by a neurologist/nurse, and published in the English language from January 1990 to July 2021. Pooled risk ratios (RR) estimates were produced using random-effects models. Systematic review with meta-analysis synthesized the results. Study quality, heterogeneity, and publication bias were examined. High-quality articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. RESULTS Twenty-four articles were used in the analyses. The pooled RR for electromagnetic exposure and PD were (RR=1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.91-1.16) while the pooled RR between PD and metal and pesticide exposure were (RR=1.07, 95% CI 0.92-1.24) and (RR=1.41, 95% CI 1.20-1.65), respectively. Pooled RR for methods of diagnosis and their associations with PD were: confirmation by a neurologist or nurse (RR=2.17, 95% CI 1.32-3.54); ICD codes (RR=1.14, 95% CI 1.03-1.26), and medical records (RR=1.06, 95% CI 0.92-1.21). CONCLUSIONS Our systematic review provides robust evidence that toxic occupational exposures are significant risk factors for PD especially those diagnosed by neurologists or nurses using standardized methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingying Su
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Carl D'Arcy
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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3
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Wyszkowska J, Pritchard C. Open Questions on the Electromagnetic Field Contribution to the Risk of Neurodegenerative Diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16150. [PMID: 36498223 PMCID: PMC9738318 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the current state of knowledge about the possible contributory influence of the electromagnetic field on the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. Up-to-date literature indicates both favourable and adverse effects of electromagnetic exposure on human health, making it difficult to come to valid and unambiguous conclusions. The epidemiological data analysis from the World Health Organization statistics shows a substantial rise in neurological mortality compared with rises in total populations in developed countries over a mere 15-year period. The largest of the analysed countries produced odds ratios of >100%. The contribution of electromagnetic exposure to the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases is still undoubtedly open to discussion, and it requires further in-depth research to assess the action mechanism of electromagnetic fields in neurodegenerative diseases. The limitations of research published hitherto and the problem of drawing unequivocal conclusions are also in focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wyszkowska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Colin Pritchard
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth Gateway, 106 St. Pauls Rd, Bournemouth BH88AJ, UK
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4
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Zarghami A, Li Y, Claflin SB, van der Mei I, Taylor BV. Role of environmental factors in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:1389-1408. [PMID: 34494502 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1978843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Environmental factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS), either acting alone or by interacting with other environmental or genetic factors. This cumulative exposure to external risk factors is highly complex and highly variable between individuals. AREAS COVERED We narratively review the current evidence on the role of environment-specific risk factors in MS onset and progression, as well as the effect of gene-environment interactions and the timing of exposure We have reviewed the latest literature, by Ovid Medline, retrieving the most recently published systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses and more recent studies not previously included in meta-analyses or systematic reviews. EXPERT OPINION There is some good evidence supporting the impact of some environmental risk factors in increasing the risk of developing MS. Tobacco smoking, low vitamin D levels and/or low sun exposure, Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) seropositivity and a history of infectious mononucleosis may increase the risk of developing MS. Additionally, there is some evidence that gene-smoking, gene-EBV, and smoking-EBV interactions additively affect the risk of MS onset. However, the evidence for a role of other environmental factors in MS progression is limited. Finally, there is some evidence that tobacco smoking, insufficient vitamin D levels and/or sun exposure have impacts on MS phenotypes and various markers of disease activity including relapse, disability progression and MRI findings. Clearly the effect of environmental factors on MS disease course is an area that requires significantly more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zarghami
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Ying Li
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Suzi B Claflin
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Ingrid van der Mei
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Bruce V Taylor
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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5
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Epigenetic dysregulation in various types of cells exposed to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:1-15. [PMID: 34287715 PMCID: PMC8526474 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene expression, without changing the DNA sequence, and establish cell-type-specific temporal and spatial expression patterns. Alterations of epigenetic marks have been observed in several pathological conditions, including cancer and neurological disorders. Emerging evidence indicates that a variety of environmental factors may cause epigenetic alterations and eventually influence disease risks. Humans are increasingly exposed to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs), which in 2002 were classified as possible carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the link between the exposure to ELF-MFs and epigenetic alterations in various cell types. In spite of the limited number of publications, available evidence indicates that ELF-MF exposure can be associated with epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation, modifications of histones and microRNA expression. Further research is needed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed phenomena.
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Jalilian H, Najafi K, Khosravi Y, Röösli M. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, occupational exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields and electric shocks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2021; 36:129-142. [PMID: 32946420 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and electric shocks occurs in many workplaces and occupations but it is unclear whether any of these exposures cause Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to explore whether occupational exposure to ELF-MF and/or electric shocks are risk factor for ALS. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases up to the end of 2019. Pooled risk estimates were calculated using random-effects meta-analysis including exploration of the sources of heterogeneity between studies and publication bias. Twenty-seven publications fulfilled the inclusion criteria. We found a weak, significant, association between occupational exposure to ELF-MF and the risk of ALS (RRPooled estimate: 1.20; 95%CI: 1.05, 1.38) with moderate to high heterogeneity (I2=66.3%) and indication of publication bias (PEgger's test=0.03). No association was observed between occupational exposure to electric shocks and risk of ALS (RRPooled estimate: 0.97; 95%CI: 0.80, 1.17) with high heterogeneity (I2=80.5%), and little indication for publication bias (PEgger's test=0.24). The findings indicate that occupational exposure to ELF-MF, but not electric shocks, might be a risk factor for ALS. However, given the moderate to high heterogeneity and potential publication bias, the results should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Jalilian
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Kamran Najafi
- Student Research Committee, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Yahya Khosravi
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Health, Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment, Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Baaken D, Dechent D, Blettner M, Drießen S, Merzenich H. Occupational Exposure to Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields and Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Results of a Feasibility Study for a Pooled Analysis of Original Data. Bioelectromagnetics 2021; 42:271-283. [PMID: 33764559 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous meta-analyses have suggested an increased risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) associated with occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF). However, results should be interpreted with caution since studies were methodologically heterogeneous. Here, we assessed the feasibility of a pooling study to harmonize and re-analyze available original data. A systematic literature search was conducted. Published epidemiological studies were identified in PubMed and EMF-Portal from literature databases' inception dates until January 2019. The characteristics of all studies were described, including exposure metrics, exposure categories, and confounders. A survey among the principal investigators (PI) was carried out to assess their willingness to provide their original data. The statistical power of a pooling study was evaluated. We identified 15 articles published between 1997 and 2019. Studies differed in terms of outcome, study population, exposure assessment, and exposure metrics. Most studies assessed ELF-MF as average magnetic flux density per working day; however, exposure categories varied widely. The pattern of adjustment for confounders was heterogeneous between studies, with age, sex, and socioeconomic status being most frequent. Eight PI expressed their willingness to provide original data. A relative risk of ≥1.14 for ALS and occupational exposure to ELF-MF can be detected with a power of more than 80% in a pooled study. The pooling of original data is recommended and could contribute to a better understanding of ELF-MF in the etiology of ALS based on a large database and reduced heterogeneity due to a standardized analysis protocol with harmonized exposure metrics and exposure categories. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Baaken
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dagmar Dechent
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu), Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maria Blettner
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah Drießen
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu), Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hiltrud Merzenich
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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8
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Abstract
This is a review of the research on the genetic effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic field (EMF), mainly on radiofrequency radiation (RFR) and static and extremely low frequency EMF (ELF-EMF). The majority of the studies are on genotoxicity (e.g., DNA damage, chromatin conformation changes, etc.) and gene expression. Genetic effects of EMF depend on various factors, including field parameters and characteristics (frequency, intensity, wave-shape), cell type, and exposure duration. The types of gene expression affected (e.g., genes involved in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and stress responses, heat-shock proteins) are consistent with the findings that EMF causes genetic damages. Many studies reported effects in cells and animals after exposure to EMF at intensities similar to those in the public and occupational environments. The mechanisms by which effects are induced by EMF are basically unknown. Involvement of free radicals is a likely possibility. EMF also interacts synergistically with different entities on genetic functions. Interactions, particularly with chemotherapeutic compounds, raise the possibility of using EMF as an adjuvant for cancer treatment to increase the efficacy and decrease side effects of traditional chemotherapeutic drugs. Other data, such as adaptive effects and mitotic spindle aberrations after EMF exposure, further support the notion that EMF causes genetic effects in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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9
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Chen GX, Mannetje A', Douwes J, van den Berg LH, Pearce N, Kromhout H, Glass B, Brewer N, McLean DJ. Associations of Occupational Exposures to Electric Shocks and Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields With Motor Neurone Disease. Am J Epidemiol 2021; 190:393-402. [PMID: 33034341 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwaa214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In a New Zealand population-based case-control study we assessed associations with occupational exposure to electric shocks, extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and motor neurone disease using job-exposure matrices to assess exposure. Participants were recruited between 2013 and 2016. Associations with ever/never, duration, and cumulative exposure were assessed using logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, sports, head or spine injury, and solvents, and was mutually adjusted for the other exposure. All analyses were repeated stratified by sex. An elevated risk was observed for having ever worked in a job with potential for electric shocks (odds ratio (OR) = 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.98, 1.86), with the strongest association for the highest level of exposure (OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.31, 3.09). Analysis by duration suggested a nonlinear association: Risk was increased for both short duration (<3 years; OR = 4.69, 95% CI: 2.25, 9.77) and long duration (>24 years; OR = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.05, 3.36) in a job with high level of electric shock exposure, with less pronounced associations for intermediate durations. No association with ELF-MF was found. Our findings provide support for an association between occupational exposure to electric shocks and motor neurone disease but did not show associations with exposure to work-related ELF-MF.
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10
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Riancho J, Sanchez de la Torre JR, Paz-Fajardo L, Limia C, Santurtun A, Cifra M, Kourtidis K, Fdez-Arroyabe P. The role of magnetic fields in neurodegenerative diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:107-117. [PMID: 32198562 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-01896-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The term neurodegenerative diseases include a long list of diseases affecting the nervous system that are characterized by the degeneration of different neurological structures. Among them, Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are the most representative ones. The vast majority of cases are sporadic and results from the interaction of genes and environmental factors in genetically predisposed individuals. Among environmental conditions, electromagnetic field exposure has begun to be assessed as a potential risk factor for neurodegeneration. In this review, we discuss the existing literature regarding electromagnetic fields and neurodegenerative diseases. Epidemiological studies in AD, PD, and ALS have shown discordant results; thus, a clear correlation between electromagnetic exposure and neurodegeneration has not been demonstrated. In addition, we discuss the role of electromagnetic radiation as a potential non-invasive therapeutic strategy for some neurodegenerative diseases, particularly for PD and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Riancho
- Service of Neurology, Hospital Sierrallana-IDIVAL, Barrio Ganzo s/n, 39300, Torrelavega, Spain.
- CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain.
- Medicine and Psychiatry Department, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
| | | | - Lucía Paz-Fajardo
- Service of Internal Medicine, Hospital Sierrallana, Torrelavega, Spain
| | - Cristina Limia
- Service of Internal Medicine, Hospital Sierrallana, Torrelavega, Spain
| | - Ana Santurtun
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Michal Cifra
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Chaberská 1014/57, 182 51, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kostas Kourtidis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100, Xanthi, Greece
- Environmental and Networking Technologies and Applications Unit (ENTA), Athena Research and Innovation Center, 67100, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Pablo Fdez-Arroyabe
- Geography and Planning Department, Geobiomet Research Group, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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11
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Karimi A, Ghadiri Moghaddam F, Valipour M. Insights in the biology of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields exposure on human health. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5621-5633. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Touitou Y, Lambrozo J, Mauvieux B, Riedel M. Evaluation in humans of ELF-EMF exposure on chromogranin A, a marker of neuroendocrine tumors and stress. Chronobiol Int 2019; 37:60-67. [PMID: 31682468 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1683857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA), which is a major protein in adrenal chromaffin cells and adrenergic neurons, is a clinically relevant endocrine and neuroendocrine tumor marker including pheochromocytomas, neuroblastomas, and related neurogenic tumors. In this study, we looked at the effect in humans of chronic daily exposure to a 50-Hz magnetic field. We examined in 15 men (38.0 ± 0.9 years) the effects of chronic daily exposure to a 50-Hz magnetic field for 1-20 yrs both at home and at work. EMDEX II dosimeters were used to record magnetic field all day long every 30 s. for 1 week. The weekly geometric mean of the individual exposures ranged from 0.1 to 2.6 μT. Blood samples were taken hourly between 20:00 h and 08:00 h. CgA patterns of exposed subjects were compared to age-matched controls. The results of exposed subjects were compared with those for 15 unexposed men who served as controls and whose individual exposure was ten times lower ranging from 0.004 to 0.092 μT. This work shows that in the control group the serum CgA levels exhibited a nighttime peak with a progressive decline of the serum concentrations and a nadir in the morning. Both the profile and the serum concentrations of CgA, a marker of neuroendocrine tumors and stress, did not appear to be impaired in the subjects chronically exposed over a long period (up to 20 yrs) to magnetic fields though a trend toward lower levels were found at the highest exposure (>0.3 μT). This does not rule out, however, that the potential deleterious risk of ELF-EMF on frail populations such as children and the elderly may be greater at low exposure and should hence be documented, at least for their residential exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Touitou
- Unité de Chronobiologie, Fondation A. de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Lambrozo
- Unité de Chronobiologie, Fondation A. de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Mauvieux
- Unité de Chronobiologie, Fondation A. de Rothschild, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR U1075, Université de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Marc Riedel
- Unité de Chronobiologie, Fondation A. de Rothschild, Paris, France.,EA 2114, Université de Tours, Tours, France
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Su L, Jin Y, Lou H, Chen G. RE: "ASSOCIATIONS OF ELECTRIC SHOCK AND EXTREMELY LOW-FREQUENCY MAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE WITH THE RISK OF AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS: THE EURO-MOTOR PROJECT". Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:1753-1759. [PMID: 31150043 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwz122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liling Su
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Shangrao, China
| | - Yumin Jin
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Lou
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangdi Chen
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Lai H. Exposure to Static and Extremely-Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Cellular Free Radicals. Electromagn Biol Med 2019; 38:231-248. [PMID: 31450976 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2019.1656645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper summarizes studies on changes in cellular free radical activities from exposure to static and extremely-low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF), particularly magnetic fields. Changes in free radical activities, including levels of cellular reactive oxygen (ROS)/nitrogen (RNS) species and endogenous antioxidant enzymes and compounds that maintain physiological free radical concentrations in cells, is one of the most consistent effects of EMF exposure. These changes have been reported to affect many physiological functions such as DNA damage; immune response; inflammatory response; cell proliferation and differentiation; wound healing; neural electrical activities; and behavior. An important consideration is the effects of EMF-induced changes in free radicals on cell proliferation and differentiation. These cellular processes could affect cancer development and proper growth and development in organisms. On the other hand, they could cause selective killing of cancer cells, for instance, via the generation of the highly cytotoxic hydroxyl free radical by the Fenton Reaction. This provides a possibility of using these electromagnetic fields as a non-invasive and low side-effect cancer therapy. Static- and ELF-EMF probably play important roles in the evolution of living organisms. They are cues used in many critical survival functions, such as foraging, migration, and reproduction. Living organisms can detect and respond immediately to low environmental levels of these fields. Free radical processes are involved in some of these mechanisms. At this time, there is no credible hypothesis or mechanism that can adequately explain all the observed effects of static- and ELF-EMF on free radical processes. We are actually at the impasse that there are more questions than answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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15
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Pritchard C, Silk A, Hansen L. Are rises in Electro-Magnetic Field in the human environment, interacting with multiple environmental pollutions, the tripping point for increases in neurological deaths in the Western World? Med Hypotheses 2019; 127:76-83. [PMID: 31088653 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Whilst humans evolved in the earth's Electro-Magnetic-Field (EMF) and sun-light, both being essential to life but too much sun and we burn. What happens if background EMF rise to critical levels, coinciding with increasing environmental pollutants? Two of the authors can look back over 50 clinical years and appreciate the profound changes in human morbidity across a range of disparate conditions - autoimmune diseases, asthma, earlier cancer incidence and reduced male sperm counts. In particular have been increased autism, dyslexia, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and neurological diseases, such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's Disease, Early Onset Dementia, Multiple System Atrophy and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy. What might have caused these changes-whilst genetic factors are taken as given, multiple environmental pollutants are associated with neurological disease although the mechanisms are unclear. The pace of increased neurological deaths far exceeds any Gompertzian explanation - that because people are living longer they are more likely to develop more age-related problems such as neurological disease. Using WHO global mortality categories of Neurological Disease Deaths (NDD) and Alzheimer's and Dementia deaths (Alz), updated June 2018, together they constitute Total Neurological Mortality (TNM), to calculate mortality rates per million for people aged 55-74 and for the over-75's in twenty-one Western countries. Recent increases in American people aged over-75's rose 49% from 1989 to 2015 but US neurological deaths increased five-fold. In 1989 based on Age-Standardised-Deaths-Rates America USA was 17th at 324 pm but rising to 539 pm became second highest. Different environmental/occupational factors have been found to be associated with neuro-degenerative diseases, including background EMF. We briefly explore how levels of EMF interact upon the human body, which can be described as a natural antennae and provide new evidence that builds upon earlier research to propose the following hypothesis. Based upon recent and new evidence we hypothesise that a major contribution for the relative sudden upsurge in neurological morbidity in the Western world (1989-2015), is because of increased background EMF that has become the tipping point-impacting upon any genetic predisposition, increasing multiple-interactive pollutants, such as rises in petro-chemicals, hormone disrupting chemicals, industrial, agricultural and domestic chemicals. The unprecedented neurological death rates, all within just twenty-five years, demand a re-examination of long-term EMF safety related to the increasing background EMF on human health. We do not wish to 'stop the modern world', only make it safer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Pritchard
- Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, United Kingdom.
| | - Anne Silk
- Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Hansen
- Southern Health, Dept of Psychiatry, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
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Dickerson AS, Hansen J, Specht AJ, Gredal O, Weisskopf MG. Population-based study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and occupational lead exposure in Denmark. Occup Environ Med 2019; 76:208-214. [PMID: 30705111 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous research has indicated links between lead (Pb) exposure and increased risk of neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this study, we evaluated the association between occupational Pb exposures and ALS. METHODS ALS cases were ascertained through the Danish National Patient Registry from 1982 to 2013 and age and sex-matched to 100 controls. Using complete employment history since 1964 from the Danish Pension Fund, cumulative Pb exposure was estimated for each subject via a Danish job exposure matrix. Associations were evaluated using conditional logistic regression analyses and stratified by sex. RESULTS For men with >50% probability of exposure, there was an increase in odds of ALS for exposures in the 60th percentile or higher during any time 5 years prior to diagnosis (aOR: 1.35; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.76) and 10 years prior to diagnosis (aOR: 1.33; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.72). No significant associations were observed in women, and there were no linear trends seen for Pb exposures for either sex. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates an association between consistently higher occupational Pb exposures and ALS. These findings support those of previously reported associations between ALS and specific occupations that commonly experience Pb exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha S Dickerson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Johnni Hansen
- Occupation Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aaron J Specht
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ole Gredal
- Occupation Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc G Weisskopf
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Gunnarsson LG, Bodin L. Occupational Exposures and Neurodegenerative Diseases-A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analyses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16030337. [PMID: 30691095 PMCID: PMC6388365 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To carry out an integrated and stratified meta-analysis on occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs), metals and pesticides and its effects on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, and investigate the possibility of publication bias. Methods: In the current study, we updated our recently published meta-analyses on occupational exposures in relation to ALS, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Based on 66 original publications of good scientific epidemiological standard, according to the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) guidelines, we analysed subgroups by carrying out stratified meta-analyses on publication year, statistical precision of the relative risk (RR) estimates, inspection of the funnel plots and test of bias. Results: Based on 19 studies the weighted RR for occupational exposure to EMFs was 1.26 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07⁻1.50) for ALS, 1.33 (95% CI 1.07⁻1.64) for Alzheimer's disease and 1.02 (95% CI 0.83⁻1.26) for Parkinson's disease. Thirty-one studies concerned occupational exposure to pesticides and the weighted RR was 1.35 (95% CI 1.02⁻1.79) for ALS, 1.50 (95% CI 0.98⁻2.29) for Alzheimer's disease and 1.66 (95% CI 1.42⁻1.94) for Parkinson's disease. Finally, 14 studies concerned occupational exposure to metals and only exposure to lead (five studies) involved an elevated risk for ALS or Parkinson's disease and the weighted RR was 1.57 (95% CI 1.11⁻2.20). The weighted RR for all the non-lead exposures was 0.97 (95% CI 0.88⁻1.06). Conclusions: Exposure to pesticides increased the risk of getting the mentioned neurodegenerative diseases by at least 50%. Exposure to lead was only studied for ALS and Parkinson's disease and involved 50% increased risk. Occupational exposure to EMFs seemed to involve some 10% increase in risk for ALS and Alzheimer's disease only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Gunnar Gunnarsson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Lennart Bodin
- Department of Statistics, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, SE 177 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Sobhanifard M, Eftekharian MM, Solgi G, Nikzad S, Salehi I, Ghazikhanlou Sani K, Ganji M, Zamani A. Effect of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Expression of T-bet and GATA-3 Genes and Serum Interferon-γ and Interleukin-4. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 39:125-131. [PMID: 30562132 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2018.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of various magnetic flux densities of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on expression of T-box transcription factor (T-bet) and GATA binding protein-3 (GATA-3) genes in the spleen and thymus of rats injected with human serum albumin (HSA). Moreover, serum levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4 were evaluated at two phases, that is, prestimulation and poststimulation with HSA. Eighty rats were separated into five groups, and four groups were exposed daily to 50 Hz EMF of 1, 100, 500, and 2000 μT magnetic flux densities for 60 days. To activate the immune system, 100 μg HSA was intraperitoneally injected into each rat on days 31, 44, and 58 of the regimen. Splenic and thymic T-bet and GATA-3 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression on day 61 was evaluated by reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Serum IFN-γ and IL-4 (in blood on day 31 before HSA and again on day 61) levels were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of T-bet and GATA-3 mRNA was decreased in the spleen in hosts exposed to densities of 1 and 100 μT. Serum IFN-γ and IL-4 levels were also significantly decreased in 100 μT-exposed rats, but only at the prestimulation phase. From these findings, it appears that (30 and 60 days) ELF-EMF exposure could suppress the expression of some key genes associated with T helper (Th) cells and on some of their associated functions, that is, the ability to generate (in some cases, spontaneously) select cytokines. Whether this is attributable to effects on Th1/Th2 levels in the hosts and/or due to potential effects of the EMF on cellular functions remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Sobhanifard
- 1 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Eftekharian
- 1 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran .,2 Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ghasem Solgi
- 1 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran .,3 Molecular Immunology Research Group, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Safoora Nikzad
- 4 Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- 5 Department of Physiology, School of Paramedicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Karim Ghazikhanlou Sani
- 6 Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maziar Ganji
- 7 Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zamani
- 1 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran .,3 Molecular Immunology Research Group, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Benassi B, Santangeli S, Merla C, Tarantini L, Bollati V, Butera A, Marino C, Consales C. 50-Hz MF does not affect global DNA methylation of SH-SY5Y cells treated with the neurotoxin MPP . Bioelectromagnetics 2018; 40:33-41. [PMID: 30537234 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) has been associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative disorders. The underlying mechanisms, however, are still debated. Since epigenetics play a key role in the neurodegenerative process, we investigated whether exposure to ELF-MF (50 Hz, 1 mT) might affect global DNA methylation of SH-SY5Y dopaminergic-like neuroblastoma cells. We assessed the percentage of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) of three repetitive interspersed sequences (ALU, LINE-1, or SATα), through pyrosequencing analysis. We demonstrated that ELF exposure (up to 72 h) does not induce any change in the methylation pattern of ALU, LINE-1, and SATα in both proliferating and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, when administered in combination with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+ ), a neurotoxin mimicking the Parkinson's Disease (PD) phenotype, ELF-MF exposure does not trigger any modulation in the percentage of 5-mC of the repetitive elements. Our findings demonstrate that exposure to 50-Hz MF does not affect global DNA methylation in proliferating and dopaminergic differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, either under basal culture conditions or under neurotoxic stress. Bioelectromagnetics. 40:33-41, 2019. © 2018 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Benassi
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Santangeli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, "Marche Polytechnic" University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Caterina Merla
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Letizia Tarantini
- EPIGET-Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bollati
- EPIGET-Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Butera
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy.,Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Marino
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Consales
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
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Dickerson AS, Hansen J, Gredal O, Weisskopf MG. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in a Danish Cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:1613-1622. [PMID: 29590300 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested an increased risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other motor neuron diseases for persons in occupations commonly involving exposure to diesel exhaust (DE). In this study, we investigated the association between occupational exposure to DE and odds of ALS. ALS cases were identified from the Danish National Patient Registry (1982-2013) and individually matched to 100 controls per case on the basis of birth year and sex. Using information on occupational history from 1964 onward obtained from the Danish Pension Fund, we estimated cumulative DE exposures using a job exposure matrix. We evaluated associations using conditional logistic regression analyses and stratified the analyses by sex. Using a 10-year lag period, DE exposure was positively associated with ALS among men who had ever been exposed (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05, 1.38). For men with greater than 50% probability of DE exposure, we observed a positive association between ALS and highest-quartile exposure during the 5-year (aOR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.70) and 10-year (aOR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.79) lag periods. Our study suggests an association between consistently higher exposures to DE and ALS in men, but not in women. These findings support previous reports of associations between ALS and occupations commonly involving DE exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha S Dickerson
- Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Johnni Hansen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Gredal
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc G Weisskopf
- Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Pritchard C, Silk A. Patient’s occupation, electric & head trauma in a cohort of 88 multiple system atrophy patients compared with the general population: a hypothesis stimulating pilot study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.15406/jnsk.2018.08.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Huss A, Peters S, Vermeulen R. Occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and the risk of ALS: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bioelectromagnetics 2018; 39:156-163. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.22104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Susan Peters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Centre Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
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