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Guth S, Baum M, Cartus AT, Diel P, Engel KH, Engeli B, Epe B, Grune T, Haller D, Heinz V, Hellwig M, Hengstler JG, Henle T, Humpf HU, Jäger H, Joost HG, Kulling SE, Lachenmeier DW, Lampen A, Leist M, Mally A, Marko D, Nöthlings U, Röhrdanz E, Roth A, Spranger J, Stadler R, Steinberg P, Vieths S, Wätjen W, Eisenbrand G. Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of acrylamide: Arguments for the derivation of a tolerable daily intake (TDI value). Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 173:113632. [PMID: 36708862 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This opinion of the Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) of the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) presents arguments for an updated risk assessment of diet-related exposure to acrylamide (AA), based on a critical review of scientific evidence relevant to low dose exposure. The SKLM arrives at the conclusion that as long as an appropriate exposure limit for AA is not exceeded, genotoxic effects resulting in carcinogenicity are unlikely to occur. Based on the totality of the evidence, the SKLM considers it scientifically justified to derive a tolerable daily intake (TDI) as a health-based guidance value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Guth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Matthias Baum
- Solenis Germany Industries GmbH, Fütingsweg 20, 47805 Krefeld, Germany.
| | | | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Karl-Heinz Engel
- Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Barbara Engeli
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, 3003, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Dirk Haller
- ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Volker Heinz
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL), Prof.-von-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610, Quakenbrück, Germany.
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Thomas Henle
- Department of Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Henry Jäger
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hans-Georg Joost
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, Weißenburger Str. 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated By the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Box 657, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Elke Röhrdanz
- Unit Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Angelika Roth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Richard Stadler
- Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Centre, Route du Jorat 57, 1000, Lausanne, 26, Switzerland.
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Stefan Vieths
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.
| | - Wim Wätjen
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Bolt HM, Huici-Montagud A. Strategy of the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) in the derivation of occupational exposure limits for carcinogens and mutagens. Arch Toxicol 2007; 82:61-4. [PMID: 18008062 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Setting standards, such as occupational exposure limits (OELs) for carcinogenic substances must consider modes of action. At the European Union level, the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) has discussed a number of chemical carcinogens and has issued recommendations. For some carcinogens, health-based OELs were recommended, while quantitative assessments of carcinogenic risks were performed for others. For purposes of setting limits this led to the consideration of the following groups of carcinogens. (A) Non-threshold genotoxic carcinogens; for low-dose assessment of risk, the linear non-threshold (LNT) model appears appropriate. For these chemicals, regulations (risk management) may be based on the ALARA principle ("as low as reasonably achievable"), technical feasibility, and other socio-political considerations. (B) Genotoxic carcinogens, for which the existence of a threshold cannot be sufficiently supported at present. In these cases, the LNT model may be used as a default assumption, based on the scientific uncertainty. (C) Genotoxic carcinogens with a practical threshold, as supported by studies on mechanisms and/or toxicokinetics; health-based exposure limits may be based on an established NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level). (D) Non-genotoxic carcinogens and non-DNA-reactive carcinogens; for these compounds a true ("perfect") threshold is associated with a clearly founded NOAEL. The mechanisms shown by tumour promoters, spindle poisons, topoisomerase II poisons and hormones are typical examples of this category. Health-based OELs are derived for carcinogens of groups C and D, while a risk assessment is carried out for carcinogens of groups A and B. Substantial progress is currently being made in the incorporation of new types of mechanistic data into these regulatory procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann M Bolt
- Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie an der Universität Dortmund (IfADo), Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany.
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Bolt HM, Foth H, Hengstler JG, Degen GH. Carcinogenicity categorization of chemicals-new aspects to be considered in a European perspective. Toxicol Lett 2004; 151:29-41. [PMID: 15177638 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Existing systems of classification of carcinogens are a matter of discussion, world-wide. There is agreement that it should be distinguished between genotoxic and non-genotoxic chemicals. The risk assessment approach used for non-genotoxic chemicals is similar among different regulatory bodies: insertion of an uncertainty (safety) factor permits the derivation of permissible exposure levels at which no relevant human cancer risks are anticipated. For genotoxic carcinogens, case studies of chemicals point to a whole array of possibilities. Positive data of chromosomal effects only, in the absence of mutagenicity, may support the characterization of a compound that produces carcinogenic effects only at high, toxic doses. Non-DNA-reactive genotoxins, such as topoisomerase inhibitors or inhibitors of the spindle apparatus are considered in this respect. In such cases, arguments are in favour of the existence of "practical" thresholds. Taking existing concepts together, it is proposed to basically distinguish between "perfect" and "practical" thresholds. There is a wide consensus that for non-DNA-reactive genotoxins such as aneugens (aneuploidy, chromosome loss, non-disjunction) thresholds should be defined. It is being discussed as to whether the identification of possible threshold effects should also include other mechanisms of genotoxicity, in addition to aneugenic effects. Specific mechanisms of clastogenicity have been repeatedly addressed as also having thresholds, such as topoisomerase II poisons or mechanisms based on reactive oxygen. Oxidative stress as an important mechanism is triggered by exposure to exogenous factors such as ultraviolet (UV) and ionizing radiation, anoxia and hyperoxia, and by chemicals producing reactive oxygen species. The idea is receiving increased support that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated processes of carcinogenesis have practical thresholds. Since reactive oxygen species are genotoxic in principle, questions arise whether chemicals that increase ROS production will superimpose to an endogenously produced background level of DNA lesions, related to mechanisms that may result in non-linear dose-effect relationships. The existence of "endogenous" DNA adducts has been generally accepted, and possible regulatory implications of the presence of endogenous carcinogens have been discussed. It is now becoming evident that a diversity of methods of carcinogenic risk extrapolation to low doses must be considered, dependent on the mode of action. Although there is an increasing international awareness of these developments, the system of classification of carcinogens of the European Union still remains static. This should be changed, as the philosophy of separation of a strictly sequential "hazard assessment" and "risk assessment" appears out-of-date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann M Bolt
- Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie an der Universität Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany.
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Thier R, Bonacker D, Stoiber T, Böhm KJ, Wang M, Unger E, Bolt HM, Degen G. Interaction of metal salts with cytoskeletal motor protein systems. Toxicol Lett 2003; 140-141:75-81. [PMID: 12676453 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of chemicals with the microtubular network of cells may lead to genotoxicity. Micronuclei (MN) might be caused by interaction of metals with tubulin and/or kinesin. The genotoxic effects of inorganic lead and mercury salts were studied using the MN assay and the CREST analysis in V79 Chinese hamster fibroblasts. Effects on the functional activity of motor protein systems were examined by measurement of tubulin assembly and kinesin-driven motility. Lead and mercury salts induced MN dose-dependently. The no-effect-concentration for MN induction was 1.1 microM PbCl(2), 0.05 microM Pb(OAc)(2) and 0.01 microM HgCl(2). The in vitro results obtained for PbCl(2) correspond to reported MN induction in workers occupationally exposed to lead, starting at 1.2 microM Hg(II) (Vaglenov et al., 2001, Environ. Health Perspect. 109, 295-298). The CREST Analysis indicate aneugenic effects of Pb(II) and aneugenic and additionally clastogenic effects of Hg(II). Lead (chloride, acetate, and nitrate) and mercury (chloride and nitrate) interfered dose-dependently with tubulin assembly in vitro. The no-effect-concentration for lead salts in this assay was 10 microM. Inhibition of tubulin assembly by mercury started at 2 microM. The gliding velocity of microtubules along immobilised kinesin molecules was affected by 25 microM Pb(NO(3))(2) and 0.1 microM HgCl(2) in a dose-dependent manner. Our data support the hypothesis that lead and mercury genotoxicity may result, at least in part, via disturbance of chromosome segregation via interaction with cytoskeletal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thier
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Qld 4072, St. Lucia, Australia.
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Seeley MR, Tonner-Navarro LE, Beck BD, Deskin R, Feron VJ, Johanson G, Bolt HM. Procedures for health risk assessment in Europe. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2001; 34:153-69. [PMID: 11603958 DOI: 10.1006/rtph.2001.1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This report compares cancer classification systems, health risk assessment approaches, and procedures used for establishing occupational exposure limits (OELs), in various European countries and scientific organizations. The objectives were to highlight and compare key aspects of these processes and to identify the basis for differences in cancer classifications and OELs between various scientific organizations and countries. Differences in cancer classification exist in part due to differences in the ultimate purpose of classification and to the relative importance of different types of data (i.e., animal vs human data, mechanistic data, and data from benign vs malignant tumors). In general, the groups surveyed tend to agree on classification of chemicals with good evidence of carcinogenicity in humans, and agree less on classification of chemicals with positive evidence in animals and inadequate or limited evidence in humans. Most entities surveyed distinguish between genotoxic and nongenotoxic chemicals when conducting risk assessments. Although the risk assessment approach used for nongenotoxic chemicals is fairly similar among groups, risk assessment approaches for genotoxic carcinogens vary widely. In addition to risk assessment approaches, other factors which can affect OELs include selection of the critical effect, use of health-based vs technology-based exposure limits, and consideration of technological feasibility and socioeconomic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Seeley
- Gradient Corporation, 238 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Brüning T, Bolt HM. Renal toxicity and carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene: key results, mechanisms, and controversies. Crit Rev Toxicol 2000; 30:253-85. [PMID: 10852497 DOI: 10.1080/10408440091159202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The discussion on renal carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene addresses epidemiological, mechanistic, and metabolic aspects. After trichloroethylene exposure of rats, renal cell tumors were found increased in males, and an increased incidence of interstitial cell tumors of the testes was reported. Studies on the metabolism of trichloroethylene in rodents and in humans support the role of bioactivation reactions for the development of tumors following exposure to trichloroethylene. Epidemiological cohort studies addressing the carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene with respect to the renal or urothelial target sites have been conducted, and no clear evidence for an elevated renal or urinary tract cancer risk in trichloroethylene-exposed groups was visible in exposed populations. However, a cohort study of 169 male workers having been exposed to unusually high levels of trichloroethylene in Germany within the period between 1956 and 1975 supported a nephrocarcinogenic effect of trichloroethylene in humans. The results of this study were discussed in the literature with considerable reserve; criticism was based mainly on the choice of the study group, which had been recruited from personnel of a company in which a cluster of four renal tumors was observed previously. Hence, a further case-control study was conducted in the same region. This study confirmed the results of the previous cohort study, supporting the concept of involvement of prolonged and high-dose trichloroethylene exposures in the development of renal cell cancer. Further investigations on patients with renal cell carcinoma and with histories of high trichloroethylene exposures, on the basis of excretion of marker proteins in the urine, pointed to toxic damage to the proximal renal tubules by trichloroethylene. The hypothesis of implication of a glutathione transferase-dependent bioactivating pathway of trichloroethylene, established in experimental animals, seems at least also plausible for humans. Apparently, the occurrence of renal cell carcinomas in man follows high-dose exposures to trichloroethylene that are also accompanied by damage to tubular renal cells. Development of renal cell carcinomas has been related to mutations in the vonHippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene. Renal cell carcinoma tissues of persons with histories of prolonged high-dose exposure to trichloroethylene were investigated for the occurrence of mutations of the vonHippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene. VHL gene mutations were found in the majority of renal cell tumors associated with high-level exposure to trichloroethylene. A specific mutational hot spot at the VHL nucleotide 454 was addressed as a unique mutation pattern of the VHL tumor suppressor gene. A synopsis of all experimental, clinical, and epidemiological data suggests that reactive metabolites of trichloroethylene, with likely involvement of dichlorovinyl-cysteine (DCVC), exert a genotoxic effect on the proximal tubule of the human kidney. This constitutes a tumor-initiating process of genotoxic nature, the initial genotoxic effect apparently being linked with mutational changes in the VHL tumor suppressor gene. However, there is compelling evidence that the full development of a malignant tumor requires continued promotional stimuli. Repetitive episodes of high peak exposures to trichloroethylene over a prolonged period of time apparently led to nephrotoxicity, visualized by the excretion of tubular marker proteins in the urine. This critical process of development of tubular damage by trichloroethylene must follow a "conventional" dose-dependence, implying a practical threshold. This view is much corroborated by the fact that the occurrence of human renal cell cancer is obviously confined to cases of unusually high trichloroethylene exposures in the past, with special characteristics of very high and repetitive peak exposures. Current instruments of regulation should be adjusted to allow adequate consideration of su
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Affiliation(s)
- T Brüning
- Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie an der Universität Dortmund, Germany
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