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Oranchuk DJ, Diewald SN, McGrath JW, Nelson AR, Storey AG, Cronin JB. Kinetic and kinematic profile of eccentric quasi-isometric loading. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:758-771. [PMID: 33666143 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1890198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Eccentric quasi-isometric (EQI) contractions (maintaining a yielding contraction for as long as possible, beyond task failure) have gained interest in research and applied settings. However, little is known regarding the biomechanical profile of EQIs. Fourteen well-trained males performed four maximal effort knee-extensor EQIs, separated by 180 seconds. Angular impulse, velocity, and time-under-tension through the 30-100º range of motion (ROM), and in eight ROM brackets were quantified. Statistical parametric mapping, analyses of variance, and standardised effects (Hedges' g (ES), %Δ) detected between-contraction joint-angle-specific differences in time-normalised and absolute variables. Mean velocity was 1.34º·s-1 with most (62.5 ± 4.9%) of the angular impulse imparted between 40-70º. Most between-contraction changes occurred between 30-50º (p≤ 0.067, ES = 0.53 ± 0.31, 60 ± 52%), while measures remained constant between 50-100º (= 0.069-0.83, ES = 0.10 ± 0.26, 14.3 ± 24.6%). EQIs are a time-efficient means to impart high cumulative mechanical tension, especially at short to medium muscle lengths. However, angular impulse distribution shifts towards medium to long muscle lengths with repeat contractions. Practitioners may utilise EQIs to emphasize the initial portion of the ROM, and limit ROM, or apply EQIs in a fatigued state to emphasize longer muscle lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Oranchuk
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shelley N Diewald
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joey W McGrath
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - André R Nelson
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam G Storey
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Hammert WB, Moreno EN, Martin CC, Jessee MB, Buckner SL. Skeletal Muscle Adaptations to High-Load Resistance Training With Pre-Exercise Blood Flow Restriction. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2381-2388. [PMID: 37535935 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hammert, WB, Moreno, EN, Martin, CC, Jessee, MB, and Buckner, SL. Skeletal muscle adaptations to high-load resistance training with pre-exercise blood flow restriction. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2381-2388, 2023-This study aimed to determine if blood flow restriction (BFR) could augment adaptations to a high-load training protocol that was inadequate for muscle growth. Forty nontrained individuals had each arm assigned to 1 of 3 elbow flexion protocols: (a) high-load resistance training [TRAD; 4 sets to muscular failure at 70% 1 repetition maximum (1RM)], (b) low repetition high-load resistance training with pre-exercise BFR (PreBFR; 4 sets of 3 repetitions at 70% 1RM + 3 min of pre-exercise BFR), and (c) low repetition high-load resistance training (LRTRAD); 4 sets of 3 repetitions at 70% 1RM). Muscle thickness (MT), 1RM strength, and local muscular endurance (LME) of the elbow flexors were measured before and after 8 weeks. An alpha level of 0.05 was used for all comparisons. For the 50% site, MT increased for TRAD (0.211 cm, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.143-0.280), PreBFR (0.105 cm, 95% CI: 0.034-0.175), and LRTRAD (0.073 cm, 95% CI: 0.000-0.146). The change for TRAD was greater than PreBFR and LRTRAD. For the 60% site, MT increased for TRAD (0.235 cm, 95% CI: 0.153-0.317), PreBFR (0.097 cm, 95% CI: 0.014-0.180), and LRTRAD (0.082 cm, 95% CI: 0.000-0.164). The change for TRAD was greater than PreBFR and LRTRAD. For the 70% site MT increased for TRAD (0.308 cm, 95% CI: 0.247-0.369), PreBFR (0.103 cm, 95% CI: 0.041-0.166), and LRTRAD (0.070 cm, 95% CI: 0.004-0.137). The change for TRAD was greater than PreBFR and LRTRAD. One repetition maximum and LME significantly increased for each condition, with no differences between conditions. Collapsed across conditions 1RM strength increased 2.094 kg (95% CI: 1.771-2.416) and LME increased 7.0 repetitions (95% CI: 5.7-8.3). In conclusion, the application of BFR to low-repetition, high-load training did not enhance the adaptative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Hammert
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and
| | - Enrique N Moreno
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and
| | - Cole C Martin
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and
| | - Matthew B Jessee
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, Applied Human Health and Physical Function Laboratory, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and
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3
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Kassiano W, Costa B, Kunevaliki G, Soares D, Stavinski N, Francsuel J, Carneiro MAS, Tricoli I, Nunes JP, Ribeiro AS, Cyrino ES. Muscle Swelling of the Triceps Surae in Response to Straight-Leg and Bent-Leg Calf Raise Exercises in Young Women. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e438-e443. [PMID: 37015022 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kassiano, W, Costa, B, Kunevaliki, G, Soares, D, Stavinski, N, Francsuel, J, Carneiro, MAS, Tricoli, I, Nunes, JP, Ribeiro, AS, and Cyrino, ES. Muscle swelling of the triceps surae in response to straight-leg and bent-leg calf raise exercises in young women. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): e438-e443, 2023-Triceps surae muscle swelling in response to different resistance exercises remains to be determined. This study compared the effects of straight-leg (STRA-leg) calf raise vs. bent-leg (BENT-leg) calf raise exercises on triceps surae muscle swelling. Seventeen young women (23.7 ± 4.0 years; 67.4 ± 16.0 kg; and 163.5 ± 7.2 cm) performed 2 resistance training sessions; in one, they performed the STRA-leg calf raise, and in another, they performed the BENT-leg calf raise. A randomized, cross-over, and counterbalanced design was adopted for this investigation. The subjects performed 4 sets of 20 repetitions maximum until concentric muscular failure. The muscle thickness of the gastrocnemius medial (GM), gastrocnemius lateral (GL), and soleus (SOL) was taken through B-mode ultrasound before and immediately after the calf raise exercises. STRA-leg calf raise elicited greater increases in muscle thickness of GM (+8.8% vs. -0.9%, p < 0.001) and GL (+14.5% vs. +7.0%, p < 0.001) than BENT-leg calf raise. Conversely, BENT-leg calf raise elicited greater increases in SOL muscle thickness than STRA-leg calf raise (+15.4% vs. +7.7%, p < 0.001). From a practical perspective, the STRA-leg calf raise should be preferred if the aim is stimulating the 3 muscles that comprise the triceps surae, whereas the BENT-leg calf raise should be prioritized if the target muscle is the SOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witalo Kassiano
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - Bruna Costa
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - Gabriel Kunevaliki
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - Danrlei Soares
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - Natã Stavinski
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - Jarlisson Francsuel
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - Marcelo A S Carneiro
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - Ian Tricoli
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | | | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and
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Thirupathi A, Yong W, Oflaz O, Agascioglu E, Gu Y. Exercise and COVID-19: exercise intensity reassures immunological benefits of post-COVID-19 condition. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1036925. [PMID: 37275224 PMCID: PMC10233405 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1036925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Any form of physical activity, including exercise, has various benefits at the physiological (improving cardiac and respiratory functions, increasing skeletal muscle mass, and maintaining homeostasis) and psychological levels (improving cognitive function, reducing anxiety and depression) which help to combat any type of infection. In contrast, the infectivity ratio could reduce the physical activity of an individual, such as performing a habitual exercise. Adaptation to different exercise strategies including intensity and duration may better increase physical performance and improve the symptoms. For example, low to moderate intensity perhaps fails to induce this adaptive process, while high-intensity of exercise compromises immune health. This can aggravate the infection rate (Open window theory). However, high intensity with a shorter time produces various morphological alterations in the primary organs including the lungs and heart, which facilitate life support in COVID-19 patients. However, less information about exercise protocols failed to assure the benefits of exercise to COVID-19 patients, particularly post-COVID-19 conditions. Therefore, this review will answer how exercise intensity is crucial to reassure the exercise benefits for promoting safe participation before infection and post-COVID-19 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Thirupathi
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wang Yong
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ofcan Oflaz
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Eda Agascioglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Spiering BA, Clark BC, Schoenfeld BJ, Foulis SA, Pasiakos SM. Maximizing Strength: The Stimuli and Mediators of Strength Gains and Their Application to Training and Rehabilitation. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:919-929. [PMID: 36580280 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Spiering, BA, Clark, BC, Schoenfeld, BJ, Foulis, SA, and Pasiakos, SM. Maximizing strength: the stimuli and mediators of strength gains and their application to training and rehabilitation. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 919-929, 2023-Traditional heavy resistance exercise (RE) training increases maximal strength, a valuable adaptation in many situations. That stated, some populations seek new opportunities for pushing the upper limits of strength gains (e.g., athletes and military personnel). Alternatively, other populations strive to increase or maintain strength but cannot perform heavy RE (e.g., during at-home exercise, during deployment, or after injury or illness). Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to (a) identify the known stimuli that trigger gains in strength; (b) identify the known factors that mediate the long-term effectiveness of these stimuli; (c) discuss (and in some cases, speculate on) potential opportunities for maximizing strength gains beyond current limits; and (d) discuss practical applications for increasing or maintaining strength when traditional heavy RE cannot be performed. First, by conceptually deconstructing traditional heavy RE, we identify that strength gains are stimulated through a sequence of events, namely: giving maximal mental effort, leading to maximal neural activation of muscle to produce forceful contractions, involving lifting and lowering movements, training through a full range of motion, and (potentially) inducing muscular metabolic stress. Second, we identify factors that mediate the long-term effectiveness of these RE stimuli, namely: optimizing the dose of RE within a session, beginning each set of RE in a minimally fatigued state, optimizing recovery between training sessions, and (potentially) periodizing the training stimulus over time. Equipped with these insights, we identify potential opportunities for further maximizing strength gains. Finally, we identify opportunities for increasing or maintaining strength when traditional heavy RE cannot be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry A Spiering
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Brian C Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; and
| | | | - Stephen A Foulis
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
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Lee S, Choi Y, Jeong E, Park J, Kim J, Tanaka M, Choi J. Physiological significance of elevated levels of lactate by exercise training in the brain and body. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 135:167-175. [PMID: 36681523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
For the past 200 years, lactate has been regarded as a metabolic waste end product that causes fatigue during exercise. However, lactate production is closely correlated with energy metabolism. The lactate dehydrogenase-catalyzed reaction uses protons to produce lactate, which delays ongoing metabolic acidosis. Of note, lactate production differs depending on exercise intensity and is not limited to muscles. Importantly, controlling physiological effect of lactate may be a solution to alleviating some chronic diseases. Released through exercise, lactate is an important biomarker for fat oxidation in skeletal muscles. During recovery after sustained strenuous exercise, most of the lactate accumulated during exercise is removed by direct oxidation. However, as the muscle respiration rate decreases, lactate becomes a desirable substrate for hepatic glucose synthesis. Furthermore, improvement in brain function by lactate, particularly, through the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, is being increasingly studied. In addition, it is possible to improve stress-related symptoms, such as depression, by regulating the function of hippocampal mitochondria, and with an increasingly aging society, lactate is being investigated as a preventive agent for brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the perception that lactate is equivalent to fatigue should no longer exist. This review focuses on the new perception of lactate and how lactate acts extensively in the skeletal muscles, heart, brain, kidney, and liver. Additionally, lactate is now used to confirm exercise performance and should be further studied to assess its impact on exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjun Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Feynman Institute of Technology, Nanomedicine Corporation, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyun Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Feynman Institute of Technology, Nanomedicine Corporation, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunseo Jeong
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongjun Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Masayoshi Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Jonghoon Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Feynman Institute of Technology, Nanomedicine Corporation, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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7
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Serum Metabolites Associated with Muscle Hypertrophy after 8 Weeks of High- and Low-Load Resistance Training. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030335. [PMID: 36984775 PMCID: PMC10058868 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the similar muscle growth attained with high- and low-load resistance training (RT) have not yet been fully elucidated. One mechanism is related to the mechanical stimulus and the level of motor unit recruitment; another mechanism is related to the metabolic response. We investigated the electromyographic signal amplitude (sEMG) and the general metabolic response to high-load RT (HL) and low-load resistance training (LL). We measured muscle thickness by ultrasound, sEMG amplitude by electromyography, and analysis of metabolites expressed through metabolomics. No differences were observed between the HL and LL groups for metabolic response and muscle thickness. A greater amplitude of sEMG was observed in the HL group. In addition, a correlation was observed between changes in muscle thickness of the vastus lateralis muscle in the HL group and levels of the metabolites carnitine, creatine, 3-hydroxyisovalerate, phenylalanine, asparagine, creatine phosphate, and methionine. In the LL group, a correlation was observed between changes in muscle thickness of the vastus lateralis muscle and levels of the metabolites acetoacetate, creatine phosphate, and oxypurinol. These correlations seem to be related to the characteristics of activated muscle fibers, the metabolic demand of the training protocols used, and the process of protein synthesis.
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8
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Exner RJ, Patel MH, Whitener DV, Buckner SL, Jessee MB, Dankel SJ. Does performing resistance exercise to failure homogenize the training stimulus by accounting for differences in local muscular endurance? Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:82-91. [PMID: 35200101 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2023657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The prescription of resistance exercise often involves administering a set number of repetitions to be completed at a given relative load. While this accounts for individual differences in strength, it neglects to account for differences in local muscle endurance and may result in varied responses across individuals. One way of potentially creating a more homogenous stimulus across individuals involves performing resistance exercise to volitional failure, but this has not been tested and was the purpose of the present study. Individuals completed 2 testing sessions to compare repetitions, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), muscle swelling and fatigue responses to arbitrary repetition (SET) vs. failure (FAIL) protocols using either 60% or 30% one-repetition maximum. Statistical analyses assessed differences in the variability between protocols. Forty-six individuals (25 females and 21 males) completed the study. There was more variability in the number of repetitions completed during FAIL when compared to SET protocols. Performing the 60% 1RM condition to failure appeared to reduce the variability in muscle swelling (average variance: 60%-SET = .034, 60%-FAIL = .023) and RPE (average variance: 60%-SET = 4.0, 60%-FAIL = 2.5), but did not alter the variability in muscle fatigue. No differences in variability were present between the SET-30% and FAIL-30% protocols for any of the dependent variables. Performing resistance exercise to failure may result in a more homogenous stimulus across individuals, particularly when using moderate to high exercise loads. The prescription of resistance exercise should account for individual differences in local muscle endurance to ensure a similarly effective stimulus across individuals.Highlights There is a large variance in the number of repetitions individuals can complete even when exercising with the same relative load.Ratings of perceived exertion and muscle swelling responses become more homogenous when exercising to volitional failure as compared to using performing a set number of repetitions, particularly when moderate to higher loads are used.The prescription of exercise should take into consideration the individual's local muscle endurance as opposed to choosing an arbitrary number of repetitions to be completed at a given relative load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Exner
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Mana H Patel
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Dominic V Whitener
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Matthew B Jessee
- Applied Human Health and Physical Function Laboratory, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Scott J Dankel
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
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LIM CHANGHYUN, NUNES EVERSONA, CURRIER BRADS, MCLEOD JONATHANC, THOMAS AARONCQ, PHILLIPS STUARTM. An Evidence-Based Narrative Review of Mechanisms of Resistance Exercise-Induced Human Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1546-1559. [PMID: 35389932 PMCID: PMC9390238 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays a critical role in physical function and metabolic health. Muscle is a highly adaptable tissue that responds to resistance exercise (RE; loading) by hypertrophying, or during muscle disuse, RE mitigates muscle loss. Resistance exercise training (RET)-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy is a product of external (e.g., RE programming, diet, some supplements) and internal variables (e.g., mechanotransduction, ribosomes, gene expression, satellite cells activity). RE is undeniably the most potent nonpharmacological external variable to stimulate the activation/suppression of internal variables linked to muscular hypertrophy or countering disuse-induced muscle loss. Here, we posit that despite considerable research on the impact of external variables on RET and hypertrophy, internal variables (i.e., inherent skeletal muscle biology) are dominant in regulating the extent of hypertrophy in response to external stimuli. Thus, identifying the key internal skeletal muscle-derived variables that mediate the translation of external RE variables will be pivotal to determining the most effective strategies for skeletal muscle hypertrophy in healthy persons. Such work will aid in enhancing function in clinical populations, slowing functional decline, and promoting physical mobility. We provide up-to-date, evidence-based perspectives of the mechanisms regulating RET-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHANGHYUN LIM
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - EVERSON A. NUNES
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
- Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa-Catarina, BRAZIL
| | - BRAD S. CURRIER
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - JONATHAN C. MCLEOD
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - AARON C. Q. THOMAS
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
| | - STUART M. PHILLIPS
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA
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10
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Rodrigues S, Forte P, Dewaele E, Branquinho L, Teixeira JE, Ferraz R, Barbosa TM, Monteiro AM. Effect of Blood Flow Restriction Technique on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness: A Systematic Review. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58091154. [PMID: 36143831 PMCID: PMC9505400 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58091154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The effect of the blood flow restriction technique (BFR) on delayed onset muscular soreness (DOMS) symptoms remains unclear. Since there is no consensus in the literature, the aim of the present study is to systematically identify and appraise the available evidence on the effects of the BFR technique on DOMS, in healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: Computerized literature search in the databases Pubmed, Google Scholar, EBSCO, Cochrane and PEDro to identify randomized controlled trials that assessed the effects of blood flow restriction on delayed onset muscular soreness symptoms. Results: Eight trials met the eligibility criteria and were included in this review, presenting the results of 118 participants, with a mean methodological rating of 6/10 on the PEDro scale. Conclusions: So far, there is not enough evidence to confirm or refute the influence of BFR on DOMS, and more studies with a good methodological basis are needed, in larger samples, to establish protocols and parameters of exercise and intervention. Data analysis suggests a tendency toward the proinflammatory effect of BFR during high restrictive pressures combined with eccentric exercises, while postconditioning BFR seems to have a protective effect on DOMS. Prospero ID record: 345457, title registration: “Effect of Blood Flow Restriction Technique on the Prevention of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness: A Systematic Review”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rodrigues
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Escola Superior de Saúde Fernando Pessoa, Rua Delfim Maia, 334, 4200-253 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Pedro Forte
- Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Eva Dewaele
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Escola Superior de Saúde Fernando Pessoa, Rua Delfim Maia, 334, 4200-253 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Branquinho
- Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José E. Teixeira
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - António M. Monteiro
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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11
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Damasceno SDO, Junior EP, Lemos LK, Biral TM, Cavina APDS, Vanderlei FM. Virtual reality-based therapy associated with blood flow restriction in older adults: A proposal for integration of techniques. Front Physiol 2022; 13:958823. [PMID: 36060703 PMCID: PMC9437243 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.958823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silas de Oliveira Damasceno
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCT/UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Silas de Oliveira Damasceno,
| | - Eduardo Pizzo Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCT/UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Kesrouani Lemos
- Postgraduate Program in Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCT/UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Taíse Mendes Biral
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCT/UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Franciele Marques Vanderlei
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCT/UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCT/UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
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12
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Hackett DA. Training, Supplementation, and Pharmacological Practices of Competitive Male Bodybuilders Across Training Phases. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:963-970. [PMID: 33651737 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hackett, DA. Training, supplementation, and pharmacological practices of competitive male bodybuilders across training phases. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 963-970, 2022-Bodybuilding involves the pursuit of muscularity and leanness primarily through the use of progressive resistance training in combination with other practices such as manipulation of diet and use of ergogenic aids. This study aimed to compare the training practices and ergogenic aids used by competitive male bodybuilders across training phases. An online survey was completed by 235 competitive male bodybuilders with a median age of 26.0 (interquartile range 23.0-31.3) years. Results showed that most respondents performed split-routines (85.5%), 4-7 sessions per week (95.7%), trained major muscle groups twice a week (>50%), and session duration being 60-90 minutes (55.7%). Off-season resistance training sessions mostly comprised of targeting 2-3 muscle groups (56%), 2-3 exercises per muscle group (60.4%), 3-4 sets per exercise (73.2%), 7-12 repetition maximum (RM) per set (71.6%), and 61-180 seconds recovery between sets and exercises (80.5%). At the precompetition phase (6 weeks before competition), there was a decrease in the number of muscle groups trained per session (p = 0.027) and a greater number of repetitions performed per set (p < 0.001). A significant increase in the reported aerobic exercise volume was found during precompetition (<0.001). Performance enhancing drugs were used by 53.6% of respondents who did not compete in natural bodybuilding competitions. Dietary supplements were used by 95.7% of respondents with the most common being creatine monohydrate (80.4%) and whey protein (65.8%). Findings suggest that competitive bodybuilders follow resistance training practices consistent with the broad muscular hypertrophy recommendations but a notable shift in practices occur in the weeks before competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Hackett
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Faculty Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Attwaters M, Hughes SM. Cellular and molecular pathways controlling muscle size in response to exercise. FEBS J 2022; 289:1428-1456. [PMID: 33755332 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
From the discovery of ATP and motor proteins to synaptic neurotransmitters and growth factor control of cell differentiation, skeletal muscle has provided an extreme model system in which to understand aspects of tissue function. Muscle is one of the few tissues that can undergo both increase and decrease in size during everyday life. Muscle size depends on its contractile activity, but the precise cellular and molecular pathway(s) by which the activity stimulus influences muscle size and strength remain unclear. Four correlates of muscle contraction could, in theory, regulate muscle growth: nerve-derived signals, cytoplasmic calcium dynamics, the rate of ATP consumption and physical force. Here, we summarise the evidence for and against each stimulus and what is known or remains unclear concerning their molecular signal transduction pathways and cellular effects. Skeletal muscle can grow in three ways, by generation of new syncytial fibres, addition of nuclei from muscle stem cells to existing fibres or increase in cytoplasmic volume/nucleus. Evidence suggests the latter two processes contribute to exercise-induced growth. Fibre growth requires increase in sarcolemmal surface area and cytoplasmic volume at different rates. It has long been known that high-force exercise is a particularly effective growth stimulus, but how this stimulus is sensed and drives coordinated growth that is appropriately scaled across organelles remains a mystery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Attwaters
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Simon M Hughes
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, UK
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14
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Shakespear-Druery J, De Cocker K, Biddle SJH, Bennie J. Muscle-Strengthening Exercise Questionnaire (MSEQ): an assessment of concurrent validity and test–retest reliability. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001225. [PMID: 35237446 PMCID: PMC8845318 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesMuscle-strengthening exercise (MSE) has multiple independent health benefits and is a component of global physical activity guidelines. However, the assessment of MSE in health surveillance is often limited to the constructs of frequency (days/week), with little focus on constructs such as MSE type, muscle groups targeted and intensity. This study describes the test–retest reliability and concurrent validity of the Muscle-Strengthening Exercise Questionnaire (MSEQ), which was developed to assess multiple MSE participation constructs.MethodsThe MSEQ was developed to assess the weekly frequency, session duration and intensity, types of MSE (eg, weight machines, bodyweight exercise) and muscle groups targeted. Two convenience samples of adult participants were recruited. Test–retest reliability was completed online by 85 participants. Concurrent validity was assessed for 54 participants using an online 7-day MSE log.ResultsThe MSEQ shows high test–retest reliability for frequency, duration and level of intensity for each of the four MSE types (using weight machines, bodyweight exercises, resistance exercises and holistic exercises), and for the four types combined (ρ range 0.76–0.91). For muscle groups targeted, the reliability ranged mostly from moderate-to-substantial for each of the four MSE types (κ range 0.44–0.78) and fair-to-moderate for the four types combined (κ range 0.35–0.51). Concurrent validity for frequency, duration and level of intensity for each of the four MSE types, and the four types combined, was moderate-to-high (ρ range 0.30–0.77).ConclusionThe MSEQ shows acceptable reliability and validity for four key MSE constructs. This new MSEQ survey instrument could be used to assess adults’ MSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shakespear-Druery
- Physically Active Lifestyles Research Group (USQ-PALs), Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katrien De Cocker
- Physically Active Lifestyles Research Group (USQ-PALs), Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Stuart J H Biddle
- Physically Active Lifestyles Research Group (USQ-PALs), Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason Bennie
- Physically Active Lifestyles Research Group (USQ-PALs), Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland, Australia
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15
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A Systematic Review of the Effects of Different Resistance Training Volumes on Muscle Hypertrophy. J Hum Kinet 2022; 81:199-210. [PMID: 35291645 PMCID: PMC8884877 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to compare responses to moderate and high training volumes aimed at inducing muscle hypertrophy. A literature search on 3 databases (Pubmed, Scopus and Chocrane Library) was conducted in January 2021. After analyzing 2083 resultant articles, studies were included if they met the following inclusion criteria: a) studies were randomized controlled trials (with the number of sets explicitly reported), b) interventions lasted at least six weeks, c) participants had a minimum of one year of resistance training experience, d) participants’ age ranged from 18 to 35 years, e) studies reported direct measurements of muscle thickness and/or the cross-sectional area, and f) studies were published in peer-review journals. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis, whereas just six were included in the quantitative analysis. All participants were divided into three groups: “low” (<12 weekly sets), “moderate” (12-20 weekly sets) and “high” volume (>20 weekly sets). According to the results of this meta-analysis, there were no differences between moderate and high training volume responses for the quadriceps (p = 0.19) and the biceps brachii (p = 0.59). However, it appears that a high training volume is better to induce muscle mass gains in the triceps brachii (p = 0.01). According to the results of this review, a range of 12-20 weekly sets per muscle group may be an optimum standard recommendation for increasing muscle hypertrophy in young, trained men.
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16
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Alix-Fages C, Del Vecchio A, Baz-Valle E, Santos-Concejero J, Balsalobre-Fernández C. The role of the neural stimulus in regulating skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1111-1128. [PMID: 35138447 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04906-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Resistance training is frequently performed with the goal of stimulating muscle hypertrophy. Due to the key roles motor unit recruitment and mechanical tension play to induce muscle growth, when programming, the manipulation of the training variables is oriented to provoke the correct stimulus. Although it is known that the nervous system is responsible for the control of motor units and active muscle force, muscle hypertrophy researchers and trainers tend to only focus on the adaptations of the musculotendinous unit and not in the nervous system behaviour. To better guide resistance exercise prescription for muscle hypertrophy and aiming to delve into the mechanisms that maximize this goal, this review provides evidence-based considerations for possible effects of neural behaviour on muscle growth when programming resistance training, and future neurophysiological measurement that should be tested when training to increase muscle mass. Combined information from the neural and muscular structures will allow to understand the exact adaptations of the muscle in response to a given input (neural drive to the muscle). Changes at different levels of the nervous system will affect the control of motor units and mechanical forces during resistance training, thus impacting the potential hypertrophic adaptations. Additionally, this article addresses how neural adaptations and fatigue accumulation that occur when resistance training may influence the hypertrophic response and propose neurophysiological assessments that may improve our understanding of resistance training variables that impact on muscular adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alix-Fages
- Applied Biomechanics and Sport Technology Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, C/ Fco Tomas y Valiente 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alessandro Del Vecchio
- Neuromuscular Physiology and Neural Interfacing Group, Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Eneko Baz-Valle
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández
- Applied Biomechanics and Sport Technology Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, C/ Fco Tomas y Valiente 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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17
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May AK, Russell AP, Della Gatta PA, Warmington SA. Muscle Adaptations to Heavy-Load and Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Training Methods. Front Physiol 2022; 13:837697. [PMID: 35185627 PMCID: PMC8850930 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.837697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance-based blood flow restriction training (BFRT) improves skeletal muscle strength and size. Unlike heavy-load resistance training (HLRT), there is debate as to whether strength adaptations following BFRT interventions can be primarily attributed to concurrent muscle hypertrophy, as the magnitude of hypertrophy is often minor. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 7 weeks of BFRT and HLRT on muscle strength and hypertrophy. The expression of protein growth markers from muscle biopsy samples was also measured. Male participants were allocated to moderately heavy-load training (HL; n = 9), low-load BFRT (LL + BFR; n = 8), or a control (CON; n = 9) group to control for the effect of time. HL and LL + BFR completed 21 training sessions (3 d.week−1) comprising bilateral knee extension and knee flexion exercises (HL = 70% one-repetition maximum (1-RM), LL + BFR = 20% 1-RM + blood flow restriction). Bilateral knee extension and flexion 1-RM strength were assessed, and leg muscle CSA was measured via peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Protein growth markers were measured in vastus lateralis biopsy samples taken pre- and post the first and last training sessions. Biopsy samples were also taken from CON at the same time intervals as HL and LL + BFR. Knee extension 1-RM strength increased in HL (19%) and LL + BFR (19%) but not CON (2%; p < 0.05). Knee flexion 1-RM strength increased similarly between all groups, as did muscle CSA (50% femur length; HL = 2.2%, LL + BFR = 3.0%, CON = 2.1%; TIME main effects). 4E-BP1 (Thr37/46) phosphorylation was lower in HL and LL + BFR immediately post-exercise compared with CON in both sessions (p < 0.05). Expression of other growth markers was similar between groups (p > 0.05). Overall, BFRT and HLRT improved muscle strength and size similarly, with comparable changes in intramuscular protein growth marker expression, both acutely and chronically, suggesting the activation of similar anabolic pathways. However, the low magnitude of muscle hypertrophy was not significantly different to the non-training control suggesting that strength adaptation following 7 weeks of BFRT is not driven by hypertrophy, but rather neurological adaptation.
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18
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Reina-Ruiz ÁJ, Galán-Mercant A, Molina-Torres G, Merchán-Baeza JA, Romero-Galisteo RP, González-Sánchez M. Effect of Blood Flow Restriction on Functional, Physiological and Structural Variables of Muscle in Patients with Chronic Pathologies: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031160. [PMID: 35162182 PMCID: PMC8835162 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this systematic review of the current literature is to analyze the changes that blood flow restriction (BFR) causes in subjects with neuro-musculoskeletal and/or systemic pathologies focusing on the following variables: strength, physiological changes, structural changes and cardiocirculatory variables. The search was carried out in seven databases, including randomized clinical trials in which therapeutic exercise was combined with the blood flow restriction tool in populations with musculoskeletal pathologies. Outcome variables are strength, structural changes, physiological changes and cardiocirculatory variables. Twenty studies were included in the present study. Although there is a lot of heterogeneity between the interventions and evaluation instruments, we observed how the restriction of blood flow presents significant differences in the vast majority of the variables analyzed. In addition, we observed how BFR can become a supplement that provides benefits when performed with low intensity, similar to those obtained through high-intensity muscular efforts. The application of the BFR technique can provide benefits in the short and medium term to increase strength, muscle thickness and cardiovascular endurance, even improving the physiological level of the cardiovascular system. In addition, BFR combined with low-load exercises also achieves benefits comparable to high-intensity exercises without the application of BFR, benefiting patients who are unable to lift high loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Jesús Reina-Ruiz
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Málaga, Arquitecto Francisco Peñalosa, 3, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (Á.J.R.-R.); (R.P.R.-G.); (M.G.-S.)
| | - Alejandro Galán-Mercant
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Sciences University of Cádiz, 11002 Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cádiz, 11002 Cádiz, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.-M.); (G.M.-T.)
| | - Guadalupe Molina-Torres
- Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.-M.); (G.M.-T.)
| | - Jose Antonio Merchán-Baeza
- Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Research Group on Methodology, Methods, Models and Outcomes of Health and Social Sciences (M3O), Faculty of Health Science and Welfare, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVIC-UCC), C. Sagrada Família, 7, 08500 Vic, Spain;
| | - Rita Pilar Romero-Galisteo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Málaga, Arquitecto Francisco Peñalosa, 3, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (Á.J.R.-R.); (R.P.R.-G.); (M.G.-S.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, IBIMA, Calle Doctor Miguel Díaz Recio, 28, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel González-Sánchez
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Málaga, Arquitecto Francisco Peñalosa, 3, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (Á.J.R.-R.); (R.P.R.-G.); (M.G.-S.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, IBIMA, Calle Doctor Miguel Díaz Recio, 28, 29010 Málaga, Spain
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19
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Hickmott LM, Chilibeck PD, Shaw KA, Butcher SJ. The Effect of Load and Volume Autoregulation on Muscular Strength and Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:9. [PMID: 35038063 PMCID: PMC8762534 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Autoregulation has emerged as a potentially beneficial resistance training paradigm to individualize and optimize programming; however, compared to standardized prescription, the effects of autoregulated load and volume prescription on muscular strength and hypertrophy adaptations are unclear. Our objective was to compare the effect of autoregulated load prescription (repetitions in reserve-based rating of perceived exertion and velocity-based training) to standardized load prescription (percentage-based training) on chronic one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength and cross-sectional area (CSA) hypertrophy adaptations in resistance-trained individuals. We also aimed to investigate the effect of volume autoregulation with velocity loss thresholds ≤ 25% compared to > 25% on 1RM strength and CSA hypertrophy. Methods This review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus was conducted. Mean differences (MD), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated. Sub-analyses were performed as applicable. Results Fifteen studies were included in the meta-analysis: six studies on load autoregulation and nine studies on volume autoregulation. No significant differences between autoregulated and standardized load prescription were demonstrated for 1RM strength (MD = 2.07, 95% CI – 0.32 to 4.46 kg, p = 0.09, SMD = 0.21). Velocity loss thresholds ≤ 25% demonstrated significantly greater 1RM strength (MD = 2.32, 95% CI 0.33 to 4.31 kg, p = 0.02, SMD = 0.23) and significantly lower CSA hypertrophy (MD = 0.61, 95% CI 0.05 to 1.16 cm2, p = 0.03, SMD = 0.28) than velocity loss thresholds > 25%. No significant differences between velocity loss thresholds > 25% and 20–25% were demonstrated for hypertrophy (MD = 0.36, 95% CI – 0.29 to 1.00 cm2, p = 0.28, SMD = 0.13); however, velocity loss thresholds > 25% demonstrated significantly greater hypertrophy compared to thresholds ≤ 20% (MD = 0.64, 95% CI 0.07 to 1.20 cm2, p = 0.03, SMD = 0.34). Conclusions Collectively, autoregulated and standardized load prescription produced similar improvements in strength. When sets and relative intensity were equated, velocity loss thresholds ≤ 25% were superior for promoting strength possibly by minimizing acute neuromuscular fatigue while maximizing chronic neuromuscular adaptations, whereas velocity loss thresholds > 20–25% were superior for promoting hypertrophy by accumulating greater relative volume. Protocol Registration The original protocol was prospectively registered (CRD42021240506) with the PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-021-00404-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landyn M Hickmott
- College of Medicine, Health Sciences Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
| | | | - Keely A Shaw
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Scotty J Butcher
- School of Rehabilitation Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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20
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Muscle growth adaptations to high-load training and low-load training with blood flow restriction in calf muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:623-634. [PMID: 34981201 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04862-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare muscle growth adaptations between traditional high-load training and low-load training with blood flow restriction (BFR) in the calf muscles over 6 weeks. METHODS 27 trained individuals performed calf exercise in both legs for 6 weeks. Each leg was randomly assigned to one of the two conditions: (1) Traditional (70% of 1RM) training (TRAD); and (2) Low-load (30% of 1RM) training with BFR. In addition, subjects performed standing calf raises with or without BFR. Measures were taken pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS For the posterior muscle site, there was no condition (BFR vs. TRAD) × time (pre vs. post) interaction (p = 0.15). In addition, there was no main effect for condition (p = 0.83) or time (p = 0.20). For the lateral muscle site, there was no condition × time interaction (p = 0.47). In addition, there was no main effect for condition (p = 0.10) or time (p = 0.57). For the medial muscle site, there was no condition × time interaction (p = 0.60). In addition, there was no main effect for condition (p = 0.44) or time (p = 0.72). For RPE, there was no condition × time interaction. However, there was a main effect for condition (p < 0.05) with BFR having higher RPE. For discomfort, there was no condition × time interaction. However, there was a main effect for condition (p < 0.001) with the BFR condition displaying higher discomfort. CONCLUSION No muscle growth was detected in the calf musculature. BFR was not more effective at eliciting muscle hypertrophy compared to traditional training. However, it was accompanied with higher exertion and discomfort.
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21
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Heidel KA, Novak ZJ, Dankel SJ. Machines and free weight exercises: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing changes in muscle size, strength, and power. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:1061-1070. [PMID: 34609100 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12929-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To compare changes in muscle size, strength, and power between free-weight and machine-based exercises. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The online databases of Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science were each searched using the following terms: ""free weights" OR barbells OR dumbbells AND machines" up until September 15, 2020. A three-level random effects meta-analytic model was used to compute effect sizes. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS When strength was tested using a free-weight exercise, individuals training with free-weights gained more strength than those training with machines [ES: 0.655; (95% CI: 0.269, 1.041)]. When strength was tested a machine-based exercise incorporated as part of the machine-based training program, individuals training with machines gained more strength than those training with free-weights [ES: -0.784 (95% CI: -1.223, -0.344)]. When strength was tested using a neutral device, machines and free-weight exercises resulted in similar strength gains [ES: 0.128 (95% CI: -0303, 0.559)]. There were no differences in the change in power [ES: -0.049 (95% CI: -0.557, 0.460)] or muscle hypertrophy [ES: -0.01 (95% CI: -0.525, 0.545)] between exercise modes. CONCLUSIONS Individuals looking to increase strength and power should take into account the specificity of exercise, and how their strength and power will be tested and applied. Individuals looking to increase general strength and muscle mass to maintain health may choose whichever activity they prefer and are more likely to adhere to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Heidel
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Zachary J Novak
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Scott J Dankel
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA -
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22
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Takahashi K, Kitaoka Y, Matsunaga Y, Hatta H. Lactate administration does not affect denervation-induced loss of mitochondrial content and muscle mass in mice. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:2836-2844. [PMID: 34510821 PMCID: PMC8487050 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate is considered to be a signaling molecule that induces mitochondrial adaptation and muscle hypertrophy. The purpose of this study was to examine whether lactate administration attenuates denervation-induced loss of mitochondrial content and muscle mass. Eight-week-old male Institute of Cancer Research mice underwent unilateral sciatic nerve transection surgery. The contralateral hindlimb served as a sham-operated control. From the day of surgery, mice were injected intraperitoneally with PBS or sodium lactate (equivalent to 1 g·kg-1 body weight) once daily for 9 days. After 10 days of denervation, gastrocnemius muscle weight decreased to a similar extent in both the PBS- and lactate-injected groups. Denervation significantly decreased mitochondrial enzyme activity, protein content, and MCT4 protein content in the gastrocnemius muscle. However, lactate administration did not have any significant effects. The current observations suggest that daily lactate administration for 9 days does not affect denervation-induced loss of mitochondrial content and muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Takahashi
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoMeguro‐kuJapan
| | - Yu Kitaoka
- Department of Human SciencesKanagawa UniversityYokohamaJapan
| | - Yutaka Matsunaga
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoMeguro‐kuJapan
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoMeguro‐kuJapan
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Niespodziński B, Mieszkowski J, Kochanowicz M, Kochanowicz A, Antosiewicz J. Effect of 10 consecutive days of remote ischemic preconditioning on local neuromuscular performance. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 60:102584. [PMID: 34388409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies focus on the effects of a single remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) session on performance. However, the training-like effect of repeat RIPC sessions performed on consecutive days could potentially be even more beneficial to neuromuscular performance than a single RIPC session. Therefore, aim of the study was to assess the impact of 10 days of RIPC on local neuromuscular performance. METHODS Thirty-seven male participants performed 10 days of either RIPC or sham-controlled condition. Before and after procedure, the maximal voluntary contraction and muscle fatigue were assessed by dynamometry and surface electromyography (EMG) of the isometric extension of the knee joint. The following neuromuscular outcomes were investigated: peak torque (PKTQ); rate of force development (RTD); time to failure; and the slope of median frequency of power spectrum (MDF) and EMG amplitude. RESULTS After RIPC, while there was no change in PKTQ and time to failure, the late RTD and MDF slope were significantly affected. The RTD at 0-100 and 0-200 ms showed 24 and 16% increase, respectively, while the MDF slope showed 24% decrease in rectus femoris. CONCLUSIONS 10 days of RIPC induced neuromuscular performance changes in the quadriceps muscle. Even though there were no changes in task to failure performance, RIPC showed EMG changes limited to rectus femoris and increased late RTD in MVC task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Niespodziński
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Jan Mieszkowski
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kochanowicz
- Department of Physiotherapy, The Faculty of Health Sciences with the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kochanowicz
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Cerqueira MS, Maciel DG, Barboza JAM, Centner C, Lira M, Pereira R, De Brito Vieira WH. Effects of low-load blood flow restriction exercise to failure and non-failure on myoelectric activity: a meta-analysis. J Athl Train 2021; 57:402-417. [PMID: 34038945 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0603.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the short- and long-term effects of low load blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) versus low- (LL-RT) or high-load (HL-RT) resistance training with free blood flow on myoelectric activity, and investigate the differences between failure and non-failure protocols. DATA SOURCE We identified sources by searching the MEDLINE/PUBMED, CINAHL, WEB OF SCIENCE, CENTRAL, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus, and PEDro electronic databases. STUDY SELECTION We screened titles and abstracts of 1048 articles using our inclusion criteria. A total of 39 articles were selected for further analysis. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality of each study and extracted data from studies. A meta-analytic approach was used to compute standardized mean differences (SMD ± 95% confidence intervals (CI)). Subgroup analyses were conducted for both failure or non-failure protocols. DATA SYNTHESIS The search identified n = 39 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Regarding the short-term effects, LL-BFR increased muscle excitability compared with LL-RT during non-failure exercises (SMD 0.61, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.88), whereas HL-RT increased muscle excitability compared with LL-BFR regardless of voluntary failure (SMD -0.61, 95% CI -1.01 to 0.21) or not (SMD -1.13, CI -1.94 to -0.33). Concerning the long-term effects, LL-BFR increased muscle excitability compared with LL-RT during exercises performed to failure (SMD 1.09, CI 0.39 to 1.79). CONCLUSIONS Greater short-term muscle excitability levels are observed in LL-BFR than LL-RT during non-failure protocols. Conversely, greater muscle excitability is present during HL-RT compared with LL-BFR, regardless of volitional failure. Furthermore, LL-BFR performed to failure increases muscle excitability in the long-term compared with LL-RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Santos Cerqueira
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
| | - Daniel Germano Maciel
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
| | - Jean Artur Mendonça Barboza
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
| | - Christoph Centner
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Praxisklinik Rennbahn, Muttenz, Switzerland,
| | - Maria Lira
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
| | - Rafael Pereira
- Integrative Physiology Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequié, Bahia, Brazil,
| | - Wouber Hérickson De Brito Vieira
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
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Strengthening the Case for Cluster Set Resistance Training in Aged and Clinical Settings: Emerging Evidence, Proposed Benefits and Suggestions. Sports Med 2021; 51:1335-1351. [PMID: 33983613 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Resistance training (RT) is a fundamental component of exercise prescription aimed at improving overall health and function. RT techniques such as cluster set (CS) configurations, characterized by additional short intra-set or inter-repetition rest intervals, have been shown to maintain acute muscular force, velocity, and 'power' outputs across a RT session, and facilitate positive longer-term neuromuscular adaptations. However, to date CS have mainly been explored from a human performance perspective despite potential for application in health and clinical exercise settings. Therefore, this current opinion piece aims to highlight emerging evidence and provide a rationale for why CS may be an advantageous RT technique for older adults, and across several neurological, neuromuscular, cardiovascular and pulmonary settings. Specifically, CS may minimize acute fatigue and adverse physiologic responses, improve patient tolerance of RT and promote functional adaptations (i.e., force, velocity, and power). Moreover, we propose that CS may be a particularly useful exercise rehabilitation technique where injury or illness, persistent fatigue, weakness and dysfunction exist. We further suggest that CS offer an alternative RT strategy that can be easily implemented alongside existing exercise/rehabilitation programs requiring no extra cost, minimal upskilling and/or time commitment for the patient and professional. In light of the emerging evidence and likely efficacy in clinical exercise practice, future research should move toward further direct investigation of CS-based RT in a variety of adverse health conditions and across the lifespan given the already demonstrated benefits in healthy populations.
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26
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Martins-Costa HC, Lacerda LT, Diniz RCR, Lima FV, Andrade AG, Peixoto G, Gomes M, Lanza MB, Bemben M, Chagas MH. Equalization of Training Protocols by Time Under Tension Determines the Magnitude of Changes in Strength and Muscular Hypertrophy. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:1770-1780. [PMID: 34932279 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Martins-Costa, HC, Lacerda, LT, Diniz, RCR, Lima, FV, Andrade, AGP, Peixoto, GH, Gomes, MC, Lanza, MB, Bemben, MG, and Chagas, MH. Equalization of training protocols by time under tension determines the magnitude of changes in strength and muscular hypertrophy. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 2 training protocols equalized by tension (TUT) on maximal strength (1 repetition maximum [RM]), regional cross-sectional areas (proximal, middle, and distal), and total cross-sectional areas (sum of the regional cross-sectional areas) of the pectoralis major and triceps brachii muscles. Thirty-eight men untrained in resistance training participated in the study and were allocated under 3 conditions: Protocol 3s (n = 11; 12 repetitions; 3s repetition duration), Protocol 6s (n = 11; 6 repetitions; 6s repetition duration), and Control (n = 11; no training). Training protocols (10 weeks; bench press exercise) were equated for TUT (36 seconds per set), number of sets (3-4), intensity (50-55% of 1RM), and rest between sets (3 minutes). Analysis of variance was used to examine a percentage change in variables of interest across the 3 groups with an alpha level of 0.05 used to establish statistical significance. Protocols 3s and 6s showed no differences in the increase of total and regional muscle cross-sectional areas. There were no differences in regional hypertrophy of the pectoralis major muscle. In the triceps brachii muscle, the increase in distal cross-sectional area was greater when compared with the middle and proximal regions. Both experimental groups had similar increases in the 1RM test. In conclusion, training protocols with the same TUT promote similar strength gains and muscle hypertrophy. Moreover, considering that the protocols used different numbers of repetitions, the results indicate that training volumes cannot be considered separately from TUT when evaluating neuromuscular adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo C Martins-Costa
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas T Lacerda
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education and Sports, Technological Education Federal Center of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, State University of Minas Gerais, Divinopolis, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C R Diniz
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando V Lima
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andre G Andrade
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Minas Gerais, Divinopolis, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Peixoto
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mateus Gomes
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcel B Lanza
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Bemben
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Mauro H Chagas
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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27
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Garbisu-Hualde A, Santos-Concejero J. Post-Activation Potentiation in Strength Training: A Systematic Review of the Scientific Literature. J Hum Kinet 2021; 78:141-150. [PMID: 34025872 PMCID: PMC8120977 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to determine the ideal combination of post activation potentiation (PAP) strategies for an improved strength performance. After analysing 202 articles, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings of this review suggest that a potentiation effect exists as long as a minimum intensity and enough rest are provided. Although intensities of 65% 1RM are sufficient to elicit a potentiation effect, higher effects can be achieved with 85 - 90% 1RM intensities. Similarly, we found that experienced athletes will benefit more from a higher volume bout (1-3 sets), as long as 7-8 minutes of rest are allowed to avoid fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkaitz Garbisu-Hualde
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-GasteizSpain
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-GasteizSpain
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28
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Baz-Valle E, Fontes-Villalba M, Santos-Concejero J. Total Number of Sets as a Training Volume Quantification Method for Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:870-878. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Kassiano W, de Vasconcelos Costa BD, Nunes JP, Aguiar AF, de Salles BF, Ribeiro AS. Are We Exploring the Potential Role of Specialized Techniques in Muscle Hypertrophy? Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:494-496. [PMID: 33506444 DOI: 10.1055/a-1342-7708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Specialized resistance training techniques (e.g., drop-set, rest-pause) are commonly used by well-trained subjects for maximizing muscle hypertrophy. Most of these techniques were designed to allow a greater training volume (i.e., total repetitions×load), due to the supposition that it elicits greater muscle mass gains. However, many studies that compared the traditional resistance training configuration with specialized techniques seek to equalize the volume between groups, making it difficult to determine the inherent hypertrophic potential of these advanced strategies, as well as, this equalization restricts part of the practical extrapolation on these findings. In this scenario, the objectives of this manuscript were 1) to present the nuance of the evidence that deals with the effectiveness of these specialized resistance training techniques and - primarily - to 2) propose possible ways to explore the hypertrophic potential of such strategies with greater ecological validity without losing the methodological rigor of controlling possible intervening variables; and thus, contributing to increasing the applicability of the findings and improving the effectiveness of hypertrophy-oriented resistance training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witalo Kassiano
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Belmiro F de Salles
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alex Silva Ribeiro
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil.,University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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30
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Hackett DA. Influence of Movement Velocity on Accuracy of Estimated Repetitions to Failure in Resistance-Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2701-2708. [PMID: 33938720 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hackett, DA. Influence of movement velocity on accuracy of estimated repetitions to failure in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-This study explored the accuracy in estimated repetitions to failure (ERF) and changes in mean concentric velocity (MCV) during resistance exercise. Twenty male resistance trainers (age, 26.3 ± 6.9 years; body mass, 82.0 ± 6.0 kg; stature, 178.0 ± 5.5 cm) completed 5 sets of 10 repetitions for the bench press and squat at 70% one-repetition maximum. Subjects' reported their rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and ERF after the 10th repetition of each set and then continued repetitions to momentary muscle failure (5-minute recovery between sets). Barbell velocity was assessed using a linear position transducer. For the bench press, MCV at repetitions 9-10 decreased as sets progressed (p ≤ 0.005) with a greater loss of MCV for sets 3-5 vs. set 1 (p ≤ 0.005). No significant changes in MCV variables were found across sets for the squat. Error in ERF was greater in set 1 for the bench press (p ≤ 0.005) with no differences for the remaining sets. There were no differences between sets for error in ERF for the squat. Moderate to strong relationships were found between most MCV variables and RPE and ERF, for the bench press (rs = -049 to 0.73; p ≤ 0.005). For the squat only, MCV at repetitions 9-10 was moderately related with RPE (rs = -0.33; p ≤ 0.003) and actual repetitions to failure (rs = 0.31; p ≤ 0.003). No significant relationships were found for error in ERF for either the bench press or squat. Changes in MCV across sets may influence perception of effort and performance for the bench press; however, it does not influence the accuracy in ERF for either exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Hackett
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, the University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia
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31
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Davies TB, Tran DL, Hogan CM, Haff GG, Latella C. Chronic Effects of Altering Resistance Training Set Configurations Using Cluster Sets: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:707-736. [PMID: 33475986 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acute responses to cluster set resistance training (RT) have been demonstrated. However, as compared to traditional sets, the effect of cluster sets on muscular and neuromuscular adaptations remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of RT programs implementing cluster and traditional set configurations on muscular and neuromuscular adaptations. METHODS Systematic searches of Embase, Scopus, Medline and SPORTDiscus were conducted. Inclusion criteria were: (1) randomized or non-randomized comparative studies; (2) publication in English; (3) participants of all age groups; (4) participants free of any medical condition or injury; (5) cluster set intervention; (6) comparison intervention utilizing a traditional set configuration; (7) intervention length ≥ three weeks and (8) at least one measure of changes in strength/force/torque, power, velocity, hypertrophy or muscular endurance. Raw data (mean ± SD or range) were extracted from included studies. Hedges' g effect sizes (ES) ± standard error of the mean (SEM) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. No differences between cluster and traditional set configurations were found for strength (ES = - 0.05 ± 0.10, 95% CI - 0.21 to 0.11, p = 0.56), power output (ES = 0.02 ± 0.10, 95% CI - 0.17 to 0.20, p = 0.86), velocity (ES = 0.15 ± 0.13, 95% CI - 0.10 to 0.41, p = 0.24), hypertrophy (ES = - 0.05 ± 0.14, 95% CI - 0.32 to 0.23, p = 0.73) or endurance (ES = - 0.07 ± 0.18, 95% CI - 0.43 to 0.29, p = 0.70) adaptations. Moreover, no differences were observed when training volume, cluster set model, training status, body parts trained or exercise type were considered. CONCLUSION Collectively, both cluster and traditional set configurations demonstrate equal effectiveness to positively induce muscular and neuromuscular adaptation(s). However, cluster set configurations may achieve such adaptations with less fatigue development during RT which may be an important consideration across various exercise settings and stages of periodized RT programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Davies
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| | - Derek L Tran
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Clorinda M Hogan
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Directorate of Physiotherapy and Sport, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher Latella
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Duchateau J, Stragier S, Baudry S, Carpentier A. Strength Training: In Search of Optimal Strategies to Maximize Neuromuscular Performance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 49:2-14. [PMID: 33044332 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Training with low-load exercise performed under blood flow restriction can augment muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength to a similar extent as the classical high-load strength training method. However, the blood flow restriction method elicits only minor neural adaptations. In an attempt to maximize training-related gains, we propose using other protocols that combine high voluntary activation, mechanical tension, and metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alain Carpentier
- Laboratory for Biometry and Exercise Nutrition, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Penailillo L, Santander M, Zbinden-Foncea H, Jannas-Vela S. Metabolic Demand and Indirect Markers of Muscle Damage After Eccentric Cycling With Blood Flow Restriction. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2020; 91:705-712. [PMID: 32023184 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1699234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To compare the effects of a single bout of eccentric cycling (ECC) and eccentric cycling with blood flow restriction (ECCBFR) on the changes in cardio-metabolic demand and indirect markers of muscle damage in healthy men. Method: Twenty-one young men (24.0 ± 3.2 y) were randomly allocated in two groups to perform a 30-min eccentric cycling bout with or without blood flow restriction. Oxygen consumption, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion and mean arterial blood pressure were monitored during cycling. Blood lactate was measured before and after cycling. Maximal voluntary isometric knee extensor strength and muscle damage were measured before, immediately after and 1-4 days after each eccentric cycling bout. Results: Oxygen consumption, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion and mean arterial blood pressure were similar between bouts. Blood lactate concentrations increased in both groups (p < .01), with ECCBFR showing 60% greater blood lactate concentration than eccentric cycling (p < .01). Maximal voluntary isometric knee extensor strength decreased 19-7% until 48 h and decreased 16-7% until 72 h after ECC and ECCBFR, respectively. Muscle soreness and pressure pain threshold remained elevated until 72 h after ECC and until 96 h after ECCBFR. Conclusion: These results show that ECCBFR induces similar cardiovascular stress, greater lactate production and longer time to recover than ECC alone. Thus, BFR can be safely implemented with eccentric cycling.
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34
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Vargas-Molina S, Romance R, Schoenfeld BJ, García M, Petro JL, Bonilla DA, Kreider RB, Martín-Rivera F, Benítez-Porres J. Effects of cluster training on body composition and strength in resistance-trained men. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-205122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cluster Training (CL) is an alternative to traditional training where intra-set breaks are incorporated. Positive effects have been reported on sports performance. However, there is little research on body composition in trained subjects. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three cluster training (CL) protocols comprised of different intra-set rest (RIntra) and blocks of repetitions (BK) on strength, power and body composition in individuals maintaining a high protein diet. METHODS: Twenty-nine resistance-trained male participants were randomized to RIntra 20 s and BK 3 RM (n= 8, CL1), RIntra 40 s and BK 3 RM (n= 7, CL2), RIntra 20 s and BK 6 RM (n= 7, CL3), and control group (n= 7, CG). All participants performed two sessions per week of lower-limb resistance training for 8 weeks. RESULTS: There were significant changes in FFM in CL1 (0.9 ± 0.5 kg, P= 0.001, ES = 0.17), CL2 (0.6 ± 0.5 kg, P= 0.010, ES = 0.14) and CL3 (0.6 ± 0.4 kg, P= 0.011, ES = 0.14) but not in CG (0.4 ± 1.1 kg, P= 0.323, ES = 0.13). Likewise, significant increases were found in the cluster groups (CL1, 14.5 ± 12.3, P= 0.012, ES = 0.80; CL2, 10.1 ± 4.3, P= 0.001, ES = 0.60; CL3, 9.5 ± 4.9, P= 0.002, ES = 0.45) but not in CG (9.0 ± 9.0, P= 0.057, ES = 0.55). There were no significant changes for any group in CMJ. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a RIntra of ∼ 20 s in CL protocols with 3 RM blocks in multi-joint exercises of the lower-limb is sufficient to elicit significant training adaptations; no additional benefits were obtained using longer rest intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Vargas-Molina
- Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ramón Romance
- Human Kinetics and Body Composition Laboratory, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Manuel García
- EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jorge L. Petro
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia
| | | | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | | | - Javier Benítez-Porres
- Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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35
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Liegnell R, Apró W, Danielsson S, Ekblom B, van Hall G, Holmberg HC, Moberg M. Elevated plasma lactate levels via exogenous lactate infusion do not alter resistance exercise-induced signaling or protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E792-E804. [PMID: 32830552 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00291.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lactate has been implicated as a potential signaling molecule. In myotubes, lactate incubation increases mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)- and ERK-signaling and induces hypertrophy, indicating that lactate could be a mediator of muscle adaptations to resistance exercise. However, the potential signaling properties of lactate, at rest or with exercise, have not been explored in human tissue. In a crossover design study, 8 men and 8 women performed one-legged resistance exercise while receiving venous infusion of saline or sodium lactate. Blood was sampled repeatedly, and muscle biopsies were collected at rest and at 0, 90, and 180 min and 24 h after exercise. The primary outcomes examined were intracellular signaling, fractional protein synthesis rate (FSR), and blood/muscle levels of lactate and pH. Postexercise blood lactate concentrations were 130% higher in the Lactate trial (3.0 vs. 7.0 mmol/L, P < 0.001), whereas muscle levels were only marginally higher (27 vs. 32 mmol/kg dry wt, P = 0.003) compared with the Saline trial. Postexercise blood pH was higher in the Lactate trial (7.34 vs. 7.44, P < 0.001), with no differences in intramuscular pH. Exercise increased the phosphorylation of mTORS2448 (∼40%), S6K1T389 (∼3-fold), and p44T202/T204 (∼80%) during recovery, without any differences between trials. FSR over the 24-h recovery period did not differ between the Saline (0.067%/h) and Lactate (0.062%/h) trials. This study does not support the hypothesis that blood lactate levels can modulate anabolic signaling in contracted human muscle. Further in vivo research investigating the impact of exercised versus rested muscle and the role of intramuscular lactate is needed to elucidate its potential signaling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Liegnell
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechaniscs, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William Apró
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechaniscs, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Danielsson
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechaniscs, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Ekblom
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechaniscs, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum C5, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Moberg
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechaniscs, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
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Da Silva-Grigoletto ME, Neto EP, Behm DG, Loenneke JP, La Scala Teixeira CV. Functional Training and Blood Flow Restriction: A Perspective View on the Integration of Techniques. Front Physiol 2020; 11:817. [PMID: 32848818 PMCID: PMC7412632 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marzo E. Da Silva-Grigoletto
- Functional Training Group, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracajú, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Marzo E. Da Silva-Grigoletto
| | | | - David George Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jeremy P. Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
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Maciel Batista M, da Silva DSG, Bento PCB. Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Strength, Muscle Mass and Physical Function in Older Individuals - Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PHYSICAL & OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN GERIATRICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/02703181.2020.1769796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Nunes JP, Schoenfeld BJ, Nakamura M, Ribeiro AS, Cunha PM, Cyrino ES. Does stretch training induce muscle hypertrophy in humans? A review of the literature. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2020; 40:148-156. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory Physical Education and Sport Center Londrina State University Londrina Brazil
| | | | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences Niigata University of Health and Welfare Niigata Japan
| | - Alex S. Ribeiro
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory Physical Education and Sport Center Londrina State University Londrina Brazil
- Center for Research in Health Sciences University of Northern Paraná Londrina Brazil
| | - Paolo M. Cunha
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory Physical Education and Sport Center Londrina State University Londrina Brazil
| | - Edilson S. Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory Physical Education and Sport Center Londrina State University Londrina Brazil
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Korkmaz E, Dönmez G, Uzuner K, Babayeva N, Torgutalp ŞŞ, Özçakar L. Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscle Strength and Architecture. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:1396-1403. [PMID: 32287091 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Korkmaz, E, Dönmez, G, Uzuner, K, BabayevaŞerife Şeyma Torgutalp, N, and Özçakar, L. Effects of blood flow restriction training on muscle strength and architecture. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the traditional resistance (RES) training and low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR) protocols on quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength, and rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis architecture, in youth team soccer players. Twenty-three young trained soccer team players were divided into 2 groups: the RES group that practiced traditional high-intensity resistance training (80% 1 repetition maximum [1RM], 4 sets, 12 rep.) (n = 12) and the BFR group that performed low-intensity resistance exercise with BFR (30% 1RM, 4 sets, 30-15-15-15 rep) (n = 11)-unilateral knee extension exercise-twice a week for 6 weeks. Muscle strength (isokinetic concentric peak torque of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles) and ultrasonographic parameters (muscle thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length) were assessed. Bilateral knee flexor and extensor strength was increased in both groups compared with pre-exercise. The increase in dominant side extensor muscle strength (60°·s p = 0.02, ηp = 0.256, 180°·s p = 0.019, ηp = 0.271) and RF thickness (p = 0.002, ηp = 0.361) was statistically higher in the BFR group than in the RES group. These findings support that occlusion training can provide better benefits than traditional strength training to improve muscle hypertrophy. In addition, the novelty of our study is that BFR training may affect the muscle structure measured by ultrasonography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gürhan Dönmez
- Gençlerbirliği Sports Club, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kubilay Uzuner
- Department of Physiology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, School of Medicine, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Naila Babayeva
- Department of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Levent Özçakar
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
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A focused review of myokines as a potential contributor to muscle hypertrophy from resistance-based exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:941-959. [PMID: 32144492 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance exercise induces muscle growth and is an important treatment for age-related losses in muscle mass and strength. Myokines are hypothesized as a signal conveying physiological information to skeletal muscle, possibly to "fine-tune" other regulatory pathways. While myokines are released from skeletal muscle following contraction, their role in increasing muscle mass and strength in response to resistance exercise or training is not established. Recent research identified both local and systemic release of myokines after an acute bout of resistance exercise. However, it is not known whether myokines with putative anabolic function are mechanistically involved in producing muscle hypertrophy after resistance exercise. Further, nitric oxide (NO), an important mediator of muscle stem cell activation, upregulates the expression of certain myokine genes in skeletal muscle. METHOD In the systemic context of complex hypertrophic signaling, this review: (1) summarizes literature on several well-recognized, representative myokines with anabolic potential; (2) explores the potential mechanistic role of myokines in skeletal muscle hypertrophy; and (3) identifies future research required to advance our understanding of myokine anabolism specifically in skeletal muscle. RESULT This review establishes a link between myokines and NO production, and emphasizes the importance of considering systemic release of potential anabolic myokines during resistance exercise as complementary to other signals that promote hypertrophy. CONCLUSION Investigating adaptations to resistance exercise in aging opens a novel avenue of interdisciplinary research into myokines and NO metabolites during resistance exercise, with the longer-term goal to improve muscle health in daily living, aging, and rehabilitation.
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Vargas-Molina S, Martín-Rivera F, Bonilla DA, Petro JL, Carbone L, Romance R, deDiego M, Schoenfeld BJ, Benítez-Porres J. Comparison of blood lactate and perceived exertion responses in two matched time-under-tension protocols. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227640. [PMID: 31940407 PMCID: PMC6961884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the concentration of blood lactate [bLa-] and the subjective perception of exertion of trained men in a moderate repetition protocol (MRP) versus a high repetition protocol (HRP) equated for time under tension. Methods A sample of 40 healthy young men (aged, 23.2 ± 4.0 years; height, 177.3 ± 7.0 cm; BMI, 24.3 ± 2.2) performed two sessions of 8 sets of bicep curls with a one-week recovery interval between the trials. In the HRP protocol, 20 repetitions were performed with a cadence of 2 seconds of eccentric and 1 second of concentric, while in the MRP protocol 10 repetitions were performed with 4 seconds of eccentric and 2 seconds of concentric. Cadences were controlled by a metronome. At the beginning and end of each of the sessions, blood lactate was taken at 2, 15, and 30 minutes, and rating of perceived exertion (OMNI-RES) was assessed immediately after completion of each session. Results There were [bLa-] differences between protocols in the MRP 2 min, (5.2 ±1.4); 15 min, (3.2 ±1.2); 30 min, (1.9 ±0.6); p< 0.05, and the HRP 2 min, (6.1 ±1.6); 15 min, (3.7 ±1.1); 30 min, (2.2 ±0.6); p<0.01. OMNI-RES was higher in HRP, (8.8 ±0.7) than in MRP, (7.7 ±0.9). Additionally, a correlation was found between the RPE and [bLa-] values in the HRP protocol (rs = 0.35, p < 0.01). Conclusions Training protocols with high times under tension promote substantial increases in metabolic stress, however, our findings indicate that HRP generates more [bLa-] than MRP. In addition, there were higher RPE values in the HRP protocol compared to MRP in single-joint exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Vargas-Molina
- EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Málaga, Spain
- Human Kinetics and Body Composition Laboratory, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Jorge L. Petro
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia
| | | | - Ramón Romance
- Human Kinetics and Body Composition Laboratory, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel deDiego
- EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Málaga, Spain
| | - Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Health Sciences Department, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Javier Benítez-Porres
- Human Kinetics and Body Composition Laboratory, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Latella C, Grgic J, Van der Westhuizen D. Effect of Interset Strategies on Acute Resistance Training Performance and Physiological Responses: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33 Suppl 1:S180-S193. [PMID: 30946261 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Latella, C, Grgic, J, and Van der Westhuizen, D. Effect of interset strategies on acute resistance training performance and physiological responses: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence surrounding the implementation of interset strategies to optimize acute resistance training performance. Searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus electronic databases were conducted. Studies that met the following criteria were included: (a) compared an interset strategy with a traditional passive rest interval in resistance training, (b) the assessed outcomes included performance or physiological responses, (c) resistance training was performed in a traditional dynamic fashion, (d) the study had an acute design, and (e) was published in English and in a peer-reviewed journal. A total of 26 studies were included in the review. When a given interset strategy was used, several studies reported improvements in the number of performed repetitions (i.e., greater total volume load), attenuation of the loss in velocity and power, reduced lactate levels, and in some cases, a decrease in perceived exertion. Dynamic agonist/static antagonist stretching, cooling, aerobic exercise, vibration, and individualized heart rate-based intervals seem to be the most effective strategies. However, the heterogeneity between study designs and methodologies suggests that careful consideration should be given to the type and specific application of the interset method being used. Given the acute nature of studies, extrapolation to any long-term benefits of using a given interset strategy remains limited. Collectively, coaches and sports scientists may consider using the most effective strategies based on practicality and equipment availability to optimize performance during the resistance training component of strength and conditioning programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Latella
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dan Van der Westhuizen
- Clinical Exercise Science and Rehabilitation, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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43
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Padilha UC, Vieira A, Vieira DCL, Lima FDD, Junior VAR, Tufano JJ, Bottaro M. Could inter-set stretching increase acute neuromuscular and metabolic responses during resistance exercise? Eur J Transl Myol 2019; 29:8579. [PMID: 31908750 PMCID: PMC6926438 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2019.8579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the acute effects of inter-set static stretching (ISS) during resistance exercise (RE) on the subsequent neuromuscular and metabolic responses. Twelve resistance-trained men performed three different knee extension RE protocols comprised of seven sets of 10 repetitions in a counterbalanced fashion. The three protocols were: 1) ISS (subjects performed 25 sec of quadriceps stretching between sets during 40 sec rest interval); 2) control (CON, subject passively rested between sets for 40 sec); 3) traditional (TRA, subject passively rested between sets for 120 sec). Total work was lower (p < 0.05) in ISS than CON and TRA (p <0.05). The fatigue index was greater (p < 0.05) in ISS compared with CON and TRA. ISS also resulted in lower (p < 0.05) electromyography (EMG) amplitude during the 6th and 7th sets compared with TRA. Additionally, EMG frequency was lower (p < 0.05) from the 3rd to 5th sets during ISS compared to CON, and from the 3rd to 7th sets compared to TRA. Muscle swelling and blood lactate similarly increased (p > 0.05) in response to all protocols. These results indicate that ISS negatively impacts neuromuscular performance, and does not increase the metabolic stress compared to passive rest intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amilton Vieira
- Physical Education College, University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Denis Cesar Leite Vieira
- Physical Education College, University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, UDF - University, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Valdinar Araújo Rocha Junior
- National Police Academy, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - James J Tufano
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martim Bottaro
- Physical Education College, University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil
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A Comparison between the Recovery Responses Following an Eccentrically Loaded Bench Press Protocol Vs. Regular Loading in Highly Trained Men. J Hum Kinet 2019; 68:59-67. [PMID: 31531133 PMCID: PMC6724593 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the physiological responses of a single bout of an eccentric accentuated bench press protocol (120% of 1RM in the eccentric phase/80% in the concentric phase; [120/80]) versus a regular high-intensity exercise protocol (80%/80%; [80/80]) in resistance-trained men. Eleven men (age = 25.6 ± 3.9 y; body mass = 84.6 ± 11.2 kg; body height = 176.4 ± 3.9 cm) with 6.3 ± 3.4 y of resistance training experience performed each protocol in counterbalanced, randomized order. Isometric, isokinetic and ballistic tests were performed at the bench press (IBPF, ISOK and BTP, respectively) at baseline (BL), 15-min (15P), 24-h (24P), and 48-h (48P) post-exercise for each testing session. In addition, muscle thickness of the pectoralis major (PecMT) was measured at the same timepoints via ultrasound. Significantly greater reductions in BTP (p < 0.001), peak force during both ISOK (p = 0.005) and IBPF (p = 0.006) at 15P were detected in 120/80 compared to 80/80. BTP was still significantly (p = 0.009) impaired at 48P following the 120/80 protocol, while no differences were noted following 80/80. PecMt was significantly elevated following both 120/80 and 80/80 (p < 0.05) at 15P, but significant differences between the trials were present at 15P and 24P (p = 0.005 and p = 0.008, respectively). Results indicated that heavy eccentric loading during the bench press exercise caused greater performance deficits than a bout of traditionally loaded high intensity resistance exercise. Power performance appears to be more influenced by the 120/80 protocol than isometric peak force. Eccentrically loaded exercise sessions should be separated by at least 48 hours to obtain a complete recovery of the initial muscle morphology and performance.
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45
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N-acetyl-L-cysteine Prevents Lactate-Mediated PGC1-alpha Expression in C2C12 Myotubes. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8020044. [PMID: 31185672 PMCID: PMC6627666 DOI: 10.3390/biology8020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Exercise induces many physiological adaptations. Recently, it has been proposed that some of these adaptations are induced by exercise-mediated lactate production. In this study, we aimed to investigate in vitro the effect of lactate in cultured myotubes and whether antioxidants could inhibit the effect. Methods: Differentiated myotubes were cultured at different concentrations of L-lactate (0, 10, 30, 50 mM) in the absence or presence of an antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (Nac). The temporal effect of lactate exposure in myotubes was also explored. Results: Two hours of exposure to 50 mM L-lactate and six hours of exposure to 30 or 50 mM L-lactate caused a significant increase in PGC1-alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α) expression in the myotubes. This up-regulation was suppressed by 2 mM Nac. Intermittent and continuous lactate exposure caused similar PGC1-alpha up-regulation. These results suggest that the increase in PGC1-alpha expression is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production from lactate metabolism and that both continuous and intermittent exposure to L-lactate can cause the up-regulation.
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Lactate Stimulates a Potential for Hypertrophy and Regeneration of Mouse Skeletal Muscle. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040869. [PMID: 30999708 PMCID: PMC6520919 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of lactate on muscle mass and regeneration were investigated using mouse skeletal muscle tissue and cultured C2C12 cells. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into (1) control, (2) lactate (1 mol/L in distilled water, 8.9 mL/g body weight)-administered, (3) cardio toxin (CTX)-injected (CX), and (4) lactate-administered after CTX-injection (LX) groups. CTX was injected into right tibialis anterior (TA) muscle before the oral administration of sodium lactate (five days/week for two weeks) to the mice. Oral lactate administration increased the muscle weight and fiber cross-sectional area, and the population of Pax7-positive nuclei in mouse TA skeletal muscle. Oral administration of lactate also facilitated the recovery process of CTX-associated injured mouse TA muscle mass accompanied with a transient increase in the population of Pax7-positive nuclei. Mouse myoblast-derived C2C12 cells were differentiated for five days to form myotubes with or without lactate administration. C2C12 myotube formation with an increase in protein content, fiber diameter, length, and myo-nuclei was stimulated by lactate. These observations suggest that lactate may be a potential molecule to stimulate muscle hypertrophy and regeneration of mouse skeletal muscle via the activation of muscle satellite cells.
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47
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Wong V, Abe T, Chatakondi RN, Bell ZW, Spitz RW, Dankel SJ, Loenneke JP. The influence of biological sex and cuff width on muscle swelling, echo intensity, and the fatigue response to blood flow restricted exercise. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1865-1873. [PMID: 30945606 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1599316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to determine if the muscle swelling, echo intensity, and fatigue responses to blood flow restriction differs based on cuff width (Experiment 1), applied pressure (Experiment 2), and sex. Ultrasound of muscle was taken before and after exercise. In Experiment 1 (n = 96), men swelled more than women and more with a narrow cuff than a wide cuff (0.60 cm vs. 0.52 cm). Expressed as a percentage change, there were no longer differences between cuffs (Narrow: 15% vs. Wide: 14%) or sex (Men: 14% vs. Women: 15%). Echo intensity remained unchanged. Women required more repetitions to reach task failure in sets 2, 3, and 4. In Experiment 2 (n = 87), men swelled more than women (Men: 0.46 cm vs. Women: 0.31 cm). Expressed as a percentage change, there were no differences. Echo intensity decreased in both conditions and to a greater extent with a higher applied pressure. If the acute muscle swelling response is important for initiating long term adaptation, then our results indicate that neither cuff width, sex, nor applied pressure will differentially impact the adaptation observed via this mechanism. Changes in echo intensity were inconsistent and the utility of this measurement may need to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickie Wong
- a Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory , The University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Takashi Abe
- a Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory , The University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Raksha N Chatakondi
- a Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory , The University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Zachary W Bell
- a Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory , The University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- a Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory , The University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Scott J Dankel
- a Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory , The University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- a Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory , The University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
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Effects of dietary sports supplements on metabolite accumulation, vasodilation and cellular swelling in relation to muscle hypertrophy: A focus on “secondary” physiological determinants. Nutrition 2019; 60:241-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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49
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Efficacy of a new strength training design: the 3/7 method. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1093-1104. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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50
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Oranchuk DJ, Storey AG, Nelson AR, Cronin JB. Isometric training and long-term adaptations: Effects of muscle length, intensity, and intent: A systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:484-503. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J. Oranchuk
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand; Auckland University of Technology; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Adam G. Storey
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand; Auckland University of Technology; Auckland New Zealand
| | - André R. Nelson
- Institute for Health and Sport; Victoria University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - John B. Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand; Auckland University of Technology; Auckland New Zealand
- School of Health and Medical Science; Edith Cowan University; Perth Western Australia Australia
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