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Tinnion DJ, Marticorena FM, Dobson B, Hilton NP, Mc Naughton LR, Sparks SA. The blood acid base and gastrointestinal response to three different forms of sodium citrate encapsulation. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:857-870. [PMID: 38018081 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2023.2286357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Enterically coated (ENT) or delayed-release (DEL) capsules may lessen gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) following acute sodium citrate (SC) ingestion, although the effects on blood acid-base balance are undetermined. Fourteen active males ingested 0.4 g.kg-1 body mass (BM) SC, within gelatine (GEL), DEL and ENT capsules or 0.07 g.kg-1 BM sodium chloride control (CON). Blood acid-base balance and GIS were measured for 4 h. Ingestion form had no significant effect on total GIS experienced (GEL: 2 ± 7; DEL: 1 ± 8; ENT: 1 ± 4 AU). Most (7/14) participants experienced zero symptoms throughout. Peak GIS typically emerged ≤100 min post-ingestion, with a similar time to reach peak GIS between ingestion form (GEL: 36 ± 70; DEL: 13 ± 28; ENT: 15 ± 33 AU). Blood [HCO3-] was significantly higher with ENT versus GEL (ENT: 29.0 ± 0.8; GEL: 28.5 ± 1.1 mmol.L-1, P = 0.037). Acute ingestion of a reduced SC dose elicited minimal GIS, producing significant changes in blood [HCO3-] from rest, irrespective of ingestion form (GEL: 6.0 ± 0.9; DEL: 5.1 ± 1.0; ENT: 6.2 ± 0.8 mmol.L-1). The necessity of individualized ingestion strategies is also challenged, with sustained increases in blood [HCO3-] of ≥4 mmol.L-1 for up to 153 min highlighted. If commencing exercise at peak alkalosis augments subsequent performance above starting at a standardized time point where HCO3- is still elevated remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Tinnion
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill, Ormskirk, UK
| | - F M Marticorena
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - B Dobson
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill, Ormskirk, UK
| | - N P Hilton
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill, Ormskirk, UK
| | - L R Mc Naughton
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill, Ormskirk, UK
| | - S A Sparks
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill, Ormskirk, UK
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Gurton WH, King DG, Ranchordas MK, Siegler JC, Gough LA. Enhancing exercise performance and recovery through sodium bicarbonate supplementation: introducing the ingestion recovery framework. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05578-0. [PMID: 39177769 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation is an ergogenic strategy for athletes competing in high-intensity exercise, but the efficacy of SB for accelerating recovery from exercise and thus improving performance during repeated bouts of exercise is not fully understood. In a similar fashion to using SB as a pre-exercise buffer, it is possible accelerated restoration of blood pH and bicarbonate following an exercise bout mechanistically underpins the use of SB as a recovery aid. Physiological mechanisms contributing to beneficial effects for SB during repeated bout exercise could be more far-reaching however, as alterations in strong ion difference (SID) and attenuated cellular stress response might also contribute to accelerated recovery from exercise. From inspection of existing literature, ingestion of 0.3 g kg-1 body mass SB ~60-90 min pre-exercise seems to be the most common dosage strategy, but there is evidence emerging for the potential application of post-exercise supplementation timing, gradual SB doses throughout a competition day, or even ingestion during exercise. Based on this review of literature, an SB ingestion recovery framework is proposed to guide athletes and practitioners on the use of SB to enhance performance for multiple bouts of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Gurton
- Sport & Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - David G King
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Institute for Life and Earth Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Mayur K Ranchordas
- Sport & Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jason C Siegler
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Lewis A Gough
- Human Performance and Health Research Group, Centre for Life & Sport Sciences (CLaSS), Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK.
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3
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Gough LA, Sparks SA. The Effects of a Novel Sodium Bicarbonate Ingestion System on Repeated 4 km Cycling Time Trial Performance in Well-Trained Male Cyclists. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02083-4. [PMID: 39122982 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel sodium bicarbonate (SB) product has come to market named the "Bicarb System" (M-SB; Maurten AB, Gothenburg, Sweden). It claims to minimise gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort whilst still improving exercise performance. AIM To investigate the effects of M-SB ingestion on repeated 4 km cycling time trials (TT1 and TT2) in well-trained male cyclists. METHODS The study recruited ten well-trained cyclists (maximal oxygen uptake (V ˙ O 2 max ): 67 ± 4 ml kg-1 min-1 BM; peak power output (PPO) atV ˙ O 2 max : 423 ± 21 W) to take part in this randomised, crossover and double-blinded study. Following one visit to determineV ˙ O 2 max , participants completed a second visit to identify individual time to peak blood bicarbonate (HCO3-) (ITTP) in a rested state. Visit three was a familiarisation trial mimicking the experimental procedures. Visits four to seven consisted of completing 2 × 4 km cycling TTs separated by 45 min passive recovery, following one of either: 0.3 g kg-1 BM M-SB, 0.21 g kg-1 BM sodium chloride (placebo; PLA) in vegetarian capsules (size 00), or a control trial (CON). Supplements (M-SB or placebo) were ingested pre-exercise at their respective ITTP. RESULTS Performance in TT1 was faster in the M-SB condition compared with TT1 in CON (- 5.1 s; p = 0.004) and PLA (- 3.5 s; p < 0.001). In TT2, performance was also significantly faster in the M-SB condition compared with CON (- 4.4 s; p = 0.018) or PLA (- 4.1 s; p = 0.002). Total aggregated GI symptoms were generally low and not significantly different between PLA and the M-SB conditions for a range of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The ingestion of M-SB improves repeated 4 km cycling TT performance and the recovery of acid-base balance between bouts, whilst causing minimal GI discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A Gough
- Human Performance and Health Research Group, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, B15 3TN, UK.
| | - S Andy Sparks
- Maurten AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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4
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Shannon ES, Regnier A, Dobson B, Yang X, Sparks SA, Mc Naughton LR. The effect of sodium bicarbonate mini-tablets ingested in a carbohydrate hydrogel system on 40 km cycling time trial performance and metabolism in trained male cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05567-3. [PMID: 39068627 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion has been found to be ergogenic in high-intensity exercise that ranges from 1 to 10 min; however, limited studies have investigated high-intensity exercise beyond this duration. PURPOSE The present study aimed to determine the effect of NaHCO3 ingested using a carbohydrate hydrogel delivery system on 40 km time trial (TT) performance in trained male cyclists. METHODS Fourteen trained male cyclists ingested 0.3 g kg-1 BM NaHCO3 (Maurten AB, Sweden) to determine individualised peak alkalosis, which established time of ingestion prior to exercise. Participants completed a 40 km familiarisation TT, and two 40 km experimental TTs after ingestion of either NaHCO3 or placebo in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. RESULTS NaHCO3 supplementation improved performance (mean improvement = 54.14 s ± 18.16 s; p = 0.002, g = 0.22) and increased blood buffering capacity prior to (HCO3- mean increase = 5.6 ± 0.2 mmol L-1, p < 0.001) and throughout exercise (f = 84.82, p < 0.001, pη2 = 0.87) compared to placebo. There were no differences in total gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) between conditions either pre- (NaHCO3, 22 AU; Placebo, 44 AU; p = 0.088, r = 0.46) or post-exercise (NaHCO3, 76 AU; Placebo, 63 AU; p = 0.606, r = 0.14). CONCLUSION The present study suggests that ingesting NaHCO3 mini-tablets in a carbohydrate hydrogel can enhance 40 km TT performance in trained male cyclists, with minimal GIS. This ingestion strategy could therefore be considered by cyclists looking for a performance enhancing ergogenic aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Spencer Shannon
- Nutrition, Sport and Exercise Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK.
| | - Amanda Regnier
- Nutrition, Sport and Exercise Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Ben Dobson
- Nutrition, Sport and Exercise Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - S Andy Sparks
- Maurten AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lars Robert Mc Naughton
- Nutrition, Sport and Exercise Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
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Yalcinkaya N, Isik O, Beyleroglu M, Erdogdu D, Cicek G, Novak D. Effects of 8-week alkaline diet and aerobic exercise on body composition, aerobic performance, and lipid profiles in sedentary women. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1339874. [PMID: 38239837 PMCID: PMC10794351 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1339874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diet composition can affect systemic pH and acid-base regulation, which may in turn influence exercise performance. Purpose It was aimed to determine the effects of the alkaline diet and 8 weeks of aerobic exercises on body composition, aerobic performance, and blood lipid profiles in sedentary women. Methods Thirty-two sedentary women participated in the study voluntarily. The research was designed with a true-experimental design and the participants were divided into four different groups as the control group, aerobic exercise group, alkaline diet group, and alkaline diet + aerobic exercise group. The body compositions, aerobic exercise performances, and lipid profiles of sedentary women were measured as pre-test and post-test. In the analysis of the obtained data, One-Way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test was used. Results It was observed that the alkaline diet consumed with 8 weeks of aerobic exercises caused a 5.17% decrease in BMI and an increase of 42.07 and 37.62% in VO2max and aerobic test durations, respectively (p < 0.05). In addition, when lipid profiles were examined, it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference in HDL-C levels (p > 0.05). Despite that, there were statistically significant differences in TG and LDL-C levels (p < 0.05). According to this result, it was determined that there was a decrease in TG and LDL-C levels by 37.61 and 20.24%, respectively. Conclusion An alkaline diet consumed with 8 weeks of aerobic exercises in sedentary women has positive effects on improving body composition, aerobic exercise performances, and TG and LDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehir Yalcinkaya
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Sakarya, Türkiye
| | - Ozkan Isik
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Balıkesir University, Balikesir, Türkiye
- Directorate of Sports Sciences Application and Research Center, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Türkiye
| | - Malik Beyleroglu
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Sakarya, Türkiye
| | | | - Guner Cicek
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Hitit University, Çorum, Türkiye
| | - Dario Novak
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Kinesiology, Zagreb, Croatia
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Hagele AM, Boring JL, Moon JM, Sunderland KL, Mumford PW, Kerksick CM. Naturally Bicarbonated Water Supplementation Does Not Improve Anaerobic Cycling Performance or Blood Gas Parameters in Active Men and Women. Nutrients 2023; 15:5052. [PMID: 38140311 PMCID: PMC10745886 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The completion of high-intensity exercise results in robust perturbations to physiologic homeostasis, challenging the body's natural buffering systems to mitigate the accumulation of metabolic by-products. Supplementation with bicarbonate has previously been used to offset metabolic acidosis, leading to improvements in anaerobic exercise performance. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of ergogenic properties in naturally occurring low-dose bicarbonated water and their effects on anaerobic cycling performance and blood gas kinetics in recreationally active men and women. METHODS Thirty-nine healthy, recreationally active men and women (28.1 ± 8.0 years, 169.8 ± 11.7 cm, 68.9 ± 10.8 kg, 20.1 ± 7.9% fat, V˙O2peak: 42.8 ± 7.6 mL/kg/min) completed two separate testing sessions consisting of 15 cycling sprints (10 s sprint, 20 s active rest) against 7.5% of their body mass. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study design, study participants consumed a 10 mL/kg dose of either spring water (SW) or bicarbonated mineral water (BMW) (delivering ~3 g/day of bicarbonate) for 7 days. Venous blood was collected before, immediately after, and 5 and 10 min after the sprint protocol and was analyzed for lactate and a series of blood gas components. After the completion of 15 cycling sprints, averages of peak and mean power for bouts 1-5, 6-10, and 11-15, along with total work for the entire cycling protocol, were calculated. All performance and blood gas parameters were analyzed using a mixed-factorial ANOVA. RESULTS pH was found to be significantly higher in the BMW group immediately after (7.17 ± 0.09 vs. 7.20 ± 0.11; p = 0.05) and 10 min post exercise (7.21 ± 0.11 vs. 7.24 ± 0.09; p = 0.04). A similar pattern of change was observed 5 min post exercise wherein pH levels in the SW group were lower than those observed in the BMW group; however, this difference did not achieve statistical significance (p = 0.09). A statistical trend (p = 0.06) was observed wherein lactate in the BMW group tended to be lower than in the SW group 5 min post exercise. No significant main effect for time (p > 0.05) or group × time interactions (p > 0.05) for the total work, average values of peak power, or average values of mean power were observed, indicating performance was unchanged. CONCLUSION One week of consuming water with increased bicarbonate (10 mL/kg; ~3 g/day bicarbonate) showed no effect on anaerobic cycling performance. BMW decreased blood lactate concentrations 5 min after exercise and increased blood pH immediately and 10 min after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology, and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA; (A.M.H.); (J.M.M.); (K.L.S.); (P.W.M.)
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7
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Carr AJ, McKay AKA, Burke LM, Smith ES, Urwin CS, Convit L, Jardine WT, Kelly MK, Saunders B. Use of Buffers in Specific Contexts: Highly Trained Female Athletes, Extreme Environments and Combined Buffering Agents-A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:25-48. [PMID: 37878211 PMCID: PMC10721675 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
This narrative review evaluated the evidence for buffering agents (sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate and beta-alanine), with specific consideration of three discrete scenarios: female athletes, extreme environments and combined buffering agents. Studies were screened according to exclusion and inclusion criteria and were analysed on three levels: (1) moderating variables (supplement dose and timing, and exercise test duration and intensity), (2) design factors (e.g., use of crossover or matched group study design, familiarisation trials) and (3) athlete-specific factors (recruitment of highly trained participants, buffering capacity and reported performance improvements). Only 19% of the included studies for the three buffering agents reported a performance benefit, and only 10% recruited highly trained athletes. This low transferability of research findings to athletes' real-world practices may be due to factors including the small number of sodium citrate studies in females (n = 2), no studies controlling for the menstrual cycle (MC) or menstrual status using methods described in recently established frameworks, and the limited number of beta-alanine studies using performance tests replicating real-world performance efforts (n = 3). We recommend further research into buffering agents in highly trained female athletes that control or account for the MC, studies that replicate the demands of athletes' heat and altitude camps, and investigations of highly trained athletes' use of combined buffering agents. In a practical context, we recommend developing evidence-based buffering protocols for individual athletes which feature co-supplementation with other evidence-based products, reduce the likelihood of side-effects, and optimise key moderating factors: supplement dose and timing, and exercise duration and intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia J Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Alannah K A McKay
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ella S Smith
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Charles S Urwin
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Lilia Convit
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - William T Jardine
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Monica K Kelly
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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The effects of enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate supplementation on 2 km rowing performance in female CrossFit® athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1191-1198. [PMID: 36705750 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation can improve exercise performance, but few studies consider how effective it is in female athletes. The aim of the study was to establish the effect of individually timed pre-exercise SB ingestion on 2 km rowing time trial (TT) performance in female athletes. METHODS Eleven female CrossFit® athletes (mean ± SD age, 29 y ± 4 y, body mass, 64.5 kg ± 7.1 kg, height, 1.7 m ± 0.09 m, peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak], 53.8 ± 5.7 mL·kg-1∙min-1). An initial trial identified individual time-to-peak [HCO3-] following enteric-coated 0.3 g·kg-1 BM SB ingestion. Participants then completed a 2 km TT familiarisation followed by a placebo (PLA) or SB trial, using a randomised cross-over design. RESULTS The ingestion of SB improved rowing performance (514.3 ± 44.6 s) compared to the PLA (529.9 ± 45.4 s) and FAM trials (522.2 ± 43.1 s) (p = 0.001, pη2 = 0.53) which represents a 2.24% improvement compared to the PLA. Individual time-to-peak alkalosis occurred 102.3 ± 22.1 min after ingestion (range 75-150 min) and resulted in increased blood [HCO3-] of 5.5 ± 1.5 mmol⋅L-1 (range = 3.8-7.9 mmol⋅L-1). The change in blood [HCO3-] was significantly correlated with the performance improvement between PLA and SB trials (r = 0.68, p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS Ingesting a 0.3 g·kg-1 BM dose of enteric-coated SB improves 2 km rowing performance in female athletes. The improvement is directly related to the extracellular buffering capacity even when blood [HCO3-] does not change ≥ 5.0 mmol⋅L-1.
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9
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Danković G, Stanković N, Milošević N, Živković V, Russo L, Migliaccio GM, Larion A, Trajković N, Padulo J. Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Ingestion on Recovery in High-Level Judokas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13389. [PMID: 36293971 PMCID: PMC9602842 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) effect on recovery in high-level judokas. METHODS The sample of participants consisted of 10 male judokas (Age = 20 ± 2.1 years) who are judo masters (black belt holders) with a minimum of 10 years of training and competition experience. The study was designed as a double-blinded crossover design with the order of treatments being randomly assigned. The washout period was 72 h. All subjects received a dose of sodium bicarbonate (0.3 g/kg body weight) or a placebo 120 min before the fatigue caused by the special judo fitness test (SJFT). Lactate concentration (LC), countermovement jump (CMJ), hand grip strength and degree of perceived fatigue on Borg's scale (RPE) were tested two times before SJFT and four times after SJFT. RESULTS There was no interaction between groups and type of recovery at any time during the two types of recovery for RPE, grip strength, VJ and lactate concentration (p > 0.05). However, there was a main effect of time for dominant grip strength (F(1,8)= 3.3; p = 0.01; η2 = 0.25, (small)), non-dominant grip strength (F(1,8) = 3.2; p = 0.01; η2 = 0.24, (small)), CMJ (F(1,8) = 8.8; p = 0.01; η2 = 0.47, (small)), and LC (F(1,8) = 124.2; p = 0.001; η2 = 0.92, (moderate)). CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study show no significant difference between the NaHCO3 and placebo groups in RPE, handgrip strength, CMJ, and lactate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Danković
- Faculty of Medical Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Clinical Center Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Stanković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Nikola Milošević
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Živković
- Faculty of Medical Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Luca Russo
- Department of Human Sciences, Università Telematica Degli Studi IUL, 50122 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Alin Larion
- Faculty of Physical Education, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900029 Constanta, Romania
| | - Nebojša Trajković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Johnny Padulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
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10
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Gurton WH, Matta GG, Gough LA, Hurst P. Efficacy of sodium bicarbonate ingestion strategies for protecting blinding. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2555-2563. [PMID: 36053364 PMCID: PMC9613539 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is a widely researched ergogenic aid, but the optimal blinding strategy during randomised placebo-controlled trials is unknown. In this multi-study project, we aimed to determine the most efficacious ingestion strategy for blinding NaHCO3 research. During study one, 16 physically active adults tasted 0.3 g kg-1 body mass NaHCO3 or 0.03 g kg-1 body mass sodium chloride placebo treatments given in different flavour (orange, blackcurrant) and temperature (chilled, room temperature) solutions. They were required to guess which treatment they had received. During study two, 12 recreational athletes performed time-to-exhaustion (TTE) cycling trials (familiarisation, four experimental). Using a randomised, double-blind design, participants consumed 0.3 g kg-1 body mass NaHCO3 or a placebo in 5 mL kg-1 body mass chilled orange squash/water solutions or capsules and indicated what they believed they had received immediately after consumption, pre-TTE and post-TTE. In study one, NaHCO3 prepared in chilled orange squash resulted in the most unsure ratings (44%). In study two, giving NaHCO3 in capsules resulted in more unsure ratings than in solution after consumption (92 vs 33%), pre-TTE (67 vs. 17%) and post-TTE (50 vs. 17%). Administering NaHCO3 in capsules was the most efficacious blinding strategy which provides important implications for researchers conducting randomised placebo-controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Gurton
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK.,Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Guilherme G Matta
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK
| | - Lewis A Gough
- Human Performance and Health Research Group, Centre for Life and Sport Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Philip Hurst
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK
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11
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de Oliveira LF, Dolan E, Swinton PA, Durkalec-Michalski K, Artioli GG, McNaughton LR, Saunders B. Extracellular Buffering Supplements to Improve Exercise Capacity and Performance: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:505-526. [PMID: 34687438 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular buffering supplements [sodium bicarbonate (SB), sodium citrate (SC), sodium/calcium lactate (SL/CL)] are ergogenic supplements, although questions remain about factors which may modify their effect. OBJECTIVE To quantify the main effect of extracellular buffering agents on exercise outcomes, and to investigate the influence of potential moderators on this effect using a systematic review and meta-analytic approach. METHODS This study was designed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Three databases were searched for articles that were screened according to inclusion/exclusion criteria. Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis and meta-regression models were used to investigate pooled effects of supplementation and moderating effects of a range of factors on exercise and biomarker responses. RESULTS 189 articles with 2019 participants were included, 158 involving SB supplementation, 30 with SC, and seven with CL/SL; four studies provided a combination of buffering supplements together. Supplementation led to a mean estimated increase in blood bicarbonate of + 5.2 mmol L-1 (95% credible interval (CrI) 4.7-5.7). The meta-analysis models identified a positive overall effect of supplementation on exercise capacity and performance compared to placebo [ES0.5 = 0.17 (95% CrI 0.12-0.21)] with potential moderating effects of exercise type and duration, training status and when the exercise test was performed following prior exercise. The greatest ergogenic effects were shown for exercise durations of 0.5-10 min [ES0.5 = 0.18 (0.13-0.24)] and > 10 min [ES0.5 = 0.22 (0.10-0.33)]. Evidence of greater effects on exercise were obtained when blood bicarbonate increases were medium (4-6 mmol L-1) and large (> 6 mmol L-1) compared with small (≤ 4 mmol L-1) [βSmall:Medium = 0.16 (95% CrI 0.02-0.32), βSmall:Large = 0.13 (95% CrI - 0.03 to 0.29)]. SB (192 outcomes) was more effective for performance compared to SC (39 outcomes) [βSC:SB = 0.10 (95% CrI - 0.02 to 0.22)]. CONCLUSIONS Extracellular buffering supplements generate large increases in blood bicarbonate concentration leading to positive overall effects on exercise, with sodium bicarbonate being most effective. Evidence for several group-level moderating factors were identified. These data can guide an athlete's decision as to whether supplementation with buffering agents might be beneficial for their specific aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Farias de Oliveira
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Guilherme G Artioli
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Lars R McNaughton
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland.
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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12
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Poffé C, Robberechts R, Podlogar T, Kusters M, Debevec T, Hespel P. Exogenous ketosis increases blood and muscle oxygenation but not performance during exercise in hypoxia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R844-R857. [PMID: 34668436 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00198.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Available evidence indicates that elevated blood ketones are associated with improved hypoxic tolerance in rodents. From this perspective, we hypothesized that exogenous ketosis by oral intake of the ketone ester (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (KE) may induce beneficial physiological effects during prolonged exercise in acute hypoxia. As we recently demonstrated KE to deplete blood bicarbonate, which per se may alter the physiological response to hypoxia, we evaluated the effect of KE both in the presence and absence of bicarbonate intake (BIC). Fourteen highly trained male cyclists performed a simulated cycling race (RACE) consisting of 3-h intermittent cycling (IMT180') followed by a 15-min time-trial (TT15') and an all-out sprint at 175% of lactate threshold (SPRINT). During RACE, fraction of inspired oxygen ([Formula: see text]) was gradually decreased from 18.6% to 14.5%. Before and during RACE, participants received either 1) 75 g of ketone ester (KE), 2) 300 mg/kg body mass bicarbonate (BIC), 3) KE + BIC, or 4) a control drink in addition to 60 g of carbohydrates/h in a randomized, crossover design. KE counteracted the hypoxia-induced drop in blood ([Formula: see text]) and muscle oxygenation by ∼3%. In contrast, BIC decreased [Formula: see text] by ∼2% without impacting muscle oxygenation. Performance during TT15' and SPRINT were similar between all conditions. In conclusion, KE slightly elevated the degree of blood and muscle oxygenation during prolonged exercise in moderate hypoxia without impacting exercise performance. Our data warrant to further investigate the potential of exogenous ketosis to improve muscular and cerebral oxygenation status, and exercise tolerance in extreme hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiel Poffé
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruben Robberechts
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Podlogar
- Department for Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Martijn Kusters
- Bakala Academy-Athletic Performance Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tadej Debevec
- Department for Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Hespel
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Bakala Academy-Athletic Performance Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Grgic J, Pedisic Z, Saunders B, Artioli GG, Schoenfeld BJ, McKenna MJ, Bishop DJ, Kreider RB, Stout JR, Kalman DS, Arent SM, VanDusseldorp TA, Lopez HL, Ziegenfuss TN, Burke LM, Antonio J, Campbell BI. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: sodium bicarbonate and exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:61. [PMID: 34503527 PMCID: PMC8427947 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00458-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the literature regarding the effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on exercise performance, conducted by experts in the field and selected members of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN), the following conclusions represent the official Position of the Society: 1. Supplementation with sodium bicarbonate (doses from 0.2 to 0.5 g/kg) improves performance in muscular endurance activities, various combat sports, including boxing, judo, karate, taekwondo, and wrestling, and in high-intensity cycling, running, swimming, and rowing. The ergogenic effects of sodium bicarbonate are mostly established for exercise tasks of high-intensity that last between 30 s and 12 min. 2. Sodium bicarbonate improves performance in single- and multiple-bout exercise. 3. Sodium bicarbonate improves exercise performance in both men and women. 4. For single-dose supplementation protocols, 0.2 g/kg of sodium bicarbonate seems to be the minimum dose required to experience improvements in exercise performance. The optimal dose of sodium bicarbonate dose for ergogenic effects seems to be 0.3 g/kg. Higher doses (e.g., 0.4 or 0.5 g/kg) may not be required in single-dose supplementation protocols, because they do not provide additional benefits (compared with 0.3 g/kg) and are associated with a higher incidence and severity of adverse side-effects. 5. For single-dose supplementation protocols, the recommended timing of sodium bicarbonate ingestion is between 60 and 180 min before exercise or competition. 6. Multiple-day protocols of sodium bicarbonate supplementation can be effective in improving exercise performance. The duration of these protocols is generally between 3 and 7 days before the exercise test, and a total sodium bicarbonate dose of 0.4 or 0.5 g/kg per day produces ergogenic effects. The total daily dose is commonly divided into smaller doses, ingested at multiple points throughout the day (e.g., 0.1 to 0.2 g/kg of sodium bicarbonate consumed at breakfast, lunch, and dinner). The benefit of multiple-day protocols is that they could help reduce the risk of sodium bicarbonate-induced side-effects on the day of competition. 7. Long-term use of sodium bicarbonate (e.g., before every exercise training session) may enhance training adaptations, such as increased time to fatigue and power output. 8. The most common side-effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation are bloating, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The incidence and severity of side-effects vary between and within individuals, but it is generally low. Nonetheless, these side-effects following sodium bicarbonate supplementation may negatively impact exercise performance. Ingesting sodium bicarbonate (i) in smaller doses (e.g., 0.2 g/kg or 0.3 g/kg), (ii) around 180 min before exercise or adjusting the timing according to individual responses to side-effects, (iii) alongside a high-carbohydrate meal, and (iv) in enteric-coated capsules are possible strategies to minimize the likelihood and severity of these side-effects. 9. Combining sodium bicarbonate with creatine or beta-alanine may produce additive effects on exercise performance. It is unclear whether combining sodium bicarbonate with caffeine or nitrates produces additive benefits. 10. Sodium bicarbonate improves exercise performance primarily due to a range of its physiological effects. Still, a portion of the ergogenic effect of sodium bicarbonate seems to be placebo-driven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Zeljko Pedisic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme G Artioli
- Centre for Bioscience, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | | | - Michael J McKenna
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Douglas S Kalman
- Nutrion Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314, USA
- Scientific Affairs. Nutrasource, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Hector L Lopez
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Stow, OH, USA
- Supplement Safety Solutions, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | | | - Louise M Burke
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jose Antonio
- Exercise and Sport Science, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, 33314, USA
| | - Bill I Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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14
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Enteric-Coated Sodium Bicarbonate Attenuates Gastrointestinal Side-Effects. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 30:62-68. [PMID: 31751936 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enteric-formulated capsules can mitigate gastrointestinal (GI) side effects following sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion; however, it remains unclear how encapsulation alters postingestion symptoms and acid-base balance. The current study aimed to identify the optimal ingestion form to mitigate GI distress following NaHCO3 ingestion. Trained males (n = 14) ingested 300 mg/kg body mass of NaHCO3 in gelatin (GEL), delayed-release (DEL), and enteric-coated (ENT) capsules or a placebo in a randomized cross-over design. Blood bicarbonate anion concentration, potential hydrogen, and GI symptoms were measured pre- and postingestion for 3 hr. Fewer GI symptoms were reported with ENT NaHCO3 than with GEL (p = .012), but not with DEL (p = .106) in the postingestion phase. Symptom severity decreased with DEL (4.6 ± 2.8 arbitrary units) compared with GEL (7.0 ± 2.6 arbitrary units; p = .001) and was lower with ENT (2.8 ± 1.9 arbitrary units) compared with both GEL (p < .0005) and DEL (p = .044) NaHCO3. Blood bicarbonate anion concentration increased in all NaHCO3 conditions compared with the placebo (p < .0005), although this was lower with ENT than with GEL (p = .001) and DEL (p < .0005) NaHCO3. Changes in blood potential hydrogen were reduced with ENT compared with GEL (p = .047) and DEL (p = .047) NaHCO3, with no other differences between the conditions. Ingestion of ENT NaHCO3 attenuates GI disturbances for up to 3 hr postingestion. Therefore, ENT ingestion forms may be favorable for those who report GI disturbances with NaHCO3 supplementation or for those who have previously been deterred from its use altogether.
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15
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Newbury JW, Cole M, Kelly AL, Chessor RJ, Sparks SA, McNaughton LR, Gough LA. The time to peak blood bicarbonate (HCO3-), pH, and the strong ion difference (SID) following sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion in highly trained adolescent swimmers. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248456. [PMID: 34197456 PMCID: PMC8248647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation has been suggested to be most optimal when coincided with a personal time that bicarbonate (HCO3–) or pH peaks in the blood following ingestion. However, the ergogenic mechanisms supporting this ingestion strategy are strongly contested. It is therefore plausible that NaHCO3 may be ergogenic by causing beneficial shifts in the strong ion difference (SID), though the time course of this blood acid base balance variable is yet to be investigated. Twelve highly trained, adolescent swimmers (age: 15.9 ± 1.0 years, body mass: 65.3 ± 9.6 kg) consumed their typical pre-competition nutrition 1–3 hours before ingesting 0.3 g∙kg BM-1 NaHCO3 in gelatine capsules. Capillary blood samples were then taken during seated rest on nine occasions (0, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165 min post-ingestion) to identify the time course changes in HCO3–, pH, and the SID. No significant differences were found in the time to peak of each blood measure (HCO3–: 130 ± 35 min, pH: 120 ± 38 min, SID: 98 ± 37 min; p = 0.08); however, a large effect size was calculated between time to peak HCO3– and the SID (g = 0.88). Considering that a difference between time to peak blood HCO3– and the SID was identified in adolescents, future research should compare the ergogenic effects of these two individualized NaHCO3 ingestion strategies compared to a traditional, standardized approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh W. Newbury
- Human Performance and Health Research Group, Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), Department of Sport and Exercise, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Cole
- Human Performance and Health Research Group, Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), Department of Sport and Exercise, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adam L. Kelly
- Human Performance and Health Research Group, Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), Department of Sport and Exercise, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Chessor
- Sports Science and Sports Medicine Team, British Swimming, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - S. Andy Sparks
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Lars R. McNaughton
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis A. Gough
- Human Performance and Health Research Group, Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), Department of Sport and Exercise, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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16
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Peacock J, Sparks SA, Middlebrook I, Hilton NP, Tinnion D, Leach N, Saunders B, McNaughton LR. Extracellular buffer choice influences acid-base responses and gastrointestinal symptoms. Res Sports Med 2021; 29:505-516. [PMID: 33715526 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1896517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To compare the bicarbonate kinetics and gastrointestinal (GI) symptom responses between an equal dose of sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate using delayed-release capsules. Thirteen active males (age 20.5 ± 2.1 y, height 1.8 ± 0.1 m and body mass [BM] 76.5 ± 9.6 kg) consumed either 0.3 g.kg-1 BM sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate or a placebo, using a double-blind, randomized crossover design. Blood bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) concentration, pH and GI symptoms were measured pre-consumption and every 10 min for 180 min post-consumption. Blood HCO3- concentration (P < 0.001) and pH (P = 0.040) were significantly higher in the sodium bicarbonate condition compared with sodium citrate condition up to 3 h post-consumption. Peak blood HCO3- concentration was significantly higher with the sodium bicarbonate compared with citrate (P < 0.001). Mean GI symptom scores were lower (P = 0.037) for sodium citrate (1.5 ± 1.8 AU) than bicarbonate (2.6 ± 3.1 AU), with considerable inter-individual variability. No GI symptoms were reported following consumption of the placebo. Both substances increase HCO3- values significantly, with sodium bicarbonate causing significantly higher pH and HCO3- values than the same dose of sodium citrate, but results in slightly more severe GI symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peacock
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - S A Sparks
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - I Middlebrook
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - N P Hilton
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - D Tinnion
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - N Leach
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - B Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade De Medicina FMUSP, Universidade De Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L R McNaughton
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK.,Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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17
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Middlebrook I, Peacock J, Tinnion DJ, Leach NK, Hilton NP, Saunders B, Sparks SA, Mc Naughton LR. Capsule Size Alters the Timing of Metabolic Alkalosis Following Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation. Front Nutr 2021; 8:634465. [PMID: 33681279 PMCID: PMC7933015 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.634465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is a well-established nutritional ergogenic aid that is typically ingested as a beverage or consumed in gelatine capsules. While capsules may delay the release of NaHCO3 and reduce gastrointestinal (GI) side effects compared with a beverage, it is currently unclear whether the capsule size may influence acid-base responses and GI symptoms following supplementation. Aim: This study aims to determine the effects of NaHCO3 supplementation, administered in capsules of different sizes, on acid-base responses, GI symptoms, and palatability. Methods: Ten healthy male subjects (mean ± SD: age 20 ± 2 years; height 1.80 ± 0.09 m; weight 78.0 ± 11.9 kg) underwent three testing sessions whereby 0.3 g NaHCO3/kg of body mass was consumed in either small (size 3), medium (size 0), or large (size 000) capsules. Capillary blood samples were procured pre-ingestion and every 10 min post-ingestion for 180 min. Blood samples were analyzed using a radiometer (Radiometer ABL800, Denmark) to determine blood bicarbonate concentration ([HCO 3 - ]) and potential hydrogen (pH). GI symptoms were measured using a questionnaire at the same timepoints, whereas palatability was recorded pre-consumption. Results: Capsule size had a significant effect on lag time (the time [HCO 3 - ] changed, T lag) and the timing of peak blood [HCO 3 - ] (T max). Bicarbonate T lag was significantly higher in the large-sized (28 ± 4 min) compared with the small-sized (13 ± 2 min) capsules (P = 0.009). Similarly, T max was significantly lower in the small capsule (94 ± 24 min) compared with both the medium-sized (141 ± 27 min; P < 0.001) and the large-sized (121 ± 29 min; P < 0.001) capsules. The GI symptom scores were similar for small-sized (3 ± 3 AU), medium-sized (5 ± 3 AU), and large-sized (3 ± 3 AU) capsules, with no significant difference between symptom scores (F = 1.3, P = 0.310). Similarly, capsule size had no effect on palatability (F = 0.8, P = 0.409), with similar scores between different capsule sizes. Conclusion: Small capsule sizes led to quicker T lag and T max of blood [HCO 3 - ] concentration compared to medium and large capsules, suggesting that individuals could supplement NaHCO3 in smaller capsules if they aim to increase extracellular buffering capacity more quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- India Middlebrook
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Peacock
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Tinnion
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas K. Leach
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan P. Hilton
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S. Andy Sparks
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Lars R. Mc Naughton
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
- Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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18
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Effect of Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solution Including Bicarbonate Ion Ad Libitum Ingestion on Urine Bicarbonate Retention during Mountain Trekking: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041441. [PMID: 33557035 PMCID: PMC7913653 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether bicarbonate ion (HCO3−) in a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CE+HCO3) ingested during climbing to 3000 m on Mount Fuji could increase urine HCO3− retention. This study was a randomized, controlled pilot study. Sixteen healthy lowlander adults were divided into two groups (six males and two females for each): a tap water (TW) group (0 kcal with no energy) and a CE+HCO3 group. The allocation to TW or CE+HCO3 was double blind. The CE solution contains 10 kcal energy, including Na+ (115 mg), K+ (78 mg), HCO3− (51 mg) per 100 mL. After collecting baseline urine and measuring body weight, participants started climbing while energy expenditure (EE) and heart rate (HR) were recorded every min with a portable calorimeter. After reaching a hut at approximately 3000 m, we collected urine and measured body weight again. The HCO3− balance during climbing, measured by subtracting the amount of urine excreted from the amount of fluid ingested, was −0.37 ± 0.77 mmol in the CE+HCO3, which was significantly higher than in the TW (−2.23 ± 0.96 mmol, p < 0.001). These results indicate that CE containing HCO3− supplementation may increase the bicarbonate buffering system during mountain trekking up to ~3000 m, suggesting a useful solution, at least, in the population of the present study on Mount Fuji.
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19
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Patel KA, Farias de Oliveira L, Sale C, James RM. The effect of β-alanine supplementation on high intensity cycling capacity in normoxia and hypoxia. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1295-1301. [PMID: 33491594 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1867416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The availability of dietary beta-alanine (BA) is the limiting factor in carnosine synthesis within human muscle due to its low intramuscular concentration and substrate affinity. Carnosine can accept hydrogen ions (H+), making it an important intramuscular buffer against exercise-induced acidosis. Metabolite accumulation rate increases when exercising in hypoxic conditions, thus an increased carnosine concentration could attenuate H+ build-up when exercising in hypoxic conditions. This study examined the effects of BA supplementation on high intensity cycling capacity in normoxia and hypoxia. In a double-blind design, nineteen males were matched into a BA group (n = 10; 6.4 g·d-1) or a placebo group (PLA; n = 9) and supplemented for 28 days, carrying out two pre- and two post-supplementation cycling capacity trials at 110% of powermax, one in normoxia and one in hypoxia (15.5% O2). Hypoxia led to a 9.1% reduction in exercise capacity, but BA supplementation had no significant effect on exercise capacity in normoxia or hypoxia (P > 0.05). Blood lactate accumulation showed a significant trial x time interaction post-supplementation (P = 0.016), although this was not significantly different between groups. BA supplementation did not increase high intensity cycling capacity in normoxia, nor did it improve cycling capacity in hypoxia even though exercise capacity was reduced under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Akshay Patel
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Luana Farias de Oliveira
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Craig Sale
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ruth M James
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Does Not Improve Running Anaerobic Sprint Test Performance in Semiprofessional Adolescent Soccer Players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 30:330-337. [PMID: 32668408 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ergogenic strategies have been studied to alleviate muscle fatigue and improve sports performance. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has improved repeated sprint performance in adult team-sports players, but the effect for adolescents is unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of NaHCO3 supplementation on repeated sprint performance in semiprofessional adolescent soccer players. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, 15 male semiprofessional adolescent soccer players (15 ± 1 years; body fat 10.7 ± 1.3%) ingested NaHCO3 or a placebo (sodium chloride) 90 min before performing the running anaerobic sprint test (RAST). A countermovement jump was performed before and after the RAST, and ratings of perceived exertion, blood parameters (potential hydrogen and bicarbonate concentration), and fatigue index were also evaluated. Supplementation with NaHCO3 promoted alkalosis, as demonstrated by the increase from the baseline to preexercise, compared with the placebo (potential hydrogen: +0.07 ± 0.01 vs. -0.00 ± 0.01, p < .001 and bicarbonate: +3.44 ± 0.38 vs. -1.45 ± 0.31 mmol/L, p < .001); however, this change did not translate into an improvement in RAST total time (32.12 ± 0.30 vs. 33.31 ± 0.41 s, p = .553); fatigue index (5.44 ± 0.64 vs. 6.28 ± 0.64 W/s, p = .263); ratings of perceived exertion (7.60 ± 0.33 vs. 7.80 ± 0.10 units, p = .525); countermovement jump pre-RAST (32.21 ± 3.35 vs. 32.05 ± 3.51 cm, p = .383); or countermovement jump post-RAST (31.70 ± 0.78 vs. 32.74 ± 1.11 cm, p = .696). Acute NaHCO3 supplementation did not reduce muscle fatigue or improve RAST performance in semiprofessional adolescent soccer players. More work assessing supplementation in this age group is required to increase understanding in the area.
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Enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate supplementation improves high-intensity cycling performance in trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1563-1573. [PMID: 32388584 PMCID: PMC7295736 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) can attenuate gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms following acute bicarbonate loading, although the subsequent effects on exercise performance have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of enteric-coated NaHCO3 supplementation on high-intensity exercise performance and GI symptoms. Methods Eleven trained male cyclists completed three 4 km time trials after consuming; a placebo or 0.3 g∙kg–1 body mass NaHCO3 in enteric-coated or gelatin capsules. Exercise trials were timed with individual peak blood bicarbonate ion concentration ([HCO3–]). Blood acid–base balance was measured pre-ingestion, pre-exercise, and post-exercise, whereas GI symptoms were recorded pre-ingestion and immediately pre-exercise. Results Pre-exercise blood [HCO3−] and potential hydrogen (pH) were greater for both NaHCO3 conditions (P < 0.0005) when compared to placebo. Performance time was faster with enteric-coated (− 8.5 ± 9.6 s, P = 0.044) and gelatin (− 9.6 ± 7.2 s, P = 0.004) NaHCO3 compared to placebo, with no significant difference between conditions (mean difference = 1.1 ± 5.3 s, P = 1.000). Physiological responses were similar between conditions, although blood lactate ion concentration was higher with gelatin NaHCO3 (2.4 ± 1.7 mmol∙L–1, P = 0.003) compared with placebo. Furthermore, fewer participants experienced GI symptoms with enteric-coated (n = 3) compared to gelatin (n = 7) NaHCO3. Discussion Acute enteric-coated NaHCO3 consumption mitigates GI symptoms at the onset of exercise and improves subsequent 4 km cycling TT performance. Athletes who experience GI side-effects after acute bicarbonate loading may, therefore, benefit from enteric-coated NaHCO3 supplementation prior to exercise performance.
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Limmer M, de Marées M, Platen P. Effects of daily ingestion of sodium bicarbonate on acid-base status and anaerobic performance during an altitude sojourn at high altitude: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:22. [PMID: 32307012 PMCID: PMC7168960 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The present study investigated the effects of chronic sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion on a single bout of high-intensity exercise and on acid-base balance during 7-day high-altitude exposure. Methods Ten recreationally active subjects participated in a pre-test at sea level and a 7-day hiking tour in the Swiss Alps up to 4554 m above sea level. Subjects received either a daily dose of 0.3 g/kg NaHCO3 solution (n = 5) or water as a placebo (n = 5) for 7 days. Anaerobic high-intensity exercise performance was assessed using the portable tethered sprint running (PTSR) test under normoxic and hypoxic conditions (3585 m). PTSR tests assessed overall peak force, mean force, and fatigue index. Blood lactate levels and blood gas parameters were assessed pre- and post-PTSR. Urinary pH and blood gas parameters were further analyzed daily at rest in early morning samples under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Results There were no significant differences between the bicarbonate and control group in any of the PTSR-related parameters. However, urinary pH (p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.458), early morning blood bicarbonate concentration (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.457) and base excess (p = 0.002, ηp2 = 0.436) were significantly higher in the bicarbonate group compared with the control group under hypoxic conditions. Conclusions These results indicate that oral NaHCO3 ingestion does not ameliorate the hypoxia-induced impairment in anaerobic, high-intensity exercise performance, represented by PTSR-related test parameters, under hypobaric, hypoxic conditions, but the maximal performance measurements may have been negatively affected by other factors, such as poor implementation of PTSR test instructions, pre-acclimatization, the time course of hypoxia-induced renal [HCO3−] compensation, changes in the concentrations of intra- and extracellular ions others than [H+] and [HCO3−], or gastrointestinal disturbances caused by NaHCO3 ingestion. However, chronic NaHCO3 ingestion improves blood bicarbonate concentration and base excess at altitude, which partially represent the blood buffering capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Limmer
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Gesundheitscampus Nord 10, 44801, Bochum, Germany. .,Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Markus de Marées
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Gesundheitscampus Nord 10, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Platen
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Gesundheitscampus Nord 10, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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Effects of an Alkalizing or Acidizing Diet on High-Intensity Exercise Performance under Normoxic and Hypoxic Conditions in Physically Active Adults: A Randomized, Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030688. [PMID: 32143278 PMCID: PMC7146607 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-alkalization caused by dietary supplements such as sodium bicarbonate improves anaerobic exercise performance. However, the influence of a base-forming nutrition on anaerobic performance in hypoxia remains unknown. Herein, we investigated the effects of an alkalizing or acidizing diet on high-intensity performance and associated metabolic parameters in normoxia and hypoxia. In a randomized crossover design, 15 participants (24.5 ± 3.9 years old) performed two trials following four days of either an alkalizing (BASE) or an acidizing (ACID) diet in normoxia. Subsequently, participants performed two trials (BASE; ACID) after 12 h of normobaric hypoxic exposure. Anaerobic exercise performance was assessed using the portable tethered sprint running (PTSR) test. PTSR assessed overall peak force, mean force, and fatigue index. Blood lactate levels, blood gas parameters, heart rate, and rate of perceived exertion were assessed post-PTSR. Urinary pH was analyzed daily. There were no differences between BASE and ACID conditions for any of the PTSR-related parameters. However, urinary pH, blood pH, blood bicarbonate concentration, and base excess were significantly higher in BASE compared with ACID (p < 0.001). These findings show a diet-induced increase in blood buffer capacity, represented by blood bicarbonate concentration and base excess. However, diet-induced metabolic changes did not improve PTSR-related anaerobic performance.
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Gough LA, Rimmer S, Sparks SA, McNaughton LR, Higgins MF. Post-exercise Supplementation of Sodium Bicarbonate Improves Acid Base Balance Recovery and Subsequent High-Intensity Boxing Specific Performance. Front Nutr 2019; 6:155. [PMID: 31632978 PMCID: PMC6779834 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of post-exercise sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion (0.3 g.kg−1 body mass) on the recovery of acid-base balance (pH, HCO3-, and the SID) and subsequent exercise performance in elite boxers. Seven elite male professional boxers performed an initial bout of exhaustive exercise comprising of a boxing specific high-intensity interval running (HIIR) protocol, followed by a high-intensity run to volitional exhaustion (TLIM1). A 75 min passive recovery then ensued, whereby after 10 min recovery, participants ingested either 0.3 g.kg−1 body mass NaHCO3, or 0.1 g.kg−1 body mass sodium chloride (PLA). Solutions were taste matched and administered double-blind. Participants then completed a boxing specific punch combination protocol, followed by a second high-intensity run to volitional exhaustion (TLIM2). Both initial bouts of TLIM1 were well matched between PLA and NaHCO3 (ICC; r = 0.94, p = 0.002). The change in performance from TLIM1 to TLIM2 was greater following NaHCO3 compared to PLA (+164 ± 90 vs. +73 ± 78 sec; p = 0.02, CI = 45.1, 428.8, g = 1.0). Following ingestion of NaHCO3, pH was greater prior to TLIM2 by 0.11 ± 0.02 units (1.4%) (p < 0.001, CI = 0.09, 0.13, g = 3.4), whilst HCO3- was greater by 8.8 ± 1.5 mmol.l−1 (26.3%) compared to PLA (p < 0.001, CI = 7.3, 10.2, g = 5.1). The current study suggests that these significant increases in acid base balance during post-exercise recovery facilitated the improvement in the subsequent bout of exercise. Future research should continue to explore the role of NaHCO3 supplementation as a recovery aid in boxing and other combat sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A Gough
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Rimmer
- Human Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - S Andy Sparks
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Lars R McNaughton
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom.,Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Matthew F Higgins
- Human Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
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Hadzic M, Eckstein ML, Schugardt M. The Impact of Sodium Bicarbonate on Performance in Response to Exercise Duration in Athletes: A Systematic Review. J Sports Sci Med 2019; 18:271-281. [PMID: 31191097 PMCID: PMC6544001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
According to recent literature sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has been proposed as a performance enhancing aid by reducing acidosis during exercise. The aim of the current review is to investigate if the duration of exercise is an essential factor for the effect of NaHCO3. To collect the latest studies from electronic database of PubMed, study publication time was restricted from December 2006 to December 2016. The search was updated in July 2018. The studies were divided into exercise durations of > 4 or ≤ 4 minutes for easier comparability of their effects in different exercises. Only randomized controlled trials were included in this review. Of the 775 studies, 35 met the inclusion criteria. Study design, subjects, effects as well as outcome criteria were inconsistent throughout the studies. Seventeen of these studies reported performance enhancing effects after supplementing NaHCO3. Eleven of twenty studies with exercise duration of ≤ 4 minutes showed positive and four diverse results after supplementing NaHCO3. On the other hand six of fifteen studies with an exercise duration of >4 minutes showed performance enhancing and two studies showed diverse results. Consequently, the duration of exercise might be influential for inducing a performance enhancing effect when supplementing NaHCO3, but to which extent, remains unclear due to the inconsistencies in the study results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miralem Hadzic
- Clinical Exercise Science, University of Potsdam, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Potsdam, Germany
- Center of Rehabilitation Research, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, House 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Max Lennart Eckstein
- Clinical Exercise Science, University of Potsdam, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Potsdam, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Monique Schugardt
- University Outpatient Clinic, University of Potsdam, House 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
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Gough LA, Deb SK, Brown D, Sparks SA, McNaughton LR. The effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on cycling performance and acid base balance recovery in acute normobaric hypoxia. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1464-1471. [PMID: 30668281 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1568173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of two separate doses of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on 4 km time trial (TT) cycling performance and post-exercise acid base balance recovery in hypoxia. Fourteen club-level cyclists completed four cycling TT's, followed by a 40 min passive recovery in normobaric hypoxic conditions (FiO2 = 14.5%) following one of either: two doses of NaHCO3 (0.2 g.kg-1 BM; SBC2, or 0.3 g.kg-1 BM; SBC3), a taste-matched placebo (0.07 g.kg-1 BM sodium chloride; PLA), or a control trial in a double-blind, randomized, repeated-measures and crossover design study. Compared to PLA, TT performance was improved following SBC2 (p = 0.04, g = 0.16, very likely beneficial), but was improved to a greater extent following SBC3 (p = 0.01, g = 0.24, very likely beneficial). Furthermore, a likely benefit of ingesting SBC3 over SBC2 was observed (p = 0.13, g = 0.10), although there was a large inter-individual variation. Both SBC treatments achieved full recovery within 40 min, which was not observed in either PLA or CON following the TT. In conclusion, NaHCO3 improves 4 km TT performance and acid base balance recovery in acute moderate hypoxic conditions, however the optimal dose warrants an individual approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A Gough
- a Sport and Physical Activity Department, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences , Birmingham City University , Birmingham , UK.,b Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK
| | - Sanjoy K Deb
- b Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK.,c Life Sciences Department , University of Westminster , London , UK
| | - Danny Brown
- b Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK
| | - S Andy Sparks
- b Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK
| | - Lars R McNaughton
- b Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK.,d Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health Science , University of Johannesburg , Johannesburg , South Africa
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