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Fossati A, Ruijs ACJ. Changes in Fingertip Cold-Induced Vasodilatation (Hunting Reaction) on Acute Exposure to Altitude. High Alt Med Biol 2024. [PMID: 38738266 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2023.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Fossati, Alexandre, and Aleid C. J. Ruijs. Changes in fingertip cold-induced vasodilatation (hunting reaction) on acute exposure to altitude. High Alt Med Biol. 00:000-000, 2024. Objective: Cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) of the extremities is an interesting part of human physiology. Although the physiology of the CIVD reaction remains unknown, there are indications that hypoxia influences our CIVD reaction. The objective of this study is to measure the influence of acute hypoxia on the CIVD reaction of the fingertips. Methods: The CIVD reaction was measured using immersion of one hand in a water bath of 0°C in 12 healthy volunteers at low (1,235 m) and high (3,800 m) altitude during 35 minutes. High altitude was reached by a 20-minute cable car ride. Testing was performed indoors (room temperature, 22-25°C) at both altitudes. Data analysis was performed measuring the parameters of the CIVD reaction. Differences were found using the paired Student's t-test. Results: There was no significant difference in baseline finger temperature, onset time, peak time, and frequency of the CIVD reaction. However, at high altitude, maximum temperature and amplitude were significantly higher, slope was steeper, and minimum temperature was lower. Conclusion: We did not find evidence for a diminished CIVD reaction at high altitude due to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Fossati
- Département de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Centre Hospitalier Wallonie Picardie CHWAPI, Tournai, Belgium
- Département de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Aleid C J Ruijs
- Département de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Centre Hospitalier Wallonie Picardie CHWAPI, Tournai, Belgium
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Fujita Y, Kamijo YI, Kinoshita T, Hashizaki T, Murai K, Yoshikawa T, Umemoto Y, Kaminaka C, Shibasaki M, Tajima F, Nishimura Y. Observations of cold-induced vasodilation in persons with spinal cord injuries. Spinal Cord 2024; 62:170-177. [PMID: 38388759 PMCID: PMC11003866 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-024-00960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Acute experimental study. OBJECTIVES Cold-induced vasodilation is a local mechanism of protection against frostbite in non-injured persons. We assessed whether an increase in skin blood flow (SkBF) during local cooling (LC) was observed in individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) and if the response patterns differed between region levels or sites. SETTING Laboratory of Wakayama Medical University and the affiliated clinics, Japan. METHODS A local cooler device (diameter 4 cm) was placed on the chest (sensate) and right thigh (non-sensate) in persons with cervical (SCIC; n = 9) and thoracolumbar SCIs (SCITL; n = 9). After the surface temperature under the device was controlled at 33 °C for 10 min (baseline), LC (-0.045 °C/s) was applied and the skin temperature was maintained at 15 and 8 °C for 15 min of each stage. SkBF (laser Doppler flowmetry) was monitored using a 1-mm needle-type probe inserted into its center. RESULTS The percent change in SkBF (%ΔSkBF) on the chest remained unchanged until the end of 15 °C stage; thereafter, it increased to a level at least 70% greater than the baseline during the 8 °C stage in both groups. The %ΔSkBF on the thigh in both SCIC and SCITL notably increased from 8 and 6 min respectively, during the 8°C stage, compared to 1 min before the stage; however, it did not exceed the baseline level. CONCLUSIONS An increase in SkBF during LC was observed both in the sensate and non-sensate areas in SCIs, although the magnitude was larger in the sensate area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Fujita
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yoshi-Ichiro Kamijo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan.
| | - Tokio Kinoshita
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takamasa Hashizaki
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kouta Murai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yoshikawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yasunori Umemoto
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Chikako Kaminaka
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | | | - Fumihiro Tajima
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yukihide Nishimura
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, Japan
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Tsoutsoubi L, Ioannou LG, Alba BK, Cheung SS, Daanen HA, Mekjavic IB, Flouris AD. Central versus peripheral mechanisms of cold-induced vasodilation: a study in the fingers and toes of people with paraplegia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1709-1726. [PMID: 37005962 PMCID: PMC10363085 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined physiological and perceptual parameters related to cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) in the fingers and toes of people with paraplegia and compared them with responses observed in able-bodied individuals. METHODS Seven participants with paraplegia and seven able-bodied individuals participated in a randomized matched-controlled study involving left-hand and -foot immersion in cold water (8 ± 1 °C) for 40 min during exposure to cool (16 ± 1 °C), thermoneutral (23 ± 1 °C), and hot (34 ± 1 °C) ambient conditions. RESULTS Similar CIVD occurrence was observed in the fingers in the two groups. In toes, three of the seven participants with paraplegia revealed CIVDs: one in cool, two in thermoneutral, and three in hot conditions. No able-bodied participants revealed CIVDs in cool and thermoneutral conditions, while four revealed CIVDs in hot conditions. The toe CIVDs of paraplegic participants were counterintuitive in several respects: they were more frequent in cool and thermoneutral conditions (compared to the able-bodied participants), emerged in these conditions despite lower core and skin temperatures of these participants, and were evident only in cases of thoracic level lesions (instead of lesions at lower spinal levels). CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated considerable inter-individual variability in CIVD responses in both the paraplegic and able-bodied groups. While we observed vasodilatory responses in the toes of participants with paraplegia that technically fulfilled the criteria for CIVD, it is unlikely that they reflect the CIVD phenomenon observed in able-bodied individuals. Taken together, our findings favor the contribution of central over peripheral factors in relation to the origin and/or control of CIVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Tsoutsoubi
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Leonidas G Ioannou
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Billie K Alba
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Stephen S Cheung
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Hein A Daanen
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Igor B Mekjavic
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Józef Stefan Institute, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Andreas D Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece.
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Zafren K, Hollis S, Weiss EA, Danzl D, Wilburn J, Kimmel N, Imray C, Giesbrecht G, Tipton M. Prevention and Treatment of Nonfreezing Cold Injuries and Warm Water Immersion Tissue Injuries: A Supplement to the Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines. Wilderness Environ Med 2023; 34:172-181. [PMID: 37130771 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We convened an expert panel to develop evidence-based guidelines for the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of nonfreezing cold injuries (NFCIs; trench foot and immersion foot) and warm water immersion injuries (warm water immersion foot and tropical immersion foot) in prehospital and hospital settings. The panel graded the recommendations based on the quality of supporting evidence and the balance between benefits and risks/burdens according to the criteria published by the American College of Chest Physicians. Treatment is more difficult with NFCIs than with warm water immersion injuries. In contrast to warm water immersion injuries that usually resolve without sequelae, NFCIs may cause prolonged debilitating symptoms, including neuropathic pain and cold sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Zafren
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, AK; Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (ICAR MEDCOM), Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Sarah Hollis
- Regional Occupational Health Team, Defence Medical Services MOD, Catterick Garrison, UK
| | - Eric A Weiss
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA
| | - Daniel Danzl
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Jessie Wilburn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Chris Imray
- Coventry National Institute for Health Research, Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Coventry & Warwickshire, NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Gordon Giesbrecht
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management and Departments of Emergency Medicine and Anesthesia, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mike Tipton
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health & Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Kelly KR, Palombo LJ, Jensen AE, Bernards JR. Efficacy of closed cell wet-suit at various depths and gas mixtures for thermoprotection during military training dives. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1165196. [PMID: 37293261 PMCID: PMC10245272 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1165196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate a closed-cell wet-suit for thermal protective capability during extreme cold water exposure at various depths. Methods: Thirteen (n = 13) elite military divers who were tasked with cold-water training, participated in this study. To mimic various depths, the Ocean Simulation Facility (OSF) at the Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) was pressurized to simulate dive depths of 30, 50, and 75fsw. Water temperature remained at 1.8-2.0°C for all dives. Four divers dove each day and used the MK16 underwater breathing apparatus with gas mixes of either N202 (79:21) or HeO2 (88:12). Mean skin temperature (TSK) (Ramanathan, 1964), core temperature (Tc), hand and foot readings were obtained every 30 min for 30 and 50fsw and every 15 min during the 75fsw dive. Results: TC was significantly reduced across all dives (p = 0.004); however, was preserved above the threshold for hypothermia (post dive Tc = 36.5 ± 0.4). There was no effect of gas mix on TC. TSK significantly decreased (p < 0.001) across all dives independent of depth and gas. Hand and foot temperatures resulted in the termination of three of the dives. There were no significant main effects for depth or gas, but there were significant main effects for time on hand temperature (p < 0.001) and foot temperature (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Core temperature is maintained above threshold for hypothermia. Variatioins in TC and TSK are a function of dive duration independent of depth or gas for a closed-cell wet-suit in cold water at various depths. However, both hand and foot temperatures reached values at which dexterity is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R. Kelly
- Applied Translational Exercise and Metabolic Physiology Team, Warfighter Performance, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Laura J. Palombo
- Applied Translational Exercise and Metabolic Physiology Team, Warfighter Performance, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States
- Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Andrew E. Jensen
- Applied Translational Exercise and Metabolic Physiology Team, Warfighter Performance, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States
- Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jake R. Bernards
- Applied Translational Exercise and Metabolic Physiology Team, Warfighter Performance, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States
- Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
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Yang J, Wang F, White MD, Li R, Song G, Etter CV, Gnatiuk EA, Perrotta AS. A 7-segment numerical hand-glove/mitten model for predicting thermophysiological responses of the human hand in extremely cold conditions. Comput Biol Med 2022; 151:106351. [PMID: 36459809 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A 7-segment and 29-node numerical hand-glove/mitten model was developed to simulate human hand physiological responses in various cold environments. To validate the model, simulated skin temperatures were compared to data from published literature and human trials conducted at -20, -40, and -60 °C. Results demonstrated that the model could reasonably predict cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) responses at 0 °C temperature. At -20 °C, the model predicted skin temperature with the root mean square deviation (RMSD) falling within the measurement standard deviation (SD) for both the entire and local hand except for the posterior hand. At -40 and -60 °C, the model could predict the trend of the skin temperatures of the whole/local hand, but the RMSD was larger than the SD for the majority of predictions. A parametric analysis revealed that the palm and posterior hand had higher skin temperatures than the fingers, while the thumb had the lowest skin temperature of the fingers in all simulated cases except the case with a 3.5 clo mitten at -60 °C. The proposed numerical hand-glove/mitten model could reasonably predict local hand physiological responses in three extremely cold environments and provides fundamental knowledge for cold stress prediction and protective glove development, thereby improving the safety and health of industrial workers, firefighters, first responders, and troops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Faming Wang
- Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, BE-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Matthew David White
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Rui Li
- College of Human Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Guowen Song
- College of Human Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Clara V Etter
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Gnatiuk
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew S Perrotta
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
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Hohenauer E, Taube W, Freitag L, Clijsen R. Sex differences during a cold-stress test in normobaric and hypobaric hypoxia: A randomized controlled crossover study. Front Physiol 2022; 13:998665. [PMID: 36225301 PMCID: PMC9549379 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.998665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold and hypoxia are two stressors that are frequently combined and investigated in the scientific literature. Despite the growing literature regarding normobaric hypoxia (NH) and hypobaric hypoxia (HH), responses between females and males are less often evaluated. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the physiological sex differences following a cold-stress test under normoxia, normobaric- and hypobaric hypoxia. A total of n = 10 females (24.8 ± 5.1 years) and n = 10 males (30.3 ± 6.3 years) from a university population volunteered for this study. The cold-stress test (CST) of the right hand (15°C for 2 min) was performed using a randomised crossover design in normobaric normoxia, NH and HH. The change (∆) from baseline to post-CST up to 15 min was analysed for cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and the hands’ skin temperature, whilst the mean values across time (post-CST up to 15 min) were assessed for peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), thermal sensation- and comfort. Pressure pain threshold (PPT) was assessed after the post-CST 15 min period. The hands’ skin temperature drop was higher (p = 0.01) in the female group (∆3.3 ± 1.5°C) compared to the male group (∆1.9 ± 0.9°C) only in NH. Females (−0.9 ± 0.5) rated this temperature drop in NH to feel significantly colder (p = 0.02) compared to the males (−0.2 ± 0.7). No differences were observed between sexes in NN, NH, and HH for ∆CVC, SpO2, thermal comfort and PPT. In conclusion, females and males show similar reactions after a CST under normoxia and hypoxia. Sex differences were observed in the local skin temperature response and thermal sensation only in NH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Hohenauer
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RES lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
- Department of Physiotherapy, International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Erich Hohenauer,
| | - Wolfgang Taube
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Livia Freitag
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RES lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - Ron Clijsen
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RES lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
- Department of Physiotherapy, International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Berne, Switzerland
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Levy SB, Klimova TM, Zakharova RN, Fedorov AI, Fedorova VI, Baltakhinova ME, Bondy M, Atallah D, Thompson-Vasquez J, Dong K, Debertine A, Leonard WR. Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis among young adults in northeastern Siberia and Midwest United States and its relationship with other biological adaptations to cold climates. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 34:e23723. [PMID: 35156253 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent research suggests that brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a functional role in non-shivering thermogenesis; however, few studies have examined population variation in BAT or its relationship with other mechanisms of adaptation to cold stress. This study characterized BAT thermogenesis and other adaptive responses to low temperatures among Indigenous Siberian young adults and young adults living near Chicago, IL. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited 72 Yakut participants (42 females; 30 males) and 54 participants in Evanston, IL (40 females; 14 males). Anthropometric dimensions and resting metabolic rate (RMR) were measured, and we calculated percent divergence in RMR from expected values (divRMR). We also quantified change in supraclavicular temperature, sternum temperature, and energy expenditure after a mild cooling condition. RESULTS Participants in Yakutia were less likely to shiver during the cooling condition (p < .05) and exhibited significantly greater evidence of BAT thermogenesis, warmer sternum temperatures, and higher divRMR than participants in Evanston (p < .05). Additionally, the relationship between change in supraclavicular temperature and energy expenditure differed between the two samples. CONCLUSIONS Yakut young adults displayed greater evidence of BAT thermogenesis in response to mild cooling compared with young adults living near Chicago, IL. Furthermore, the relationship between BAT thermogenesis and change in energy expenditure appears to be stronger among Yakut adults. Adults that exhibited greater metabolic response to cold stress, such as higher BAT thermogenesis and divRMR, maintained warmer sternum temperatures. These results highlight the degree to which adaptation to cold climates involves multiple integrated biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B Levy
- Department of Anthropology, CUNY Hunter College, New York City, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolution Primatology, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Tatiana M Klimova
- North-Eastern Federal University named M.K. Ammosov, Yakutsk, Russia.,Yakutsk Scientific Center for Complex Medical Problems, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Raisa N Zakharova
- North-Eastern Federal University named M.K. Ammosov, Yakutsk, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Madison Bondy
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dania Atallah
- College of Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Kaylin Dong
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne Debertine
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - William R Leonard
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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Kubota S, Endo Y, Kubota M, Miyazaki H, Shigemasa T. The Pressor Response to the Drinking of Cold Water and Cold Carbonated Water in Healthy Younger and Older Adults. Front Neurol 2022; 12:788954. [PMID: 35095733 PMCID: PMC8793880 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.788954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Water drinking has been proposed for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension because it can increase blood pressure in patients. This study aimed to investigate whether drinking water with a cold or carbonation stimulus would cause a more effective pressor response, and whether it would be greater in older than in younger adults. Methods: We assessed blood pressure and heart rate from non-invasive arterial pressure (a volume-clamp method) and type II electrocardiography in 13 healthy young adults (6 females, 7 males; mean age, 19.9 ± 1.1 years) and nine healthy older adults (all females; mean age, 71.4 ± 4.2 years) who drank 200 mL of cold, cold carbonated, and room temperature water. Results: The pressor response to the drinking of cold and cold carbonated water was greater than that to room temperature water in both younger and older participants (p < 0.05; changes in systolic blood pressure of room temperature water, cold water and cold carbonated water in young: 15.31 ± 9.66, 22.56 ± 11.51 and 32.6 ± 17.98 mmHg, respectively; changes in systolic blood pressure of room temperature water, cold water and cold carbonated water in elderly: 21.84 ± 14.31, 41.53 ± 19.82 and 48.16 ± 16.77 mmHg, respectively). In addition, the pressor response to cold and cold carbonated water was persistent during the recovery period by about 5–10 mmHg (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the pressor response during the drinking and recovery periods was greater in the older than in the younger participants (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our data suggest that even smaller amounts of water are able to elicit a sustained pressor response, in particular if the water is cold and carbonated. We speculate that the pressor effect may render cold and carbonated water an appropriate first aid method against certain forms of acute hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kubota
- School of Health Sciences at Odawara, International University of Health and Welfare, Odawara, Japan
| | - Yutaka Endo
- School of Health Sciences at Odawara, International University of Health and Welfare, Odawara, Japan
| | - Mitsue Kubota
- Graduate School, Japanese Red Cross College of Nursing, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Miyazaki
- School of Health Sciences at Odawara, International University of Health and Welfare, Odawara, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Shigemasa
- Department of Cardiology, Yokohama Brain and Spine Center, Yokohama, Japan
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Heat acclimation enhances the cold-induced vasodilation response. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3005-3015. [PMID: 34245332 PMCID: PMC8505386 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04761-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose It has been reported that the cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) response can be trained using either regular local cold stimulation or exercise training. The present study investigated whether repeated exposure to environmental stressors, known to improve aerobic performance (heat and/or hypoxia), could also provide benefit to the CIVD response. Methods Forty male participants undertook three 10-day acclimation protocols including daily exercise training: heat acclimation (HeA; daily exercise training at an ambient temperature, Ta = 35 °C), combined heat and hypoxic acclimation (HeA/HypA; daily exercise training at Ta = 35 °C, while confined to a simulated altitude of ~ 4000 m) and exercise training in normoxic thermoneutral conditions (NorEx; no environmental stressors). To observe potential effects of the local acclimation on the CIVD response, participants additionally immersed their hand in warm water (35 °C) daily during the HeA/HypA and NorEx. Before and after the acclimation protocols, participants completed hand immersions in cold water (8 °C) for 30 min, followed by 15-min recovery phases. The temperature was measured in each finger. Results Following the HeA protocol, the average temperature of all five fingers was higher during immersion (from 13.9 ± 2.4 to 15.5 ± 2.5 °C; p = 0.04) and recovery (from 22.2 ± 4.0 to 25.9 ± 4.9 °C; p = 0.02). The HeA/HypA and NorEx protocols did not enhance the CIVD response. Conclusion Whole-body heat acclimation increased the finger vasodilatory response during cold-water immersion, and enhanced the rewarming rate of the hand, thus potentially contributing to improved local cold tolerance. Daily hand immersion in warm water for 10 days during HeA/Hyp and NorEx, did not contribute to any changes in the CIVD response.
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Yurkevicius BR, Alba BK, Seeley AD, Castellani JW. Human cold habituation: Physiology, timeline, and modifiers. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 9:122-157. [PMID: 36106151 PMCID: PMC9467574 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1903145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Habituation is an adaptation seen in many organisms, defined by a reduction in the response to repeated stimuli. Evolutionarily, habituation is thought to benefit the organism by allowing conservation of metabolic resources otherwise spent on sub-lethal provocations including repeated cold exposure. Hypermetabolic and/or insulative adaptations may occur after prolonged and severe cold exposures, resulting in enhanced cold defense mechanisms such as increased thermogenesis and peripheral vasoconstriction, respectively. Habituation occurs prior to these adaptations in response to short duration mild cold exposures, and, perhaps counterintuitively, elicits a reduction in cold defense mechanisms demonstrated through higher skin temperatures, attenuated shivering, and reduced cold sensations. These habituated responses likely serve to preserve peripheral tissue temperature and conserve energy during non-life threatening cold stress. The purpose of this review is to define habituation in general terms, present evidence for the response in non-human species, and provide an up-to-date, critical examination of past studies and the potential physiological mechanisms underlying human cold habituation. Our aim is to stimulate interest in this area of study and promote further experiments to understand this physiological adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beau R. Yurkevicius
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Billie K. Alba
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Afton D. Seeley
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - John W. Castellani
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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Sera T, Kohno T, Nakashima Y, Uesugi M, Kudo S. Low-frequency oscillations of finger skin blood flow during the initial stage of cold-induced vasodilation at different air temperatures. J Physiol Anthropol 2020; 39:37. [PMID: 33228778 PMCID: PMC7684717 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-020-00248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) is known to be influenced by the ambient temperature. Frequency analysis of blood flow provides information on physiological regulation of the cardiovascular system, such as myogenic, neurogenic, endothelial nitric oxide (NO) dependent, and NO-independent activities. In this study, we hypothesized that the major origin of CIVD occurs prior to the CIVD event and investigated finger skin blood flow during the initial stage of CIVD at different ambient temperatures using frequency analysis. METHODS Eighteen healthy volunteers immersed their fingers in 5 °C water at air temperatures of 20 °C and 25 °C. Finger skin blood flow was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry and analyzed using Morlet mother wavelet. We defined the time when the rate of blood flow increased dramatically as the onset of CIVD, and defined three phases as the periods from the onset of cooling to minimum blood flow (vasoconstriction), from minimum blood flow to the onset of CIVD (prior to CIVD), and from the onset of CIVD to maximum blood flow (CIVD). RESULTS The increment ratio of blood flow at CIVD was significantly higher at 20 °C air temperature. In particular, at 20 °C air temperature, arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) might be closed at baseline, as finger skin temperature was much lower than at 25 °C air temperature, and endothelial NO-independent activity was significantly higher and neurogenic activity significantly lower during vasoconstriction than at baseline. Additionally, the differences in both activities between vasoconstriction and prior to CIVD were significant. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in endothelial NO-dependent activity between baseline and all phases at both air temperatures. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the increase of endothelial NO-independent activity and the decrease of neurogenic activity may contribute to the high increment ratio of blood flow at CIVD at 20 °C air temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Sera
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Taiki Kohno
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakashima
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Musashi Uesugi
- Graduate School of Systems Life Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Susumu Kudo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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Eglin CM, Costello JT, Tipton MJ, Massey H. Previous recreational cold exposure does not alter endothelial function or sensory thermal thresholds in the hands or feet. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:328-337. [DOI: 10.1113/ep088555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare M. Eglin
- Extreme Environments Laboratory School of Sport Health and Exercise Science University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Joseph T. Costello
- Extreme Environments Laboratory School of Sport Health and Exercise Science University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Michael J. Tipton
- Extreme Environments Laboratory School of Sport Health and Exercise Science University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Heather Massey
- Extreme Environments Laboratory School of Sport Health and Exercise Science University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
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Deng Y, Cao B, Yang H, Liu B. Effects of local body heating on thermal comfort for audiences in open-air venues in 2022 Winter Olympics. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2019; 165:106363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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15
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Alba BK, Castellani JW, Charkoudian N. Cold‐induced cutaneous vasoconstriction in humans: Function, dysfunction and the distinctly counterproductive. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1202-1214. [DOI: 10.1113/ep087718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Billie K. Alba
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Natick MA USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education Belcamp MD USA
| | - John W. Castellani
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Natick MA USA
| | - Nisha Charkoudian
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Natick MA USA
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Gerhart HD, Seo Y, Vaughan J, Followay B, Barkley JE, Quinn T, Kim JH, Glickman EL. Cold-induced vasodilation responses before and after exercise in normobaric normoxia and hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1547-1556. [PMID: 31025095 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) is known to protect humans against local cold injuries and improve manual dexterity. The current study examined the effects of metabolic heat production on cold-induced vasodilation responses in normobaric hypoxia and normoxia. METHODS Ten participants immersed their non-dominant hand into 5 °C water for 15 min. Minimum finger temperature (Tmin), maximum finger temperature (Tmax), onset time, amplitude, and peak time were measured before and after exercise under normoxia (21% O2) and two levels of normobaric hypoxia (17% O2 and 13% O2). RESULTS Neither Tmin nor amplitude was affected by hypoxia. However, Tmax was significantly decreased by hypoxia while reduction in onset time and peak time trended towards significance. Tmin, Tmax, and amplitude were significantly higher during post-exercise CIVD than pre-exercise CIVD. CONCLUSION The CIVD response may be negatively affected by the introduction of hypoxia whereas metabolic heat production via exercise may counteract adverse effects of hypoxia and improve CIVD responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden D Gerhart
- Kinesiology, Health, and Sport Science, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, 15705, USA
| | - Yongsuk Seo
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (CDC/NIOSH/NPPTL), 626 Cochrans Mill Road, Pittsburgh, PA, 15236, USA. .,Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
| | - Jeremiah Vaughan
- Human Performance, Sport and Health Department, Bemidji State University, Bemidji, MN, 56601, USA
| | - Brittany Followay
- Department of Exercise Science, Ripon College, Ripon, WI, 54971, USA
| | - Jacob E Barkley
- Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Tyler Quinn
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (CDC/NIOSH/NPPTL), 626 Cochrans Mill Road, Pittsburgh, PA, 15236, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Ellen L Glickman
- Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
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Kingma CF, Hofman II, Daanen HAM. Relation between finger cold-induced vasodilation and rewarming speed after cold exposure. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 119:171-180. [PMID: 30327869 PMCID: PMC6342884 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-4012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The risk for local cold injuries has been linked to poor cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) during cold exposure and to poor rewarming after cold exposure. The purpose of this study is to establish the relation between CIVD and rewarming speed. Methods Twelve participants immersed one hand in ice water for 30 min to evoke CIVD and the other hand in ice water for 10 min to investigate the rewarming profile. The ring, middle and index fingertip temperatures were monitored during hand immersion and the resistance index of frostbite (RIF) was calculated. RIF depends on minimal (Tmin) and mean (Tmean) finger skin temperature and onset time. Rewarming was quantified using an infrared imaging system and the rewarming speed over 19 min was determined. Results Tmin (5.8 ± 3.0 °C) and Tmean (10.4 ± 3.0 °C) caused non-distinctive contributions to the total RIF-scores so that onset time (12.7 ± 3.1 min) became the dominant factor. A significant negative correlation between RIF and rewarming speed was found (rs = − 0.60, p = 0.041). Conclusions The negative relation between RIF and rewarming speed may be explained by the common observation that onset time relates to the temperature of fingertip tissue, while Tmin, Tmean and rewarming speed relates to body thermal status. The rewarming test is to be preferred over the CIVD test in terms of ease of use, but the predictive value of the rewarming test for cold injuries is limited, cannot replace the RIF since onset time of finger vasodilation is not included and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Kingma
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I I Hofman
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H A M Daanen
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kim S, Lee JY. L-Menthol attenuates the magnitude of cold-induced vasodilation on the extremities of young females. J Physiol Anthropol 2018; 37:14. [PMID: 29739454 PMCID: PMC5941682 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-018-0174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Menthol chemically triggers cold-sensitive receptors in the skin without conductive skin cooling. We investigated the effects of menthol-induced activation of cutaneous cold receptors on the cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) of the finger. We hypothesized that the menthol application would attenuate typical CIVD responses. Methods 1.5% l-menthol was fully applied over the left hand and forearm, and then, the middle finger of the left hand was immersed into 4 °C water for 30 min. A trial consisted of 10-min rest followed by 30-min immersion and 20-min recovery in 28 °C air temperature with 20% relative humidity. Another trial without the menthol application was carried out as a control. Seventeen females (24.2 ± 2.6 years in age, 160.5 ± 5.1 cm in height, and 51.2 ± 5.7 kg in body weight) participated in the two trials. Results The results showed that the maximum and average temperatures of the finger during the water immersion were lower in the menthol application when compared to control (P < 0.05), whereas no significant differences appeared in the onset time of CIVD, the frequency of CIVD, and minimum finger temperature. These results imply that stronger stimulation of cold receptors without additional conductive skin cooling did not attenuate the triggering of CIVD responses but intensified vasoconstriction after the first occurrence of CIVD. Conclusion It is suggested that substantial and conductive heat loss through the skin along with activation of cold receptors may be required to retain rewarming at a certain level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyeon Kim
- COM:FORT Laboratory, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Joo-Young Lee
- COM:FORT Laboratory, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea. .,Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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Keramidas ME, Kölegård R, Eiken O. In Shackleton's trails: Central and local thermoadaptive modifications to cold and hypoxia after a man-hauling expedition on the Antarctic Plateau. J Therm Biol 2018; 73:80-90. [PMID: 29549995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cold and hypoxia constitute the main environmental stressors encountered on the Antarctic Plateau. Hence, we examined whether central and/or peripheral acclimatisation to the combined stressors of cold and hypoxia would be developed in four men following an 11-day man-hauling expedition on this polar region. Before and after the journey, participants performed a static whole-body immersion in 21 °C water, during which they were breathing a hypoxic gas (partial pressure of inspired O2: ~97 mmHg). To evaluate their local responses to cold, participants also immersed the hand into 8 °C water for 30 min, while they were whole-body immersed and mildly hypothermic [i.e. 0.5 °C fall in rectal temperature (Trec) from individual pre-immersion values]. Trec and skin temperature (Tsk), skin blood flux, and oxygen uptake (reflecting shivering thermogenesis) were monitored throughout. The polar expedition accelerated by ~14 min the drop in Trec [final mean (95% confidence interval) changes in Trec: Before = -0.94 (0.15) °C, After: - 1.17 (0.23) °C]. The shivering onset threshold [Before: 19 (22) min, After: 25 (19) min] and gain [Before: - 4.19 (3.95) mL min-1 kg-1, After: - 1.70 (1.21) mL min-1 kg-1] were suppressed by the expedition. Tsk did not differ between trials. The development of a greater post-expedition hypothermic state did not compromise finger circulation during the hand-cooling phase. Present findings indicate therefore that a hypothermic pattern of cold acclimatisation, as investigated in hypoxia, was developed following a short-term expedition on the South Polar Plateau; an adaptive response that is characterised mainly by suppressed shivering thermogenesis, and partly by blunted cutaneous vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail E Keramidas
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Berzelius väg 13, 171 65, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Roger Kölegård
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Berzelius väg 13, 171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ola Eiken
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Berzelius väg 13, 171 65, Solna, Sweden
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Maley MJ, House JR, Tipton MJ, Eglin CM. Role of cyclooxygenase in the vascular responses to extremity cooling in Caucasian and African males. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:854-865. [PMID: 28489320 DOI: 10.1113/ep086186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Compared with Caucasians, African individuals are more susceptible to non-freezing cold injury and experience greater cutaneous vasoconstriction and cooler finger skin temperatures upon hand cooling. We investigated whether the enzyme cyclooxygenase is, in part, responsible for the exaggerated response to local cooling. What is the main finding and its importance? During local hand cooling, individuals of African descent experienced significantly lower finger skin blood flow and skin temperature compared with Caucasians irrespective of cyclooxygenase inhibition. These data suggest that in young African males the cyclooxygenase pathway appears not to be the primary reason for the increased susceptibility to non-freezing cold injury. Individuals of African descent (AFD) are more susceptible to non-freezing cold injury (NFCI) and experience an exaggerated cutaneous vasoconstrictor response to hand cooling compared with Caucasians (CAU). Using a placebo-controlled, cross-over design, this study tested the hypothesis that cyclooxygenase (COX) may, in part, be responsible for the exaggerated vasoconstrictor response to local cooling in AFD. Twelve AFD and 12 CAU young healthy men completed foot cooling and hand cooling (separately, in 8°C water for 30 min) with spontaneous rewarming in 30°C air after placebo or aspirin (COX inhibition) treatment. Skin blood flow, expressed as cutaneous vascular conductance (as flux per millimetre of mercury), and skin temperature were measured throughout. Irrespective of COX inhibition, the responses to foot cooling, but not hand cooling, were similar between ethnicities. Specifically, during hand cooling after placebo, AFD experienced a lower minimal skin blood flow [mean (SD): 0.5 (0.1) versus 0.8 (0.2) flux mmHg-1 , P < 0.001] and a lower minimal finger skin temperature [9.5 (1.4) versus 10.7 (1.3)°C, P = 0.039] compared with CAU. During spontaneous rewarming, average skin blood flow was also lower in AFD than in CAU [2.8 (1.6) versus 4.3 (1.0) flux mmHg-1 , P < 0.001]. These data provide further support that AFD experience an exaggerated response to hand cooling on reflection this appears to overstate findings; however, the results demonstrate that the COX pathway is not the primary reason for the exaggerated responses in AFD and increased susceptibility to NFCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Maley
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James R House
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Michael J Tipton
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Clare M Eglin
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Sachs C, Lehnhardt M, Daigeler A, Goertz O. The Triaging and Treatment of Cold-Induced Injuries. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 112:741-7. [PMID: 26575137 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2015.0741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Central Europe, cold-induced injuries are much less common than burns. In a burn center in western Germany, the mean ratio of these two types of injury over the past 10 years was 1 to 35. Because cold-induced injuries are so rare, physicians often do not know how to deal with them. METHODS This article is based on a review of publications (up to December 2014) retrieved by a selective search in PubMed using the terms "freezing," "frostbite injury," "non-freezing cold injury," and "frostbite review," as well as on the authors' clinical experience. RESULTS Freezing and cold-induced trauma are part of the treatment spectrum in burn centers. The treatment of cold-induced injuries is not standardized and is based largely on case reports and observations of use. distinction is drawn between non-freezing injuries, in which there is a slow temperature drop in tissue without freezing, and freezing injuries in which ice crystals form in tissue. In all cases of cold-induced injury, the patient should be slowly warmed to 22°-27°C to prevent reperfusion injury. Freezing injuries are treated with warming of the body's core temperature and with the bathing of the affected body parts in warm water with added antiseptic agents. Any large or open vesicles that are already apparent should be debrided. To inhibit prostaglandin-mediated thrombosis, ibuprofen is given (12 mg/kg body weight b.i.d.). CONCLUSION The treatment of cold-induced injuries is based on their type, severity, and timing. The recommendations above are grade C recommendations. The current approach to reperfusion has yielded promising initial results and should be further investigated in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Sachs
- Clinic for Plastic Surgery and Severe Burn Injuries, Hand Surgery Center, Operative Sarcoma Reference Center, Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil, Bochum
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Khatun A, Ashikaga S, Nagano H, Hasib MA, Taimura A. Cold-induced vasodilation comparison between Bangladeshi and Japanese natives. J Physiol Anthropol 2016; 35:13. [PMID: 27141944 PMCID: PMC4855807 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-016-0095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human thermoregulation system responds to changes in environmental temperature, so humans can self-adapt to a wide range of climates. People from tropical and temperate areas have different cold tolerance. This study compared the tolerance of Bangladeshi (tropical) and Japanese (temperate) people to local cold exposure on cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD). Methods Eight Bangladeshi males (now residing in Japan) and 14 Japanese males (residing in Japan) participated in this study. All are sedentary, regular university students. The Bangladeshi subject’s duration of stay in Japan was 2.50 ± 2.52 years. The subject’s left hand middle finger was immersed in 5 °C water for 20 min to assess their CIVD response (the experiment was conducted in an artificial climate chamber controlled at 25 °C with 50 % RH). Results Compared with the Bangladeshi (BD) group, the Japanese (JP) group displayed some differences. There were significant differences between the BD and JP groups in temperature before immersion (TBI), which were 33.04 ± 1.98 and 34.62 ± 0.94 °C, and time of temperature rise (TTR), which were 5.35 ± 0.82 and 3.72 ± 0.68 min, respectively. There was also a significant difference in the time of sensation rise (TSR) of 8.69 ± 6.49 and 3.26 ± 0.97 min between the BD and JP groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Moreover, the JP group showed a quick TTR after finishing immersion. Conclusions The Japanese group (temperate) has a higher tolerance to local cold exposure than the Bangladeshi group (tropical) evaluated by the CIVD test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aklima Khatun
- Graduate school of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Sakura Ashikaga
- Graduate school of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hisaho Nagano
- Graduate school of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Md Abdul Hasib
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Akihiro Taimura
- Graduate school of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
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Human physiological responses to cold exposure: Acute responses and acclimatization to prolonged exposure. Auton Neurosci 2016; 196:63-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dai W, Herring MJ, Hale SL, Kloner RA. Rapid Surface Cooling by ThermoSuit System Dramatically Reduces Scar Size, Prevents Post-Infarction Adverse Left Ventricular Remodeling, and Improves Cardiac Function in Rats. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:JAHA.115.002265. [PMID: 26116692 PMCID: PMC4608095 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term effects of transient hypothermia by the non-invasive ThermoSuit apparatus on myocardial infarct (MI) scar size, left ventricular (LV) remodeling, and LV function were assessed in rat MI model. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were randomized to normothermic or hypothermic groups (n=14 in each group) and subjected to 30 minutes coronary artery occlusion and 6 weeks of reperfusion. For hypothermia therapy, rats were placed into the ThermoSuit apparatus at 2 minutes after the onset of coronary artery occlusion, were taken out of the apparatus when the core body temperature reached 32°C (in ≈8 minutes), and were then allowed to rewarm. After 6 weeks of recovery, rats treated with hypothermia demonstrated markedly reduced scar size (expressed as % of left ventricular area: hypothermia, 6.5±1.1%; normothermia, 19.4±1.7%; P=1.3×10(-6)); and thicker anterior LV wall (hypothermia, 1.57±0.09 mm; normothermia, 1.07±0.05 mm; P=3.4×10(-5)); decreased postmortem left ventricular volume (hypothermia, 0.45±0.04 mL; normothermia, 0.6±0.03 mL; P=0.028); and better LV fractional shortening by echocardiography (hypothermia, 37.2±2.8%; normothermia, 18.9±2.3%; P=0.0002) and LV ejection fraction by LV contrast ventriculography (hypothermia, 66.8±2.3%; normothermia, 56.0±2.0%; P=0.0014). CONCLUSIONS Rapid, transient non-invasive surface cooling with the ThermoSuit apparatus in the acute phase of MI decreased scar size by 66.5%, attenuated adverse post-infarct left ventricular dilation and remodeling, and improved cardiac function in the chronic phase of experimental MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangde Dai
- HMRI Cardiovascular Research Institute, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA (W.D., S.L.H., R.A.K.) Heart Institute of Good Samaritan Hospital, Los Angeles, CA (W.D., M.J.H., S.L.H., R.A.K.) Division of Cardiovascular Medicine of the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (W.D., R.A.K.)
| | - Michael J Herring
- Heart Institute of Good Samaritan Hospital, Los Angeles, CA (W.D., M.J.H., S.L.H., R.A.K.)
| | - Sharon L Hale
- HMRI Cardiovascular Research Institute, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA (W.D., S.L.H., R.A.K.) Heart Institute of Good Samaritan Hospital, Los Angeles, CA (W.D., M.J.H., S.L.H., R.A.K.)
| | - Robert A Kloner
- HMRI Cardiovascular Research Institute, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA (W.D., S.L.H., R.A.K.) Heart Institute of Good Samaritan Hospital, Los Angeles, CA (W.D., M.J.H., S.L.H., R.A.K.) Division of Cardiovascular Medicine of the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (W.D., R.A.K.)
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O'Brien C, Castellani JW, Muza SR. Acute Hypobaric Hypoxia Effects on Finger Temperature During and After Local Cold Exposure. High Alt Med Biol 2015; 16:244-50. [PMID: 26334585 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2015.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mountain environments have combined stressors of lower ambient temperature and hypoxia. Cold alone can reduce finger temperature, resulting in discomfort, impaired dexterity, and increased risk of cold injury. Whether hypobaric hypoxia exacerbates these effects is unclear. To examine this, finger temperature responses to two cold water immersion tests were measured at sea level (SL, 99 kPa), 3000 m (70 kPa), and 4675 m (56 kPa) at the same air temperature (22°-23°C). Nine males sat quietly for 30 min, then completed the tests in balanced order. For the cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) test, middle finger pad temperature was measured during immersion in 4°C water for 30 min. For the Rewarming test, finger temperature was measured for 30 min following a 5 min hand immersion in 16°C water. Average oxygen saturation was 98.6% during SL, 90.7% at 3000 m, and 75.8% at 4657 m. Mean finger temperature during the CIVD test (7.1°C) was similar among trials. There was no difference in CIVD parameters of nadir, apex, or mean finger temperatures; however both onset and apex times were earlier at 3000 m, compared to SL (0.6 min and 1.6 min, respectively). These differences did not persist at 4657 m. Rewarming after hand immersion was similar among trials, reaching 22.7°C after 30 min, compared to an initial finger temperature of 29.3°C. The results of this study provide no evidence that hypobaric hypoxia increases risk of cold injury. Previous findings of blunted finger temperatures at altitude are likely due to the lower ambient temperature that typically occurs at higher elevations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine O'Brien
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, Massachusetts
| | - John W Castellani
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen R Muza
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, Massachusetts
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Daikoku T, Oyama Y, Yajima M, Sekizuka T, Kuroda M, Shimada Y, Takehara K, Miwa N, Okuda T, Sata T, Shiraki K. Identification of ribonucleotide reductase mutation causing temperature‐sensitivity of herpes simplex virus isolates from whitlow by deep sequencing. Clin Case Rep 2015; 3:461-7. [PMID: 26185649 PMCID: PMC4498863 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 2 caused a genital ulcer, and a secondary herpetic whitlow appeared during acyclovir therapy. The secondary and recurrent whitlow isolates were acyclovir-resistant and temperature-sensitive in contrast to a genital isolate. We identified the ribonucleotide reductase mutation responsible for temperature-sensitivity by deep-sequencing analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Daikoku
- Department of Virology University of Toyama Toyama 930‐0194 Japan
| | - Yukari Oyama
- Department of Virology University of Toyama Toyama 930‐0194 Japan
| | - Misako Yajima
- Department of Virology University of Toyama Toyama 930‐0194 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center National Institute of Infectious Diseases 1‐23‐1 Toyama Shinjuku‐ku Tokyo 162‐8640 Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center National Institute of Infectious Diseases 1‐23‐1 Toyama Shinjuku‐ku Tokyo 162‐8640 Japan
| | - Yuka Shimada
- Department of Dermatology Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa Ishikawa 920‐8640 Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takehara
- Department of Dermatology Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa Ishikawa 920‐8640 Japan
| | - Naoko Miwa
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics University of Toyama Toyama 930‐0194 Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Shakaihoken Takaoka Hospital Takaoka Toyama 933‐0115 Japan
| | - Tomoko Okuda
- Department of Virology University of Toyama Toyama 930‐0194 Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Sata
- Department of Virology Toyama Institute of Health Toyama 939‐0363 Japan
| | - Kimiyasu Shiraki
- Department of Virology University of Toyama Toyama 930‐0194 Japan
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Abstract
Modeling for cold stress has generated a rich history of innovation, has exerted a catalytic influence on cold physiology research, and continues to impact human activity in cold environments. This overview begins with a brief summation of cold thermoregulatory model development followed by key principles that will continue to guide current and future model development. Different representations of the human body are discussed relative to the level of detail and prediction accuracy required. In addition to predictions of shivering and vasomotor responses to cold exposure, algorithms are presented for thermoregulatory mechanisms. Various avenues of heat exchange between the human body and a cold environment are reviewed. Applications of cold thermoregulatory modeling range from investigative interpretation of physiological observations to forecasting skin freezing times and hypothermia survival times. While these advances have been remarkable, the future of cold stress modeling is still faced with significant challenges that are summarized at the end of this overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Xu
- Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
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Cheung SS. Responses of the hands and feet to cold exposure. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:105-20. [PMID: 27227009 PMCID: PMC4843861 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1008890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An initial response to whole-body or local exposure of the extremities to cold is a strong vasoconstriction, leading to a rapid decrease in hand and foot temperature. This impairs tactile sensitivity, manual dexterity, and muscle contractile characteristics while increasing pain and sympathetic drive, decreasing gross motor function, occupational performance, and survival. A paradoxical and cyclical vasodilatation often occurs in the fingers, toes, and face, and this has been termed the hunting response or cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD). Despite being described almost a century ago, the mechanisms of CIVD are still disputed; research in this area has remained largely descriptive in nature. Recent research into CIVD has brought increased standardization of methodology along with new knowledge about the impact of mediating factors such as hypoxia and physical fitness. Increasing mechanistic analysis of CIVD has also emerged along with improved modeling and prediction of CIVD responses. The present review will survey work conducted during this century on CIVD, its potential mechanisms and modeling, and also the broader context of manual function in cold conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Cheung
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology ; Brock University; St. Catharines , Canada
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Rida M, Karaki W, Ghaddar N, Ghali K, Hoballah J. A new mathematical model to simulate AVA cold-induced vasodilation reaction to local cooling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2014; 58:1905-1918. [PMID: 24448777 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-014-0792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to integrate a new mathematical model with a bioheat model, based on physiology and first principles, to predict thermoregulatory arterio-venous anastomoses (AVA) and cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) reaction to local cooling. The transient energy balance equations of body segments constrained by thermoregulatory controls were solved numerically to predict segmental core and skin temperatures, and arterial blood flow for given metabolic rate and environmental conditions. Two similar AVA-CIVD mechanisms were incorporated. The first was activated during drop in local skin temperature (<32 °C). The second mechanism was activated at a minimum finger skin temperature, T(CIVD, min), where the AVA flow is dilated and constricted once the skin temperature reached a maximum value. The value of T(CIVD,min) was determined empirically from values reported in literature for hand immersions in cold fluid. When compared with published data, the model predicted accurately the onset time of CIVD at 25 min and T(CIVD,min) at 10 °C for hand exposure to still air at 0 °C. Good agreement was also obtained between predicted finger skin temperature and experimentally published values for repeated immersion in cold water at environmental conditions of 30, 25, and 20 °C. The CIVD thermal response was found related to core body temperature, finger skin temperature, and initial finger sensible heat loss rate upon exposure to cold fluid. The model captured central and local stimulations of the CIVD and accommodated observed variability reported in literature of onset time of CIVD reaction and T(CIVD,min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Rida
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, 1107-2020, Lebanon
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Bazley FA, Pashai N, Kerr CL, All AH. The effects of local and general hypothermia on temperature profiles of the central nervous system following spinal cord injury in rats. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2014; 4:115-24. [PMID: 25019643 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2014.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Local and general hypothermia are used to treat spinal cord injury (SCI), as well as other neurological traumas. While hypothermia is known to provide significant therapeutic benefits due to its neuroprotective nature, it is unclear how the treatment may affect healthy tissues or whether it may cause undesired temperature changes in areas of the body that are not the targets of treatment. We performed 2-hour moderate general hypothermia (32°C core) or local hypothermia (30°C spinal cord) on rats that had received either a moderate contusive SCI or laminectomy (control) while monitoring temperatures at three sites: the core, spinal cord, and cortex. First, we identified that injured rats that received general hypothermia exhibited larger temperature drops at the spinal cord (-3.65°C, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] -3.72, -3.58) and cortex (-3.64°C, CIs -3.73, -3.55) than uninjured rats (spinal cord: -3.17°C, CIs -3.24, -3.10; cortex: -3.26°C, CIs -3.34, -3.17). This was found due to elevated baseline temperatures in the injured group, which could be due to inflammation. Second, both general hypothermia and local hypothermia caused a significant reduction in the cortical temperature (-3.64°C and -1.18°C, respectively), although local hypothermia caused a significantly lower drop in cortical temperature than general hypothermia (p<0.001). Lastly, the rates of rewarming of the cord were not significantly different among the methods or injury groups that were tested; the mean rate of rewarming was 0.13±0.1°C/min. In conclusion, local hypothermia may be more suitable for longer durations of hypothermia treatment for SCI to reduce temperature changes in healthy tissues, including the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith A Bazley
- 1 Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology, National University of Singapore , Singapore
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Kim BJ, Seo Y, Kim JH, Lee DT. Effect of caffeine intake on finger cold-induced vasodilation. Wilderness Environ Med 2014; 24:328-36. [PMID: 24238217 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of caffeine intake on finger cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD). METHODS Ten healthy men underwent 6 experimental trials characterized by control (NCAFF) or caffeine intake (CAFF) via chewing gum (300 mg of caffeine) while resting on a chair or performing submaximal (70% maximal oxygen consumption) or maximal (100% maximal oxygen consumption) treadmill exercise (Bruce protocol) followed by immersion of the middle finger in a water bath (5°C) for 20 minutes. Finger temperature (Tf ) and time parameters of the first CIVD cycle and post-test norepinephrine were measured. RESULTS Exercise duration for submaximal and maximal exercise was 8.9 ± 0.9 and 12.4 ± 0.8 minutes, respectively. CAFF had no effect on Tf, but exercise increased minimal Tf in NCAFF (9.08 ± 1.27°C, 13.02 ± 2.13°C, and 13.25 ± 1.63°C in rest, submaximal, and maximal exercise, respectively) and CAFF (8.76 ± 1.39°C, 12.50 ± 1.91°C, and 12.79 ± 1.20°C). Maximal Tf was significantly higher in NCAFF (15.98 ± 1.04°C, 16.18 ± 1.56°C, and 15.14 ± 1.52°C) than in CAFF (13.56 ± 1.19°C, 15.52 ± 1.31°C, and 14.39 ± 1.43°C), resulting in a significant difference between minimal and maximal Tf in rest (NCAFF, 6.89 ± 1.56°C and CAFF, 4.79 ± 1.23°C), but not in exercise conditions. CAFF had no effect on CIVD time responses, but exercise significantly shortened CIVD onset and peak time compared with rest in both NCAFF and CAFF. Norepinephrine concentration was significantly greater in CAFF (290.6 ± 113.0 pg/mL, 278.1 ± 91.4 pg/mL, and 399.8 ± 125.5 pg/mL) than NCAFF (105.6 ± 29.5 pg/mL, 199.6 ± 89.6 pg/mL, and 361.5 ± 171.3 pg/mL). CONCLUSIONS Caffeine intake before finger immersion in cold water does not result in a thermogenic effect and adversely affects CIVD responses, whereas exercise modifies CIVD temperature and time responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Jo Kim
- College of Physical Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea
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32
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Smits ES, Duraku LS, Niehof SP, Daanen HAM, Hovius SER, Selles RW, Walbeehm ET. Cold-induced vasodilatation in cold-intolerant rats after nerve injury. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013; 66:1279-86. [PMID: 23660280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD) is a cyclic regulation of blood flow during prolonged cooling of protruding body parts. It is generally considered to be a protective mechanism against local cold injuries and cold intolerance after peripheral nerve injury. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the sympathetic system in initiating a CIVD response. METHODS Eight rats were operated according to the spared nerve injury (SNI) model, eight underwent a complete sciatic lesion (CSL) and six underwent a sham operation. Prior to operation, 3, 6 and 9 weeks postoperatively, both hind limbs were cooled and the skin temperature was recorded to evaluate the presence of CIVD reactions. Cold intolerance was determined using the cold plate test and mechanical hypersensitivity measured using the Von Frey test. RESULTS No significant difference in CIVD was found comparing the lateral operated hind limb for time (preoperatively and 3, 6 and 9 weeks postoperatively; p = 0.397) and for group (SNI, CSL and Sham; p = 0.695). SNI and CSL rats developed cold intolerance and mechanical hypersensitivity. CONCLUSION Our data show that the underlying mechanisms that initiate a CIVD reaction are not affected by damage to a peripheral nerve that includes the sympathetic fibres. We conclude that the sympathetic system does not play a major role in the initiation of CIVD in the hind limb of a rat. CLINICAL RELEVANCE No substantial changes in the CIVD reaction after peripheral nerve injury imply that the origin of cold intolerance after a traumatic nerve injury is initiated by local factors and has a more neurological cause. This is an important finding for future developing treatments for this common problem, as treatment focussing on vaso-regulation may not help diminish symptoms of cold-intolerant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Smits
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Nindl BC, Castellani JW, Warr BJ, Sharp MA, Henning PC, Spiering BA, Scofield DE. Physiological Employment Standards III: physiological challenges and consequences encountered during international military deployments. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:2655-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2591-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cold-induced vasodilation and vasoconstriction in the finger of tropical and temperate indigenes. J Therm Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Humans residing or working in cold environments exhibit a stronger cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) reaction in the peripheral microvasculature than those living in warm regions of the world, leading to a general assumption that thermal responses to local cold exposure can be systematically improved by natural acclimatization or specific acclimation. However, it remains unclear whether this improved tolerance is actually due to systematic acclimatization, or alternately due to the genetic pre-disposition or self-selection for such occupations. Longitudinal studies of repeated extremity exposure to cold demonstrate only ambiguous adaptive responses. In field studies, general cold acclimation may lead to increased sympathetic activity that results in reduced finger blood flow. Laboratory studies offer more control over confounding parameters, but in most studies, no consistent changes in peripheral blood flow occur even after repeated exposure for several weeks. Most studies are performed on a limited amount of subjects only, and the variability of the CIVD response demands more subjects to obtain significant results. This review systematically surveys the trainability of CIVD, concluding that repeated local cold exposure does not alter circulatory dynamics in the peripheries, and that humans remain at risk of cold injuries even after extended stays in cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Cheung
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
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36
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CARRILLO ANDRESE, CHEUNG STEPHENS, FLOURIS ANDREASD. A Novel Model to Predict Cutaneous Finger Blood Flow via Finger and Rectal Temperatures. Microcirculation 2011; 18:670-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2011.00136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ruijs ACJ, Niehof SP, Hovius SER, Selles RW. Cold-induced vasodilatation following traumatic median or ulnar nerve injury. J Hand Surg Am 2011; 36:986-93. [PMID: 21514740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peripheral nerve injury of the upper extremity frequently causes changes in the thermoregulatory system of the hands and fingers and leads to reports of cold intolerance. In this study, we aimed to measure the influence of median or ulnar nerve injury on cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD) during prolonged cooling at low temperatures. METHODS We tested 12 patients with a median (n = 6) or ulnar (n = 6) injury 4 to 76 months after nerve repair. The palmar sides of both hands were cooled continuously using a cold plate at 5°C. We measured the skin temperature of the fingers using videothermography and plotted graphs of the temperature changes of the nailbed. The presence of a CIVD reaction was defined as a minimum increase in temperature of 2.5°C starting at the distal phalanx. Furthermore, we measured self-reported symptoms of cold intolerance using the Cold Intolerance Severity Scale questionnaire. RESULTS A CIVD reaction was absent in the affected digits of 4 patients (follow-up, 6-37 mo), whereas the CIVD reaction in the uninjured hand was present. The CIVD was present in 6 patients after 50 months' follow-up (range, 24-76 mo). Two patients had no CIVD reaction in the injured or uninjured fingers. All patients with a CIVD response had at least diminished protective sensation. Presence of the CIVD reaction did not exclude self-reported symptoms of cold intolerance. CONCLUSIONS After peripheral nerve injury, it is possible to recover the CIVD reaction. This might be an indication of nerve recovery. However, a positive CIVD reaction does not exclude subjective symptoms of posttraumatic cold intolerance. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleid C J Ruijs
- Department of Plastic, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Treatment Centre, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Imray CHE, Richards P, Greeves J, Castellani JW. Nonfreezing cold-induced injuries. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2011; 157:79-84. [PMID: 21465916 DOI: 10.1136/jramc-157-01-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Non-freezing cold injury (NFCI) is the Cinderella of thermal injuries and is a clinical syndrome that occurs when tissues are exposed to cold temperatures close to freezing point for sustained periods. NFCI is insidious in onset, often difficult to recognize and problematic to treat, and yet the condition accounts for significant morbidity in both military and civilians who work in cold conditions. Consequently recognition of those at risk, limiting their exposure and the appropriate and timely use of suitable protective equipment are essential steps in trying to reduce the impact of the condition. This review addresses the issues surrounding NFCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H E Imray
- Warwick Medical School, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK.
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Abstract
Pernio is a vasospastic disorder that affects unprotected skin regions of individuals exposed to nonfreezing, damp cold. It may be idiopathic or associated with other systemic diseases, particularly cryopathies and lupus erythematosus. Acute pernio manifests several hours following exposure, whereas chronic pernio may persist even after the cold season has long ended. The pathophysiology is complex and related to patient and environmental factors. Pernio is diagnosed by clinical features. There are no characteristic histopathologic features that confirm the diagnosis, but biopsy of affected areas may exclude the presence of other disorders. Sequelae include superinfection, depigmentation, and scarring. Treatment involves rewarming of the whole body and avoidance of further exposure to cold. The use of the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker nifedipine promotes faster healing and prevents recurrence.
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Howes D, Ohley W, Dorian P, Klock C, Freedman R, Schock R, Krizanac D, Holzer M. Rapid induction of therapeutic hypothermia using convective-immersion surface cooling: safety, efficacy and outcomes. Resuscitation 2010; 81:388-92. [PMID: 20122778 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia has become an accepted part of post-resuscitation care. Efforts to shorten the time from return of spontaneous circulation to target temperature have led to the exploration of different cooling techniques. Convective-immersion uses a continuous shower of 2 degrees C water to rapidly induce hypothermia. The primary purpose of this multi-center trial was to evaluate the feasibility and speed of convective-immersion cooling in the clinical environment. The secondary goal was to examine the impact of rapid hypothermia induction on patient outcome. 24 post-cardiac arrest patients from 3 centers were enrolled in the study; 22 agreed to participate until the 6-month evaluations were completed. The median rate of cooling was 3.0 degrees C/h. Cooling times were shorter than reported in previous studies. The median time to cool the patients to target temperature (<34 degrees C) was 37 min (range 14-81 min); and only 27 min in a subset of patients sedated with propofol. Survival was excellent, with 68% surviving to 6 months; 87% of survivors were living independently at 6 months. Conductive-immersion surface cooling using the ThermoSuit System is a rapid, effective method of inducing therapeutic hypothermia. Although the study was not designed to demonstrate impact on outcomes, survival and neurologic function were superior to those previously reported, suggesting comparative studies should be undertaken. Shortening the delay from return of spontaneous circulation to hypothermic target temperature may significantly improve survival and neurologic outcome and warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Howes
- Emergency Medicine Critical Care, Queen's University, 20-202 Richardson House, KGH, 102 Stuart St, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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41
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Reply to A. D. Flouris and S. S. Cheung reply letter regarding "cold-induced vasodilation". Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 108:215-6. [PMID: 19820960 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Flouris AD, Cheung SS. Influence of thermal balance on cold-induced vasodilation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 106:1264-71. [PMID: 19213938 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91426.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of thermal balance perturbation on cold-induced vasodilation through a dynamic A-B-A-B design applying heat ( condition A) and cold ( condition B) to the body's core, while the hand is exposed to a stable cold stimulus. Fifteen healthy adults (8 men, 7 women) volunteered. Applications of heat and cold were achieved through water immersions in two tanks maintained at 42 and 12°C water temperature, respectively, in an A-B-A-B fashion. Throughout the experiment, the participants’ right hand up to the ulnar styloid process was placed inside a temperature-controlled box set at 0°C air temperature. Results demonstrated that cold-induced vasodilation occurred only during condition B and at times when body heat content was decreasing but rectal temperature had not yet dropped to baseline levels. Following the occurrence of all cold-induced vasodilation events, rectal temperature was reduced, and the phenomenon ceased when rectal temperature fell below baseline. Heart rate variability data obtained before and during cold-induced vasodilation demonstrated a shift of autonomic interaction toward parasympathetic dominance, which, however, was attributed to a sympathetic withdrawal. Receiver operating characteristics curve analyses demonstrated that the cold-induced vasodilation onset cutoff points for rectal temperature change and finger temperature were 0.62 and 16.76°C, respectively. It is concluded that cold-induced vasodilation is a centrally originating phenomenon caused by sympathetic vasoconstrictor withdrawal. It is dependent on excess heat, and it may be triggered by excess heat with the purpose of preserving thermal balance.
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Dobnikar U, Kounalakis SN, Mekjavic IB. The effect of exercise-induced elevation in core temperature on cold-induced vasodilatation response in toes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 106:457-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Flouris AD, Cheung SS. Authors' response to H. Daanen's 'Cold-induced vasodilation' letter. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 106:317-9. [PMID: 19306015 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Flouris AD, Westwood DA, Mekjavic IB, Cheung SS. Effect of body temperature on cold induced vasodilation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 104:491-9. [PMID: 18568361 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) is an acute increase in peripheral blood flow observed during cold exposures. It is hypothesized to protect against cold injuries, yet despite continuous research it remains an unexplained phenomenon. Contrary to the traditionally held view, we propose that CIVD is a thermoregulatory reflex mechanism contributing to heat loss. Ten adults (4 females; 23.8 +/- 2.0 years) randomly underwent three 130-min exposures to -20 degrees C incorporating a 10-min moderate exercise period at the 65th min, while wearing a liquid conditioning garment (LCG) and military arctic clothing. In the pre-warming condition, rectal temperature was increased by 0.5 degrees C via the LCG before the cold exposure. In the warming condition, participants regulated the LCG throughout the cold exposure to subjective comfort. In the control condition, the LCG was worn but was not operated either before or during the cold exposure. Results demonstrated that the majority of CIVD occurred during the warming condition when the thermometrically-estimated mean body temperature (T (b)) was at its highest. A thermoregulatory pattern was identified whereby CIVD occurred soon after T (b) increased past a threshold (approximately 36.65 degrees C in warming and pre-warming; approximately 36.4 degrees C in control). When CIVD occurred, T (b) was reduced and CIVD ceased when T (b) fell below the threshold. These findings were independent of extremity temperature since CIVD episodes occurred at a large range of finger temperatures (7.2-33.5 degrees C). These observations were statistically confirmed by auto-regressive integrated moving average analysis (t = 9.602, P < 0.001). We conclude that CIVD is triggered by increased T (b) supporting the hypothesis that CIVD is a thermoregulatory mechanism contributing to heat loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas D Flouris
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
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Shimada Y, Suzuki M, Shirasaki F, Saito E, Sogo K, Hasegawa M, Takehara K, Phromjai J, Chuhjo T, Shiraki K. Genital herpes due to acyclovir-sensitive herpes simplex virus caused secondary and recurrent herpetic whitlows due to thymidine kinase-deficient/temperature-sensitive virus. J Med Virol 2007; 79:1731-40. [PMID: 17854045 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 caused a genital ulcer in a 40-year-old allogenic stem cell recipient, and a secondary herpetic whitlow appeared during 2 months of acyclovir (ACV) therapy. Both genital ulcer, and whitlow were cured 3 months later, but 6 months after recovery the whitlow alone recurred. DNA of the genital, first, and recurrent whitlow isolates showed similar endonuclease digestion fragment profiles. The genital virus was ACV-sensitive, and the two whitlow isolates were ACV-resistant/thymidine kinase (TK)-deficient. The TK gene of the whitlow isolates had the same frame shift from the 274th amino acid and termination at the 347th amino acid due to the deletion of a cytosine at the 819th nucleotide. Because the temperature of the thumb is 33/34 degrees C or lower, the temperature sensitivity of the isolates were compared, and both whitlow isolates were significantly more temperature-sensitive (ts) at 39 degrees C than the genital isolate. The two whitlow isolates showed cutaneous pathogenicity in mouse ear pinna but not midflank, while the genital isolate was pathogenic at both sites, suggesting that temperature adaptation was an important element of pathogenicity in the whitlow. The virus populations of isolates of the genital, and first whitlow were examined by 31, and 82 clones, respectively, and the clones from genital, and whitlow isolates were ACV-sensitive, and -resistant, respectively, showing their homogeneity. The acyclovir-sensitive genital lesion had spread as a TK-deficient/ts herpetic whitlow during ACV treatment, and an apparently TK-deficient virus adapted to the local temperature might have caused the whitlow recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Shimada
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Greenstein G. Therapeutic efficacy of cold therapy after intraoral surgical procedures: a literature review. J Periodontol 2007; 78:790-800. [PMID: 17470011 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.060319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryotherapy (e.g., ice pack) is prescribed commonly after oral surgery to inhibit swelling and discomfort. However, there is a dearth of data concerning various aspects of cold therapy: optimal delivery mode, best interval for application (time on/time off), and total duration of treatment to attain desired clinical outcomes. METHODS The literature was searched for clinical trials that assessed the benefits of cryotherapy after oral surgical procedures. In addition, other studies were reviewed that evaluated physiological responses to cold therapy. RESULTS To inhibit signs of inflammation and achieve beneficial results with cryotherapy, skin temperature (normally 33 degrees C) needs to be reduced to 10 degrees C to 15 degrees C. Cold therapy usually decreased skin temperature to 10 degrees C to 15 degrees C within 10 to 20 minutes. Physiological studies indicated cryotherapy resulted in vasoconstriction, reduction of edema, and diminished pain perception. Various methods can be used to lower tissue temperature. Ice or gel packs are easy and efficient techniques to cool tissues. Seven studies published in English were found that addressed the use of cryotherapy after oral surgical procedures. Five investigations demonstrated no clinical benefits from cold therapy, and two studies indicated that cryotherapy reduced post-surgical edema and pain. The time interval for cold applications varied in different studies (10 minutes to continuous for hours). There seemed to be consensus among clinicians that cryotherapy should be applied for 10 to 20 minutes followed by a rest period. The duration of therapy ranged from 2 to 72 hours. No clinical trials were conducted to determine the optimal interval of cold application (time on/off) or extended duration of cryotherapy after surgical procedures to attain the best therapeutic benefits. CONCLUSIONS Ice applied after surgical procedures may reduce swelling and discomfort. However, data from studies regarding the benefits of ice therapy after oral surgery are inconclusive. To resolve this ambiguity, additional clinical trials need to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Greenstein
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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Sandsund M, Reinertsen R, Holand B, Bjermer L. Thermoregulatory and respiratory responses in asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects breathing cold and warm air during exercise in the cold. J Therm Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Yanagisawa O, Homma T, Okuwaki T, Shimao D, Takahashi H. Effects of cooling on human skin and skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 100:737-45. [PMID: 17479279 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-007-0470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of cooling on local temperature and circulation in the skin and skeletal muscle at different cooling temperatures. Ten male subjects (mean age 24.9 years) participated in this study. Intramuscular temperatures were measured by inserting two 22-gauge temperature probes (needle length; 8 and 18 mm) into the ankle dorsiflexors, while skin temperature was measured using a thermocouple attached to the leg skin anteriorly. Near-infrared spectroscopy was also used to evaluate the concentration changes in oxygenated, deoxygenated, and total hemoglobin/myoglobin in local skin and skeletal muscle. These measurements were simultaneously performed during the 10-min noncooling, 30-min cooling (cooling pad temperature; 0, 10, or 20 degrees C), and 60-min recovery periods. Under all cooling conditions, skin and intramuscular temperatures decreased during cooling (P < 0.01) and began to increase after the cooling pad was removed. However, these values did not return to baseline values during the recovery period (P < 0.01). Moreover, tissue temperatures tended to show lower values during cooling at lower cooling temperatures. All hemoglobin/myoglobin concentrations also showed a concomitant significant decrease during cooling under three cooling conditions (P < 0.01); the oxygenated and total hemoglobin/myoglobin concentrations did not return to the exact values before cooling during the recovery period. This study suggested that the rate of decrease in tissue temperature depends on the cooling temperature and the effects of cooling on tissue temperatures and circulation tend to be maintained during 60 min post-cooling period despite the cooling temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yanagisawa
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hawkins MN, Raven PB, Snell PG, Stray-Gundersen J, Levine BD. American College of Sports Medicine position stand: prevention of cold injuries during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39:103-7. [PMID: 17218891 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000241641.75101.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is the position of the American College of Sports Medicine that exercise can be performed safely in most cold-weather environments without incurring cold-weather injuries. The key to prevention is use of a comprehensive risk management strategy that: a) identifies/assesses the cold hazard; b) identifies/assesses contributing factors for cold-weather injuries; c) develops controls to mitigate cold stress/strain; d) implements controls into formal plans; and e) utilizes administrative oversight to ensure controls are enforced or modified. The American College of Sports Medicine recommends that: 1) coaches/athletes/medical personnel know the signs/symptoms and risk factors for hypothermia, frostbite, and non-freezing cold injuries, identify individuals susceptible to cold injuries, and have the latest up-to-date information about current and future weather conditions before conducting training sessions or competitions; 2) cold-weather clothing be chosen based on each individual's requirements and that standardized clothing ensembles not be mandated for entire groups; 3) the wind-chill temperature index be used to estimate the relative risk of frostbite and that heightened surveillance of exercisers be used at wind-chill temperatures below -27 degrees C (-18 degrees F); and 4) individuals with asthma and cardiovascular disease can exercise in cold environments, but should be monitored closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N Hawkins
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, 7232 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
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