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Sun C, Wu J, Zhou X, Fu S, Liu H, Xue Z, Wang X, Peng Q, Gao J, Chen F, Zhang W, Hu M, Fu T, Wang Y, Yi B, Zhang J. Homoeologous exchanges contribute to branch angle variations in rapeseed: Insights from transcriptome, QTL-seq and gene functional analysis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1636-1648. [PMID: 38308663 PMCID: PMC11123428 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Branch angle (BA) is a critical morphological trait that significantly influences planting density, light interception and ultimately yield in plants. Despite its importance, the regulatory mechanism governing BA in rapeseed remains poorly understood. In this study, we generated 109 transcriptome data sets for 37 rapeseed accessions with divergent BA phenotypes. Relative to adaxial branch segments, abaxial segments accumulated higher levels of auxin and exhibited lower expression of six TCP1 homologues and one GA20ox3. A co-expression network analysis identified two modules highly correlated with BA. The modules contained homologues to known BA control genes, such as FUL, YUCCA6, TCP1 and SGR3. Notably, a homoeologous exchange (HE), occurring at the telomeres of A09, was prevalent in large BA accessions, while an A02-C02 HE was common in small BA accessions. In their corresponding regions, these HEs explained the formation of hub gene hotspots in the two modules. QTL-seq analysis confirmed that the presence of a large A07-C06 HE (~8.1 Mb) was also associated with a small BA phenotype, and BnaA07.WRKY40.b within it was predicted as candidate gene. Overexpressing BnaA07.WRKY40.b in rapeseed increased BA by up to 20°, while RNAi- and CRISPR-mediated mutants (BnaA07.WRKY40.b and BnaC06.WRKY40.b) exhibited decreased BA by up to 11.4°. BnaA07.WRKY40.b was exclusively localized to the nucleus and exhibited strong expression correlations with many genes related to gravitropism and plant architecture. Taken together, our study highlights the influence of HEs on rapeseed plant architecture and confirms the role of WRKY40 homologues as novel regulators of BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province for Agrobiology/Institute of Industrial CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province for Agrobiology/Institute of Industrial CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Sanxiong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province for Agrobiology/Institute of Industrial CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Huimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Zhifei Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Center of Rapeseed Improvement/Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province for Agrobiology/Institute of Industrial CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Qi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province for Agrobiology/Institute of Industrial CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Jianqin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province for Agrobiology/Institute of Industrial CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province for Agrobiology/Institute of Industrial CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province for Agrobiology/Institute of Industrial CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Maolong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province for Agrobiology/Institute of Industrial CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Center of Rapeseed Improvement/Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Youping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Center of Rapeseed Improvement/Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiefu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province for Agrobiology/Institute of Industrial CropsJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
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Kruse CPS, Meyers AD, Basu P, Hutchinson S, Luesse DR, Wyatt SE. Spaceflight induces novel regulatory responses in Arabidopsis seedling as revealed by combined proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:237. [PMID: 32460700 PMCID: PMC7251690 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding of gravity sensing and response is critical to long-term human habitation in space and can provide new advantages for terrestrial agriculture. To this end, the altered gene expression profile induced by microgravity has been repeatedly queried by microarray and RNA-seq experiments to understand gravitropism. However, the quantification of altered protein abundance in space has been minimally investigated. RESULTS Proteomic (iTRAQ-labelled LC-MS/MS) and transcriptomic (RNA-seq) analyses simultaneously quantified protein and transcript differential expression of three-day old, etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings grown aboard the International Space Station along with their ground control counterparts. Protein extracts were fractionated to isolate soluble and membrane proteins and analyzed to detect differentially phosphorylated peptides. In total, 968 RNAs, 107 soluble proteins, and 103 membrane proteins were identified as differentially expressed. In addition, the proteomic analyses identified 16 differential phosphorylation events. Proteomic data delivered novel insights and simultaneously provided new context to previously made observations of gene expression in microgravity. There is a sweeping shift in post-transcriptional mechanisms of gene regulation including RNA-decapping protein DCP5, the splicing factors GRP7 and GRP8, and AGO4,. These data also indicate AHA2 and FERONIA as well as CESA1 and SHOU4 as central to the cell wall adaptations seen in spaceflight. Patterns of tubulin-α 1, 3,4 and 6 phosphorylation further reveal an interaction of microtubule and redox homeostasis that mirrors osmotic response signaling elements. The absence of gravity also results in a seemingly wasteful dysregulation of plastid gene transcription. CONCLUSIONS The datasets gathered from Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to microgravity revealed marked impacts on post-transcriptional regulation, cell wall synthesis, redox/microtubule dynamics, and plastid gene transcription. The impact of post-transcriptional regulatory alterations represents an unstudied element of the plant microgravity response with the potential to significantly impact plant growth efficiency and beyond. What's more, addressing the effects of microgravity on AHA2, CESA1, and alpha tubulins has the potential to enhance cytoskeletal organization and cell wall composition, thereby enhancing biomass production and growth in microgravity. Finally, understanding and manipulating the dysregulation of plastid gene transcription has further potential to address the goal of enhancing plant growth in the stressful conditions of microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin P S Kruse
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Interdisciplinary Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Alexander D Meyers
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Interdisciplinary Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Proma Basu
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Interdisciplinary Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Sarahann Hutchinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | - Darron R Luesse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | - Sarah E Wyatt
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
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Zhou M, Sng NJ, LeFrois CE, Paul AL, Ferl RJ. Epigenomics in an extraterrestrial environment: organ-specific alteration of DNA methylation and gene expression elicited by spaceflight in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:205. [PMID: 30866818 PMCID: PMC6416986 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5554-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants adapted to diverse environments on Earth throughout their evolutionary history, and developed mechanisms to thrive in a variety of terrestrial habitats. When plants are grown in the novel environment of spaceflight aboard the International Space Station (ISS), an environment completely outside their evolutionary history, they respond with unique alterations to their gene expression profile. Identifying the genes important for physiological adaptation to spaceflight and dissecting the biological processes and pathways engaged by plants during spaceflight has helped reveal spaceflight adaptation, and has furthered understanding of terrestrial growth processes. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms responsible for these changes in gene expression patterns are just beginning to be explored. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation at position five in cytosine, has been shown to play a role in the physiological adaptation to adverse terrestrial environments, and may play a role in spaceflight as well. RESULTS Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing of DNA of Arabidopsis grown on the ISS from seed revealed organ-specific patterns of differential methylation compared to ground controls. The overall levels of methylation in CG, CHG, and CHH contexts were similar between flight and ground DNA, however, thousands of specifically differentially methylated cytosines were discovered, and there were clear organ-specific differences in methylation patterns. Spaceflight leaves had higher methylation levels in CHG and CHH contexts within protein-coding genes in spaceflight; about a fifth of the leaf genes were also differentially regulated in spaceflight, almost half of which were associated with reactive oxygen signaling. CONCLUSIONS The physiological adaptation of plants to spaceflight is likely nuanced by epigenomic modification. This is the first examination of differential genomic methylation from plants grown completely in the spaceflight environment of the ISS in plant growth hardware developed for informing exploration life support strategies. Yet even in this optimized plant habitat, plants respond as if stressed. These data suggest that gene expression associated with physiological adaptation to spaceflight is regulated in part by methylation strategies similar to those engaged with familiar terrestrial stress responses. The differential methylation maps generated here provide a useful reference for elucidating the layers of regulation of spaceflight responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqi Zhou
- 0000 0004 1936 8091grid.15276.37Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA ,0000 0004 1936 8091grid.15276.37Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Natasha J. Sng
- 0000 0004 1936 8091grid.15276.37Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA ,0000 0004 1936 8091grid.15276.37Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Collin E. LeFrois
- 0000 0004 1936 8091grid.15276.37Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Anna-Lisa Paul
- 0000 0004 1936 8091grid.15276.37Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA ,0000 0004 1936 8091grid.15276.37Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Robert J. Ferl
- 0000 0004 1936 8091grid.15276.37Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA ,0000 0004 1936 8091grid.15276.37Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA ,0000 0004 1936 8091grid.15276.37Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
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HSFA2 Functions in the Physiological Adaptation of Undifferentiated Plant Cells to Spaceflight. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020390. [PMID: 30658467 PMCID: PMC6359015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat Shock Factor A2 (HsfA2) is part of the Heat Shock Factor (HSF) network, and plays an essential role beyond heat shock in environmental stress responses and cellular homeostatic control. Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures derived from wild type (WT) ecotype Col-0 and a knockout line deficient in the gene encoding HSFA2 (HSFA2 KO) were grown aboard the International Space Station (ISS) to ascertain whether the HSF network functions in the adaptation to the novel environment of spaceflight. Microarray gene expression data were analyzed using a two-part comparative approach. First, genes differentially expressed between the two environments (spaceflight to ground) were identified within the same genotype, which represented physiological adaptation to spaceflight. Second, gene expression profiles were compared between the two genotypes (HSFA2 KO to WT) within the same environment, which defined genes uniquely required by each genotype on the ground and in spaceflight-adapted states. Results showed that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) define the HSFA2 KO cells' physiological state irrespective of the environment, and likely resulted from a deficiency in the chaperone-mediated protein folding machinery in the mutant. Results further suggested that additional to its universal stress response role, HsfA2 also has specific roles in the physiological adaptation to spaceflight through cell wall remodeling, signal perception and transduction, and starch biosynthesis. Disabling HsfA2 altered the physiological state of the cells, and impacted the mechanisms induced to adapt to spaceflight, and identified HsfA2-dependent genes that are important to the adaption of wild type cells to spaceflight. Collectively these data indicate a non-thermal role for the HSF network in spaceflight adaptation.
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Kordyum EL, Chapman DK. Plants and microgravity: Patterns of microgravity effects at the cellular and molecular levels. CYTOL GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452717020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schüler O, Hemmersbach R, Böhmer M. A Bird's-Eye View of Molecular Changes in Plant Gravitropism Using Omics Techniques. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1176. [PMID: 26734055 PMCID: PMC4689802 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
During evolution, plants have developed mechanisms to adapt to a variety of environmental stresses, including drought, high salinity, changes in carbon dioxide levels and pathogens. Central signaling hubs and pathways that are regulated in response to these stimuli have been identified. In contrast to these well studied environmental stimuli, changes in transcript, protein and metabolite levels in response to a gravitational stimulus are less well understood. Amyloplasts, localized in statocytes of the root tip, in mesophyll cells of coleoptiles and in the elongation zone of the growing internodes comprise statoliths in higher plants. Deviations of the statocytes with respect to the earthly gravity vector lead to a displacement of statoliths relative to the cell due to their inertia and thus to gravity perception. Downstream signaling events, including the conversion from the biophysical signal of sedimentation of distinct heavy mass to a biochemical signal, however, remain elusive. More recently, technical advances, including clinostats, drop towers, parabolic flights, satellites, and the International Space Station, allowed researchers to study the effect of altered gravity conditions - real and simulated micro- as well as hypergravity on plants. This allows for a unique opportunity to study plant responses to a purely anthropogenic stress for which no evolutionary program exists. Furthermore, the requirement for plants as food and oxygen sources during prolonged manned space explorations led to an increased interest in the identi-fication of genes involved in the adaptation of plants to microgravity. Transcriptomic, proteomic, phosphoproteomic, and metabolomic profiling strategies provide a sensitive high-throughput approach to identify biochemical alterations in response to changes with respect to the influence of the gravitational vector and thus the acting gravitational force on the transcript, protein and metabolite level. This review aims at summarizing recent experimental approaches and discusses major observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schüler
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Gravitational Biology, German Aerospace CenterCologne, Germany
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms UniversitätMünster, Germany
| | - Ruth Hemmersbach
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Gravitational Biology, German Aerospace CenterCologne, Germany
| | - Maik Böhmer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms UniversitätMünster, Germany
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Wang T, Sun Q, Xu W, Li F, Li H, Lu J, Wu L, Wu Y, Liu M, Bian P. Modulation of modeled microgravity on radiation-induced bystander effects in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutat Res 2015; 773:27-36. [PMID: 25769184 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Both space radiation and microgravity have been demonstrated to have inevitable impact on living organisms during space flights and should be considered as important factors for estimating the potential health risk for astronauts. Therefore, the question whether radiation effects could be modulated by microgravity is an important aspect in such risk evaluation. Space particles at low dose and fluence rate, directly affect only a fraction of cells in the whole organism, which implement radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBE) in cellular response to space radiation exposure. The fact that all of the RIBE experiments are carried out in a normal gravity condition bring forward the need for evidence regarding the effect of microgravity on RIBE. In the present study, a two-dimensional rotation clinostat was adopted to demonstrate RIBE in microgravity conditions, in which the RIBE was assayed using an experimental system of root-localized irradiation of Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) plants. The results showed that the modeled microgravity inhibited significantly the RIBE-mediated up-regulation of expression of the AtRAD54 and AtRAD51 genes, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and transcriptional activation of multicopy P35S:GUS, but made no difference to the induction of homologous recombination by RIBE, showing divergent responses of RIBE to the microgravity conditions. The time course of interaction between the modeled microgravity and RIBE was further investigated, and the results showed that the microgravity mainly modulated the processes of the generation or translocation of the bystander signal(s) in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bio-engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Qiao Sun
- Space Molecular Biological Lab, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100086, PR China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bio-engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Fanghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bio-engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Huasheng Li
- Space Molecular Biological Lab, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100086, PR China
| | - Jinying Lu
- Space Molecular Biological Lab, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100086, PR China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bio-engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Yuejin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bio-engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- Space Molecular Biological Lab, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100086, PR China
| | - Po Bian
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bio-engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
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The Utilization of Plant Facilities on the International Space Station-The Composition, Growth, and Development of Plant Cell Walls under Microgravity Conditions. PLANTS 2015; 4:44-62. [PMID: 27135317 PMCID: PMC4844336 DOI: 10.3390/plants4010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the preparation for missions to Mars, basic knowledge of the mechanisms of growth and development of living plants under microgravity (micro-g) conditions is essential. Focus has centered on the g-effects on rigidity, including mechanisms of signal perception, transduction, and response in gravity resistance. These components of gravity resistance are linked to the evolution and acquisition of responses to various mechanical stresses. An overview is given both on the basic effect of hypergravity as well as of micro-g conditions in the cell wall changes. The review includes plant experiments in the US Space Shuttle and the effect of short space stays (8-14 days) on single cells (plant protoplasts). Regeneration of protoplasts is dependent on cortical microtubules to orient the nascent cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall. The space protoplast experiments demonstrated that the regeneration capacity of protoplasts was retarded. Two critical factors are the basis for longer space experiments: a. the effects of gravity on the molecular mechanisms for cell wall development, b. the availability of facilities and hardware for performing cell wall experiments in space and return of RNA/DNA back to the Earth. Linked to these aspects is a description of existing hardware functioning on the International Space Station.
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Chen B, Zhang A, Lu Q, Kuang T, Lu C, Wen X. Characterization of photosystem I in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings upon exposure to random positioning machine. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 116:93-105. [PMID: 23943138 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To gain a better understanding of how photosynthesis is adapted under altered gravity forces, photosynthetic apparatus and its functioning were investigated in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings grown in a random positioning machine (RPM). A decrease in fresh weight and dry weight was observed in rice seedlings grown under RPM condition. No significant changes were found in the chloroplast ultrastructure and total chlorophyll content between the RPM and control samples. Analyses of chlorophyll fluorescence and thermoluminescence demonstrate that PSII activity was unchanged under RPM condition. However, PSI activity decreased significantly under RPM condition. 77 K fluorescence emission spectra show a blue-shift and reduction of PSI fluorescence emission peak in the RPM seedlings. In addition, RPM caused a significant decrease in the amplitude of absorbance changes of P700 at 820 nm (A 820) induced by saturated far-red light. Moreover, the PSI efficiency (Φ I) decreased significantly under RPM condition. Immunoblot and blue native gel analyses further illustrate that accumulation of PSI proteins was greatly decreased in the RPM seedlings. Our results suggest that PSI, but not PSII, is down-regulated under RPM condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Chen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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Liu TW, Niu L, Fu B, Chen J, Wu FH, Chen J, Wang WH, Hu WJ, He JX, Zheng HL. A transcriptomic study reveals differentially expressed genes and pathways respond to simulated acid rain in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genome 2013; 56:49-60. [PMID: 23379338 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2012-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acid rain, as a worldwide environmental issue, can cause serious damage to plants. In this study, we provided the first case study on the systematic responses of arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.) to simulated acid rain (SiAR) by transcriptome approach. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the expression of a set of genes related to primary metabolisms, including nitrogen, sulfur, amino acid, photosynthesis, and reactive oxygen species metabolism, were altered under SiAR. In addition, transport and signal transduction related pathways, especially calcium-related signaling pathways, were found to play important roles in the response of arabidopsis to SiAR stress. Further, we compared our data set with previously published data sets on arabidopsis transcriptome subjected to various stresses, including wound, salt, light, heavy metal, karrikin, temperature, osmosis, etc. The results showed that many genes were overlapped in several stresses, suggesting that plant response to SiAR is a complex process, which may require the participation of multiple defense-signaling pathways. The results of this study will help us gain further insights into the response mechanisms of plants to acid rain stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wu Liu
- a Department of Biology, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
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