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Hong Y, Liu S, Chen Y, Yao Z, Jiang S, Wang L, Zhu X, Xu W, Zhang J, Li Y. Amyloplast is involved in the MIZ1-modulated root hydrotropism. J Plant Physiol 2024; 296:154224. [PMID: 38507925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Roots exhibit hydrotropism in response to moisture gradients, with the hydrotropism-related gene Mizu-kussei1 (MIZ1) playing a role in regulating root hydrotropism in an oblique orientation. However, the mechanisms underlying MIZ1-regulated root hydrotropism are not well understood. In this study, we employed obliquely oriented experimental systems to investigate root hydrotropism in Arabidopsis. We found that the miz1 mutant displays reduced root hydrotropism but increased root gravitropism following hydrostimulation, as compared to wild-type plants. Conversely, overexpression of AtMIZ1 leads to enhanced root hydrotropism but decreased root gravitropism following hydrostimulation, as compared to wild-type plants. Using co-immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry (IP-MS), we explored proteins that interact with AtMIZ1, and we identified PGMC1 co-immunoprecipitated with MIZ1 in vivo. Furthermore, the miz1 mutant exhibited higher expression of the PGMC1 gene and increased phosphoglucomutase (PGM) activity, while AtMIZ1 overexpressors resulted in lower expression of the PGMC1 gene, reduced amyloplast amount, and reduced PGM activity in comparison to wild-type roots. In addition, different Arabidopsis natural accessions having difference in their hydrotropic response demonstrated expression level of PGMC1 was negatively correlated with hydrotropic root curvature and AtMIZ1 expression. Our results provide valuable insights into the role of amyloplast in MIZ1-regulated root hydrotropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Hong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yadi Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zixuan Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shuqiu Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xinkai Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops, Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China; School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| | - Ying Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops, Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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2
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Álvarez-Rodríguez S, Araniti F, Teijeira M, Reigosa MJ, Sánchez-Moreiras AM. Azelaic acid can efficiently compete for the auxin binding site TIR1, altering auxin polar transport, gravitropic response, and root growth and architecture in Arabidopsisthaliana roots. Plant Physiol Biochem 2024; 210:108592. [PMID: 38569422 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigates the phytotoxic potential of azelaic acid (AZA) on Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Effects on root morphology, anatomy, auxin content and transport, gravitropic response and molecular docking were analysed. AZA inhibited root growth, stimulated lateral and adventitious roots, and altered the root apical meristem by reducing meristem cell number, length and width. The treatment also slowed down the roots' gravitropic response, likely due to a reduction in statoliths, starch-rich organelles involved in gravity perception. In addition, auxin content, transport and distribution, together with PIN proteins' expression and localisation were altered after AZA treatment, inducing a reduction in auxin transport and its distribution into the meristematic zone. Computational simulations showed that AZA has a high affinity for the auxin receptor TIR1, competing with auxin for the binding site. The AZA binding with TIR1 could interfere with the normal functioning of the TIR1/AFB complex, disrupting the ubiquitin E3 ligase complex and leading to alterations in the response of the plant, which could perceive AZA as an exogenous auxin. Our results suggest that AZA mode of action could involve the modulation of auxin-related processes in Arabidopsis roots. Understanding such mechanisms could lead to find environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Universidade de Vigo. Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Bioloxía, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310, Vigo, Spain; Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA). Universidade de Vigo - Campus Auga, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università Statale di Milano, Via Celoria nº2, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Marta Teijeira
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36213, Vigo, Spain
| | - Manuel J Reigosa
- Universidade de Vigo. Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Bioloxía, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310, Vigo, Spain; Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA). Universidade de Vigo - Campus Auga, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - Adela M Sánchez-Moreiras
- Universidade de Vigo. Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Bioloxía, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310, Vigo, Spain; Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA). Universidade de Vigo - Campus Auga, 32004, Ourense, Spain
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3
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Li X, Zhao R, Liu J, Li Z, Chen A, Xu S, Sheng X. Dynamic changes in calcium signals during root gravitropism. Plant Physiol Biochem 2024; 208:108481. [PMID: 38447424 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Gravitropism is a vital mechanism through which plants adapt to their environment. Previous studies indicated that Ca2+ may play an important role in plant gravitropism. However, our understanding of the calcium signals in root gravitropism is still largely limited. Using a vertical stage confocal and transgenic Arabidopsis R-GECO1, our data showed that gravity stimulation enhances the occurrence of calcium spikes and increases the Ca2+ concentration in the lower side of the root cap. Furthermore, a close correlation was observed in the asymmetry of calcium signals with the inclination angles at which the roots were oriented. The frequency of calcium spikes on the lower side of 90°-rotated root decreases rapidly over time, whereas the asymmetric distribution of auxin readily strengthens for up to 3 h, indicating that the calcium spikes, promoted by gravity stimulation, may precede auxin as one of the early signals. In addition, the root gravitropism of starchless mutants is severely impaired. Correspondingly, no significant increase in calcium spike occurrence was observed in the root caps of these mutants within 15 min following a 90° rotation, indicating the involvement of starch grains in the formation of calcium spikes. However, between 30 and 45 min after a 90° rotation, asymmetric calcium spikes were indeed observed in the root of starchless mutants, suggesting that starch grains are not indispensable for the formation of calcium spikes. Besides, co-localization analysis suggests that the ER may function as calcium stores during the occurrence of calcium spikes. These findings provide further insights into plant gravitropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ruoxin Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ai Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shi Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xianyong Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
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4
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Li Y, Wang L, Chen Y, Zhang J, Xu W. Recovery of root hydrotropism in miz1 mutant by eliminating root gravitropism. J Plant Physiol 2024; 292:154144. [PMID: 38104389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Mizu-kussei1 (MIZ1) plays a crucial role in root hydrotropism, but it is still unclear whether auxin-mediated gravitropism is involved in MIZ1-modulated root hydrotropism. This study aimed to investigate whether the hydrotropism of the Arabidopsis miz1 mutants could be restored through pharmacological inhibition of auxin transport or genetic modification in root gravitropism. Our findings indicate that the hydrotropic defects of miz1 mutant can be partly recovered by using an auxin transport inhibitor. Furthermore, miz1/pin2 double mutants exhibit more pronounced defects in root gravitropism compared to the wild type, while still displaying a normal hydrotropic response similar to the wild type. These results suggest that the elimination of gravitropism enables miz1 roots to become hydrotropically responsive to moisture gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Lulu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yadi Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops, Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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5
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Liu Z, Chen Y, Liu S, Jiang S, Wang L, Hong Y, Yao Z, Hu X, Li Y. MIZ1 acts downstream of PGM1 in regulating root hydrotropism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 679:175-178. [PMID: 37703760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The MIZ1 play an important role in root hydrotropism. However, the relationship between MIZ1-regulated hydrotropism and amyloplast-mediated gravitropism remain largely unclear. Here, we generated the miz1/pgm1 double mutants by crossing the non-hydrotropic miz1 mutant with the amyloplast-defective pgm1 mutant, which lacks gravitropic response. Our results showed that the miz1/pgm1 mutants exhibited a significant reduction in amyloplast and gravitropic bending, while maintaining a similar ahydrotropic phenotype as the miz1 single mutant. These findings suggest that MIZ1 plays a role in hydrotropism downstream of PGM1. Understanding the mechanisms of interaction between hydrotropism and gravitropism is crucial for comprehending the rooting patterns of plants in natural conditions. The counteracting relationship between root hydrotropism and gravitropism in the miz1 mutant should receive attention in this field, particularly considering the interference from gravitropism on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqian Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yadi Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shuqiu Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yonghui Hong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zixuan Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaodie Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ying Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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6
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Chen J, Yu R, Li N, Deng Z, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Qu C, Yuan Y, Pan Z, Zhou Y, Li K, Wang J, Chen Z, Wang X, Wang X, He SN, Dong J, Deng XW, Chen H. Amyloplast sedimentation repolarizes LAZYs to achieve gravity sensing in plants. Cell 2023; 186:4788-4802.e15. [PMID: 37741279 PMCID: PMC10615846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Gravity controls directional growth of plants, and the classical starch-statolith hypothesis proposed more than a century ago postulates that amyloplast sedimentation in specialized cells initiates gravity sensing, but the molecular mechanism remains uncharacterized. The LAZY proteins are known as key regulators of gravitropism, and lazy mutants show striking gravitropic defects. Here, we report that gravistimulation by reorientation triggers mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling-mediated phosphorylation of Arabidopsis LAZY proteins basally polarized in root columella cells. Phosphorylation of LAZY increases its interaction with several translocons at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts (TOC) proteins on the surface of amyloplasts, facilitating enrichment of LAZY proteins on amyloplasts. Amyloplast sedimentation subsequently guides LAZY to relocate to the new lower side of the plasma membrane in columella cells, where LAZY induces asymmetrical auxin distribution and root differential growth. Together, this study provides a molecular interpretation for the starch-statolith hypothesis: the organelle-movement-triggered molecular polarity formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Chen
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Renbo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetable Research Center, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Na Li
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhaoguo Deng
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yaran Zhao
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chengfu Qu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanfang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhexian Pan
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yangyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kunlun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhiren Chen
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaolian Wang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shu-Nan He
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Juan Dong
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haodong Chen
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China.
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7
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Thomas M, Soriano A, O'Connor C, Crabos A, Nacry P, Thompson M, Hrabak E, Divol F, Péret B. pin2 mutant agravitropic root phenotype is conditional and nutrient-sensitive. Plant Sci 2023; 329:111606. [PMID: 36706868 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have the capacity to sense and adapt to environmental factors using the phytohormone auxin as a major regulator of tropism and development. Among these responses, gravitropism is essential for plant roots to grow downward in the search for nutrients and water. We discovered a new mutant allele of the auxin efflux transporter PIN2 that revealed that pin2 agravitropic root mutants are conditional and nutrient-sensitive. We describe that nutrient composition of the medium, rather than osmolarity, can revert the agravitropic root phenotype of pin2. Indeed, on phosphorus- and nitrogen-deprived media, the agravitropic root defect was restored independently of primary root growth levels. Slow and fast auxin responses were evaluated using DR5 and R2D2 probes, respectively, and revealed a strong modulation by nutrient composition of the culture medium. We evaluated the role of PIN and AUX auxin transporters and demonstrated that neither PIN3 nor AUX1 are involved in this process. However, we observed the ectopic expression of PIN1 in the epidermis in the pin2 mutant background associated with permissive, but not restrictive, conditions. This ectopic expression was associated with a restoration of the asymmetric accumulation of auxin necessary for the reorientation of the root according to gravity. These observations suggest a strong regulation of auxin distribution by nutrients availability, directly impacting root's ability to drive their gravitropic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Thomas
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Soriano
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire O'Connor
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Crabos
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Nacry
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Fanchon Divol
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Péret
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
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8
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Concepcion Ii R, Palconit MG, Vicerra RR, Bandala A, Aronne G, Izzo LG. Maize root behavior as three-inputs-three-outputs logical gates due to positive gravitropism and nutritropism. Biosystems 2023; 225:104847. [PMID: 36758718 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.104847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Root growth and their interactions can provide valuable information for the development of asynchronous logic systems. Here, maize root behavior due to positive gravitropism and nutritropism is evaluated as three-inputs-three-outputs logical gates. Using plant roots as the element for unconventional computing, the Boolean functions of each root tropism were constructed through arithmetic-logical operations. One gravity gate (rGG) and two nutrient gates (rNG1 and rNG2) were fabricated using additive manufacturing. The rGG platform was oriented with roots directly pulled down by gravity which computes (x, y, z) = (xz + yz, x + y¯z+yz¯, xy + yz), whereas specific output channels in rNG1 and rNG2 were fertigated with high phosphorus concentration resulting in (x, y, z) = (x + y + z, xy + xz, xyz) for rNG1 and (x, y, z) = (xyz, xy¯z+xyz¯, x + y + z) for rNG2. For rGG, rNG1, and rNG2, the symbols x, y, and z pertain to "root presence" in the related channel, whereas top bar on the symbols indicates "root absence". Anatomical traits of roots were evaluated to assess possible differences in vascular tissues due to gravitropic and nutritropic responses. Overall, maize primary roots showed prominent positive gravitropism and nutritropism, and the roots that were most attracted by gravitational or nutritional stimuli showed an increase in the diameter of phloem and xylem. The logic exhibited by roots was dependent on the gravitropic and nutritropic stimuli to which they were exposed in the different logic gates. The responsiveness of maize roots to environmental stimuli such as gravity and nutrients provided valuable information to be used in computational bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Concepcion Ii
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines.
| | - Maria Gemel Palconit
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ryan Rhay Vicerra
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
| | - Argel Bandala
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
| | - Giovanna Aronne
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Luigi Gennaro Izzo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy.
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9
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Mora CC, Perotti MF, González-Grandío E, Ribone PA, Cubas P, Chan RL. AtHB40 modulates primary root length and gravitropism involving CYCLINB and auxin transporters. Plant Sci 2022; 324:111421. [PMID: 35995111 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gravitropism is a finely regulated tropistic response based on the plant perception of directional cues. Such perception allows them to direct shoot growth upwards, above ground, and root growth downwards, into the soil, anchoring the plant to acquire water and nutrients. Gravity sensing occurs in specialized cells and depends on auxin distribution, regulated by influx/efflux carriers. Here we report that AtHB40, encoding a transcription factor of the homeodomain-leucine zipper I family, was expressed in the columella and the root tip. Athb40 mutants exhibited longer primary roots. Enhanced primary root elongation was in agreement with a higher number of cells in the transition zone and the induction of CYCLINB transcript levels. Moreover, athb40 mutants and AtHB40 overexpressors displayed enhanced and delayed gravitropistic responses, respectively. These phenotypes were associated with altered auxin distribution and deregulated expression of the auxin transporters LAX2, LAX3, and PIN2. Accordingly, lax2 and lax3 mutants also showed an altered gravitropistic response, and LAX3 was identified as a direct target of AtHB40. Furthermore, AtHB40 is induced by AtHB53 when the latter is upregulated by auxin. Altogether, these results indicate that AtHB40 modulates cell division and auxin distribution in the root tip thus altering primary root length and gravitropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Celeste Mora
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, FBCB), Colectora Ruta Nacional 168, km 0, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Perotti
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, FBCB), Colectora Ruta Nacional 168, km 0, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | - Pamela Anahí Ribone
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, FBCB), Colectora Ruta Nacional 168, km 0, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Pilar Cubas
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB) - CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Lía Chan
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, FBCB), Colectora Ruta Nacional 168, km 0, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
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10
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Yoshikay-Benitez DA, Yokoyama Y, Ohira K, Fujita K, Tomiie A, Kijidani Y, Shigeto J, Tsutsumi Y. Populus alba cationic cell-wall-bound peroxidase (CWPO-C) regulates the plant growth and affects auxin concentration in Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2022; 28:1671-1680. [PMID: 36387972 PMCID: PMC9636347 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The poplar cationic cell-wall-bound peroxidase (CWPO-C) mediates the oxidative polymerization of lignin precursors, especially sinapyl alcohols, and high molecular weight compounds that cannot be oxidized by other plant peroxidases, including horseradish peroxidase C. Therefore, CWPO-C is believed to be a lignification-specific peroxidase, but direct evidence of its function is lacking. Thus, the CWPO-C expression pattern in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) was determined using the β-glucuronidase gene as a reporter. Our data indicated that CWPO-C was expressed in young organs, including the meristem, leaf, root, flower, and young xylem in the upper part of the stem. Compared with the wild-type control, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CWPO-C had shorter stems. Approximately 60% of the plants in the transgenic line with the highest CWPO-C content had curled stems. These results indicate that CWPO-C plays a role in cell elongation. When plants were placed horizontally, induced CWPO-C expression was detected in the curved part of the stem during the gravitropic response. The stem curvature associated with gravitropism is controlled by auxin localization. The time needed for Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CWPO-C placed horizontally to bend by 90° was almost double the time required for the similarly treated wild-type controls. Moreover, the auxin content was significantly lower in the CWPO-C-overexpressing plants than in the wild-type plants. These results strongly suggest that CWPO-C has pleiotropic effects on plant growth and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) accumulation. These effects may be mediated by altered IAA concentration due to oxidation. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01241-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Alonso Yoshikay-Benitez
- Department of Agro-environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yusuke Yokoyama
- Department of Agro-environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kaori Ohira
- Department of Agro-environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Koki Fujita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Azusa Tomiie
- Division of Forest and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibana-dai Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192 Japan
| | - Yoshio Kijidani
- Division of Forest and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibana-dai Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192 Japan
| | - Jun Shigeto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
- Office of Research and Academia Government Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8511 Japan
| | - Yuji Tsutsumi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
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11
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Sousa-Baena MS, Onyenedum JG. Bouncing back stronger: Diversity, structure, and molecular regulation of gelatinous fiber development. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2022; 67:102198. [PMID: 35286861 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gelatinous fibers (G-fibers) are specialized contractile cells found in a diversity of vascular plant tissues, where they provide mechanical support and/or facilitate plant mobility. G-fibers are distinct from typical fibers by the presence of an innermost thickened G-layer, comprised mainly of axially oriented cellulose microfibrils. Despite the disparate developmental origins-tension wood fibers from the vascular cambium or primary phloem fibers from the procambium-G-fiber development, composition, and molecular signatures are remarkably similar; however, important distinctions do exist. Here, we synthesize current knowledge of the phylogenetic diversity, compositional makeup, and the molecular profiles that characterize G-fiber development and highlight open questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane S Sousa-Baena
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Joyce G Onyenedum
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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12
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Abstract
One of the longest standing theories and, therein-based, regulation-model of plant root development, posits the inhibitory action of auxin (IAA, indolylacetic acid) on elongation growth of root cells. This effect, as induced by exogenously supplied IAA, served as the foundation stone for root growth regulation. For decades, auxin ruled the day and only allowed hormonal side players to be somehow involved, or in some way affected. However, this copiously reiterated, apparent cardinal role of auxin only applies in roots immersed in solutions; it vanishes as soon as IAA-supplied roots are not surrounded by liquid. When roots grow in humid air, exogenous IAA has no inhibitory effect on elongation growth of maize roots, regardless of whether it is applied basipetally from the top of the root or to the entire residual seedling immersed in IAA solution. Nevertheless, such treatment leads to pronounced root-borne ethylene emission and lateral rooting, illustrating and confirming thereby induced auxin presence and its effect on the root - yet, not on root cell elongation. Based on these findings, a new root growth regulatory model is proposed. In this model, it is not IAA, but IAA-triggered ethylene which plays the cardinal regulatory role - taking effect, or not - depending on the external circumstances. In this model, in water- or solution-incubated roots, IAA-dependent ethylene acts due to its accumulation within the root proper by inhibited/restrained diffusion into the liquid phase. In roots exposed to moist air or gas, there is no effect on cell elongation, since IAA-triggered ethylene diffuses out of the root without an impact on growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans G Edelmann
- Institut für Biologiedidaktik, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, Germany.
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13
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Aronne G, Muthert LWF, Izzo LG, Romano LE, Iovane M, Capozzi F, Manzano A, Ciska M, Herranz R, Medina FJ, Kiss JZ, van Loon JJWA. A novel device to study altered gravity and light interactions in seedling tropisms. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2022; 32:8-16. [PMID: 35065766 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Long-duration space missions will need to rely on the use of plants in bio-regenerative life support systems (BLSSs) because these systems can produce fresh food and oxygen, reduce carbon dioxide levels, recycle metabolic waste, and purify water. In this scenario, the need for new experiments on the effects of altered gravity conditions on plant biological processes is increasing, and significant efforts should be devoted to new ideas aimed at increasing the scientific output and lowering the experimental costs. Here, we report the design of an easy-to-produce and inexpensive device conceived to analyze the effect of interaction between gravity and light on root tropisms. Each unit consisted of a polystyrene multi-slot rack with light-emitting diodes (LEDs), capable of holding Petri dishes and assembled with a particular filter-paper folding. The device was successfully used for the ROOTROPS (for root tropisms) experiment performed in the Large Diameter Centrifuge (LDC) and Random Positioning Machine (RPM) at ESA's European Space Research and Technology centre (ESTEC). During the experiments, four light treatments and six gravity conditions were factorially combined to study their effects on root orientation of Brassica oleracea seedlings. Light treatments (red, blue, and white) and a dark condition were tested under four hypergravity levels (20 g, 15 g, 10 g, 5 g), a 1 g control, and a simulated microgravity (RPM) condition. Results of validation tests showed that after 24 h, the assembled system remained unaltered, no slipping or displacement of seedlings occurred at any hypergravity treatment or on the RPM, and seedlings exhibited robust growth. Overall, the device was effective and reliable in achieving scientific goals, suggesting that it can be used for ground-based research on phototropism-gravitropism interactions. Moreover, the concepts developed can be further expanded for use in future spaceflight experiments with plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Aronne
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Gennaro Izzo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy.
| | - Leone Ermes Romano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Maurizio Iovane
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Fiore Capozzi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Aránzazu Manzano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Malgorzata Ciska
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Herranz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Javier Medina
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - John Z Kiss
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro NC 27402, United States of America
| | - Jack J W A van Loon
- Department Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam Movement Sciences & Amsterdam Bone Center (ABC), Amsterdam University Medical Center Location VUmc & Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, Netherlands; TEC-MMG-LISLab, European Space Agency (ESA) Technology Center (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
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14
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Shymanovich T, Vandenbrink JP, Herranz R, Medina FJ, Kiss JZ. Spaceflight studies identify a gene encoding an intermediate filament involved in tropism pathways. Plant Physiol Biochem 2022; 171:191-200. [PMID: 35007950 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We performed a series of experiments to study the interaction between phototropism and gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana as part of the Seedling Growth Project on the International Space Station. Red-light-based and blue-light-based phototropism were examined in microgravity and at 1g, a control that was produced by an on-board centrifuge. At the end of the experiments, seedlings were frozen and brought back to Earth for gene profiling studies via RNASeq methods. In this paper, we focus on five genes identified in these space studies by their differential expression in space: one involved in auxin transport and four others encoding genes for: a methyltransferase subunit, a transmembrane protein, a transcription factor for endodermis formation, and a cytoskeletal element (an intermediate filament protein). Time course studies using mutant strains of these five genes were performed for blue-light and red-light phototropism studies as well as for gravitropism assays on ground. Interestingly, all five of the genes had some effects on all the tropisms under the conditions studied. In addition, RT-PCR analyses examined expression of the five genes in wild-type seedlings during blue-light-based phototropism. Previous studies have supported a role of both microfilaments and microtubules in tropism pathways. However, the most interesting finding of the present space studies is that NFL, a gene encoding an intermediate filament protein, plays a role in phototropism and gravitropism, which opens the possibility that this cytoskeletal element modulates signal transduction in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Shymanovich
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Joshua P Vandenbrink
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA
| | - Raúl Herranz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - CSIC, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Javier Medina
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - CSIC, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - John Z Kiss
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Tropisms are among the most important growth responses for plant adaptation to the surrounding environment. One of the most common tropisms is root gravitropism. Root gravitropism enables the plant to anchor securely to the soil enabling the absorption of water and nutrients. Most of the knowledge related to the plant gravitropism has been acquired from the flowering plants, due to limited research in non-seed plants. Limited research on non-seed plants is due in large part to the lack of standard research methods. Here, we describe the experimental methods to evaluate gravitropism in representative non-seed plant species, including the non-vascular plant moss Physcomitrium patens, the early diverging extant vascular plant lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii and fern Ceratopteris richardii. In addition, we introduce the methods used for statistical analysis of the root gravitropism in non-seed plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lanxin Li
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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16
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Barker R, Johns S, Trane R, Gilroy S. Analysis of Plant Root Gravitropism. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2494:3-16. [PMID: 35467196 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2297-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gravity is a powerful element in shaping plant development, with gravitropism, the oriented growth response of plant organs to the direction of gravity, leading to each plant's characteristic form both above and below ground. Despite being conceptually simple to follow, monitoring a plant's directional growth responses can become complex as variation arises from both internal developmental cues as well as effects of the environment. In this protocol, we discuss approaches to gravitropism assays, focusing on automated analyses of root responses. For Arabidopsis, we recommend a simple 90° rotation using seedlings that are 5-8 days old. If images are taken at regular intervals and the environmental metadata is recorded during both seedling development and gravitropic assay, these data can be used to reveal quantitative kinetic patterns at distinct stages of the assay. The use of software that analyzes root system parameters and stores this data in the RSML format opens up the possibility for a host of root parameters to be extracted to characterize growth of the primary root and a range of lateral root phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Barker
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sarah Johns
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ralph Trane
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Simon Gilroy
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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17
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Bhat A, DePew CL, Monshausen GB. High-Resolution Kinematic Analysis of Root Gravitropic Bending Using RootPlot. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2368:95-109. [PMID: 34647251 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1677-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Root gravitropic bending is a complex growth process resulting from differential expansion of cells on the upper and lower sides of a gravistimulated root. In order to genetically dissect the molecular machinery underlying root bending, a thorough understanding of the kinetics and spatial distribution of the growth process is required. We have developed an experimental workflow that enables us to image growing roots at high spatiotemporal resolution and then convert XY-coordinates of root cellular markers into 3D representations of root growth profiles. Here, we present a detailed description of the setup for monitoring vertically oriented roots before and after gravistimulation. We also introduce our newly developed custom R-based program RootPlot, which calculates root velocity profiles from root XY-coordinate data obtained using a previously published image processing software. The raw velocity and derived relative elemental growth rate (REGR) curves are then fitted via LOWESS regression for assumption-free data analysis. The resulting smoothed growth profiles are plotted as heatmaps to visualize how different regions of the root contribute to the growth response over time. Additionally, RootPlot provides analysis of overall growth and bending rates based on root XY-coordinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Bhat
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Cody L DePew
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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18
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Meyers A, Scinto-Madonich N, Wyatt SE, Wolverton C. Arabidopsis Growth and Dissection on Polyethersulfone (PES) Membranes for Gravitropic Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2368:233-9. [PMID: 34647259 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1677-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyethersulfone (PES) membranes provide a versatile tool for gravity-related plant studies. Benefits of this system include straightforward setup, no need for specialized equipment, long-term seed viability between plating and hydration/growth, and adaptability to diverse protocols and downstream analyses. Methods outlined here include seed sterilization, planting, growth, and dissection that will transition directly into any RNA extraction protocol.
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19
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Kruse CPS, Wyatt SE. Nitric oxide, gravity response, and a unified schematic of plant signaling. Plant Sci 2022; 314:111105. [PMID: 34895542 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant signaling components are often involved in numerous processes. Calcium, reactive oxygen species, and other signaling molecules are essential to normal biotic and abiotic responses. Yet, the summation of these components is integrated to produce a specific response despite their involvement in a myriad of response cascades. In the response to gravity, the role of many of these individual components has been studied, but a specific sequence of signals has not yet been assembled into a cohesive schematic of gravity response signaling. Herein, we provide a review of existing knowledge of gravity response and differential protein and gene regulation induced by the absence of gravity stimulus aboard the International Space Station and propose an integrated theoretical schematic of gravity response incorporating that information. Recent developments in the role of nitric oxide in gravity signaling provided some of the final contextual pillars for the assembly of the model, where nitric oxide and the role of cysteine S-nitrosation may be central to the gravity response. The proposed schematic accounts for the known responses to reorientation with respect to gravity in roots-the most well studied gravitropic plant tissue-and is supported by the extensive evolutionary conservation of regulatory amino acids within protein components of the signaling schematic. The identification of a role of nitric oxide in regulating the TIR1 auxin receptor is indicative of the broader relevance of the schematic in studying a multitude of environmental and stress responses. Finally, there are several experimental approaches that are highlighted as essential to the further study and validation of this schematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin P S Kruse
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States(1)
| | - Sarah E Wyatt
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
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20
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Jiang P, Ma N, Sun F, Ye M, Wu R. Functional mapping of gravitropism and phototropism for a desert tree, Populus euphratica. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2021; 26:988-1000. [PMID: 34856747 DOI: 10.52586/5003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background: Plants have evolved the dual capacity for maximizing light assimilation through stem growth (phototropism) and maximizing water and nutrient absorption through root growth (gravitropism). Previous studies have revealed the physiological and molecular mechanisms of these two processes, but the genetic basis for how gravitropism and phototropism interact and coordinate with one another to determine plant growth remains poorly understood. Methods: We designed a seed germination experiment using a full-sib F1 family of Populus euphratica to simultaneously monitor the gravitropic growth of the radicle and the phototropic growth of the plumule throughout seedling ontogeny. We implemented three functional mapping models to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that regulate gravitropic and phototropic growth. Univariate functional mapping dissected each growth trait separately, bivariate functional mapping mapped two growth traits simultaneously, and composite functional mapping mapped the sum of gravitropic and phototropic growth as a main axis. Results: Bivariate model detected 8 QTLs for gravitropism and phototropism (QWRF, GLUR, F-box, PCFS4, UBQ, TAF12, BHLH95, TMN8), composite model detected 7 QTLs for growth of main axis (ATL8, NEFH, PCFS4, UBQ, SOT16, MOR1, PCMP-H), of which, PCFS4 and UBQ were pleiotropically detected with the both model. Many of these QTLs are situated within the genomic regions of candidate genes. Conclusions: The results from our models provide new insight into the mechanisms of genetic control of gravitropism and phototropism in a desert tree, and will stimulate our understanding of the relationships between gravity and light signal transduction pathways and tree adaptation to arid soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Fengshuo Sun
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Meixia Ye
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Rongling Wu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083 Beijing, China.,Center for Statistical Genetics, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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21
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Trogu S, Ermert AL, Stahl F, Nogué F, Gans T, Hughes J. Multiplex CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis of the phytochrome gene family in Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens. Plant Mol Biol 2021; 107:327-336. [PMID: 33346897 PMCID: PMC8648701 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We mutated all seven Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens phytochrome genes using highly-efficient CRISPR-Cas9 procedures. We thereby identified phy5a as the phytochrome primarily responsible for inhibiting gravitropism, proving the utility of the mutant library. The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a powerful tool for genome editing. Here we report highly-efficient multiplex CRISPR-Cas9 editing of the seven-member phytochrome gene family in the model bryophyte Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens. Based on the co-delivery of an improved Cas9 plasmid with multiple sgRNA plasmids and an efficient screening procedure to identify high-order multiple mutants prior to sequencing, we demonstrate successful targeting of all seven PHY genes in a single transfection. We investigated further aspects of the CRISPR methodology in Physcomitrella, including the significance of spacing between paired sgRNA targets and the efficacy of NHEJ and HDR in repairing the chromosome when excising a complete locus. As proof-of-principle, we show that the septuple phy- mutant remains gravitropic in light, in line with expectations, and on the basis of data from lower order multiplex knockouts conclude that phy5a is the principal phytochrome responsible for inhibiting gravitropism in light. We expect, therefore, that this mutant collection will be valuable for further studies of phytochrome function and that the methods we describe will allow similar approaches to revealing specific functions in other gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Trogu
- Institute for Plant Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Senckenbergstrasse 3, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Ermert
- Institute for Plant Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Senckenbergstrasse 3, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabian Stahl
- Institute for Plant Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Senckenbergstrasse 3, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabien Nogué
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Tanja Gans
- Institute for Plant Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Senckenbergstrasse 3, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jon Hughes
- Institute for Plant Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Senckenbergstrasse 3, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
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22
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Chang J, Li J. Methods to Quantify Cell Division and Hormone Gradients During Root Tropisms. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2368:71-80. [PMID: 34647249 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1677-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Tropisms are growth-based plant directional movements, allowing plants to respond to their living environments. Plant roots have developed various tropic responses, including gravitropism, hydrotropism, chemotropism, and halotropism, in response to the gravity, moisture gradient, nutrient gradient, and salinity gradient, respectively. Revealed mechanisms of several tropic responses suggested that plant hormone gradient and cell division activity play key roles in determining these responses. Approaches to measure cell division and hormone gradients, however, have rarely been applied in root tropic analyses. Here, we describe a number of methods to quantify cell division and hormone gradients during root tropic analysis. These approaches are mainly based on our previous researches on root hydrotropism.
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23
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Roychoudhry S, Del Bianco M, Kepinski S. The Analysis of Gravitropic Setpoint Angle Control in Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2368:133-51. [PMID: 34647254 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1677-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The history of research on gravitropism has been largely confined to the primary root-shoot axis and to understanding how the typically vertical orientation observed there is maintained. Many lateral organs are gravitropic too and are often held at specific non-vertical angles relative to gravity. These so-called gravitropic setpoint angles (GSAs) are intriguing because their maintenance requires that root and shoot lateral organs are able to effect tropic growth both with and against the gravity vector. This chapter describes methods and considerations relevant to the investigation of mechanisms underlying GSA control.
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24
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Somssich M, Vandenbussche F, Ivakov A, Funke N, Ruprecht C, Vissenberg K, VanDer Straeten D, Persson S, Suslov D. Brassinosteroids Influence Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Graviresponses through Changes in Mannans and Cellulose. Plant Cell Physiol 2021; 62:678-692. [PMID: 33570567 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The force of gravity is a constant environmental factor. Plant shoots respond to gravity through negative gravitropism and gravity resistance. These responses are essential for plants to direct the growth of aerial organs away from the soil surface after germination and to keep an upright posture above ground. We took advantage of the effect of brassinosteroids (BRs) on the two types of graviresponses in Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls to disentangle functions of cell wall polymers during etiolated shoot growth. The ability of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings to grow upward was suppressed in the presence of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) but enhanced in the presence of brassinazole (BRZ), an inhibitor of BR biosynthesis. These effects were accompanied by changes in cell wall mechanics and composition. Cell wall biochemical analyses, confocal microscopy of the cellulose-specific pontamine S4B dye and cellular growth analyses revealed that the EBL and BRZ treatments correlated with changes in cellulose fibre organization, cell expansion at the hypocotyl base and mannan content. Indeed, a longitudinal reorientation of cellulose fibres and growth inhibition at the base of hypocotyls supported their upright posture whereas the presence of mannans reduced gravitropic bending. The negative effect of mannans on gravitropism is a new function for this class of hemicelluloses. We also found that EBL interferes with upright growth of hypocotyls through their uneven thickening at the base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Somssich
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Filip Vandenbussche
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Alexander Ivakov
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Norma Funke
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Targenomix GmbH, Am Muehlenberg 11, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Colin Ruprecht
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Biology Department, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Stavromenos, Heraklion, Crete 71410, Greece
| | - Dominique VanDer Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Dmitry Suslov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
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25
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Xia X, Mi X, Jin L, Guo R, Zhu J, Xie H, Liu L, An Y, Zhang C, Wei C, Liu S. CsLAZY1 mediates shoot gravitropism and branch angle in tea plants (Camellia sinensis). BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:243. [PMID: 34049485 PMCID: PMC8164267 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Branch angle is a pivotal component of tea plant architecture. Tea plant architecture not only affects tea quality and yield but also influences the efficiency of automatic tea plant pruning. However, the molecular mechanism controlling the branch angle, which is an important aspect of plant architecture, is poorly understood in tea plants. RESULTS In the present study, three CsLAZY genes were identified from tea plant genome data through sequence homology analysis. Phylogenetic tree displayed that the CsLAZY genes had high sequence similarity with LAZY genes from other plant species, especially those in woody plants. The expression patterns of the three CsLAZYs were surveyed in eight tissues. We further verified the expression levels of the key CsLAZY1 transcript in different tissues among eight tea cultivars and found that CsLAZY1 was highly expressed in stem. Subcellular localization analysis showed that the CsLAZY1 protein was localized in the plasma membrane. CsLAZY1 was transferred into Arabidopsis thaliana to investigate its potential role in regulating shoot development. Remarkably, the CsLAZY1 overexpressed plants responded more effectively than the wild-type plants to a gravity inversion treatment under light and dark conditions. The results indicate that CsLAZY1 plays an important role in regulating shoot gravitropism in tea plants. CONCLUSIONS The results provide important evidence for understanding the functions of CsLAZY1 in regulating shoot gravitropism and influencing the stem branch angle in tea plants. This report identifies CsLAZY1 as a promising gene resource for the improvement of tea plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaozeng Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Ling Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Junyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yanlin An
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Cao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Chaoling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Shengrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
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26
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Dümmer M, Spasić SZ, Feil M, Michalski C, Forreiter C, Galland P. Tangent algorithm for photogravitropic balance in plants and Phycomyces blakesleeanus: Roles for EHB1 and NPH3 of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Plant Physiol 2021; 260:153396. [PMID: 33713940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant organs that are exposed to continuous unilateral light reach in the steady-state a photogravitropic bending angle that results from the mutual antagonism between the photo- and gravitropic responses. To characterize the interaction between the two tropisms and their quantitative relationship we irradiated seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana that were inclined at various angles and determined the fluence rates of unilateral blue light required to compensate the gravitropism of the inclined hypocotyls. We found the compensating fluence rates to increase with the tangent of the inclination angles (0° < γ < 90° or max. 120°) and decrease with the cotangent (90°< γ < 180° or max. 120°of the inclination angles. The tangent dependence became also evident from analysis of previous data obtained with Avena sativa and the phycomycete fungus, Phycomyces blakesleeanus. By using loss-of function mutant lines of Arabidopsis, we identified EHB1 (enhanced bending 1) as an essential element for the generation of the tangent and cotangent relationships. Because EHB1 possesses a C2-domain with two putative calcium binding sites, we propose that the ubiquitous calcium dependence of gravi- and phototropism is in part mediated by Ca2+-bound EHB1. Based on a yeast-two-hybrid analysis we found evidence that EHB1 does physically interact with the ARF-GAP protein AGD12. Both proteins were reported to affect gravi- and phototropism antagonistically. We further showed that only AGD12, but not EHB1, interacts with its corresponding ARF-protein. Evidence is provided that AGD12 is able to form homodimers as well as heterodimers with EHB1. On the basis of these data we present a model for a mechanism of early tropism events, in which Ca2+-activated EHB1 emerges as the central processor-like element that links the gravi- and phototropic transduction chains and that generates in coordination with NPH3 and AGD12 the tangent / cotangent algorithm governing photogravitropic equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Dümmer
- Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Sladjana Z Spasić
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, Belgrade, Serbia; Singidunum University, Danijelova 32, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Martin Feil
- Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Michalski
- Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Forreiter
- Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany; Institut für Biologie, Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein Str. 2, D-57068, Siegen, Germany.
| | - Paul Galland
- Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35032, Marburg, Germany.
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27
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Zhang P, Yu X, Bai J, Gong Q. The Arabidopsis STE20/Hippo kinase SIK1 regulates polarity independently of PIN proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 549:21-26. [PMID: 33652206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polarity is a feature of life. In higher plants, non-autonomous polarity is largely directed by auxin, the morphogen that drives its own polarized flow, Polar Auxin Transport (PAT), to guide patterning events such as phyllotaxis and tropism. The plasma membrane-localized PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carriers are rate-limiting factors in PAT. In yeasts and metazoans, the STE20 kinases are key players in cell polarity. We had previously characterized SIK1 as a STE20/Hippo orthologue in Arabidopsis and confirmed its function in mitotic exit and organ growth. Here we explore the possible link between SIK1, auxin, PIN, and polarity. Abnormal phyllotaxis and gravitropism were observed in sik1. sik1 was more sensitive to exogenous auxin in primary root elongation and lateral root emergence. RNA-Seq revealed reduced expression in auxin biosynthesis genes and induced expression of auxin flux carriers in sik1. However, normal tissue- and sub-cellular localization patterns of PIN1 and PIN2 were observed in sik1. The dark-induced vacuolar degradation of PIN2 also appeared normal in sik1. An additive phenotype was observed in the sik1 pin1 double mutant, indicating that SIK1 does not directly regulate PIN1. The polarity defects of sik1 are hence unlikely mediated by PINs and await future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, PR China.
| | - Xiulian Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, PR China.
| | - Jing Bai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, PR China.
| | - Qingqiu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
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28
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Shindo M, Makigawa S, Kodama K, Sugiyama H, Matsumoto K, Iwata T, Wasano N, Kano A, Morita MT, Fujii Y. Design and chemical synthesis of root gravitropism inhibitors: Bridged analogues of ku-76 have more potent activity. Phytochemistry 2020; 179:112508. [PMID: 32905916 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we found (2Z,4E)-5-phenylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid (ku-76) to be a selective inhibitor of root gravitropic bending of lettuce radicles at 5 μM, with no concomitant growth inhibition, and revealed the structure-activity relationship in this inhibitory activity. The conformation of ku-76 is flexible owing to the open-chain structure of pentan-2,4-dienoic acid with freely rotating single bonds, and the (2Z)-alkene moiety may be isomerized by external factors. To develop more potent inhibitors and obtain insight into the target biomolecules, various analogues of ku-76, fixed through conformation and/or configuration, were synthesized and evaluated. Stereochemical fixation was effective in improving the potency of gravitropic bending inhibition. Finally, we found highly potent conformational and/or configurational analogues (ku-257, ku-294 and ku-308), that did not inhibit root growth. The inhibition of root curvature by these analogues was comparable to that of naptalam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Shindo
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan.
| | - Saki Makigawa
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kozue Kodama
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sugiyama
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Takayuki Iwata
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Naoya Wasano
- International Environmental and Agricultural Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Arihiro Kano
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Miyo Terao Morita
- Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Fujii
- International Environmental and Agricultural Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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29
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Zhao X, Li C, Zhang H, Yan C, Sun Q, Wang J, Yuan C, Shan S. Alternative splicing profiling provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of peanut peg development. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:488. [PMID: 33096983 PMCID: PMC7585205 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is one of the most important oilseed crops worldwide, and the generation of pegs and formation of subterranean pods are essential processes in peanut reproductive development. However, little information has been reported about alternative splicing (AS) in peanut peg formation and development. RESULTS Herein, we presented a comprehensive full-length (FL) transcriptome profiling of AS isoforms during peanut peg and early pod development. We identified 1448, 1102, 832, and 902 specific spliced transcripts in aerial pegs, subterranean pegs, subterranean unswollen pegs, and early swelling pods, respectively. A total of 184 spliced transcripts related to gravity stimulation, light and mechanical response, hormone mediated signaling pathways, and calcium-dependent proteins were identified as possibly involved in peanut peg development. For aerial pegs, spliced transcripts we got were mainly involved in gravity stimulation and cell wall morphogenetic processes. The genes undergoing AS in subterranean peg were possibly involved in gravity stimulation, cell wall morphogenetic processes, and abiotic response. For subterranean unswollen pegs, spliced transcripts were predominantly related to the embryo development and root formation. The genes undergoing splice in early swelling pods were mainly related to ovule development, root hair cells enlargement, root apex division, and seed germination. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that multiple genes are related to gravity stimulation, light and mechanical response, hormone mediated signaling pathways, and calcium-dependent proteins undergoing AS express development-specific spliced isoforms or exhibit an obvious isoform switch during the peanut peg development. AS isoforms in subterranean pegs and pods provides valuable sources to further understand post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of AS in the generation of pegs and formation of subterranean pods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zhao
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunjuan Li
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Caixia Yan
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Quanxi Sun
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Cuiling Yuan
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Shihua Shan
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
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30
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Kruse CPS, Meyers AD, Basu P, Hutchinson S, Luesse DR, Wyatt SE. Spaceflight induces novel regulatory responses in Arabidopsis seedling as revealed by combined proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:237. [PMID: 32460700 PMCID: PMC7251690 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding of gravity sensing and response is critical to long-term human habitation in space and can provide new advantages for terrestrial agriculture. To this end, the altered gene expression profile induced by microgravity has been repeatedly queried by microarray and RNA-seq experiments to understand gravitropism. However, the quantification of altered protein abundance in space has been minimally investigated. RESULTS Proteomic (iTRAQ-labelled LC-MS/MS) and transcriptomic (RNA-seq) analyses simultaneously quantified protein and transcript differential expression of three-day old, etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings grown aboard the International Space Station along with their ground control counterparts. Protein extracts were fractionated to isolate soluble and membrane proteins and analyzed to detect differentially phosphorylated peptides. In total, 968 RNAs, 107 soluble proteins, and 103 membrane proteins were identified as differentially expressed. In addition, the proteomic analyses identified 16 differential phosphorylation events. Proteomic data delivered novel insights and simultaneously provided new context to previously made observations of gene expression in microgravity. There is a sweeping shift in post-transcriptional mechanisms of gene regulation including RNA-decapping protein DCP5, the splicing factors GRP7 and GRP8, and AGO4,. These data also indicate AHA2 and FERONIA as well as CESA1 and SHOU4 as central to the cell wall adaptations seen in spaceflight. Patterns of tubulin-α 1, 3,4 and 6 phosphorylation further reveal an interaction of microtubule and redox homeostasis that mirrors osmotic response signaling elements. The absence of gravity also results in a seemingly wasteful dysregulation of plastid gene transcription. CONCLUSIONS The datasets gathered from Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to microgravity revealed marked impacts on post-transcriptional regulation, cell wall synthesis, redox/microtubule dynamics, and plastid gene transcription. The impact of post-transcriptional regulatory alterations represents an unstudied element of the plant microgravity response with the potential to significantly impact plant growth efficiency and beyond. What's more, addressing the effects of microgravity on AHA2, CESA1, and alpha tubulins has the potential to enhance cytoskeletal organization and cell wall composition, thereby enhancing biomass production and growth in microgravity. Finally, understanding and manipulating the dysregulation of plastid gene transcription has further potential to address the goal of enhancing plant growth in the stressful conditions of microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin P S Kruse
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Interdisciplinary Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Alexander D Meyers
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Interdisciplinary Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Proma Basu
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Interdisciplinary Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Sarahann Hutchinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | - Darron R Luesse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | - Sarah E Wyatt
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
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31
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Yang Z, Guo G, Yang N, Pun SS, Ho TKL, Ji L, Hu I, Zhang J, Burlingame AL, Li N. The change of gravity vector induces short-term phosphoproteomic alterations in Arabidopsis. J Proteomics 2020; 218:103720. [PMID: 32120044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants can sense the gravitational force. When plants perceive a change in this natural force, they tend to reorient their organs with respect to the direction of the gravity vector, i.e., the shoot stem curves up. In the present study, we performed a 4C quantitative phosphoproteomics to identify those altered protein phosphosites resulting from 150 s of reorientation of Arabidopsis plants on earth. A total of 5556 phosphopeptides were identified from the gravistimulated Arabidopsis. Quantification based on the 15N-stable isotope labeling in Arabidopsis (SILIA) and computational analysis of the extracted ion chromatogram (XIC) of phosphopeptides showed eight and five unique PTM peptide arrays (UPAs) being up- and down-regulated, respectively, by gravistimulation. Among the 13 plant reorientation-responsive protein groups, many are related to the cytoskeleton dynamic and plastid movement. Interestingly, the most gravistimulation-responsive phosphosites are three serine residues, S350, S376, and S410, of a blue light receptor Phototropin 1 (PHOT1). The immunoblots experiment confirmed that the change of gravity vector indeed affected the phosphorylation level of S410 in PHOT1. The functional role of PHOT1 in gravitropic response was further validated with gravicurvature measurement in the darkness of both the loss-of-function double mutant phot1phot2 and its complementary transgenic plant PHOT1/phot1phot2. SIGNIFICANCE: The organs of sessile organisms, plants, are able to move in response to environmental stimuli, such as gravity vector, touch, light, water, or nutrients, which is termed tropism. For instance, the bending of plant shoots to the light source is called phototropism. Since all plants growing on earth are continuously exposed to the gravitational field, plants receive the mechanical signal elicited by the gravity vector change and convert it into plant morphogenesis, growth, and development. Past studies have resulted in various hypotheses for gravisensing, but our knowledge about how the signal of gravity force is transduced in plant cells is still minimal. In the present study, we performed a SILIA-based 4C quantitative phosphoproteomics on 150-s gravistimulated Arabidopsis seedlings to explore the phosphoproteins involved in the gravitropic response. Our data demonstrated that such a short-term reorientation of Arabidopsis caused changes in phosphorylation of cytoskeleton structural proteins like Chloroplast Unusual Positioning1 (CHUP1), Patellin3 (PATL3), and Plastid Movement Impaired2 (PMI2), as well as the blue light receptor Phototropin1 (PHOT1). These results suggested that protein phosphorylation plays a crucial role in gravisignaling, and two primary tropic responses of plants, gravitropism and phototropism, may share some common components and signaling pathways. We expect that the phosphoproteins detected from this study will facilitate the subsequent molecular and cellular studies on the mechanism underlying the signal transduction in plant gravitropic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Yang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Guangyu Guo
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Nan Yang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Sunny Sing Pun
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Timothy Ka Leung Ho
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ling Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Inch Hu
- Department of ISOM and Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.; School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China.
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Shindo M, Makigawa S, Matsumoto K, Iwata T, Wasano N, Kano A, Morita MT, Fujii Y. Essential structural features of (2Z,4E)-5-phenylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid for inhibition of root gravitropism. Phytochemistry 2020; 172:112287. [PMID: 32018089 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we found (2Z,4E)-5-phenylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid (ku-76) to be a selective inhibitor of root gravitropic bending of lettuce radicles at 5 μM, with no concomitant growth inhibition. Here, we describe a structure-activity relationship study of ku-76 to determine the essential structural features for the inhibitory activity. A series of ku-76 analogues was synthesized and the key features of ku-76 that are necessary for inhibition of lettuce root gravitropic bending were determined. The (2E,4E)-, (2Z,4Z)- (2E,4Z)- analogues were inactive, and 4,5-saturated and 4,5-alkynyl analogues also did not show inhibitory activity, demonstrating the importance of the (2Z,4E) diene unit. The aromatic ring was also crucial and could not be replaced with an alkyl chain. Derivatives in which the carboxylic acid was replaced with amides, alcohols, or esters were much less potent. These results suggest that the (2Z,4E)-diene, the carboxylic acid moiety, and the aromatic ring are essential for potent inhibitory activity against gravitropic bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Shindo
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan.
| | - Saki Makigawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Takayuki Iwata
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Naoya Wasano
- International Environmental and Agricultural Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Arihiro Kano
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Miyo Terao Morita
- Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Fujii
- International Environmental and Agricultural Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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Ajala C, Hasenstein KH. Augmentation of root gravitropism by hypocotyl curvature in Brassica rapa seedlings. Plant Sci 2019; 285:214-223. [PMID: 31203886 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Main Conclusion Root gravitropism of primary roots is assisted by curvature of the hypocotyl base. Root gravitropism is typically described as the sequence of signal perception, signal processing, and response that causes differential elongation and the establishment of a new gravitropic set-point angle. We describe two components of the graviresponse of Brassica seedlings that comprise a primary curvature of the root tip and a later onset but stronger curvature that occurs at the base of the hypocotyl. This second curvature is preceded by straightening of the tip region but leads to the completion of the alignment of the root axis. Curvature in both regions require a minimum displacement of 20 deg. The rate of tip curvature is a function of root length. After horizontal reorientation, tip curvature of five mm long roots curved twice as fast as 10 mm long roots (33.6 ± 3.3 vs. 14.3 ± 1.5 deg hr-1). The onset of curvature at the hypocotyl base is correlated with root length, but the rate of this curvature is independent of seedling length. Decapping of roots prevented tip curvature but the curvature at base of hypocotyl was unaffected. Endodermal cells at the root shoot junction show numerous, large and sedimenting amyloplasts, which likely serve as gravity sensors (statoliths). The amyloplasts at the hypocotyl were 3-4 μm in diameter, similar in size to those in the root cap, and twice the size of starch grains in the cortical layers of hypocotyl or elsewhere in the root. These data indicate that the root shoot reorientation of young seedlings is not limited to the root tip but includes more than one gravitropically responsive region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Ajala
- Biology Department, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, 70504-43602, United States
| | - Karl H Hasenstein
- Biology Department, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, 70504-43602, United States.
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Xie C, Zhang G, An L, Chen X, Fang R. Phytochrome-interacting factor-like protein OsPIL15 integrates light and gravitropism to regulate tiller angle in rice. Planta 2019; 250:105-114. [PMID: 30927053 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rice phytochrome-interacting factor-like protein OsPIL15 regulates tiller angle through light and gravity signals in rice. Tiller angle of cereal crops is a key agronomic trait that contributes to grain production. An understanding of how tiller angle is controlled is helpful for achieving ideal plant architecture to improve grain yield. Phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) are known to regulate seed germination, seedling skotomorphogenesis, shade avoidance, and flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we report that OsPIL15 is, indeed, a rice PIF that negatively regulates tiller angle. Dominant-negative OsPIL15 plants displayed a larger tiller angle, which was associated with reduced shoot gravitropism. Phytochrome B (phyB) is the main photoreceptor perceiving the low red:far-red ratio of shade light. Compared with wild-type rice plants, loss-of-function phyB plants and OsPIL15-overexpressing plants showed smaller tiller angles and enhanced shoot gravitropism. In addition, more OsPIL15 protein accumulated in phyB plants than in wild-type plants. Light regulates the level of the OsPIL15 protein negatively, depending on phyB partially. We propose that OsPIL15 integrates light and gravity signals to regulate tiller angle in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanmiao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin An
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Rongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing, 100101, China.
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Chauvet H, Moulia B, Legué V, Forterre Y, Pouliquen O. Revealing the hierarchy of processes and time-scales that control the tropic response of shoots to gravi-stimulations. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:1955-1967. [PMID: 30916341 PMCID: PMC6436155 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Gravity is a major abiotic cue for plant growth. However, little is known about the responses of plants to various patterns of gravi-stimulation, with apparent contradictions being observed between the dose-like responses recorded under transient stimuli in microgravity environments and the responses under steady-state inclinations recorded on earth. Of particular importance is how the gravitropic response of an organ is affected by the temporal dynamics of downstream processes in the signalling pathway, such as statolith motion in statocytes or the redistribution of auxin transporters. Here, we used a combination of experiments on the whole-plant scale and live-cell imaging techniques on wheat coleoptiles in centrifuge devices to investigate both the kinematics of shoot-bending induced by transient inclination, and the motion of the statoliths in response to cell inclination. Unlike previous observations in microgravity, the response of shoots to transient inclinations appears to be independent of the level of gravity, with a response time much longer than the duration of statolith sedimentation. This reveals the existence of a memory process in the gravitropic signalling pathway, independent of statolith dynamics. By combining this memory process with statolith motion, a mathematical model is built that unifies the different laws found in the literature and that predicts the early bending response of shoots to arbitrary gravi-stimulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Chauvet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IUSTI, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Moulia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valérie Legué
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yoël Forterre
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IUSTI, Marseille, France
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Vandenbrink JP, Kiss JZ. Preparation of a Spaceflight Experiment to Study Tropisms in Arabidopsis Seedlings on the International Space Station. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1924:207-214. [PMID: 30694478 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9015-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of orbiting spacecraft allows for studying biological processes in conditions of microgravity. Centrifuges on board these platforms also allow for the creation of partial gravity vectors (to simulate the Moon or Mars levels of gravity) as well as onboard 1-g controls for the space experiments. Thus, the mechanisms of gravity and light perception in plants can be analyzed in a unique environment which can give insights into fundamental processes in biology. Here, we describe the methods for preparation of a plant biology experiment with seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana utilizing the European Modular Cultivation System (EMCS) on the International Space Station (ISS). The procedures outlined in this paper have been successfully used in several of our recent spaceflight experiments, which have given unique insights into the basic mechanisms of tropisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Vandenbrink
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - John Z Kiss
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.
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Abstract
Land plants perceive gravity and respond to it in an organ-specific way; shoots typically direct growth upwards, roots typically downwards. Historically, at least with respect to maize plants, this phenomenon is attributed to three sequential processes, namely graviperception, the transduction of the perceived signal, and the graviresponse, resulting in a typical (re)positioning of the organ or entire plant body relative to the gravivector. For decades, sedimentation of starch-containing plastids within the cells of special tissues has been regarded as the primary and initiating process fundamental for gravitropic growth (starch-statolith hypothesis). Based on Popper's falsification principle, uncompromising experiments were executed. The results indicate that the model of graviperception based on amyloplast sedimentation does not apply to maize seedlings.
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Abstract
Inter-individual variation in plants and particularly in hormone content, figures strongly in evolution and behaviour. Homo sapiens and Arabidopsis exhibit similar and substantial phenotypic and molecular variation. Whereas there is a very substantial degree of hormone variation in mankind, reports of inter-individual variation in plant hormone content are virtually absent but are likely to be as large if not larger than that in mankind. Reasons for this absence are discussed. Using an example of inter-individual variation in ethylene content in ripening, the article shows how biological time is compressed by hormones. It further resolves an old issue of very wide hormone dose response that result directly from negative regulation in hormone (and light) transduction. Negative regulation is used because of inter-individual variability in hormone synthesis, receptors and ancillary proteins, a consequence of substantial genomic and environmental variation. Somatic mosaics have been reported for several plant tissues and these too contribute to tissue variation and wide variation in hormone response. The article concludes by examining what variation exists in gravitropic responses. There are multiple sensing systems of gravity vectors and multiple routes towards curvature. These are an aspect of the need for reliability in both inter-individual variation and unpredictable environments. Plant hormone inter-individuality is a new area for research and is likely to change appreciation of the mechanisms that underpin individual behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Watahiki
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Anthony Trewavas
- Institute of Plant Molecular Science, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3 JH, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Bessho-Uehara K, Nugroho JE, Kondo H, Angeles-Shim RB, Ashikari M. Sucrose affects the developmental transition of rhizomes in Oryza longistaminata. J Plant Res 2018; 131:693-707. [PMID: 29740707 PMCID: PMC6488557 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Oryza longistaminata, the African wild rice, can propagate vegetatively through rhizomes. Rhizomes elongate horizontally underground as sink organs, however, they undergo a developmental transition that shifts their growth to the surface of the ground to become aerial stems. This particular stage is essential for the establishment of new ramets. While several determinants such as abiotic stimuli and plant hormones have been reported as key factors effecting developmental transition in aerial stem, the cause of this phenomenon in rhizome remains elusive. This study shows that depletion of nutrients, particularly sucrose, is the key stimulus that induces the developmental transition in rhizomes, as indicated by the gradient of sugars from the base to the tip of the rhizome. Sugar treatments revealed that sucrose specifically represses the developmental transition from rhizome to aerial stem by inhibiting the expression of sugar metabolism and hormone synthesis genes at the bending point. Sucrose depletion affected several factors contributing to the developmental transition of rhizome including signal transduction, transcriptional regulation and plant hormone balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Bessho-Uehara
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Jovano Erris Nugroho
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirono Kondo
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Rosalyn B Angeles-Shim
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Motoyuki Ashikari
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
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40
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Zhou L, Hou H, Yang T, Lian Y, Sun Y, Bian Z, Wang C. Exogenous hydrogen peroxide inhibits primary root gravitropism by regulating auxin distribution during Arabidopsis seed germination. Plant Physiol Biochem 2018; 128:126-133. [PMID: 29775864 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the key factor in many physiological and metabolic processes in plants. During seed germination, exogenous H2O2 application influences gravitropism and induces curvature of the primary root in grass pea and pea seedlings. However, it remains unclear whether and how this happens in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In the present study, the effect of exogenous H2O2 on the gravitropic response of primary roots during Arabidopsis seed germination was studied using histology and molecular biology approaches. Appropriate H2O2 treatment not only restrained primary root growth, but also disrupted gravitropism and induced root curvature. Histological staining and molecular analysis demonstrated that exogenous H2O2 correlated with lack of starch-dense amyloplasts in root tip columella cells, which ultimately results in the lack of gravisensing. Detection of calcium ion (Ca2+) by a fluorescent probe showed that Ca2+ distribution changed and intracellular Ca2+ concentration increased in H2O2-treated primary root, which was consistent with alterations in auxin distribution and concentration triggered by H2O2 treatment. Furthermore, the normally polar localization of Pin-formed 1 (PIN1) and PIN2 became uniformly distributed on root tip cell membranes after treatment with H2O2. This leads to speculation that the IAA signaling pathway was affected by exogenous H2O2, causing asymmetrical distribution of IAA on both sides of the primary root, which would influence the gravitropic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China;.
| | - Hongzhou Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China;.
| | - Tao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China;.
| | - Yuke Lian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China;.
| | - Yan Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China;.
| | - Zhiyuan Bian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China;.
| | - Chongying Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China;.
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Bettembourg M, Dal-Soglio M, Bureau C, Vernet A, Dardoux A, Portefaix M, Bes M, Meynard D, Mieulet D, Cayrol B, Perin C, Courtois B, Ma JF, Dievart A. Root cone angle is enlarged in docs1 LRR-RLK mutants in rice. Rice (N Y) 2017; 10:50. [PMID: 29247303 PMCID: PMC5732118 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-017-0190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DEFECTIVE IN OUTER CELL LAYER SPECIFICATION 1 (DOCS1) gene belongs to the Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor-Like Kinase (LRR-RLK) subfamily. It has been discovered few years ago in Oryza sativa (rice) in a screen to isolate mutants with defects in sensitivity to aluminum. The c68 (docs1-1) mutant possessed a nonsense mutation in the C-terminal part of the DOCS1 kinase domain. FINDINGS We have generated a new loss-of-function mutation in the DOCS1 gene (docs1-2) using the CRISPR-Cas9 technology. This new loss-of-function mutant and docs1-1 present similar phenotypes suggesting the original docs1-1 was a null allele. Besides the aluminum sensitivity phenotype, both docs1 mutants shared also several root phenotypes described previously: less root hairs and mixed identities of the outer cell layers. Moreover, our new results suggest that DOCS1 could also play a role in root cap development. We hypothesized these docs1 root phenotypes may affect gravity responses. As expected, in seedlings, the early gravitropic response was delayed. Furthermore, at adult stage, the root gravitropic set angle of docs1 mutants was also affected since docs1 mutant plants displayed larger root cone angles. CONCLUSIONS All these observations add new insights into the DOCS1 gene function in gravitropic responses at several stages of plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Bettembourg
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F34398 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - M. Dal-Soglio
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F34398 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - C. Bureau
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F34398 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - A. Vernet
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F34398 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - A. Dardoux
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F34398 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - M. Portefaix
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F34398 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - M. Bes
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F34398 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - D. Meynard
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F34398 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - D. Mieulet
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F34398 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - B. Cayrol
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F34398 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - C. Perin
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F34398 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - B. Courtois
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F34398 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - J. F. Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046 Japan
| | - A. Dievart
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F34398 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- Present address: Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai, 200240 China
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42
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Rodrigo-Moreno A, Bazihizina N, Azzarello E, Masi E, Tran D, Bouteau F, Baluska F, Mancuso S. Root phonotropism: Early signalling events following sound perception in Arabidopsis roots. Plant Sci 2017; 264:9-15. [PMID: 28969806 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Sound is a fundamental form of energy and it has been suggested that plants can make use of acoustic cues to obtain information regarding their environments and alter and fine-tune their growth and development. Despite an increasing body of evidence indicating that it can influence plant growth and physiology, many questions concerning the effect of sound waves on plant growth and the underlying signalling mechanisms remains unknown. Here we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, exposure to sound waves (200Hz) for 2 weeks induced positive phonotropism in roots, which grew towards to sound source. We found that sound waves triggered very quickly (within minutes) an increase in cytosolic Ca2+, possibly mediated by an influx through plasma membrane and a release from internal stock. Sound waves likewise elicited rapid reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and K+ efflux. Taken together these results suggest that changes in ion fluxes (Ca2+ and K+) and an increase in superoxide production are involved in sound perception in plants, as previously established in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rodrigo-Moreno
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences - Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Nadia Bazihizina
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences - Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Azzarello
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences - Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Masi
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences - Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniel Tran
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
| | - François Bouteau
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
| | | | - Stefano Mancuso
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences - Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Singh KL, Mukherjee A, Kar RK. Early axis growth during seed germination is gravitropic and mediated by ROS and calcium. J Plant Physiol 2017; 216:181-187. [PMID: 28704703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In plant establishment, seed germination is characterized by the emergence of a radicle for secured anchorage to the soil and nutrient and water uptake. Early growth of germinating axes appears to be gravisensitive, and the regulation of this process is largely uncharacterized, particularly in case of epigeally germinating species. Our previous work on the germination of Vigna radiata seeds demonstrated the role of apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in germination-associated axis growth. This study attempts to explore a possibly similar role of ROS in the gravitropic bending of germinating axes. Pharmacological and histological studies correlated the curvature growth of the axis (due to cell elongation in the cortical region of the upper side) with apoplastic superoxide accumulation. The superoxide was produced by diphenylene iodonium chloride (DPI)-insensitive NADH oxidase, which was different from the DPI-sensitive NADPH oxidase active in the apical elongation zone of the radicle. This NADH oxidase was differentially controlled by IAA, and its activation required influx of apoplastic Ca2+. This study shows that the early axis growth in germinating seeds is gravisensitive, which is distinct spatially as well as temporally from the elongation growth of the axis (radicle) and controlled by auxin and cytosolic Ca2+ through NADH oxidase-dependent ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khangembam Lenin Singh
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Anindita Mukherjee
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Rup Kumar Kar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India.
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Yamamoto KT, Watahiki MK, Matsuzaki J, Satoh S, Shimizu H. Space-time analysis of gravitropism in etiolated Arabidopsis hypocotyls using bioluminescence imaging of the IAA19 promoter fusion with a destabilized luciferase reporter. J Plant Res 2017; 130:765-777. [PMID: 28396964 PMCID: PMC6105228 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Imaging analysis was carried out during the gravitropic response of etiolated Arabidopsis hypocotyls, using an IAA19 promoter fusion of destabilized luciferase as a probe. From the bright-field images we obtained the local deflection angle to the vertical, A, local curvature, C, and the partial derivative of C with respect to time, [Formula: see text]. These were determined every 19.9 µm along the curvilinear length of the hypocotyl, at ~10 min intervals over a period of ~6 h after turning hypocotyls through 90° to the horizontal. Similarly from the luminescence images we measured the luminescence intensity of the convex and concave flanks of the hypocotyl as well as along the median of the hypocotyl, to determine differential expression of auxin-inducible IAA19. Comparison of these parameters as a function of time and curvilinear length shows that the gravitropic response is composed of three successive elements: the first and second curving responses and a decurving response (autostraightening). The maximum of the first curving response occurs when A is 76° along the entire length of the hypocotyl, suggesting that A is the sole determinant in this response; in contrast, the decurving response is a function of both A and C, as predicted by the newly-proposed graviproprioception model (Bastien et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:755-760, 2013). Further, differential expression of IAA19, with higher expression in the convex flank, is observed at A = 44°, and follows the Sachs' sine law. This also suggests that IAA19 is not involved in the first curving response. In summary, the gravitropic response of Arabidopsis hypocotyls consists of multiple elements that are each determined by separate principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro T Yamamoto
- Division of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
- Biosystems Science Course, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Masaaki K Watahiki
- Division of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
- Biosystems Science Course, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Jun Matsuzaki
- Division of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Soichirou Satoh
- Division of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefecture University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Hisayo Shimizu
- Biosystems Science Course, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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Kamachi H, Tamaoki D, Karahara I. Plasma membrane-anchored chloroplasts are necessary for the gravisensing system of Ceratopteris richardii prothalli. J Plant Res 2017; 130:397-405. [PMID: 27988818 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0889-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The prothalli of the fern Ceratopteris richardii exhibit negative gravitropism when grown in darkness. However, no sedimentable organelles or substances have been detected in the prothallial cells, suggesting that a non-sedimentable gravisensor exists. We investigated whether chloroplasts are involved in the gravisensing system of C. richardii prothalli. We used a clumped-chloroplast mutant, clumped chloroplast 1 (cp1), in which the chloroplasts are detached from the plasma membrane and clustered around the nucleus likely because of a partial deletion in the KINESIN-LIKE PROTEIN FOR ACTIN-BASED CHLOROPLAST MOVEMENT 1 gene. The cp1 mutation resulted in prothalli that had a significantly diminished gravitropic response, while the phototropic response occurred normally. These results suggest that plasma membrane-anchored chloroplasts in prothallial cells function as one of the gravisensors in C. richardii prothalli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kamachi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Tamaoki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0934, Japan
| | - Ichirou Karahara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
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Dümmer M, Michalski C, Essen LO, Rath M, Galland P, Forreiter C. EHB1 and AGD12, two calcium-dependent proteins affect gravitropism antagonistically in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Plant Physiol 2016; 206:114-124. [PMID: 27728837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ADP-RIBOSYLATION FACTOR GTPase-ACTIVATING PROTEIN (AGD) 12, a member of the ARF-GAP protein family, affects gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana. A loss-of-function mutant lacking AGD12 displayed diminished gravitropism in roots and hypocotyls indicating that both organs are affected by this regulator. AGD12 is structurally related to ENHANCED BENDING (EHB) 1, previously described as a negative effector of gravitropism. In contrast to agd12 mutants, ehb1 loss-of function seedlings displayed enhanced gravitropic bending. While EHB1 and AGD12 both possess a C-terminal C2/CaLB-domain, EHB1 lacks the N-terminal ARF-GAP domain present in AGD12. Subcellular localization analysis using Brefeldin A indicated that both proteins are elements of the trans Golgi network. Physiological analyses provided evidence that gravitropic signaling might operate via an antagonistic interaction of ARF-GAP (AGD12) and EHB1 in their Ca2+-activated states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Dümmer
- Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Michalski
- Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Lars-Oliver Essen
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Magnus Rath
- Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Paul Galland
- Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Forreiter
- Institut für Biologie, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany.
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Vinterhalter D, Savić J, Stanišić M, Jovanović Ž, Vinterhalter B. Interaction with gravitropism, reversibility and lateral movements of phototropically stimulated potato shoots. J Plant Res 2016; 129:759-770. [PMID: 27033355 PMCID: PMC4909813 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0821-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phototropic (PT) and gravitropic (GT) bending are the two major tropic movements that determine the spatial position of potato shoots. We studied PT bending of potato plantlets grown under long-day photoperiods in several prearranged position setups providing different interactions with the GT response. Starting with the standard PT stimulation setup composed of unilateral irradiation of vertically positioned shoots, experiments were also done in antagonistic and synergistic setups and in treatments with horizontal displacement of the light source. In the standard setup, PT bending suppressed the GT bending, which could occur only if the PT stimulation was cancelled. The antagonistic position, with phototropism and gravitropism attempting to bend shoots in opposite directions, showed phototropism and gravitropism as independent bending events with the outcome varying throughout the day reflecting diurnal changes in the competence of individual tropic components. Whilst gravitropism was constant, phototropism had a marked daily fluctuation of its magnitude with a prominent morning maximum starting an hour after the dawn in the growth room and lasting for the next 6 h. When phototropism and gravitropism were aligned in a synergistic position, stimulating shoot bending in the same direction, there was little quantitative addition of their individual effects. The long period of morning PT bending maximum enabled multiple PT bending events to be conducted in succession, each one preceded by a separate lag phase. Studies of secondary PT events showed that potato plantlets can follow and adjust their shoot position in response to both vertical and horizontal movements of a light source. PT bending was reversible, since the 180° horizontal change of a blue light (BL) source position resulted in reversal of bending direction after a 20-min-long lag phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vinterhalter
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - J Savić
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Stanišić
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ž Jovanović
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 23, 11 010, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - B Vinterhalter
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
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Turgeman T, Lubinsky O, Roth-Bejerano N, Kagan-Zur V, Kapulnik Y, Koltai H, Zaady E, Ben-Shabat S, Guy O, Lewinsohn E, Sitrit Y. The role of pre-symbiotic auxin signaling in ectendomycorrhiza formation between the desert truffle Terfezia boudieri and Helianthemum sessiliflorum. Mycorrhiza 2016; 26:287-297. [PMID: 26563200 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ectendomycorrhizal fungus Terfezia boudieri is known to secrete auxin. While some of the effects of fungal auxin on the plant root system have been described, a comprehensive understanding is still lacking. A dual culture system to study pre mycorrhizal signal exchange revealed previously unrecognized root-fungus interaction mediated by the fungal auxin. The secreted fungal auxin induced negative taproot gravitropism, attenuated taproot growth rate, and inhibited initial host development. Auxin also induced expression of Arabidopsis carriers AUX1 and PIN1, both of which are involved in the gravitropic response. Exogenous application of auxin led to a root phenotype, which fully mimicked that induced by ectomycorrhizal fungi. Co-cultivation of Arabidopsis auxin receptor mutants tir1-1, tir1-1 afb2-3, tir1-1 afb1-3 afb2-3, and tir1-1 afb2-3 afb3-4 with Terfezia confirmed that auxin induces the observed root phenotype. The finding that auxin both induces taproot deviation from the gravity axis and coordinates growth rate is new. We propose a model in which the fungal auxin induces horizontal root development, as well as the coordination of growth rates between partners, along with the known auxin effect on lateral root induction that increases the availability of accessible sites for colonization at the soil plane of fungal spore abundance. Thus, the newly observed responses described here of the root to Terfezia contribute to a successful encounter between symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tidhar Turgeman
- The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Olga Lubinsky
- Life Sciences Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nurit Roth-Bejerano
- Life Sciences Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Varda Kagan-Zur
- Life Sciences Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yoram Kapulnik
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Hinanit Koltai
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Eli Zaady
- Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, 85280, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ofer Guy
- Desert Agro-Research Center, Ramat-Negev R & D, D.N, 85515, Halutza, Israel
| | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Newe Yaár Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Yaron Sitrit
- The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
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Barker R, Cox B, Silber L, Sangari A, Assadi A, Masson P. Assessing Gravitropic Responses in Arabidopsis. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1398:11-20. [PMID: 26867611 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3356-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana was the first higher organism to have its genome sequenced and is now widely regarded as the model dicot. Like all plants, Arabidopsis develops distinct growth patterns in response to different environmental stimuli. This can be seen in the gravitropic response of roots. Methods to investigate this particular tropism are presented here. First, we describe a high-throughput time-lapse photographic analysis of root growth and curvature response to gravistimulation allowing the quantification of gravitropic kinetics and growth rate at high temporal resolution. Second, we present a protocol that allows a quantitative evaluation of gravitropic sensitivity using a homemade 2D clinostat. Together, these approaches allow an initial comparative analysis of the key phenomena associated with root gravitropism between different genotypes and/or accessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Barker
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, 3302 Genetics/biotechnology center, 425 G Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Benjamin Cox
- Medical Engineering Group, Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 N Orchard St., Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Logan Silber
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, 3302 Genetics/biotechnology center, 425 G Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Arash Sangari
- Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin, 480 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Amir Assadi
- Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin, 480 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Patrick Masson
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, 3302 Genetics/biotechnology center, 425 G Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Johnson CM, Subramanian A, Edelmann RE, Kiss JZ. Morphometric analyses of petioles of seedlings grown in a spaceflight experiment. J Plant Res 2015; 128:1007-1016. [PMID: 26376793 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gravity is a constant unidirectional stimulus on Earth, and gravitropism in plants involves three phases: perception, transduction, and response. In shoots, perception takes place within the endodermis. To investigate the cellular machinery of perception in microgravity, we conducted a spaceflight study with Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, which were grown in microgravity in darkness using the Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) hardware during space shuttle mission STS-131. In the 14-day-old etiolated plants, we studied seedling development and the morphological parameters of the endodermal cells in the petiole. Seedlings from the spaceflight experiment (FL) were compared to a ground control (GC), which both were in the BRIC flight hardware. In addition, to assay any potential effects from growth in spaceflight hardware, we performed another control by growing seedlings in Petri dishes in standard laboratory conditions (termed the hardware control, HC). Seed germination was significantly lower in samples grown in flight hardware (FL, GC) compared to the HC. In terms of cellular parameters of endodermal cells, the greatest differences also were between seedlings grown in spaceflight hardware (FL, GC) compared to those grown outside of this hardware (HC). Specifically, the endodermal cells were significantly smaller in seedlings grown in the BRIC system compared to those in the HC. However, a change in the shape of the cell, suggesting alterations in the cell wall, was one parameter that appears to be a true microgravity effect. Taken together, our results suggest that caution must be taken when interpreting results from the increasingly utilized BRIC spaceflight hardware system and that it is important to perform additional ground controls to aid in the analysis of spaceflight experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Z Kiss
- Biology Department and the Graduate School, University of Mississippi-Oxford, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA.
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