1
|
Anmol, Aggarwal G, Sharma M, Singh R, Shivani, Sharma U. Ethnopharmacologically important highly subsidized Indian medicinal plants: Systematic review on their traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control, conservation status and future prospective. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 320:117385. [PMID: 37951375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE India has an extensive reservoir of traditional wisdom and a diverse range of medicinal plants that enrich its heritage. Plants have actively been used for healthcare practices globally since the time immemorial. Medicinal uses of plants have been well recognized in India, evident from plant species documented in different traditional medicinal systems such as Ayurveda (1400-1800 species), Siddha (500-900 species), Unani (400-700 species), Homeopathy (about 372 species), and Sowa-Rigpa (about 250 species), etc. AIM OF THE STUDY: The primary purpose of this review is to provide systematic updated information on thirteen medicinal plants prioritized by the Indian government (providing75 % subsidy on cultivation cost) based on the availability and market demand of these plants. Updated information regarding the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control, and conservation status of these plants will help in understanding their pharmacological and commercial importance. This will also help in developing new strategies for their conservation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Online databases such as SciFinder, Web of Science, Pubmed, and Google Scholar were used to collect the electronically available literature on targeted thirteen plants. Also, different Indian government official websites such as AYUSH (https://www.ayush.gov.in); NMPB (National Medicinal Plants Board) (https://nmpb.nic.in); e.charak (https://echarak.in) were used for collecting information related to the amount of subsidy, trade and price related information of these plants. RESULTS To promote medicinal plant cultivation, the Indian government provides subsidies for cultivating some traditionally important medicinal plants. These plants are divided into three categories according to the subsidy provided to farmers, i.e., 30%, 50%, and 75% of the cost of cultivation. Thirteen medicinal plants which are provided 75% subsidy are Aconitum ferox Wall., Aconitum heterophyllum Wall., Aquilaria agallocha Roxb., Berberis aristata DC., Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari, Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC., Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz, Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth., Podophyllum hexandrum Royle, Pterocarpus santalinus L.f., Santalum Album L., Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch., and Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H.Karst. The literature survey reveals the enormous traditional medicinal importance, wide geographical distribution, diverse range of natural products, and broad spectrum of pharmacological activities of these plants. CONCLUSION A comprehensive literature survey revealed that although remarkable progress has been made in isolation, bioactivity evaluation, quality assessment, and conservation, there is still a lot of scope for further scientific interventions. Scientific validation of traditionally claimed medicinal potential is lacking for various bioactivities. Some of the bioactivities are performed just on extracts/fractions, so there is a need for proper phytochemical studies to identify active constituents responsible for the specific bioactivity. Further, quality assessment methods using both targeted and non-targeted tools are required to evaluate the quality of these highly-priced medicinal plants and their adulterants. Ultimately, to encourage the cultivation of these endangered medicinal plant species, it is imperative to implement proper legislation and employ in-situ and ex-situ conservation tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anmol
- C-H Activation & Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Gaurav Aggarwal
- C-H Activation & Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Mehak Sharma
- C-H Activation & Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Raman Singh
- C-H Activation & Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shivani
- C-H Activation & Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Upendra Sharma
- C-H Activation & Phytochemistry Lab, Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang X, Li M, Bian Z, Chen X, Li Y, Xiong Y, Fang L, Wu K, Zeng S, Jian S, Wang R, Ren H, Teixeira da Silva JA, Ma G. Improved chromosome-level genome assembly of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album). Sci Data 2023; 10:921. [PMID: 38129455 PMCID: PMC10739715 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Santalum album is a well-known aromatic and medicinal plant that is highly valued for the essential oil (EO) extracted from its heartwood. In this study, we present a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of S. album after integrating PacBio Sequel, Illumina HiSeq paired-end and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture sequencing technologies. The assembled genome size is 207.39 M with a contig N50 of 7.33 M and scaffold N50 size of 18.31 M. Compared with three previously published sandalwood genomes, the N50 length of the genome assembly was longer. In total, 94.26% of the assembly was assigned to 10 pseudo-chromosomes, and the anchor rate far exceeded that of a recently released value. BUSCO analysis yielded a completeness score of 94.91%. In addition, we predicted 23,283 protein-coding genes, 89.68% of which were functionally annotated. This high-quality genome will provide a foundation for sandalwood functional genomics studies, and also for elucidating the genetic basis of EO biosynthesis in S. album.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - MingZhi Li
- Bio&Data Biotechnologies Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Zhan Bian
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Yuping Xiong
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Kunlin Wu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Shuguang Jian
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Rujiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Hai Ren
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | | | - Guohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharifi-Rad J, Quispe C, Turgumbayeva A, Mertdinç Z, Tütüncü S, Aydar EF, Özçelik B, Anna SW, Mariola S, Koziróg A, Otlewska A, Antolak H, Sen S, Acharya K, Lapava N, Emamzadeh-Yazdi S, Martorell M, Kumar M, Varoni EM, Iriti M, Calina D. Santalum Genus: phytochemical constituents, biological activities and health promoting-effects. Z NATURFORSCH C 2023; 78:9-25. [PMID: 36069757 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2022-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Santalum genus belongs to the family of Santalaceae, widespread in India, Australia, Hawaii, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia, and valued as traditional medicine, rituals and modern bioactivities. Sandalwood is reported to possess a plethora of bioactive compounds such as essential oil and its components (α-santalol and β-santalol), phenolic compounds and fatty acids. These bioactives play important role in contributing towards biological activities and health-promoting effects in humans. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown the role of sandalwood extract as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, neuroleptic, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and anticancer activities. Safety studies on sandalwood essential oil (EO) and its extracts have proven them as a safe ingredient to be utilized in health promotion. Phytoconstituents, bioactivities and traditional uses established sandalwood as one of the innovative materials for application in the pharma, food, and biomedical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Avda. Arturo Prat 2120, 1110939, Iquique, Chile
| | - Aknur Turgumbayeva
- Higher School of Medicine, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,School of Pharmacy, JSC "S. D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University", Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Zehra Mertdinç
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sena Tütüncü
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Feyza Aydar
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beraat Özçelik
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.,BIOACTIVE Research & Innovation Food Manufacturing Industry Trade LTD Co., Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Stępień-Warda Anna
- Department of Forage Crop Production, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Staniak Mariola
- Department of Forage Crop Production, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Koziróg
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90 - 924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Otlewska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90 - 924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Hubert Antolak
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90 - 924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Surjit Sen
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 700019, Kolkata, India.,Department of Botany, Fakir Chand College, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, 743331, India
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Department of Botany, Fakir Chand College, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, 743331, India
| | - Natallia Lapava
- Medicine Standartization Department of Vitebsk State Medical University, Vitebsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Simin Emamzadeh-Yazdi
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Gauteng 0002, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile.,Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, 4070386 Concepción, Chile
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR - Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, 400019 Mumbai, India
| | - Elena Maria Varoni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.,National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Marcello Iriti
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy.,Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Analysis of Rac/Rop Small GTPase Family Expression in Santalum album L. and Their Potential Roles in Drought Stress and Hormone Treatments. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12121980. [PMID: 36556345 PMCID: PMC9787843 DOI: 10.3390/life12121980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant-specific Rac/Rop small GTPases, also known as Rop, belong to the Rho subfamily. Rac proteins can be divided into two types according to their C-terminal motifs: Type I Rac proteins have a typical CaaL motif at the C-terminal, whereas type II Rac proteins lack this motif but retain a cysteine-containing element for membrane anchoring. The Rac gene family participates in diverse signal transduction events, cytoskeleton morphogenesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and hormone responses in plants as molecular switches. S. album is a popular semiparasitic plant that absorbs nutrients from the host plant through the haustoria to meet its own growth and development needs. Because the whole plant has a high use value, due to the high production value of its perfume oils, it is known as the "tree of gold". Based on the full-length transcriptome data of S. album, nine Rac gene members were named SaRac1-9, and we analyzed their physicochemical properties. Evolutionary analysis showed that SaRac1-7, AtRac1-6, AtRac9 and AtRac11 and OsRac5, OsRacB and OsRacD belong to the typical plant type I Rac/Rop protein, while SaRac8-9, AtRac7, AtRac8, AtRac10 and OsRac1-4 belong to the type II Rac/ROP protein. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that nine genes were expressed in roots, stems, leaves and haustoria, and SaRac7/8/9 expression in stems, haustoria and roots was significantly higher than that in leaves. The expression levels of SaRac1, SaRac4 and SaRac6 in stems were very low, and the expression levels of SaRac2 and SaRac5 in roots and SaRac2/3/7 in haustoria were very high, which indicated that these genes were closely related to the formation of S. album haustoria. To further analyze the function of SaRac, nine Rac genes in sandalwood were subjected to drought stress and hormone treatments. These results establish a preliminary foundation for the regulation of growth and development in S. album by SaRac.
Collapse
|
5
|
McLellan RC, Watson DM. The living dead: Demography of Australian sandalwood in Australia's western rangelands. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. McLellan
- Gulbali Institute, School of Animal, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences Charles Sturt University Albury New South Wales Australia
| | - David M. Watson
- Gulbali Institute, School of Animal, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences Charles Sturt University Albury New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Q, Liu X, Xu D, Hong Z, Zhang N, Cui Z. Effects of Drought and Host on the Growth of Santalum album Seedlings in Pot Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911241. [PMID: 36232543 PMCID: PMC9569693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Santalum album is a semi parasitic plant and its growth is often restricted due to a lack of a host or water during plantation establishment. In this study, the effects of water and the host on the growth of S. album seedlings were studied in pot culture. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate and height of S. album seedlings decreased significantly under drought stress. Compared with the seedlings of S. album grown without a host, the host could significantly increase the growth of S. album seedlings. The contents of soluble sugar and proline in S. album leaves increased significantly under drought stress. Drought stress resulted in a significant accumulation of malondialdehyde, increments of antioxidant enzymes activity, and non-enzymatic antioxidant substances. Antioxidant capacity was stronger and malondialdehyde content was lower in the seedling leaves of S. album with a host than in the seedlings without a host. RNA-seq was used to analyze the transcription expression profiles of S. album leaves and the results were consistent with the physiological data. These results indicate that the host can promote the seedling growth of S. album and it can increase the antioxidant capacity and osmotic adjustment substance content of the seedlings of S. album, alleviating the damage caused by drought.
Collapse
|
7
|
Somatic Embryogenesis of Norway Spruce and Scots Pine: Possibility of Application in Modern Forestry. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an important method for the vegetative propagation of trees. SE is the developmental in vitro process in which embryos are produced from somatic cells. This method can be integrated with other biotechnological techniques, genomic breeding and cryopreservation, which enables commercial-scale sapling production of selected high-yielding genotypes in wood production combined with fast breeding cycles. The SE is potential tool to improve plant stock in comparison with seed orchards. It can be useful for ecologically and economically important species, such as Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), ensuring stable production in the era of climate change and biodiversity crisis. In this review, we summarize the current state of research on problems associated with somatic embryogenesis in P. abies and P. sylvestris.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kher MM, Nataraj M, Arun Kumar AN, Sitther V, Shekhawat MS, Warrier RR, Teixeira da Silva JA. Tissue culture of Indian rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.). Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Optimized biosynthesis of santalenes and santalols in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8795-8804. [PMID: 34738171 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11661-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Santalenes and santalols from Santalum album are the main components of the valuable spice sandalwood essential oil, which also has excellent pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor. Firstly, we constructed biosynthesis pathways of santalenes by synthetic biology strategy. The assembled biosynthetic cassettes were integrated into the multiple copy loci of δ gene in S. cerevisiae BY4742 with assistance of pDi-CRISPR, and 94.6 mg/L santalenes was obtained by shake flask fermentation of engineered yeast. Secondly, a selected optimized P450-CPR redox system was integrated into the chromosome of the santalenes-producing strain with a single copy, and 24.6 mg/L santalols were obtained. Finally, the yields of santalenes and santalols were increased to 164.7 and 68.8 mg/L, respectively, by downregulating ERG9 gene. This is the first report on the de novo synthesis of santalols by P450-CPR chimera in S. cerevisiae. Meanwhile, the optimized chimeric CYP736A167opt-46tATR1opt exhibits higher activity to oxidize santalenes into santalols. It would provide a feasible solution for the optimal biosynthesis of santalols. KEY POINTS: • First-time de novo synthesis of santalols by P450-CPR chimera in S. cerevisiae. • Truncated 46tATR1 has higher activity than that of CPR2. • Yields of santalenes and santalols were increased by downregulating ERG9 gene.
Collapse
|
10
|
Cloning and expression analysis of mevalonate kinase and phosphomevalonate kinase genes associated with the MVA pathway in Santalum album. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16913. [PMID: 34413433 PMCID: PMC8376994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is highly valued for its fragrant heartwood and extracted oil. Santalols, which are the main components of that oil, are terpenoids, and these are biosynthesized via the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway. Mevalonate kinase (MK) and phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK) are key enzymes in the MVA pathway. Little is known about the genes that encode MK and PMK in S. album or the mechanism that regulates their expression. To isolate and identify the functional genes involved in santalol biosynthesis in S. album, an MK gene designated as SaMK, and a PMK gene designated as SaPMK, were cloned from S. album. The sequences of these genes were analyzed. A bioinformatics analysis was conducted to assess the homology of SaMK and SaPMK with MK and PMK genes from other plants. The subcellular localization of SaMK and SaPMK proteins was also investigated, as was the functional complementation of SaMK and SaPMK in yeast. Our results show that the full-length cDNA sequences of SaMK and SaPMK were 1409 bp and 1679 bp long, respectively. SaMK contained a 1381 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 460 amino acids and SaPMK contained a 1527 bp ORF encoding a polypeptide of 508 amino acids. SaMK and SaPMK showed high homology with MK and PMK genes of other plant species. Functional complementation of SaMK in a MK-deficient mutant yeast strain YMR208W and SaPMK in a PMK-deficient mutant yeast strain YMR220W confirmed that cloned SaMK and SaPMK cDNA encode a functional MK and PMK, respectively, mediating MVA biosynthesis in yeast. An analysis of tissue expression patterns revealed that SaMK and SaPMK were constitutively expressed in all the tested tissues. SaMK was highly expressed in young leaves but weakly expressed in sapwood. SaPMK was highly expressed in roots and mature leaves, but weakly expressed in young leaves. Induction experiments with several elicitors showed that SaMK and SaPMK expression was upregulated by methyl jasmonate. These results will help to further study the role of MK and PMK genes during santalol biosynthesis in S. album.
Collapse
|
11
|
Transcriptome sequencing and functional characterization of new sesquiterpene synthases from Curcuma wenyujin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 709:108986. [PMID: 34252391 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tubers of Curcuma wenyujin are rich in essential oils, mainly various sesquiterpenes, showing antibacterial, anti-viral and anti-tumor effects. However, the molecular mechanism of C. wenyujin is deficient and related sesquiterpene synthases are still unclear. In this study, the transcriptome data of tubers and leaves from C. wenyujin were obtained and assembled into 78 092 unigenes. Of them, 244 unigenes were predicted to be involved in terpenoid biosynthesis while 131 unigenes were categorized as the "Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis" (TBB) term. Twenty-two unigenes possessed terpene synthase domain; five were predicted to be sesquiterpene synthases. Of the 208 unigenes annotated as cytochromes P450, 8 unigenes with full-length coding sequences were part of the CYP71 clade that primarily may perform hydroxylations of specialized metabolites. Furthermore, Ten DEGs related to the C5 precursor supply and sesquiterpene synthesis were validated by Real-time PCR; that showed a close correspondence with transcriptome sequence. A novel germacrene B synthase (CwGBS) and α-santalene synthase (CwSS) were identified in metabolically engineering E. coli. This study provided the first de novo transcriptome comparative analysis of leaf and tuber tissues from C. wenyujin, aiming to understand genetic mechanisms. Key genes involved in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpene will help for revealing the underlying mechanisms of C. wenyujin.
Collapse
|
12
|
Těšitel J, Li AR, Knotková K, McLellan R, Bandaranayake PCG, Watson DM. The bright side of parasitic plants: what are they good for? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1309-1324. [PMID: 33793868 PMCID: PMC8133642 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants are mostly viewed as pests. This is caused by several species causing serious damage to agriculture and forestry. There is however much more to parasitic plants than presumed weeds. Many parasitic plans exert even positive effects on natural ecosystems and human society, which we review in this paper. Plant parasitism generally reduces the growth and fitness of the hosts. The network created by a parasitic plant attached to multiple host plant individuals may however trigger transferring systemic signals among these. Parasitic plants have repeatedly been documented to play the role of keystone species in the ecosystems. Harmful effects on community dominants, including invasive species, may facilitate species coexistence and thus increase biodiversity. Many parasitic plants enhance nutrient cycling and provide resources to other organisms like herbivores or pollinators, which contributes to facilitation cascades in the ecosystems. There is also a long tradition of human use of parasitic plants for medicinal and cultural purposes worldwide. Few species provide edible fruits. Several parasitic plants are even cultivated by agriculture/forestry for efficient harvesting of their products. Horticultural use of some parasitic plant species has also been considered. While providing multiple benefits, parasitic plants should always be used with care. In particular, parasitic plant species should not be cultivated outside their native geographical range to avoid the risk of their uncontrolled spread and the resulting damage to ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Těšitel
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Ai-Rong Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Kateřina Knotková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Richard McLellan
- Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 789, Albury, New South Wales 2640, Australia
| | - Pradeepa C G Bandaranayake
- Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - David M Watson
- Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 789, Albury, New South Wales 2640, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang Y, Yan H, Li Y, Xiong Y, Niu M, Zhang X, Teixeira da Silva JA, Ma G. Molecular Cloning and Functional Analysis of 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate Reductoisomerase from Santalum album. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050626. [PMID: 33922119 PMCID: PMC8143465 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) heartwood-derived essential oil contains a high content of sesquiterpenoids that are economically highly valued and widely used in the fragrance industry. Sesquiterpenoids are biosynthesized via the mevalonate acid and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways, which are also the sources of precursors for photosynthetic pigments. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) is a secondary rate-limiting enzyme in the MEP pathway. In this paper, the 1416-bp open reading frame of SaDXR and its 897-bp promoter region, which contains putative conserved cis-elements involved in stress responsiveness (HSE and TC-rich repeats), hormone signaling (abscisic acid, gibberellin and salicylic acid) and light responsiveness, were cloned from 7-year-old S. album trees. A bioinformatics analysis suggested that SaDXR encodes a functional and conserved DXR protein. SaDXR was widely expressed in multiple tissues, including roots, twigs, stem sapwood, leaves, flowers, fruit and stem heartwood, displaying significantly higher levels in tissues with photosynthetic pigments, like twigs, leaves and flowers. SaDXR mRNA expression increased in etiolated seedlings exposed to light, and the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids was enhanced in all 35S::SaDXR transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines, consistent with the SaDXR expression level. SaDXR was also stimulated by MeJA and H2O2 in seedling roots. α-Santalol content decreased in response to fosmidomycin, a DXR inhibitor. These results suggest that SaDXR plays an important role in the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, shifting the flux to sandalwood-specific sesquiterpenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueya Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (M.N.); (X.Z.)
- Computer Science Department, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Yan
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China;
| | - Yuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (M.N.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yuping Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (M.N.); (X.Z.)
- Computer Science Department, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meiyun Niu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (M.N.); (X.Z.)
- Computer Science Department, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (M.N.); (X.Z.)
| | | | - Guohua Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (M.N.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang X, Teixeira da Silva JA, Niu M, Zhang T, Liu H, Zheng F, Yuan Y, Li Y, Fang L, Zeng S, Ma G. Functional characterization of an Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) dual-localized bifunctional nerolidol/linalool synthase gene involved in stress response. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 183:112610. [PMID: 33383368 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils extracted from the heartwood of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) contain linalool and nerolidol as minor components. However, nerolidol/linalool synthase (NES/LIS), which produce linalool and nerolidol, have yet to be characterized in sandalwood. Using a transcriptomic-based approach, a terpene synthase gene was screened from unigenes of transcriptome data derived from S. album seedlings exposed to low temperature (4 °C). The enzyme encoded by these complementary DNAs belongs to the TPS-b clade. Recombinant SaNES/LIS is a bifunctional enzyme that can catalyze the formation of (E)-nerolidol from farnesyl diphosphate and linalool from geranyl diphosphate, respectively. Whereas SaNES/LIS was primarily localized in chloroplastids, both as granular fluorescence and as diffuse fluorescence, it was also detected in the cytosol of a limited number of cells. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient gene expression in planta produced the same terpene products as those obtained in vitro. Real-time PCR analysis showed the highest expression of SaNES/LIS in fruits, with about a three-fold higher level than in leaves, followed by flowers, heartwood and roots. SaNES/LIS transcripts were differentially activated in different tissues in response to methyl jasmonate, cold, high temperature, strong illumination, and drought stress. Our results provide novel insight into the role of sandalwood terpenoids in response to various environmental stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jaime A Teixeira da Silva
- Independent Researcher, P. O. Box 7, Miki Cho Post Office, Ikenobe 3011-2, Kagawa-Ken, 761-0799, Japan
| | - Meiyun Niu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanfang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li Y, Zhang X, Cheng Q, Teixeira da Silva JA, Fang L, Ma G. Elicitors Modulate Young Sandalwood ( Santalum album L.) Growth, Heartwood Formation, and Concrete Oil Synthesis. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020339. [PMID: 33578821 PMCID: PMC7916594 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Five chemical elicitors––6-benzyladenine (BA), ethephon (ETH), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and calcium chloride (CaCl2)––were used to treat 1- and 5-year-old sandal trees (Santalum album L.) to assess their effects on growth, heartwood formation and concrete oil synthesis. The results showed that some newly formed branches in stems that were induced by BA and ETH displayed leaf senescence and developed new smaller and light-green leaves. The relative percentage of concrete oil from the heartwood of water-treated trees (0.65%) was significantly lower than that from trees treated with 4 mM H2O2 (2.85%) and 4 mM BA (2.75%) within one year. Four mM BA, H2O2 and CaCl2 induced a significantly higher level of sesquiterpenoids than heartwood treated with 2 mM of these elicitors. Four mM MeJA induced significantly less sesquiterpenoids than heartwood treated with 2 mM MeJA. Morphological, physiological, and chromatographic–spectrometric technologies were integrated to trace the potential function of these exogenously applied chemical elicitors. The results may have important applications and provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of heartwood formation and hardening in young sandalwood trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.C.); (L.F.)
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.C.); (L.F.)
| | - Qingwei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.C.); (L.F.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva
- Independent Researcher, P.O. Box 7, Miki-cho Post Office, Ikenobe 3011-2, Kagawa-Ken, Miki-cho 761-0799, Japan;
| | - Lin Fang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.C.); (L.F.)
| | - Guohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.C.); (L.F.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cloning, characterization, and functional analysis of acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase genes in Santalum album. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1082. [PMID: 33441887 PMCID: PMC7807033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is famous for its unique fragrance derived from the essential oil of heartwood, whose major components are santalols. To understand the mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of santalols, in this study, we cloned two related genes involved in the mevalonate pathway in S. album coding for acetyl-CoA C-acetyl transferase (AACT) and 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutary-CoA synthase (HMGS). These genes were characterized and functionally analyzed, and their expression profiles were also assessed. An AACT gene designated as SaAACT (GenBank accession No. MH018694) and a HMGS gene designated as SaHMGS (GenBank accession No. MH018695) were successfully cloned from S. album. The deduced SaAACT and SaHMGS proteins contain 415 and 470 amino acids, and the corresponding size of their open-reading frames is 1538 bp and 1807 bp, respectively. Phylogenetic trees showed that the SaAACT protein had the closest relationship with AACT from Hevea brasiliensis and the SaHMGS proteins had the highest homology with HMGS from Siraitia grosvenorii. Functional complementation of SaAACT and SaHMGS in a mutant yeast strain deficient in these proteins confirmed that SaAACT and SaHMGS cDNA encodes functional SaAACT and SaHMGS that mediate mevalonate biosynthesis in yeast. Tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that both genes were constitutively expressed in all examined tissues (roots, sapwood, heartwood, young leaves, mature leaves and shoots) of S. album, both genes showing highest expression in roots. After S. album seedlings were treated with 100 μM methyl jasmonate, the expression levels of SaAACT and SaHMGS genes increased, suggesting that these genes were responsive to this elicitor. These studies provide insight that would allow further analysis of the role of genes related to the sandalwood mevalonate pathway in the regulation of biosynthesis of sandalwood terpenoids and a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism of santalol biosynthesis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhou XR, Zhang NN, Zhao YM, Dai L, Xu DP, Xu GF, Tian J. Distribution Dynamics and Roles of Starch in Non-photosynthetic Vegetative Organs of Santalum album Linn., a Hemiparasitic Tree. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:532537. [PMID: 33584738 PMCID: PMC7873954 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.532537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Allocation dynamics of stored starch plays essential roles in the development and growth of trees. Previous studies focused on the dynamics and the characteristics of starch in autotrophic trees. However, although starch granules have been detected in the organs or tissues of some parasitic plants, studies on the allocation dynamics and roles of storage starch in them are limited. Therefore, we determined and estimated the allocation dynamics and roles of starch in Santalum album Linn., a hemiparasitic tree, using morphological and physiological methods. Our findings showed abundant starch in the stem and root of S. album at the early seedling stage. Although S. album seedlings attached to the host showed no significant changes in starch levels throughout the experiment, unattached and host-removed seedlings exhibited a gradual decrease in the starch content over time. When the starch content of unattached seedlings was less than 1%, they started to die. Starch accumulated to high levels in developing and active haustoria; however, starch levels were low in the inactive haustoria. The present study suggests that starch may provide energy to seedlings that have no host, allowing them to survive during the unattached phase, thus increasing their chance to attach to host roots by extending their survival duration. In addition, we speculate that storage starch is potentially involved in the development of haustoria and in the physiological processes of S. album related to the absorption and transportation of water and nutrients from its host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Ren Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ning Nan Zhang
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Min Zhao
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Lei Dai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Da Ping Xu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gui Fang Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Singh S, Thulasiram HV, Sengupta D, Kulkarni K. Dynamic coupling analysis on plant sesquiterpene synthases provides leads for the identification of product specificity determinants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 536:107-114. [PMID: 33387748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene synthases catalyse cyclisation of farnesyl pyrophosphate to produce diverse sesquiterpenes. Despite utilising the same substrate and exhibiting significant sequence and structural homology, these enzymes form different products. Previous efforts were based on identifying the effect of divergent residues present at the catalytic binding pocket on the product specificity of these enzymes. However, the rationales deduced for the product specificity from these studies were not generic enough to be applicable to other phylogenetically distant members of this family. To address this problem, we have developed a novel approach combining sequence, structural and dynamical information of plant sesquiterpene synthases (SSQs) to predict product modulating residues (PMRs). We tested this approach on the SSQs with known PMRs and also on sesquisabinene synthase 1 (SaSQS1), a SSQ from Indian sandalwood. Our results show that the dynamical sectors of SSQs obtained from molecular dynamics simulation and their hydrophobicity and vicinity indices together provide leads for the identification of PMRs. The efficacy of the technique was tested on SaSQS1 using mutagenesis. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first technique of this kind which provides cues on PMRs of SSQs, with divergent phylogenetic relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Singh
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Hirekodathakallu V Thulasiram
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Durba Sengupta
- Division of Physical and Materials Chemistry, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Kiran Kulkarni
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The santalene synthase from Cinnamomum camphora: Reconstruction of a sesquiterpene synthase from a monoterpene synthase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 695:108647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
20
|
Kačániová M, Terentjeva M, Štefániková J, Žiarovská J, Savitskaya T, Grinshpan D, Kowalczewski PŁ, Vukovic N, Tvrdá E. Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Essential Oils against Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from Human Semen. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110765. [PMID: 33142792 PMCID: PMC7693587 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus spp. is not only a commensal bacteria but also a major human pathogen that causes a wide range of clinical infections. Recent evidence suggests that Staphylococcus has the ability to colonize the reproductive system and to affect its structure and functions. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical properties and antibacterial effects of select essential oils (EOs): Amyris balsamifera L., Boswellia carterii Birdw., Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A. Gray, Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl., Cinnamomum camphora var. linaloolifera Y. Fuita, Citrus x aurantium L., Gaultheria procumbens L., Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers., Melaleuca ericifolia Smith., Melaleuca leucadendra L., Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck, Santalum album L., and Vetiveria zizanoides (L.) Roberty against 50 Staphylococcus spp. cultures isolated from human semen, specifically Staphylococcus aureus, S. capiti, S. epidermidis, S. haemoliticus, and S. hominis. The disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods were used to assess the antimicrobial potential and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the selected EOs. The best anti-Staphylococcus activities were found with both methods for the essential oils of C. luzonicum (Blume) A. Gray, A. balsamifera, C. camphora, and P. cabli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Fruit Science, Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Cwiklinskiej 1, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Margarita Terentjeva
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, K. Helmaņa iela 8, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia;
| | - Jana Štefániková
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Jana Žiarovská
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Tatsiana Savitskaya
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya str. 14, 220030 Minsk, Belarus; (T.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Dmitrij Grinshpan
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya str. 14, 220030 Minsk, Belarus; (T.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Nenad Vukovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, P.O. Box 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Eva Tvrdá
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Genome-Wide Characterization, Expression Profile Analysis of WRKY Family Genes in Santalum album and Functional Identification of Their Role in Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225676. [PMID: 31766135 PMCID: PMC6888422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
WRKY proteins are a large superfamily of transcription factors that are involved in diverse biological processes including development, as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants. WRKY family proteins have been extensively characterized and analyzed in many plant species, including Arabidopsis, rice, and poplar. However, knowledge on WRKY transcription factors in Santalum album is scarce. Based on S. album genome and transcriptome data, 64 SaWRKY genes were identified in this study. A phylogenetic analysis based on the structures of WRKY protein sequences divided these genes into three major groups (I, II, III) together with WRKY protein sequences from Arabidopsis. Tissue-specific expression patterns showed that 37 SaWRKY genes were expressed in at least one of five tissues (leaves, roots, heartwood, sapwood, or the transition zone), while the remaining four genes weakly expressed in all of these tissues. Analysis of the expression profiles of the 42 SaWRKY genes after callus was initiated by salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) revealed that 25 and 24 SaWRKY genes, respectively, were significantly induced. The function of SaWRKY1, which was significantly up-regulated by SA and MeJA, was analyzed. SaWRKY1 was localized in the nucleus and its overexpression improved salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. Our study provides important information to further identify the functions of SaWRKY genes and to understand the roles of SaWRKY family genes involved in the development and in SA- and MeJA-mediated stress responses.
Collapse
|
22
|
Essential Oils from Clausena Species in China: Santalene Sesquiterpenes Resource and Toxicity against Liposcelis bostrychophila. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/7813675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop natural product resources from the Clausena genus (Rutaceae), the essential oils (EOs) from four Clausena plants (Clausena excavata, C. lansium, C. emarginata, and C. dunniana) were analyzed by GC-MS. Their lethal (contact toxicity) and sublethal effects (repellency) against Liposcelis bostrychophila (LB) adults were also evaluated. Santalene sesquiterpene was the precursor substance of santalol, a valuable perfumery. It was found that plenty of α-santalol (31.7%) and α-santalane (19.5%) contained in C. lansium from Guangxi Province and α-santalene (1.5%) existed in C. emarginata. Contact toxicity of the four EOs was observed, especially C. dunniana (LD50 = 37.26 µg/cm2). Santalol (LD50 = 30.26 µg/cm2) and estragole (LD50 = 30.22 µg/cm2) were the two most toxic compounds. In repellency assays, C. excavate, C. lansium, and C. emarginata exhibited repellent effect at the dose of 63.17 nL/cm2 2 h after exposure (percentage repellencies were 100%, 98%, and 96%, respectively). Four Clausena EOs and santalol had an excellent potential for application in the management of LB. Clausena plants could be further developed to find more resources of natural products.
Collapse
|
23
|
Salvi E, Di Mambro R, Pacifici E, Dello Ioio R, Costantino P, Moubayidin L, Sabatini S. SCARECROW and SHORTROOT control the auxin/cytokinin balance necessary for embryonic stem cell niche specification. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1507402. [PMID: 30125145 PMCID: PMC6149437 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1507402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The root apical meristem is established during embryogenesis, when its organizer, the quiescent center, is specified and the stem cell niche is positioned. The SCARECROW-SHORTROOT heterodimer is essential for quiescent center specification and maintenance. As continuous post-embryonic root growth relies upon the SCARECROW-mediated control of the cytokinin/auxin balance, we investigated the role of SCARECROW and SHORTROOT in controlling cytokinin signaling during embryonic quiescent center specification. We found that from embryogenesis onward both SCARECROW and SHORTROOT antagonize cytokinin signaling, thus repressing the expression of the auxin biosynthetic enzyme ANTRANILATHE SYNTHASE BETA 1. This mechanism prevents detrimental and premature high auxin levels in the QC allowing the establishment of a functional embryonic root pole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Salvi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elena Pacifici
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Dello Ioio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Costantino
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Laila Moubayidin
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- CONTACT Laila Moubayidin Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK; Sabrina Sabatini Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sabatini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang X, Teixeira da Silva JA, Niu M, Li M, He C, Zhao J, Zeng S, Duan J, Ma G. Physiological and transcriptomic analyses reveal a response mechanism to cold stress in Santalum album L. leaves. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42165. [PMID: 28169358 PMCID: PMC5294638 DOI: 10.1038/srep42165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Santalum album L. (Indian sandalwood) is an economically important plant species because of its ability to produce highly valued perfume oils. Little is known about the mechanisms by which S. album adapts to low temperatures. In this study, we obtained 100,445,724 raw reads by paired-end sequencing from S. album leaves. Physiological and transcriptomic changes in sandalwood seedlings exposed to 4 °C for 0-48 h were characterized. Cold stress induced the accumulation of malondialdehyde, proline and soluble carbohydrates, and increased the levels of antioxidants. A total of 4,424 differentially expressed genes were responsive to cold, including 3,075 cold-induced and 1,349 cold-repressed genes. When cold stress was prolonged, there was an increase in the expression of cold-responsive genes coding for transporters, responses to stimuli and stress, regulation of defense response, as well as genes related to signal transduction of all phytohormones. Candidate genes in the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway were identified, eight of which were significantly involved in the cold stress response. Gene expression analyses using qRT-PCR showed a peak in the accumulation of SaCBF2 to 4, 50-fold more than control leaves and roots following 12 h and 24 h of cold stress, respectively. The CBF-dependent pathway may play a crucial role in increasing cold tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva
- Independent Researcher, P. O. Box 7, Miki cho post office, Ikenobe 3011-2, Miki-cho Kagawa-Ken, 761-0799, Japan
| | - Meiyun Niu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingzhi Li
- Genepioneer Biotechnologies Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chunmei He
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Guan Y, Li SG, Fan XF, Su ZH. Application of Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:938. [PMID: 27446166 PMCID: PMC4919339 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is a developmental process where a plant somatic cell can dedifferentiate to a totipotent embryonic stem cell that has the ability to give rise to an embryo under appropriate conditions. This new embryo can further develop into a whole plant. In woody plants, somatic embryogenesis plays a critical role in clonal propagation and is a powerful tool for synthetic seed production, germplasm conservation, and cryopreservation. A key step in somatic embryogenesis is the transition of cell fate from a somatic cell to embryo cell. Although somatic embryogenesis has already been widely used in a number of woody species, propagating adult woody plants remains difficult. In this review, we focus on molecular mechanisms of somatic embryogenesis and its practical applications in economic woody plants. Furthermore, we propose a strategy to improve the process of somatic embryogenesis using molecular means.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhen-Hong Su
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kui L, Chen H, Zhang W, He S, Xiong Z, Zhang Y, Yan L, Zhong C, He F, Chen J, Zeng P, Zhang G, Yang S, Dong Y, Wang W, Cai J. Building a Genetic Manipulation Tool Box for Orchid Biology: Identification of Constitutive Promoters and Application of CRISPR/Cas9 in the Orchid, Dendrobium officinale. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:2036. [PMID: 28127299 PMCID: PMC5226938 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae is the second largest family of flowering plants, which is highly valued for its ornamental purposes and medicinal uses. Dendrobium officinale is a special orchid species that can grow without seed vernalization. Because the whole-genome sequence of D. officinale is publicly available, this species is poised to become a convenient research model for the evolutionary, developmental, and genetic studies of Orchidaceae. Despite these advantages, the methods of genetic manipulation are poorly developed in D. officinale. In this study, based on the previously developed Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation system, we identified several highly efficient promoters for exogenous gene expression and successfully applied the CRISPR/Cas9 system for editing endogenous genes in the genome of D. officinale. These two basic techniques contribute to the genetic manipulation toolbox of Orchidaceae. The pCambia-1301-35SN vector containing the CaMV 35S promoter and the β-glucuronidase (GUS) and Superfolder green fluorescence protein (SG) as reporter genes were introduced into the plant tissues by the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. Fluorescence emission from the transformed plants confirmed the successful transcription and translation of SG genes into functional proteins. We compared the GUS activity under different promoters including four commonly used promoters (MtHP, CVMV, MMV and PCISV) with CaMV 35S promoter and found that MMV, CVMV, and PCISV were as effective as the 35S promoter. Furthermore, we applied the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing system successfully in D. officinale. By selecting five target genes (C3H, C4H, 4CL, CCR, and IRX) in the lignocellulose biosynthesis pathway, we showed that, for a given target, this system can generate edits (insertions, deletions, or substitutions) at a rate of 10 to 100%. These results showed that our two genetic manipulation tools can efficiently express exogenous genes and edit endogenous genes in D. officinale. These efficient research tools will not only help create novel D. officinale varieties, but will also facilitate the molecular genetic investigation of orchid biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Kui
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Haitao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Nowbio Biotech Inc., KunmingChina
| | - Weixiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of MacauMacau, China
| | - Simei He
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Gemplasm Utilization and Innovation of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Zijun Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-ShenzhenShenzhen, China
| | - Yesheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Nowbio Biotech Inc., KunmingChina
| | - Liang Yan
- Pu’er Institute of Pu-er TeaPu’er, China
| | - Chaofang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Fengmei He
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Junwen Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Gemplasm Utilization and Innovation of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Peng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of MacauMacau, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Gemplasm Utilization and Innovation of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Shengchao Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Gemplasm Utilization and Innovation of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Yang Dong
- Nowbio Biotech Inc., KunmingChina
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming, China
- Province Key Laboratory, Biological Big Data College, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Cai, Wen Wang,
| | - Jing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of MacauMacau, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, National Orchid Conservation Center of China and Orchid Conservation and Research Center of ShenzhenShenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Cai, Wen Wang,
| |
Collapse
|