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Schmidt MP, Mamet SD, Ferrieri RA, Peak D, Siciliano SD. From the Outside in: An Overview of Positron Imaging of Plant and Soil Processes. Mol Imaging 2020; 19:1536012120966405. [PMID: 33119419 PMCID: PMC7605056 DOI: 10.1177/1536012120966405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron-emitting nuclides have long been used as imaging agents in medical science to spatially trace processes non-invasively, allowing for real-time molecular imaging using low tracer concentrations. This ability to non-destructively visualize processes in real time also makes positron imaging uniquely suitable for probing various processes in plants and porous environmental media, such as soils and sediments. Here, we provide an overview of historical and current applications of positron imaging in environmental research. We highlight plant physiological research, where positron imaging has been used extensively to image dynamics of macronutrients, signalling molecules, trace elements, and contaminant metals under various conditions and perturbations. We describe how positron imaging is used in porous soils and sediments to visualize transport, flow, and microbial metabolic processes. We also address the interface between positron imaging and other imaging approaches, and present accompanying chemical analysis of labelled compounds for reviewed topics, highlighting the bridge between positron imaging and complementary techniques across scales. Finally, we discuss possible future applications of positron imaging and its potential as a nexus of interdisciplinary biogeochemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Schmidt
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 7235University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Steven D Mamet
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 7235University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Richard A Ferrieri
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Division of Plant Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Missouri Research Reactor Center, 14716University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Derek Peak
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 7235University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Steven D Siciliano
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 7235University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Ogo Y, Kakei Y, Itai RN, Kobayashi T, Nakanishi H, Takahashi H, Nakazono M, Nishizawa NK. Spatial transcriptomes of iron-deficient and cadmium-stressed rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:781-794. [PMID: 24188410 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the genes involved in metal homeostasis have been investigated over the past few decades, many genes related to metal homeostasis remain uncharacterized, and a comprehensive analysis of the expression of these genes is required. In the present study, we investigated the spatial gene expression profile of iron (Fe)-deficient and cadmium (Cd)-stressed Oryza sativa (rice) using laser microdissection and microarray analysis. Roots of Fe-deficient and Cd-stressed rice were separated into the vascular bundle, cortex, and epidermis plus exodermis. In addition, vascular bundles from new and old leaves at the lowest node, which are important for metal distribution, were analyzed separately. The spatial expression patterns were distinct in each tissue type. Fe deficiency and Cd stress also had significant effects on the transcriptomes, although these were less pronounced than the spatial effects. Genes encoding transporters involved in metal homeostasis, proteins associated with heavy metal detoxification, and phytohormone-related proteins were comprehensively investigated. Additionally, cis motifs involved in the regulation of these diverse expression changes in various tissue types were predicted. The spatial transcriptomes presented here provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of metal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ogo
- Departments of Global Agricultural Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kakei
- Departments of Global Agricultural Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Reiko Nakanishi Itai
- Departments of Global Agricultural Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takanori Kobayashi
- Departments of Global Agricultural Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi-machi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakanishi
- Departments of Global Agricultural Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoko K Nishizawa
- Departments of Global Agricultural Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi-machi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
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Aoyama T, Kobayashi T, Takahashi M, Nagasaka S, Usuda K, Kakei Y, Ishimaru Y, Nakanishi H, Mori S, Nishizawa NK. OsYSL18 is a rice iron(III)-deoxymugineic acid transporter specifically expressed in reproductive organs and phloem of lamina joints. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 70:681-92. [PMID: 19468840 PMCID: PMC2706380 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron uptake and translocation in plants are important processes for both plant and human nutrition, whereas relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms of iron transport within the plant body. Several reports have shown that yellow stripe 1 (YS1) and YS1-like (YSL) transporters mediate metal-phytosiderophore uptake and/or metal-nicotianamine translocation. Among the 18 YSL genes in rice (OsYSLs), OsYSL18 is predicted to encode a polypeptide of 679 amino acids containing 13 putative transmembrane domains. An OsYSL18-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion was localized to the plasma membrane when transiently expressed in onion epidermal cells. Electrophysiological measurements using Xenopus laevis oocytes showed that OsYSL18 transports iron(III)-deoxymugineic acid, but not iron(II)-nicotianamine, zinc(II)-deoxymugineic acid, or zinc(II)-nicotianamine. Reverse transcriptase PCR analysis revealed more OsYSL18 transcripts in flowers than in shoots or roots. OsYSL18 promoter-beta-glucuronidase (GUS) analysis revealed that OsYSL18 was expressed in reproductive organs including the pollen tube. In vegetative organs, OsYSL18 was specifically expressed in lamina joints, the inner cortex of crown roots, and phloem parenchyma and companion cells at the basal part of every leaf sheath. These results suggest that OsYSL18 is an iron-phytosiderophore transporter involved in the translocation of iron in reproductive organs and phloem in joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Aoyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Takanori Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Michiko Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
- Department of Bioproductive Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505 Japan
| | - Seiji Nagasaka
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Kanako Usuda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Yusuke Kakei
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishimaru
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Satoshi Mori
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Naoko K. Nishizawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi-machi, Ishikawa 921-8836 Japan
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Tsukamoto T, Nakanishi H, Uchida H, Watanabe S, Matsuhashi S, Mori S, Nishizawa NK. (52)Fe translocation in barley as monitored by a positron-emitting tracer imaging system (PETIS): evidence for the direct translocation of Fe from roots to young leaves via phloem. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:48-57. [PMID: 19073647 PMCID: PMC2638711 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The real-time translocation of iron (Fe) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Ehimehadaka no. 1) was visualized using the positron-emitting tracer (52)Fe and a positron-emitting tracer imaging system (PETIS). PETIS allowed us to monitor Fe translocation in barley non-destructively under various conditions. In all cases, (52)Fe first accumulated at the basal part of the shoot, suggesting that this region may play an important role in Fe distribution in graminaceous plants. Fe-deficient barley showed greater translocation of (52)Fe from roots to shoots than did Fe-sufficient barley, demonstrating that Fe deficiency causes enhanced (52)Fe uptake and translocation to shoots. In the dark, translocation of (52)Fe to the youngest leaf was equivalent to or higher than that under the light condition, while the translocation of (52)Fe to the older leaves was decreased, in both Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient barley. This suggests the possibility that the mechanism and/or pathway of Fe translocation to the youngest leaf may be different from that to the older leaves. When phloem transport in the leaf was blocked by steam treatment, (52)Fe translocation from the roots to older leaves was not affected, while (52)Fe translocation to the youngest leaf was reduced, indicating that Fe is translocated to the youngest leaf via phloem in addition to xylem. We propose a novel model in which root-absorbed Fe is translocated from the basal part of the shoots and/or roots to the youngest leaf via phloem in graminaceous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uchida
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 434-0041 Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Gunma, 370-1292 Japan
| | - Shinpei Matsuhashi
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Gunma, 370-1292 Japan
| | - Satoshi Mori
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Naoko K. Nishizawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
- *Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +81-3-5841-7514
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Hattori E, Uchida H, Harada N, Ohta M, Tsukada H, Hara Y, Suzuki T. Incorporation and translocation of 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench monitored using a planar positron imaging system. PLANTA 2008; 227:1181-6. [PMID: 18273639 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0701-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
[(18)F]FDG (2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose) was fed to a sorghum plant [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] from the tip of a leaf and its movement was monitored using a planar positron imaging system (PPIS). [(18)F]FDG was uptaken from the leaf tip and it was translocated to the basal part of the shoots from where it moved to the roots, the tillers and the sheaths. Autoradiographic analysis of the distribution of (18)F, [(18)F]FDG and/or its metabolites showed translocation to the roots, tillers, and to the leaves that were younger than the supplied leaf. Strong labelling was observed in the basal part of the shoots, in the sheaths, the youngest leaf and the root tips. Our results indicate that [(18)F]FDG and/or its metabolites were absorbed from the leaf and translocated to the sites where nutrients are required. This strongly suggests that [(18)F]FDG can be utilised as a tracer to study photoassimilate translocation in the living plant. This is the first report on the use of [(18)F]FDG, which is routinely used as a probe for clinical diagnosis, to study source to sink translocation of metabolites in whole plants in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Hattori
- Bio Research Laboratory, Future Project Division, Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota, Aichi, Japan.
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Suzuki M, Takahashi M, Tsukamoto T, Watanabe S, Matsuhashi S, Yazaki J, Kishimoto N, Kikuchi S, Nakanishi H, Mori S, Nishizawa NK. Biosynthesis and secretion of mugineic acid family phytosiderophores in zinc-deficient barley. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 48:85-97. [PMID: 16972867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Mugineic acid family phytosiderophores (MAs) are metal chelators that are produced in graminaceous plants in response to iron (Fe) deficiency, but current evidence regarding secretion of MAs during zinc (Zn) deficiency is contradictory. Our studies using HPLC analysis showed that Zn deficiency induces the synthesis and secretion of MAs in barley plants. The levels of the HvNAS1, HvNAAT-A, HvNAAT-B, HvIDS2 and HvIDS3 transcripts, which encode the enzymes involved in the synthesis of MAs, were increased in Zn-deficient roots. Studies of the genes involved in the methionine cycle using microarray analysis showed that the transcripts of these genes were increased in both Zn-deficient and Fe-deficient barley roots, probably allowing the plant to meet its demand for methionine, a precursor in the synthesis of MAs. In addition, HvNAAT-B transcripts were detected in Zn-deficient shoots, but not in those that were deficient in Fe. Increased synthesis of MAs in Zn-deficient barley was not due to a deficiency of Fe, because Zn-deficient barley accumulated more Fe than did the control plants, ferritin transcripts were increased in Zn-deficient plants, and Zn deficiency promoted Fe transport from root to shoot. Moreover, analysis using the positron-emitting tracer imaging system (PETIS) confirmed that more 62Zn(II)-MAs than 62Zn2+ were absorbed by the roots of Zn-deficient barley plants. These data suggest that the increased biosynthesis and secretion of MAs arising from a shortage of Zn are not due to an induced Fe deficiency, and that secreted MAs are effective in absorbing Zn from the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motofumi Suzuki
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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