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Kannan S, Lock I, Ozenberger BB, Jones KB. Genetic drivers and cells of origin in sarcomagenesis. J Pathol 2021; 254:474-493. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarmishta Kannan
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Ian Lock
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Benjamin B Ozenberger
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Kevin B Jones
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Oncological Sciences Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
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Synovial Sarcoma: A Complex Disease with Multifaceted Signaling and Epigenetic Landscapes. Curr Oncol Rep 2020; 22:124. [PMID: 33025259 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-020-00985-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aside from a characteristic SS18-SSX translocation identified in almost all cases, no genetic anomalies have been reliably isolated yet to drive the pathogenesis of synovial sarcoma. In the following review, we explore the structural units of wild-type SS18 and SSX, particularly as they relate to the transcriptional alterations and cellular pathway changes imposed by SS18-SSX. RECENT FINDINGS Native SS18 and SSX contribute recognizable domains to the SS18-SSX chimeric proteins, which inflict transcriptional and epigenetic changes through selective protein interactions involving the SWI/SNF and Polycomb chromatin remodeling complexes. Multiple oncogenic and developmental pathways become altered, collectively reprogramming the cellular origin of synovial sarcoma and promoting its malignant transformation. Synovial sarcoma is characterized by complex epigenetic and signaling landscapes. Identifying the operational pathways and concomitant genetic changes induced by SS18-SSX fusions could help develop tailored therapeutic strategies to ultimately improve disease control and patient survivorship.
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Sekita T, Yamada T, Kobayashi E, Yoshida A, Hirozane T, Kawai A, Uno Y, Moriyama H, Sawa M, Nagakawa Y, Tsuchida A, Matsumoto M, Nakamura M, Nakayama R, Masuda M. Feasibility of Targeting Traf2-and-Nck-Interacting Kinase in Synovial Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051258. [PMID: 32429395 PMCID: PMC7281028 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The treatment of patients with metastatic synovial sarcoma is still challenging, and the development of new molecular therapeutics is desirable. Dysregulation of Wnt signaling has been implicated in synovial sarcoma. Traf2-and-Nck-interacting kinase (TNIK) is an essential transcriptional co-regulator of Wnt target genes. We examined the efficacy of a small interfering RNA (siRNA) to TNIK and a small-molecule TNIK inhibitor, NCB-0846, for synovial sarcoma. Methods: The expression of TNIK was determined in 20 clinical samples of synovial sarcoma. The efficacy of NCB-0846 was evaluated in four synovial sarcoma cell lines and a mouse xenograft model. Results: We found that synovial sarcoma cell lines with Wnt activation were highly dependent upon the expression of TNIK for proliferation and survival. NCB-0846 induced apoptotic cell death in synovial sarcoma cells through blocking of Wnt target genes including MYC, and oral administration of NCB-846 induced regression of xenografts established by inoculation of synovial sarcoma cells. Discussion: It has become evident that activation of Wnt signaling is causatively involved in the pathogenesis of synovial sarcoma, but no molecular therapeutics targeting the pathway have been approved. This study revealed for the first time the therapeutic potential of TNIK inhibition in synovial sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Sekita
- Laboratory of Collaborative Research, Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (T.S.); (M.M.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (T.H.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (R.N.)
| | - Tesshi Yamada
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (Y.N.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eisuke Kobayashi
- Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (E.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Akihiko Yoshida
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
| | - Toru Hirozane
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (T.H.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (R.N.)
| | - Akira Kawai
- Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (E.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Yuko Uno
- Carna Biosciences, Inc., Kobe 650-0047, Japan; (Y.U.); (H.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Hideki Moriyama
- Carna Biosciences, Inc., Kobe 650-0047, Japan; (Y.U.); (H.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Masaaki Sawa
- Carna Biosciences, Inc., Kobe 650-0047, Japan; (Y.U.); (H.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Yuichi Nagakawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (Y.N.); (A.T.)
| | - Akihiko Tsuchida
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (Y.N.); (A.T.)
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (T.H.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (R.N.)
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (T.H.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (R.N.)
| | - Robert Nakayama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (T.H.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (R.N.)
| | - Mari Masuda
- Laboratory of Collaborative Research, Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (T.S.); (M.M.)
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Next generation sequencing in synovial sarcoma reveals novel gene mutations. Oncotarget 2016; 6:34680-90. [PMID: 26415226 PMCID: PMC4741482 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 95% of all synovial sarcomas (SS) share a unique translocation, t(X;18), however, they show heterogeneous clinical behavior. We analyzed multiple SS to reveal additional genetic alterations besides the translocation. Twenty-six SS from 22 patients were sequenced for 409 cancer-related genes using the Comprehensive Cancer Panel (Life Technologies, USA) on an Ion Torrent platform. The detected variants were verified by Sanger sequencing and compared to matched normal DNAs. Copy number variation was assessed in six tumors using the Oncoscan array (Affymetrix, USA). In total, eight somatic mutations were detected in eight samples. These mutations have not been reported previously in SS. Two of these, in KRAS and CCND1, represent known oncogenic mutations in other malignancies. Additional mutations were detected in RNF213, SEPT9, KDR, CSMD3, MLH1 and ERBB4. DNA alterations occurred more often in adult tumors. A distinctive loss of 6q was found in a metastatic lesion progressing under pazopanib, but not in the responding lesion. Our results emphasize t(X;18) as a single initiating event in SS and as the main oncogenic driver. Our results also show the occurrence of additional genetic events, mutations or chromosomal aberrations, occurring more frequently in SS with an onset in adults.
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The fusion protein SS18-SSX1 employs core Wnt pathway transcription factors to induce a partial Wnt signature in synovial sarcoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22113. [PMID: 26905812 PMCID: PMC4764983 DOI: 10.1038/srep22113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the SS18/SYT-SSX fusion protein is believed to underlie the pathogenesis of synovial sarcoma (SS). Recent evidence suggests that deregulation of the Wnt pathway may play an important role in SS but the mechanisms whereby SS18-SSX might affect Wnt signaling remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that SS18/SSX tightly regulates the elevated expression of the key Wnt target AXIN2 in primary SS. SS18-SSX is shown to interact with TCF/LEF, TLE and HDAC but not β-catenin in vivo and to induce Wnt target gene expression by forming a complex containing promoter-bound TCF/LEF and HDAC but lacking β-catenin. Our observations provide a tumor-specific mechanistic basis for Wnt target gene induction in SS that can occur in the absence of Wnt ligand stimulation.
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HARATI KAMRAN, SLODNIK PAWEL, CHROMIK ANSGARMICHAEL, BEHR BJÖRN, GOERTZ OLE, HIRSCH TOBIAS, KAPALSCHINSKI NICOLAI, KLEIN-HITPASS LUDGER, KOLBENSCHLAG JONAS, UHL WALDEMAR, LEHNHARDT MARCUS, DAIGELER ADRIEN. Pro-apoptotic effects of pycnogenol on HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1629-36. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Trautmann M, Sievers E, Aretz S, Kindler D, Michels S, Friedrichs N, Renner M, Kirfel J, Steiner S, Huss S, Koch A, Penzel R, Larsson O, Kawai A, Tanaka S, Sonobe H, Waha A, Schirmacher P, Mechtersheimer G, Wardelmann E, Büttner R, Hartmann W. SS18-SSX fusion protein-induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a therapeutic target in synovial sarcoma. Oncogene 2013; 33:5006-16. [PMID: 24166495 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synovial sarcoma is a high-grade soft tissue malignancy characterized by a specific reciprocal translocation t(X;18), which leads to the fusion of the SS18 (SYT) gene to one of three SSX genes (SSX1, SSX2 or SSX4). The resulting chimeric SS18-SSX protein is suggested to act as an oncogenic transcriptional regulator. Despite multimodal therapeutic approaches, metastatic disease is often lethal and the development of novel targeted therapeutic strategies is required. Several expression-profiling studies identified distinct gene expression signatures, implying a consistent role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in synovial sarcoma tumorigenesis. Here we investigate the functional and therapeutic relevance of Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemical analyses of nuclear β-catenin and Wnt downstream targets revealed activation of canonical Wnt signaling in a significant subset of 30 primary synovial sarcoma specimens. Functional aspects of Wnt signaling including dependence of Tcf/β-catenin complex activity on the SS18-SSX fusion proteins were analyzed. Efficient SS18-SSX-dependent activation of the Tcf/β-catenin transcriptional complex was confirmed by TOPflash reporter luciferase assays and immunoblotting. In five human synovial sarcoma cell lines, inhibition of the Tcf/β-catenin protein-protein interaction significantly blocked the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade, accompanied by the effective downregulation of Wnt targets (AXIN2, CDC25A, c-MYC, DKK1, CyclinD1 and Survivin) and the specific suppression of cell viability associated with the induction of apoptosis. In SYO-1 synovial sarcoma xenografts, administration of small molecule Tcf/β-catenin complex inhibitors significantly reduced tumor growth, associated with diminished AXIN2 protein levels. In summary, SS18-SSX-induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling appears to be of crucial biological importance in synovial sarcoma tumorigenesis and progression, representing a potential molecular target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trautmann
- 1] Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany [2] Department of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - E Sievers
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - S Aretz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - D Kindler
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - S Michels
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - N Friedrichs
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Renner
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Kirfel
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - S Steiner
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - S Huss
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Koch
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Penzel
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - O Larsson
- Departments of Oncology & Pathology, The Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Kawai
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Tanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - H Sonobe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungoku Central Hospital, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - A Waha
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - P Schirmacher
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G Mechtersheimer
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Wardelmann
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - R Büttner
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - W Hartmann
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Barham W, Frump AL, Sherrill TP, Garcia CB, Saito-Diaz K, VanSaun MN, Fingleton B, Gleaves L, Orton D, Capecchi MR, Blackwell TS, Lee E, Yull F, Eid JE. Targeting the Wnt pathway in synovial sarcoma models. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:1286-301. [PMID: 23921231 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Synovial sarcoma is an aggressive soft-tissue malignancy of children and young adults, with no effective systemic therapies. Its specific oncogene, SYT-SSX (SS18-SSX), drives sarcoma initiation and development. The exact mechanism of SYT-SSX oncogenic function remains unknown. In an SYT-SSX2 transgenic model, we show that a constitutive Wnt/β-catenin signal is aberrantly activated by SYT-SSX2, and inhibition of Wnt signaling through the genetic loss of β-catenin blocks synovial sarcoma tumor formation. In a combination of cell-based and synovial sarcoma tumor xenograft models, we show that inhibition of the Wnt cascade through coreceptor blockade and the use of small-molecule CK1α activators arrests synovial sarcoma tumor growth. We find that upregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin cascade by SYT-SSX2 correlates with its nuclear reprogramming function. These studies reveal the central role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in SYT-SSX2-induced sarcoma genesis, and open new venues for the development of effective synovial sarcoma curative agents. SIGNIFICANCE Synovial sarcoma is an aggressive soft-tissue cancer that afflicts children and young adults, and for which there is no effective treatment. The current studies provide critical insight into our understanding of the pathogenesis of SYT–SSX-dependent synovial sarcoma and pave the way for the development of effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of the disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Barham
- 1Department of Cancer Biology, 2Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, 3Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and 4Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; 5Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University; 6StemSynergy Therapeutics, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee; 7Department of Pediatrics-Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and 8Department of Human Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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CTNNB1 mutation analysis is a useful tool for the diagnosis of desmoid tumors: a study of 260 desmoid tumors and 191 potential morphologic mimics. Mod Pathol 2012; 25:1551-8. [PMID: 22766794 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Desmoid tumors are benign monoclonal fibroblastic or myofibroblastic neoplasms, characterized by local invasiveness and high rates of recurrence. Desmoid tumors must be distinguished from benign fibroblastic and myofibroblastic lesions, as well as from low-grade sarcoma, which can appear histologically similar to desmoid tumors. This differential diagnosis can be very difficult, especially when diagnosis is based on a core needle biopsy. On the molecular level, most sporadic desmoid tumors are associated with mutations of the β-catenin gene (CTNNB1). A minority of desmoid tumors are associated with Gardner syndrome and mutations of the familial adenomatous polyposis gene. We identified the common CTNNB1 mutations associated with sporadic desmoid tumors by direct sequencing: in (i) 260 cases of typical desmoid tumors; and (ii) in 191 cases of spindle cell lesions, which can morphologically 'mimic' desmoid tumors. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues were obtained via core needle biopsy (n=150) or open biopsy/surgical excision (n=301). Only 16 cases (4%) were not analyzable (Bouin's fixed tissue). CTNNB1 mutations were observed in 223 of 254 (88%) of sporadic desmoid tumors. No CTNNB1 mutations were detected in all other lesions (n=175) studied. CTNNB1 sequencing can be easily and reliably done using tissues obtained via core needle biopsy. Detection of CTNNB1 mutations in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues among spindle cell lesions is proposed as a specific diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of desmoid tumors. This result has significant implications for patient care and management.
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10
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Subramaniam MM, Navarro S, Llombart-Bosch A. Immunohistochemical Study of Correlation Between Histologic Subtype and Expression of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Related Proteins in Synovial Sarcomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011; 135:1001-9. [DOI: 10.5858/2010-0071-oar1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context.—Synovial sarcomas are mesenchymal tumors with epithelial nature and comprise biphasic and monophasic fibrous subtypes. However, factors determining epithelial or spindle cell differentiation are still unexplored. Aberrant epithelial-mesenchymal transition has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse human malignancies.
Objective.—To analyze the correlation between cellular phenotype and expression of proteins associated with different epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related pathways.
Design.—Immunohistochemical analysis of E-cadherin, Snail, Slug, and dysadherin, components of the Wnt/wingless and PI3K/Akt pathways, was performed on 14 biphasic and 27 monophasic fibrous tumors.
Results.—In monophasic fibrous tumors, increased expression of Snail (17 of 27; 63%), Slug (18 of 27; 67%), and dysadherin (14 of 27; 52%) and activation of Wnt (nucleocytoplasmic β-catenin accumulation in 63%; n = 27; and positive expression of GSK3 and pGSK3 in 24 of 27 [89%] and 21 of 27 [78%], respectively) and PI3K/Akt (Akt: 22 of 27 [81%]; pAkt: 25 of 27 [93%]; and PI3K: 20 of 27 [74%]) signaling correlated significantly with inactivated E-cadherin expression (1 of 27; 4%) (all P < .05). In contrast, preserved E-cadherin expression (12 of 14; 86%) in the glandular component of the biphasic subtype was associated with significantly decreased Snail (3 of 14; 21%) (P = .02) and dysadherin (2 of 14; 14%) expression (P < .001).
Conclusions.—Overexpression of Snail, Slug, and dysadherin and activation of Wnt and PI3K/Akt signaling was associated with inactivated E-cadherin in the spindle cells of monophasic fibrous synovial sarcomas, further supporting the hypothesis that this subtype may have developed through neoplastic epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Subramaniam MM, Calabuig-Fariñas S, Pellin A, Llombart-Bosch A. Mutational analysis of E-cadherin, β-catenin and APC genes in synovial sarcomas. Histopathology 2010; 57:482-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
Bone and soft tissue sarcomas are an infrequent and heterogeneous group of mesenchymal tumors including more than a hundred different entities attending to histologic patterns. Research into the molecular aspects of sarcomas has increased greatly in the last few years. This enormous amount of knowledge has allowed, for instance, to refine the classification of sarcomas, improve the diagnosis, and increase the number of therapeutical targets available, most of them under preclinical evaluation. However, other important key issues, such as sarcomagenesis and the cell of origin of sarcomas, remain unresolved. From a molecular point of view, these neoplasias are grouped into 2 main types: (a) sarcomas showing relatively simple karyotypes and translocations, which originate gene fusions (eg, EWS-FLI1 in Ewing sarcoma) or point mutations (eg, c-kit in the gastrointestinal tumors) and (b) sarcomas showing unspecific gene alterations, very complex karyotypes, and no translocations. The discovery of the early mechanisms involved in the genesis of sarcomas, the more relevant signaling pathways, and the development of genetically engineered mouse models could also provide a new individualized therapeutic strategy against these tumors. This review describes the clinical application of some of the molecular alterations found in sarcomas, some advances in the field of sarcomagenesis, and the development of animal models.
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Benjamin JM, Nelson WJ. Bench to bedside and back again: molecular mechanisms of alpha-catenin function and roles in tumorigenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 18:53-64. [PMID: 17945508 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cadherin/catenin complex, comprised of E-cadherin, beta-catenin and alpha-catenin, is essential for initiating cell-cell adhesion, establishing cellular polarity and maintaining tissue organization. Disruption or loss of the cadherin/catenin complex is common in cancer. As the primary cell-cell adhesion protein in epithelial cells, E-cadherin has long been studied in cancer progression. Similarly, additional roles for beta-catenin in the Wnt signaling pathway has led to many studies of the role of beta-catenin in cancer. Alpha-catenin, in contrast, has received less attention. However, recent data demonstrate novel functions for alpha-catenin in regulating the actin cytoskeleton and cell-cell adhesion, which when perturbed could contribute to cancer progression. In this review, we use cancer data to evaluate molecular models of alpha-catenin function, from the canonical role of alpha-catenin in cell-cell adhesion to non-canonical roles identified following conditional alpha-catenin deletion. This analysis identifies alpha-catenin as a prognostic factor in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Benjamin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5430, USA
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14
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Kohno Y, Okamoto T, Ishibe T, Nagayama S, Shima Y, Nishijo K, Shibata KR, Fukiage K, Otsuka S, Uejima D, Araki N, Naka N, Nakashima Y, Aoyama T, Nakayama T, Nakamura T, Toguchida J. Expression of claudin7 is tightly associated with epithelial structures in synovial sarcomas and regulated by an Ets family transcription factor, ELF3. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:38941-50. [PMID: 17060315 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608389200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovial sarcoma, a soft tissue sarcoma that develops in adults, is pathologically subclassified into monophasic spindle synovial sarcoma and biphasic synovial sarcoma with epithelial components. The molecular mechanism building the epithelial components in biphasic synovial sarcoma is totally unknown. Here we investigated claudins, critical molecules in the tight junction, in biphasic synovial sarcoma. Expression profiles of 21 claudins in 17 synovial sarcoma tumor samples, including 9 biphasic tumors, identified claudin4, claudin7, and claudin10 as biphasic tumor-related claudins, and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated the localization of these claudins in the epithelial component in biphasic tumors, with claudin7 the most closely associated with the epithelial component. The mRNA expression and protein localization of claudin7 coincided with those of the ELF3, an epithelia-specific member of the Ets family of transcription factors. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that the presence of the Ets-binding site at -150 in the promoter region of the claudin7 gene was critical for the transcriptional activity, and gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the binding of ELF3 to the Ets site at -150. Inhibition of ELF3 expression by small interfering RNA simultaneously down-regulated the mRNA expression of the claudin7 gene, and the introduction of ELF3 expression in claudin7-negative cell lines induced mRNA expression of the claudin7 gene. Therefore, the induction of claudin7 expression by ELF3 appears critical to the formation of the epithelial structures in biphasic synovial sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kohno
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kaweahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, USA
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15
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van Hengel J, van Roy F. Diverse functions of p120ctn in tumors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1773:78-88. [PMID: 17030444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
p120ctn is a member of the Armadillo protein family. It stabilizes the cadherin-catenin adhesion complex at the plasma membrane, but also has additional roles in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Extensive alternative mRNA splicing and multiple phosphorylation sites generate additional complexity. Evidence is emerging that complete loss, downregulation or mislocalization of p120ctn correlates with progression of different types of human tumors. It remains to be determined whether a causal relationship exists between specific isoform expression, subcellular localization or selective phosphorylation of p120ctn on the one hand and tumor prognosis on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda van Hengel
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB-Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
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Horvai AE, Kramer MJ, O'Donnell R. Beta-catenin nuclear expression correlates with cyclin D1 expression in primary and metastatic synovial sarcoma: a tissue microarray study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006; 130:792-8. [PMID: 16740029 DOI: 10.5858/2006-130-792-cnecwc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The association between aberrant (nuclear) beta-catenin expression and cyclin D1 accumulation has been demonstrated in diverse neoplasms. In synovial sarcoma (SS), aberrant beta-catenin expression has prognostic relevance, but the association with cyclin D1 has not been established. The SYT-SSX fusion protein, unique to SS, may independently increase cyclin D1. OBJECTIVE To determine whether nuclear beta-catenin is associated with cyclin D1 overexpression in SS and whether primary and metastatic SS differ in the expression of these markers. DESIGN We incorporated 82 tumors initially diagnosed as SS into a tissue array. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with custom probes was used to select t(X;18) positive tumors. Clinical data, tumor type and outcome were tabulated. The tumors were tested for the association between nuclear beta-catenin and cyclin D1 immunostaining. Primary and metastatic tumors were compared. RESULTS Fifty-one tumors (41 primary and 10 metastatic) from 43 patients demonstrated t(X;18). Cyclin D1 staining was identified in 21 (59%) primary and 8 (80%) metastatic tumors, respectively, and nuclear beta-catenin in 24 (41%) primary and 7 (70%) metastatic tumors, respectively. No significant difference was noted between primary and metastatic tumors with respect to the above markers. The presence of nuclear beta-catenin showed a significant association with cyclin D1 expression (P < .001). A small number of cyclin D1 cases were negative for nuclear beta-catenin but positive for phosphorylated Akt. CONCLUSIONS Increased cyclin D1 in SS may be driven by abnormally expressed beta-catenin, similar to other neoplasms. The pattern of expression of these markers is established early during tumorigenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/chemistry
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/pathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, X/genetics
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Extremities
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Sarcoma, Synovial/genetics
- Sarcoma, Synovial/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Synovial/mortality
- Sarcoma, Synovial/secondary
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/metabolism
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/mortality
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/pathology
- Survival Rate
- Tissue Array Analysis
- Translocation, Genetic
- beta Catenin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Horvai
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94114-1656, USA.
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17
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Desmoplastic Fibroma of Bone. Adv Anat Pathol 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/01.pap.0000201827.85096.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Abstract
beta-catenin is a 92-kDa protein that binds to the cytoplasmic tail of E-cadherin. It acts in the nucleus to stimulate cell proliferation and is degraded by complexing with the adenomatous polyposis coli gene. When it is mutated, it is ineffectively degraded and results in unchecked proliferative activity that plays a role in a subset of neoplasms. When there are alterations in beta-catenin degradation, it accumulates to a sufficient extent to be detected in the nuclei of tumor cells immunohistochemically, a feature that can be exploited in the differential diagnosis of selected neoplasms. Immunohistochemistry for beta-catenin may be useful in the differential diagnosis of selected tumors of soft tissue, the gastrointestinal tract, including the pancreas, lung, and female genital tract.
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19
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Baird K, Davis S, Antonescu CR, Harper UL, Walker RL, Chen Y, Glatfelter AA, Duray PH, Meltzer PS. Gene Expression Profiling of Human Sarcomas: Insights into Sarcoma Biology. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9226-35. [PMID: 16230383 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are a biologically complex group of tumors of mesenchymal origin. By using gene expression microarray analysis, we aimed to find clues into the cellular differentiation and oncogenic pathways active in these tumors as well as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We examined 181 tumors representing 16 classes of human bone and soft tissue sarcomas on a 12,601-feature cDNA microarray. Remarkably, 2,766 probes differentially expressed across this sample set clearly delineated the various tumor classes. Several genes of potential biological and therapeutic interest were associated with each sarcoma type, including specific tyrosine kinases, transcription factors, and homeobox genes. We also identified subgroups of tumors within the liposarcomas, leiomyosarcomas, and malignant fibrous histiocytomas. We found significant gene ontology correlates for each tumor group and identified similarity to normal tissues by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Mutation analysis done on 275 tumor samples revealed that the high expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in certain tumors was not associated with gene mutations. Finally, to further the investigation of human sarcoma biology, we have created an online, publicly available, searchable database housing the data from the gene expression profiles of these tumors (http://watson.nhgri.nih.gov/sarcoma), allowing the user to interactively explore this data set in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Baird
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute
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20
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Mikami I, You L, He B, Xu Z, Batra S, Lee AY, Mazieres J, Reguart N, Uematsu K, Koizumi K, Jablons DM. Efficacy of Wnt-1 monoclonal antibody in sarcoma cells. BMC Cancer 2005; 5:53. [PMID: 15913453 PMCID: PMC1164405 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-5-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcomas are one of the most refractory diseases among malignant tumors. More effective therapies based on an increased understanding of the molecular biology of sarcomas are needed as current forms of therapy remain inadequate. Recently, it has been reported that Wnt-1/beta-catenin signaling inhibits apoptosis in several cancers. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of a monoclonal anti-Wnt-1 antibody in sarcoma cells. METHODS We treated cell lines A-204, SJSA-1, and fresh primary cultures of lung metastasis of sarcoma with a monoclonal anti-Wnt-1 antibody. Wnt-1 siRNA treatment was carried out in A-204. We assessed cell death using Crystal Violet staining. Apoptosis induction was estimated by flow cytometry analysis (Annexin V and PI staining). Cell signaling changes were determined by western blotting analysis. RESULTS We detected Wnt-1 expression in all tissue samples and cell lines. Significant apoptosis induction was found in monoclonal anti-Wnt-1 antibody treated cells compared to control monoclonal antibody treated cells (p < 0.02). Similarly, we observed increased apoptosis in Wnt-1 siRNA treated cells. Blockade of Wnt-1 signaling in both experiments was confirmed by analyzing intracellular levels of Dishevelled-3 and of cytosolic beta-catenin. Furthermore, the monoclonal anti-Wnt-1 antibody also induced cell death in fresh primary cultures of metastatic sarcoma in which Wnt-1 signaling was active. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that Wnt-1 blockade by either monoclonal antibody or siRNA induces cell death in sarcoma cells. These data suggest that Wnt-1 may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of a subset of sarcoma cells in which Wnt-1/beta-catenin signaling is active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Mikami
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
- Department of Surgery II, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Liang You
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Biao He
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Zhidong Xu
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Sonny Batra
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Amie Y Lee
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Julien Mazieres
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Noemi Reguart
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Kazutsugu Uematsu
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Kiyoshi Koizumi
- Department of Surgery II, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - David M Jablons
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
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21
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22
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Karim R, Tse G, Putti T, Scolyer R, Lee S. The significance of the Wnt pathway in the pathology of human cancers. Pathology 2004; 36:120-8. [PMID: 15203747 DOI: 10.1080/00313020410001671957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The wingless-type (Wnt) signalling transduction pathway is essentially a network of a number of separate but interacting pathways. Specific Wnt ligands bind to their target 'frizzled' membrane receptor and interfere with the multi-protein destruction complex, resulting in downstream activation of gene transcription by beta-catenin. Simplistically, the multi-protein destruction complex involves Axin and APC serving as scaffolds binding both beta-catenin and GSK3, to facilitate phosphorylation of beta-catenin by GSK-3beta. Phosphorylated beta-catenin is degraded in proteasomes by the ubiquination machinery. Unphosphorylated beta-catenin accumulates and associates with nuclear transcription factors leading to the eventual transcription and expression of target genes such as c-myc, c-jun, Fra and cyclin D1. There are several regulatory mechanisms for the down-regulation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signal, perhaps reflecting the pivotal nature of the pathway and the detrimental consequences of inappropriate activation. There has been intense investigation into the role of Wnt genes in human cancer. Although no documentation is made of any mutation or amplification of genes encoding Wnt ligands or receptors linked to human cancer to date, several components of the Wnt pathway have been implicated in carcinogenesis, especially APC and beta-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rooshdiya Karim
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney NSW Australia.
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23
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Abstract
Cell-cell adhesion determines the polarity of cells and participates in the maintenance of the cell societies called tissues. Cell-cell adhesiveness is generally reduced in human cancers. Reduced intercellular adhesiveness allows cancer cells to disobey the social order, resulting in destruction of histological structure, which is the morphological hallmark of malignant tumors. Reduced intercellular adhesiveness is also indispensable for cancer invasion and metastasis. A tumor-suppressor gene product, E-cadherin, and its undercoat proteins, catenins, which connect cadherins to actin filaments, are located at lateral borders, concentrating on adherens junctions, of epithelial cells and establish firm cell-cell adhesion. The E-cadherin cell adhesion system in cancer cells is inactivated by various mechanisms that reflect the morphological and biological characteristics of the tumor. Silencing of the E-cadherin gene by DNA hypermethylation around the promoter region occurs frequently, even in precancerous conditions. In diffuse infiltrating cancers, mutations are found in the genes for E-cadherin and alpha- and beta-catenins. At the invading front of cancers, the E-cadherin cell adhesion system is inactivated by tyrosine phosphorylation of beta-catenin; an oncogene product, c-erbB-2 protein, is found to associate directly with beta-catenin. The E-cadherin cell adhesion system cross-talks with the Wingless/Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, and expression of genes, which participate in cancer morphogenesis, may be regulated in conjunction with the Wingless/Wnt signaling pathway. Dysadherin, a newly identified cancer-associated cell membrane glycoprotein, down-regulates E-cadherin and promotes cancer metastasis. In conclusion, inactivation of the E-cadherin cell adhesion system by both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms plays a significant role during multistage human carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuo Hirohashi
- Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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24
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Giles RH, van Es JH, Clevers H. Caught up in a Wnt storm: Wnt signaling in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1653:1-24. [PMID: 12781368 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-419x(03)00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway, named for its most upstream ligands, the Wnts, is involved in various differentiation events during embryonic development and leads to tumor formation when aberrantly activated. Molecular studies have pinpointed activating mutations of the Wnt signaling pathway as the cause of approximately 90% of colorectal cancer (CRC), and somewhat less frequently in cancers at other sites, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ironically, Wnts themselves are only rarely involved in the activation of the pathway during carcinogenesis. Mutations mimicking Wnt stimulation-generally inactivating APC mutations or activating beta-catenin mutations-result in nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin which subsequently complexes with T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancing factor (TCF/LEF) transcription factors to activate gene transcription. Recent data identifying target genes has revealed a genetic program regulated by beta-catenin/TCF controlling the transcription of a suite of genes promoting cellular proliferation and repressing differentiation during embryogenesis, carcinogenesis, and in the post-embryonic regulation of cell positioning in the intestinal crypts. This review considers the spectra of tumors arising from active Wnt signaling and attempts to place perspective on recent data that begin to elucidate the mechanisms prompting uncontrolled cell growth following induction of Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Giles
- Hubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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25
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Pelmus M, Guillou L, Hostein I, Sierankowski G, Lussan C, Coindre JM. Monophasic fibrous and poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma: immunohistochemical reassessment of 60 t(X;18)(SYT-SSX)-positive cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2002; 26:1434-40. [PMID: 12409719 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-200211000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosing monophasic fibrous and poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma (SS) on morphology alone is often a source of problems for pathologists. SS bear the t(X;18)(p11.2,q11.2) translocation, which proved to be specific for this tumor type and is currently considered one of the most reliable diagnostic criteria. To evaluate the sensitivity of immunohistochemical techniques in diagnosing monophasic fibrous SS (MFSS) and poorly differentiated SS (PDSS), we examined 60 t(X;18)(SYT-SSX)-positive cases (47 MFSS and 13 PDSS) for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, cytokeratin KL1, epithelial membrane antigen, E-cadherin, CD34, S-100 protein, alpha-smooth muscle actin, desmin, h-caldesmon, CD99, bcl2, and C-kit (CD117) antibodies. Of the four epithelial markers tested, epithelial membrane antigen proved to be the most sensitive, reacting with 100% of MFSS and 92% of PDSS, followed by cytokeratin AE1/AE3 (70% of MFSS, 46% of PDSS), cytokeratin KL1 (49% of MFSS, 38% of PDSS), and E-cadherin (47% of MFSS, 54% of PDSS). A staining for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and/or E-cadherin was observed in 79% of MFSS and 69% of PDSS, and a staining for cytokeratin KL1 and/or E-cadherin was observed in 74% of MFSS and 62% of PDSS. S-100 protein was positive in 38% of MFSS and 23% of PDSS, and alpha-smooth muscle actin in 21% of MFSS and 8% of PDSS. Tumor cells were rarely positive for CD34 (6% of MFSS, 0% of PDSS) and desmin (2% of MFSS, 0% of PDSS). Most SS were strongly positive for bcl-2 (91% of MFSS, 92% of PDSS) and CD99 (91% of MFSS, 100% of PDSS). A weak and focal cytoplasmic reactivity for CD117 was observed in 11% of MFSS (only one case had a strong immunoreactivity) and 8% of PDSS. Staining with h-caldesmon was consistently negative. In conclusion, in keeping with literature data, our results show that reactivity for epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin AE1/AE3, and E-cadherin, in combination with CD34 negativity, are the most useful and sensitive markers for diagnosing monophasic fibrous and poorly differentiated t(X;18)-positive SS. They also support the fact that about one third of MFSS and one fourth of PDSS are positive for S-100 protein, a finding of diagnostic relevance when considering their distinction from other spindle to round cell sarcomas, especially malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Child
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- Chromosomes, Human, X
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sarcoma, Synovial/genetics
- Sarcoma, Synovial/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Synovial/pathology
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/genetics
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/metabolism
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/pathology
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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26
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Chung EJ, Hwang SG, Nguyen P, Lee S, Kim JS, Kim JW, Henkart PA, Bottaro DP, Soon L, Bonvini P, Lee SJ, Karp JE, Oh HJ, Rubin JS, Trepel JB. Regulation of leukemic cell adhesion, proliferation, and survival by beta-catenin. Blood 2002; 100:982-90. [PMID: 12130512 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.3.982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In epithelial cells beta-catenin plays a critical role as a component of the cell-cell adhesion apparatus and as a coactivator of the TCF/LEF (T-cell transcription factor/lymphoid enhancer binding factor) family of transcription factors. Deregulation of beta-catenin has been implicated in the malignant transformation of cells of epithelial origin. However, a function for beta-catenin in hematologic malignancies has not been reported. beta-Catenin is not detectable in normal peripheral blood T cells but is expressed in T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells and other tumor lines of hematopoietic origin and in primary lymphoid and myeloid leukemia cells. beta-Catenin function was examined in Jurkat T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Overexpression of dominant-negative beta-catenin or dominant-negative TCF reduced beta-catenin nuclear signaling and inhibited Jurkat proliferation and clonogenicity. Similarly, these constructs inhibited proliferation of K562 and HUT-102 cells. Reduction of beta-catenin expression with beta-catenin antisense down-regulated adhesion of Jurkat cells in response to phytohemagglutinin. Incubation of Jurkat cells with anti-Fas induced caspase-dependent limited proteolysis of beta-catenin N- and C-terminal regions and rapid redistribution of beta-catenin to the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton, concomitant with a marked decline in nuclear beta-catenin signaling. Fas-mediated apoptosis was potentiated by inhibition of beta-catenin nuclear signaling. The data suggest that beta-catenin can play a significant role in promoting leukemic cell proliferation, adhesion, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Chung
- Medical Oncology Clinical Research Unit and Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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Laskin WB, Miettinen M. Epithelial-type and neural-type cadherin expression in malignant noncarcinomatous neoplasms with epithelioid features that involve the soft tissues. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002; 126:425-31. [PMID: 11900566 DOI: 10.5858/2002-126-0425-etantc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Transmembrane adhesion molecules, epithelial-type cadherin (ECAD) and neural-type cadherin (NCAD), help in regulating transformations between epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the developing embryo and in maintaining the epithelioid phenotype. Consequently, the presence of epithelioid cells in certain malignant noncarcinomatous neoplasms raises speculation that the expression of ECAD and NCAD in these neoplasms may have diagnostic significance. OBJECTIVE To investigate the utility of ECAD and NCAD immunoexpression in distinguishing malignant (noncarcinomatous) neoplasms with epithelioid features that involve the soft tissues. DESIGN Membranous immunoreactivity of anti-ECAD and anti-NCAD was evaluated on archived cases selected from the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. RESULTS Epithelial-type cadherin was found in biphasic synovial sarcoma (35 of 35 cases), malignant melanoma (13/21), monophasic fibrous synovial sarcoma (13/26), clear cell sarcoma (4/9), poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma (3/13), diffuse mesothelioma (4/20), malignant epithelioid peripheral nerve sheath tumor (1/6), and epithelioid sarcoma (5/62). Neural-type cadherin was observed in chordoma (11/11), biphasic synovial sarcoma (30/35), diffuse mesothelioma (14/20), malignant melanoma (14/25), epithelioid sarcoma (24/63), epithelioid angiosarcoma (1/4), poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma (2/13), clear cell sarcoma (1/10), and monophasic fibrous synovial sarcoma (1/26). Eighteen cases of primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas all tested positive for ECAD, whereas NCAD was focally observed in 5 cases. No expression of either molecule was observed in cases of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (n = 9), alveolar soft part sarcoma (n = 8), and extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (n = 7). CONCLUSIONS Epithelial-type and neural-type cadherins are found in a variety of noncarcinomatous neoplasms with epithelioid features that involve the soft tissues and can be utilized, in association with other immunomarkers, in distinguishing chordoma (100% NCAD) from extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma and conventional chondrosarcoma of bone (0% NCAD), squamous cell carcinoma (100% ECAD) from epithelioid sarcoma (8% ECAD), and biphasic synovial sarcoma (100% ECAD) from diffuse mesothelioma (20% ECAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Laskin
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611-3053, USA.
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28
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Saito T, Oda Y, Sakamoto A, Kawaguchi KI, Tanaka K, Matsuda S, Tamiya S, Iwamoto Y, Tsuneyoshi M. APC mutations in synovial sarcoma. J Pathol 2002; 196:445-9. [PMID: 11920741 DOI: 10.1002/path.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been demonstrated that accumulated beta-catenin serves as an oncoprotein in synovial sarcoma and results in a poor overall survival rate, but the frequency of beta-catenin mutation was quite low (8.2%). The present study, using essentially the same study group of cases, screened for genetic alterations in the mutation cluster region (MCR) of the APC gene in 49 cases of synovial sarcoma. SSCP analysis followed by DNA direct sequencing revealed five missense APC mutations in four cases of synovial sarcoma (8.2%). The mutational sites comprised one case each at codons 1299 (GCT to ACT, Ala to Thr), 1412 (GGA to AGA, Gly to Arg), and 1414 (GTA to ATA, Val to Ile), in addition to one case with double point mutations at codon 1398 (AGT to AAT, Ser to Asn) and at codon 1413 (ATG to ATA, Met to Ile), together with beta-catenin mutation at codon 32 (GAC to TAC, Asp to Tyr). All four cases with APC mutations were histologically of the monophasic fibrous type and showed beta-catenin accumulation. All three cases with APC mutations available for follow-up data were long survivors. This study provides the first evidence that APC mutations also occur in the field of sarcoma, especially in synovial sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Saito
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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29
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Sandberg AA, Bridge JA. Updates on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors. Synovial sarcoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2002; 133:1-23. [PMID: 11890984 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avery A Sandberg
- Department of DNA Diagnostics, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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30
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Hasegawa T, Yokoyama R, Matsuno Y, Shimoda T, Hirohashi S. Prognostic significance of histologic grade and nuclear expression of beta-catenin in synovial sarcoma. Hum Pathol 2001; 32:257-63. [PMID: 11274633 DOI: 10.1053/hupa.2001.22764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Synovial sarcoma, which has a wide spectrum of biologic behavior, warrants accurate grading to assess the patient's prognosis. We studied the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features of 44 cases of synovial sarcoma in patients treated primarily or secondarily at the National Cancer Center, Tokyo, to identify independent prognostic factors. There were local recurrences in 16 patients (36%), and 25 (57%) developed metastases, primarily to the lungs. The estimated cumulative 5-year and 10-year survival rates were 68% and 41%, respectively. Variables associated with an adverse outcome included tumor size > 6.7 cm; initial treatment outside the National Cancer Center; poorly differentiated subtype; high nuclear atypia; mitosis count > 27/10 high-power fields; tumor necrosis; absence of stromal calcification; nuclear expression of beta-catenin, which was found in 25 cases (57%); Ki-67 (MIB-1) index > 27%; and histologic grade 3. Nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin as a cell-signaling event may play an important role in the progression of synovial sarcoma and therefore might be predictive of short survival. However, multivariate analysis clearly showed that only histologic grade, as defined by using categorized variables for the MIB-1 index and tumor necrosis, was an independent prognostic factor. Most variables were correlated with lung metastasis and histologic grade. High-grade synovial sarcoma assessed by a histologic grading system based on the proliferative activity of the neoplastic cells can be viewed as high risk with the patients most likely to die of disease within 10 years after surgery and in need of improved chemotherapy. HUM PATHOL 32:257-263.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hasegawa
- Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute and Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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