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Mancarella S, Krol S, Crovace A, Leporatti S, Dituri F, Frusciante M, Giannelli G. Validation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Experimental Models for TGF-β Promoting Tumor Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101510. [PMID: 31600917 PMCID: PMC6826694 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine with dual role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It acts as tumor-suppressor and tumor-promoter in the early and late stage respectively. TGF-β influences the tumor-stroma cross-talk affecting the tumoral microenvironment. Therefore, inhibiting the TGF- β mediated pathway alone and/or in combination with chemotherapeutics represents an important therapeutic option. Experimental models to dissect the role of TGF-β in HCC tumor progression as well as the effectiveness of specific inhibitors are tricky. HCC cell lines respond to TGF-β according to their epithelial phenotype. However, the mesenchymal and more aggressive HCC cell lines in vitro, do not develop tumors when transplanted in vivo, thus hampering the understanding of molecular pathways that dictate outcome. In addition, in this model the native immune system is abolished, therefore the contribution of inflammation in hepatocarcinogenesis is unreliable. Different strategies have been set up to engineer HCC animal models, including genetically modified mice, chemically induced HCC, or hydrodynamic techniques. Patient-derived xenograft is currently probably the most fascinating model, keeping in mind that models cannot mirror all the reality. In this context, we discuss the different available HCC mouse models including our experimental model treated with inhibitor of TGF-β receptor Type I kinase (Galunisertib) and a potential role of exosomes in TGF-β moderated tumor progression of HCC. Unfortunately, no positive results were obtained in our treated orthotopic model because it does not reproduce the critical tumor-stroma interactions of the HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Mancarella
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy.
| | - Silke Krol
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy.
| | - Alberto Crovace
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy.
| | | | - Francesco Dituri
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy.
| | - Martina Frusciante
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy.
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Sklavos A, Poutahidis T, Giakoustidis A, Makedou K, Angelopoulou K, Hardas A, Andreani P, Zacharioudaki A, Saridis G, Goulopoulos T, Tsarea K, Karamperi M, Papadopoulos V, Papanikolaou V, Papalois A, Iliadis S, Mudan S, Azoulay D, Giakoustidis D. Effects of Wnt-1 blockade in DEN-induced hepatocellular adenomas of mice. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:1211-1219. [PMID: 29399175 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested that downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may contribute to the development and growth of HCC. Consequently, elements of this pathway have begun to emerge as potential targets for improving outcomes of anti-HCC. Thus, the present study sought to examine the effects of Wnt-1 blockade using the classical diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced chemical carcinogenesis mouse model of HCC. The depletion of Wnt-1 using neutralizing antisera was done for ten consecutive days at the age of 9 months and mice were examined for the following 20 days. At that time, DEN-treated mice had multiple variably-sized hepatic cell adenomas. Anti-Wnt-1 was particularly potent in suppressing the expression of critical elements of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, such as β-catenin and Frizzled-1 receptor, however, not Dickkopf-related protein 1. This effect co-existed with the suppression of Cyclin D1, FOXM1, NF-κΒ and c-Jun commensurate with proliferation and apoptosis blockade in hepatocellular adenomas, and reduced Bcl-2 and c-Met in the serum of mice. Nonetheless, tumor size and multiplicity were found to be unaffected, suggesting that apoptosis may be equally important to proliferation in the context of counteracting DEN induced hepatocellular adenomas of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios Sklavos
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | | | - Kali Makedou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Katerina Angelopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Alexander Hardas
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Paola Andreani
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive et Hépatobiliaire, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris-Université Paris-Est, Créteil 94000, France
| | | | - George Saridis
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Thomas Goulopoulos
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Tsarea
- Experimental and Research Center ELPEN Pharmaceuticals, Athens 19009, Greece
| | - Maria Karamperi
- Experimental and Research Center ELPEN Pharmaceuticals, Athens 19009, Greece
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Propedeutic Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Vassilios Papanikolaou
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Apostolos Papalois
- Experimental and Research Center ELPEN Pharmaceuticals, Athens 19009, Greece
| | - Stavros Iliadis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Satvinder Mudan
- Academic Department of Surgery, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Daniel Azoulay
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive et Hépatobiliaire, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris-Université Paris-Est, Créteil 94000, France
| | - Dimitrios Giakoustidis
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University and Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
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Wilczek G, Rost-Roszkowska M, Wilczek P, Babczyńska A, Szulińska E, Sonakowska L, Marek-Swędzioł M. Apoptotic and necrotic changes in the midgut glands of the wolf spider Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae) in response to starvation and dimethoate exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 101:157-67. [PMID: 24507141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the intensity of degenerative changes (apoptosis, necrosis) in the cells of the midgut glands of male and female wolf spiders, Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae), exposed to natural (starvation) and anthropogenic (the organophosphorous pesticide dimethoate) stressors under laboratory conditions were compared. The spiders were collected from two differentially polluted sites, both located in southern Poland: Katowice-Welnowiec, which is heavily polluted with metals, and Pilica, the reference site. Starvation and dimethoate treatment resulted in enhancement of apoptotic and necrotic changes in the midgut glands of the spiders. The frequency of degenerative changes in starving individuals was twice as high as in the specimens intoxicated with dimethoate. The percentage of apoptotic and necrotic cells was higher in starving males than in starving females. A high intensity of necrotic changes, together with increased Cas-3 like activity and a greater percentage of cells with depolarized mitochondria, were typical of starving males from the polluted site. The cell death indices observed in females depended more strongly on the type of stressor than on previous preexposure to pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wilczek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland.
| | - M Rost-Roszkowska
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - P Wilczek
- Heart Prosthesis Institute, Bioengineering Laboratory, Wolnosci 345a, Zabrze 41-800, Poland
| | - A Babczyńska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - E Szulińska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - L Sonakowska
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - M Marek-Swędzioł
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
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Hepatic adenomas associated with anti-epileptic drugs: a case series and imaging review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 35:208-11. [PMID: 19283429 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-009-9500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We report four patients on long-term antiepileptic drugs, without any history of anabolic steroid or oral contraceptive use, who had path-proven hepatic adenomas at our institution. Imaging review of one case is presented here. An exhaustive literature search reveals only four other such case reports, none from the North American continent.
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Lee CY, Hsu YC, Wang JY, Chen CC, Chiu JH. Chemopreventive effect of selenium and Chinese medicinal herbs on N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Syrian hamsters. Liver Int 2008; 28:841-55. [PMID: 18346132 PMCID: PMC2440552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Oxidative DNA damage by reactive oxygen species is involved in the process of liver carcinogenesis. To test the hypothesis that a remedy containing Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Sb) and Bupleurum scorzonerifolfium Willd (Bs) (Sb/Bs remedy) modulates hepatic neoplastic growth, BOP (N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine)-induced liver cancers in hamsters were established. METHODS Parameters such as survival rate, tumour area, tumour foci, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), caspase-3, transforming growth factor (TGF-beta1) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured after Sb/Bs remedy treatment during BOP-induced carcinogenesis. RESULTS The results showed that the Sb/Bs remedy and its constituents Sb and Bs suppressed the tumour area in BOP-induced liver tumours. Because selenium (Sel) is toxic at a high dose (10 mg/kg), with a low survival rate (0%), the combination of Sb/Bs remedy and low-dose Sel (1 mg/kg) was found to decrease the tumour area and the number of tumour foci while increasing serum TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1, but not IL-6 levels. Besides, the Sb/Bs remedy, when combined with low-dose Sel, not only decreased the expression of 8-OHdG and increased caspase-3 expression within the glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive tumour foci but also increased tumour apoptosis in BOP-induced hamsters. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that low-dose Sel has a chemoprevention effect on BOP-induced liver tumours and such an effect was more enhanced when combined with Sb/Bs treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yin Lee
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Chao Hsu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jir-You Wang
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Chih Chen
- National Research Institute of Chinese MedicineTaipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jen-Hwey Chiu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan, Republic of China,Cheng-Hsiung Rehabilitation Medical CenterTaipei, Taiwan, Republic of China,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Veterans General HospitalTaipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Deli A, Kreidl E, Santifaller S, Trotter B, Seir K, Berger W, Schulte-Hermann R, Rodgarkia-Dara C, Grusch M. Activins and activin antagonists in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:1699-709. [PMID: 18350601 PMCID: PMC2695910 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In many parts of the world hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the leading causes of cancer-related mortality but the underlying molecular pathology is still insufficiently understood. There is increasing evidence that activins, which are members of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily of growth and differentiation factors, could play important roles in liver carcinogenesis. Activins are disulphide-linked homo- or heterodimers formed from four different β subunits termed βA, βB, βC, and βE, respectively. Activin A, the dimer of two βA subunits, is critically involved in the regulation of cell growth, apoptosis, and tissue architecture in the liver, while the hepatic function of other activins is largely unexplored so far. Negative regulators of activin signals include antagonists in the extracellular space like the binding proteins follistatin and FLRG, and at the cell membrane antagonistic co-receptors like Cripto or BAMBI. Additionally, in the intracellular space inhibitory Smads can modulate and control activin activity. Accumulating data suggest that deregulation of activin signals contributes to pathologic conditions such as chronic inflammation, fibrosis and development of cancer. The current article reviews the alterations in components of the activin signaling pathway that have been observed in HCC and discusses their potential significance for liver tumorigenesis.
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a frequent malignancy worldwide with a high rate of metastasis. The hepatitis B and C viruses are considered major etiological factors associated with the development of HCC, particularly as a result of their induction of chronic inflammation. There is increasing evidence that the inflammatory process is inherently associated with many different cancer types, including HCC. Specifically, this review aims to cover evidence for the potential roles of cytokines, an important component of the immune system, in promoting HCC carcinogenesis and progression. A global summary of cytokine levels, functions, polymorphisms, and therapies with regard to HCC is presented. In particular, the role of proinflammatory Th1 and anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokine imbalances in the microenvironment of HCC patients with metastasis and the possible clinical significance of these findings are addressed. Overall, multiple studies, spanning many decades, have begun to elucidate the important role of cytokines in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Budhu
- National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Dr., Bldg. 37, Rm. 3044A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Tessitore L, Bollito E. Early induction of TGF-beta1 through a fasting-re-feeding regimen promotes liver carcinogenesis by a sub-initiating dose of diethylnitrosamine. Cell Prolif 2006; 39:105-16. [PMID: 16542346 PMCID: PMC6496430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2006.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that a sub-necrogenic dose (20 mg/kg) of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) can induce the development of liver cancer when rats undergo a fasting-re-feeding regimen. The present study was undertaken to establish whether fasting followed by re-feeding builds up mechanisms able to trigger liver fibrosis, eventually leading to cirrhosis and cancer. Adult male rats, for fasted 4 days, were given 20 mg/kg of DENA after 1 day of re-feeding; in parallel, consistently fed animals receiving 20 mg/kg (sub-necrogenic) or 200 mg/kg (necrogenic dose) of DENA were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. All three groups were then subjected to the 2-acetylaminofluorene/carbon tetrachloride promoting regimen. Fasting induced moderate apoptosis in liver tissue, as evidenced by increased levels of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and Bax proteins and by a dramatic drop in the level of Bcl-2. Subsequent re-feeding caused all changes to revert except TGF-beta1 up-regulation. Histological findings of inflammation and fibrosis were consistently associated with increased production of TGF-beta1, the inflammatory cytokine with the most pronounced profibrogenic action. Thus, up-regulation of TGF-beta1 expression appears as a major mechanism by which the fasting-re-feeding regimen predisposes to initiation and promotion of liver carcinogenesis in rats. Avoiding fasting-re-feeding could be considered in the nutritional status of patients with liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tessitore
- Department of Chemical, Nutritional, Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University 'A. Avogadro', East Piedmont, Novara, Italy.
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Wilczek G. Apoptosis and biochemical biomarkers of stress in spiders from industrially polluted areas exposed to high temperature and dimethoate. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 141:194-206. [PMID: 16039166 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relations between apoptosis and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase; catalase) and quantitative changes in stress protein positive cells (Hsp70; metallothionein) in midgut glands of funnel web spiders Agelena labyrinthica (Agelenidae) and wolf spiders Pardosa lugubris (Lycosidae) exposed to high temperature and pesticide under laboratory conditions. The spiders were collected from two meadow ecosystems differently polluted with metals (Olkusz and Pilica, southern Poland). Under stress conditions, P. lugubris had fewer apoptotic cells in the midgut glands than A. labyrinthica. In P. lugubris from both sites, the observed increase in the percentage of metallothionein and Hsp70-positive cells, simultaneous with intensification of superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, suggests an anti-apoptotic function of those proteins in representatives of wandering spiders. In the midgut glands of A. labyrinthica, heat shock and dimethoate increased the number of Annexin V-positive cells as well as the amounts of mitochondria with low transmembrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) versus the control. The changes in the percentage of MT- and Hsp70-positive cells in funnel web spiders were less than in wolf spiders. The absence of change in SOD and CAT activity in A. labyrinthica shows that the participation of those enzymes in antioxidant reactions is minimal in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Wilczek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, The University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
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Bursch W, Wastl U, Hufnagl K, Schulte-Hermann R. No Increase of Apoptosis in Regressing Mouse Liver after Withdrawal of Growth Stimuli or Food Restriction. Toxicol Sci 2005; 85:507-14. [PMID: 15728705 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In short-term in vivo experiments, liver growth and regression in mice with high (C3H/He), intermediate (B6C3F1) or low (C57BL/6J) susceptibility to hepatocarcinogenesis was compared. Liver growth was induced by dietary administration of phenobarbital (PB; 750 ppm) or nafenopin (NAF; 500 ppm). PB or NAF treatment for 7 days produced moderate increases of liver DNA (15% or 25-28%, respectively) along with pronounced hypertrophy. Liver growth was strongest in C3H/He mice. Cessation of PB or NAF treatment led to a rapid regression of liver hypertrophy. However, the enhanced hepatic DNA content persisted for at least 2 weeks in all mouse strains. Apoptosis was not increased at any time after cessation of treatment in all strains. Food restriction to 60% of the ad libitum intake did not amplify either regression of liver hyperplasia or the occurrence of apoptosis. No strain difference in the occurrence of apoptosis was detected. Mouse hepatocytes in liver regressing after mitogen withdrawal do not enter apoptosis as readily as rat hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Bursch
- Medizinische Universität Wien, Univ. Klinik für Innere MedizinI, Abtl. Institut für Krebsforschung, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Wien.
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Bursch W, Chabicovsky M, Wastl U, Grasl-Kraupp B, Bukowska K, Taper H, Schulte-Hermann R. Apoptosis in stages of mouse hepatocarcinogenesis: failure to counterbalance cell proliferation and to account for strain differences in tumor susceptibility. Toxicol Sci 2005; 85:515-29. [PMID: 15728704 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
C3H/He and B6C3F1 show much higher liver cancer susceptibility than C57BL/6J mice. We studied the hypothesis that this difference might result from failure of apoptosis. Hepatocarcinogenesis was induced by a single dose of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), followed by phenobarbital (PB) for up to 90 weeks. We observed (1) earlier appearance of putative preneoplastic foci (PPF), hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), and carcinoma (HCC) in C3H/He than in C57Bl/6J mice and (2) an increase of hepatocellular DNA synthesis in C3H/He and C57Bl/6J mice, compared to normal liver, via PPF and HCA to HCC. PB enhanced DNA synthesis and growth of PPF, in the C3H/He strain only, and of HCA and HCC of both strains. Apoptoses were rare in unaltered livers as well as in preneoplastic lesions, but tended to increase in HCA and HCC of both strains. PB lowered apoptotic activity in PPF of C3H/He mice, but enhanced it in HCA and HCC of C57Bl/6J mice at late stages. In conclusion, the strain difference in growth rates of PPF and tumors is largely determined by higher rates of cell proliferation in C3H/He mice, with and without promotion by PB. Moreover, in C57Bl/6J mice the promoting effect of PB was restricted to HCA and HCC and was not seen in PPF. Apoptosis was generally low and was not a major cause of the strain difference in tumor susceptibility. In contrast with rat liver, inhibition of apoptosis appears to be a minor determinant of tumor promotion in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Bursch
- Medizinische Universität Wien, Univ. Klinik für Innere MedizinI, Abtl. Institut für Krebsforschung, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Wien.
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