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Rotovnik R, Lathrop TS, Skov J, Jokelainen P, Kapel CMO, Stensvold CR. Detection of zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. in small wild rodents using amplicon-based next-generation sequencing. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2024; 24:e00332. [PMID: 38188480 PMCID: PMC10767489 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2023.e00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Rodents may serve as reservoirs of zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium; however, data from molecular surveys in support of this hypothesis are still scarce. In this study, we screened faeces and rectal content from murid and cricetid rodents (N = 58) caught around three farms in Zealand, Denmark, for Cryptosporidium spp. by amplicon-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) of ribosomal genes. Selected samples were further examined using nested conventional PCR targeting SSU rRNA, gp60, and actin genes. Cryptosporidium-specific DNA was identified in 40/58 (69%) samples, and in 12 (30%) of the 40 positive animals, mixed cryptosporidial infections were observed. Cryptosporidium ditrichi was the species most commonly identified, found in 28 (48%) of the animals. Cryptosporidium parvum was identified in 4 (7%) of the animals, all of which were co-infected with C. ditrichi. The present study is the first to utilize NGS-based screening for Cryptosporidium species in wild rodents. Moreover, it is the first study to provide molecular data on Cryptosporidium in rodents sampled in Denmark and to detect DNA of C. ditrichi in Mus musculus, Myodes glareolus, and Microtus agrestis. The NGS approach was successfully applied to yield new knowledge, and the results showed that zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium are common in murid and cricetid rodents in Zealand, Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalina Rotovnik
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK–2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Tatiana Siegler Lathrop
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK–1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jakob Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, DK–2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK–2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Christian Moliin Outzen Kapel
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK–1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Christen Rune Stensvold
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK–2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
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Mülayim S, Dalkılıç S, Akbulut HH, Aksoy A, Kaplan M. Investigation of the relationship between lymphocyte subsets and intestinal parasites. Acta Trop 2022; 225:106221. [PMID: 34757042 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets of cancer patients infected with intestinal parasites, with an aim to find out the relationship between the levels of different types of lymphocytes with the prognosis of patients. 201 cancer patients aged 18 and over were included. Stool samples of the patients were examined using native-lugol, trichrome, modified trichrome (Weber's Trichrome stain), and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining methods. Microsporidia and Cryptosporidium parvum were investigated at the genus and species levels using PCR. Lymphocyte subsets were determined by flow cytometry in blood samples. One or more parasite species were detected in 115 (56.7%) patients. The most common parasite species were Microsporidia, Blastocystis and Entamoeba coli, respectively. The frequency of parasites was high in patients with low lymphocyte percentage, CD3+ T cell and CD3+ CD4+ T (Th) cell levels in blood samples studied by flow cytometry. Microsporidia infection was significantly higher in patients with low lymphocyte percentage and Th cell levels. Similarly, C. parvum infection was found to be significantly higher in patients with low T lymphocyte percentage and Th cell level. Finally, Blastocystis infection was significantly higher in patients with low lymphocyte percentage and CD4/CD8 ratio higher than 1. The decrease in lymphocyte percentage, CD3+ T cell and Th cell count, and low CD4/CD8 ratio in cancer patients increase the frequency of intestinal parasitic infections. Based on these results, lymphocyte subsets may help identify cancer patients at high risk of opportunistic parasites. We suggest that opportunistic parasitic infections affecting the clinical course of the disease should be considered by clinicians during the follow-up and treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefa Mülayim
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, 23000, Elazığ, Turkey.
| | - Semih Dalkılıç
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, 23000, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - H Handan Akbulut
- Department of Immunology, Firat University Faculty of Medicine, 23000, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Asude Aksoy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, 23000, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kaplan
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, 23000, Elazığ, Turkey
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Dinler Ay C, Voyvoda H, Ulutas PA, Karagenc T, Ulutas B. Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of clinoptilolite against Cryptosporidium parvum in experimentally challenged neonatal lambs. Vet Parasitol 2021; 299:109574. [PMID: 34509876 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to test the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of clinoptilolite against Cryptosporidium (C.) parvum infection in lambs. Within the first day of life, three groups of 10 lambs were each inoculated with 1 × 106 oocysts of C. parvum. The prophylactic (PROP) group received orally clinoptilolite supplemented at a rate of 3% to the colostrum within the first day of life before inoculation and then to milk replacer for two weeks. The therapeutic (TREA) group was supplemented with the same rate, route and duration of clinoptilolite, starting from the day of the first appearance of oocysts in the faeces. The positive control group (pCON) was left untreated and fed only the basal diet. Disease development and clinoptilolite efficacy were assessed daily by evaluating oocyst per gram of faeces (OPG) counts, faecal consistent score (FCS), and clinical health score (CHS) from day -1 to 20 days post inoculation. A significantly (p < 0.001) lower OPG value was found in the PROP and TREA groups in comparison to the pCON group. The FCS and CHS were decreased in the PROP (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) and TREA (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001) groups compared to the pCON group, respectively. The percentage efficacy of clinoptilolite was calculated to be 97.4 % in the PROP group and 91.6 % in the TREA group. In conclusion, this study proved for the first time that clinoptilolite has promising prophylactic and therapeutic activities against C. parvum in experimentally infected lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Dinler Ay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Voyvoda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Pinar Alkim Ulutas
- Department of Biochemistry, Veterinary Faculty, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Tulin Karagenc
- Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Bulent Ulutas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydın, Turkey.
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Dinler C, Ulutas B, Voyvoda H, Ulutas PA, Ural K, Karagenc T. Haptoglobin and serum amyloid-A concentrations and their relationship with oocyst count in neonatal lambs experimentally infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. Vet Parasitol 2017; 247:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kar S, Daugschies A, Cakmak A, Yilmazer N, Dittmar K, Bangoura B. Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability and behaviour of the residual body during the excystation process. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:1719-23. [PMID: 21603913 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2442-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted as a comparative evaluation of time-dependent changes in the viability of purified Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by means of different excystation methods. Oocyst samples were 2 weeks to 12 months old and were treated with bile or sodium taurocholate, partly after pretreatment with hypochlorite. Pretreatment markedly enhanced the excystation of younger oocyst samples but did not increase excystation rates of 9 or 12-month-old oocysts. A cell culture-PCR assay was used as a second indicator for oocyst viability and was most consistent with excystation trials including oocyst pretreatment. In experiments aiming at the determination of the behaviour of the oocyst residual body during excystation, it could be demonstrated that it might be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirri Kar
- Department of Biology, Namik Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, Turkey.
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Kar S, Gawlowska S, Daugschies A, Bangoura B. Quantitative comparison of different purification and detection methods for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Vet Parasitol 2010; 177:366-70. [PMID: 21242035 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) is the causal agent of cryptosporidiosis in many animals, mainly cattle, and possesses a high zoonotic potential. It occurs worldwide and ubiquitously. Detection of C. parvum is mainly performed directly but purification of the oocysts is useful to increase sensitivity and to obtain oocyst material for further use. The study was designed to compare (a) three different direct diagnostic methods, namely modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining, carbol fuchsin staining and conventional PCR, and (b) three routine oocyst purification methods, in particular flotation with saturated sodium chloride solution, Sheather's sucrose solution and a Percoll(®) gradient. During comparison of purification methods, special regard was paid to the ability to separate morphologically intact oocysts from the morphologically degenerated fraction or viable from non-viable oocysts, respectively. RESULTS (a) DIAGNOSTIC METHODS Most effective in C. parvum oocysts detection in calf faeces was PCR; carbol fuchsin and modified Ziehl-Neelsen stainings achieved comparable results. (b) Purification methods: Oocyst flotation using sodium chloride solution showed to be superior to Percoll(®) gradient centrifugation and sugar flotation in terms of purification quality, recovery efficacy (yield) and reduction of the proportion of degenerated or non-viable oocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirri Kar
- Department of Biology, Namik Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, Turkey
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