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Mülayim S, Dalkılıç S, Akbulut HH, Aksoy A, Kaplan M. Investigation of the relationship between lymphocyte subsets and intestinal parasites. Acta Trop 2022; 225:106221. [PMID: 34757042 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets of cancer patients infected with intestinal parasites, with an aim to find out the relationship between the levels of different types of lymphocytes with the prognosis of patients. 201 cancer patients aged 18 and over were included. Stool samples of the patients were examined using native-lugol, trichrome, modified trichrome (Weber's Trichrome stain), and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining methods. Microsporidia and Cryptosporidium parvum were investigated at the genus and species levels using PCR. Lymphocyte subsets were determined by flow cytometry in blood samples. One or more parasite species were detected in 115 (56.7%) patients. The most common parasite species were Microsporidia, Blastocystis and Entamoeba coli, respectively. The frequency of parasites was high in patients with low lymphocyte percentage, CD3+ T cell and CD3+ CD4+ T (Th) cell levels in blood samples studied by flow cytometry. Microsporidia infection was significantly higher in patients with low lymphocyte percentage and Th cell levels. Similarly, C. parvum infection was found to be significantly higher in patients with low T lymphocyte percentage and Th cell level. Finally, Blastocystis infection was significantly higher in patients with low lymphocyte percentage and CD4/CD8 ratio higher than 1. The decrease in lymphocyte percentage, CD3+ T cell and Th cell count, and low CD4/CD8 ratio in cancer patients increase the frequency of intestinal parasitic infections. Based on these results, lymphocyte subsets may help identify cancer patients at high risk of opportunistic parasites. We suggest that opportunistic parasitic infections affecting the clinical course of the disease should be considered by clinicians during the follow-up and treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefa Mülayim
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, 23000, Elazığ, Turkey.
| | - Semih Dalkılıç
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, 23000, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - H Handan Akbulut
- Department of Immunology, Firat University Faculty of Medicine, 23000, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Asude Aksoy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, 23000, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kaplan
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, 23000, Elazığ, Turkey
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Hua X, Xu W, Ma S, Xia Q. STING-dependent autophagy suppresses Nosema bombycis infection in silkworms, Bombyx mori. Developmental & Comparative Immunology 2021; 115:103862. [PMID: 32916206 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nosema bombycis is a unicellular spore-forming obligate parasite, related to fungi, and causes infections in economically important animals and are opportunistic human pathogens. However, the mechanisms of host response to N. bombycis remain unclear. STING (stimulator of interferon genes) is an adapter protein involved in the innate immune response to pathogens. In this study, a transgenic gRNA vector containing BmSTING was constructed and microinjected to generate the transgenic line BmSTINGΔ6bp/WT and BmSTINGΔ5bp/WT in silkworms. The expression of BmSTING was significantly reduced in BmSTINGΔ5bp/WT compared to non-transgenic silkworm. The mortality and LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3) level in BmSTINGΔ6bp/WT and BmSTINGΔ5bp/WT was significantly decreased in the early infection stage of N. bombycis, but the transgenic silkworms died rapidly in the later stage. Furthermore, both BmSTING and LC3 were increased in BmE cell lines after infection with N. bombycis. This study highlights the role of STING-dependent pathways response to microsporidia in silkworm, Bombyx mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Sanyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Rodríguez-García C, Heerman MC, Cook SC, Evans JD, DeGrandi-Hoffman G, Banmeke O, Zhang Y, Huang S, Hamilton M, Chen YP. Transferrin-mediated iron sequestration suggests a novel therapeutic strategy for controlling Nosema disease in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009270. [PMID: 33600478 PMCID: PMC7891791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nosemosis C, a Nosema disease caused by microsporidia parasite Nosema ceranae, is a significant disease burden of the European honey bee Apis mellifera which is one of the most economically important insect pollinators. Nevertheless, there is no effective treatment currently available for Nosema disease and the disease mechanisms underlying the pathological effects of N. ceranae infection in honey bees are poorly understood. Iron is an essential nutrient for growth and survival of hosts and pathogens alike. The iron tug-of-war between host and pathogen is a central battlefield at the host-pathogen interface which determines the outcome of an infection, however, has not been explored in honey bees. To fill the gap, we conducted a study to investigate the impact of N. ceranae infection on iron homeostasis in honey bees. The expression of transferrin, an iron binding and transporting protein that is one of the key players of iron homeostasis, in response to N. ceranae infection was analysed. Furthermore, the functional roles of transferrin in iron homeostasis and honey bee host immunity were characterized using an RNA interference (RNAi)-based method. The results showed that N. ceranae infection causes iron deficiency and upregulation of the A. mellifera transferrin (AmTsf) mRNA in honey bees, implying that higher expression of AmTsf allows N. ceranae to scavenge more iron from the host for its proliferation and survival. The suppressed expression levels of AmTsf via RNAi could lead to reduced N. ceranae transcription activity, alleviated iron loss, enhanced immunity, and improved survival of the infected bees. The intriguing multifunctionality of transferrin illustrated in this study is a significant contribution to the existing body of literature concerning iron homeostasis in insects. The uncovered functional role of transferrin on iron homeostasis, pathogen growth and honey bee's ability to mount immune responses may hold the key for the development of novel strategies to treat or prevent diseases in honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew C. Heerman
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven C. Cook
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jay D. Evans
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Olubukola Banmeke
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yi Zhang
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
- Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shaokang Huang
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
- College of Animal Sciences (Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Michele Hamilton
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yan Ping Chen
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
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Ismail KA, Hawash YA, Saber T, Eed EM, Khalifa AS, Alsharif KF, Alghamdi SA, Khalifa AM, Khalifa OM, Althubiti HK, Alsofyani GM. Microsporidia infection in patients with autoimmune diseases. Indian J Med Microbiol 2020; 38:409-414. [PMID: 33154255 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_20_325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Microsporidium is a spore-forming intracellular parasite that affects a wide range of hosts including humans. The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a key role in the immunity to infection with microsporidia. Recently, the TNF-α antagonists have proven successful in treating variable autoimmune diseases. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the impact of using TNF-α antagonists as a therapeutic regimen in the prevalence of infections with microsporidia. Materials and Methods Diarrheal patients with distinct autoimmune diseases (n = 100) were assigned to the study. Patients taking anti-TNF-α medications (n = 60) were allocated to Group 1A and those undergoing non-TNF-α inhibitor treatment (n = 40) to Group 1B. Furthermore, patients with diarrhea without autoimmune disorders (n = 20) were allocated as controls. Stool specimens, 3 per patient, were collected and microscopically examined for microsporidia spores. A microsporidia-specific stool polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the microscopic findings. Results Microsporidia infection was identified in 28.3% (17/60), 10% (4/40), and in 5% (1/20) of patients in Group 1A, Group 1B, and in the control group, respectively. Overall, infection was significantly high in cases compared to the controls and in patients receiving TNF-α antagonists compared to patients not given TNF-α inhibitors (P < 0.05). Finally, infection was significantly higher in cases treated with TNF-α antagonists for ≥2 months compared to cases treated for <2 months of duration (P < 0.05). Conclusion There was a significant increase in microsporidia infection in autoimmune disease patients undergoing treatment with TNF-α antagonists, and the duration of treatment is one of the risk factors. The study highlights the importance of microsporidia testing in immunocompromised patients, particularly those undergoing treatment with anti-TNF-α drugs and emphasises the need for awareness among clinicians regarding this opportunistic parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadiga Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yousry A Hawash
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Molecular and Clinical Parasitology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Taisir Saber
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Emad M Eed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Amany S Khalifa
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf F Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Khalifa
- Department of Forensic and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Osama Mahmoud Khalifa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hatem K Althubiti
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gala M Alsofyani
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Ni W, Bao J, Mo B, Liu L, Li T, Pan G, Chen J, Zhou Z. Hemocytin facilitates host immune responses against Nosema bombycis. Dev Comp Immunol 2020; 103:103495. [PMID: 31618618 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrates lack an adaptive immune response and thus are reliant on their innate immune response for eliminating invading pathogens. The innate immune responses of silkworms against the pathogen Nosema bombycis include: hemocyte aggregation, melanization, antimicrobial peptides, etc. In our current study, we discovered that a silkworm hemostasis-related protein, hemocytin, is up-regulated after Nosema bombycis infection. This novel finding lead to our hypothesis that hemocytin participates in immune responses against N. bombycis. We investigated this hypothesis by analyzing the adhesive effects of hemocytin to invading N. bombycis, and the hemocytin-mediated hemocyte aggregation and hemolymph melanization. We showed that hemocytin can adhere to the surface of N. bombycis, which facilitates the agglutination of N. bombycis and hemocytes as well as the subsequent melanization. Moreover, when we utilize RNAi technology to decrease in vivo hemocytin expression, we found that the proliferation of N. bombycis within the host significantly increased. These results support our hypothesis that hemocytin exerts pro-inflammatory effects by facilitating pathogen agglutination, along with hemocyte aggregation and melanization, to combat N. bombycis. Our study is the first to determine a function of hemocytin in innate immunity against N. bombycis. Moreover, our findings are of great importance to provide potential targets for developing novel strategy against microsporidia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Biying Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China.
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Shah S, Jacob SS, Mani R, Parameswaran A, Kumar S, Annigeri RA, Mahesh R, Uppuluri R. Renal Microsporidiosis in Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplant Recipients: A Case Series. Turk Patoloji Derg 2020; 36:68-72. [PMID: 29630083 PMCID: PMC10512666 DOI: 10.5146/tjpath.2017.01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidiosis is a rare, but emerging opportunistic infection in solid organ transplant and stem cell transplant recipients. Renal involvement in microsporidiosis is very rarely seen in these recipients. We describe two cases of pediatric renal microsporidiosis, diagnosed on renal biopsies, following bone marrow transplantation presenting as severe acute kidney injury. The first patient died, whereas the second survived due to early diagnosis based on high index of suspicion and prompt treatment with Albendazole. We believe these are the first such reported cases of renal microsporidiosis in pediatric bone marrow transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Shah
- Department of Histopathology, Apollo Hospitals, CHENNAI, TAMIL NADU, INDIA
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Hassan NA, Lim YAL, Mahmud R, Mohd-Shaharuddin N, Wan Sulaiman WY, Ngui R. Molecular Diagnosis of Microsporidia among Immunocompromised Patients in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:1562-1566. [PMID: 30382015 PMCID: PMC6283486 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasitic fungi causing chronic diarrhea, particularly among immunocompromised patients. The current method used for diagnosis is based on conventional microscopy, which does not differentiate parasites at the species level. The present study was carried out to identify microsporidian species in immunocompromised patients. From March 2016 to March 2017, a total of 289 archived stool samples were examined microscopically for microsporidian spores using Gram-chromotrope Kinyoun (GCK) stain. Positive stool samples by microscopy were subjected to polymerase chain reaction and sequencing for species identification. Based on microscopy examination, the overall prevalence of microsporidian infections was 32.2% (93/289; 95% CI = 27.1-37.8). Of these stool samples, 45 samples were successfully amplified and confirmed as Enterocytozoon bieneusi. No Encephalitozoon intestinalis was detected. Accurate identification of species might help clinicians to decide appropriate management strategies as dissemination risks and treatment response vary for different species, hence improving the management of microsporidian infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur-Amirah Hassan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne A. L. Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERIA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohela Mahmud
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Wan Yusoff Wan Sulaiman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Romano Ngui
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Pan G, Bao J, Ma Z, Song Y, Han B, Ran M, Li C, Zhou Z. Invertebrate host responses to microsporidia infections. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 83:104-113. [PMID: 29428490 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidia are a group of fungi-like intracellular and unicellular parasites, which infect nearly all animals. As "master parasites", over 1400 microsporidian species have been described to date. Microsporidia infections in economical invertebrates (e.g., silkworm, shrimp) cause huge financial losses, while other microsporidia infections in daphnia, nematode, locust, honeybee and mosquito play important roles in the regulation of their population size. Research investigating invertebrate host responses following microsporidia infections has yielded numerous interesting results, especially pertaining to the innate immune response to these pathogens. In this review, we comparatively summarize the invertebrate host responses to various microsporidia infections. We discuss numerous critical events in host responses including ubiquitin-mediated resistance, production of reactive oxygen species, melanization and innate immune pathways, and the increased basic metabolism and the accumulation of juvenile hormone in infected hosts. Recent studies progressing our understanding of microsporidia infection are also highlighted. Collectively, these advances shed more light on general rules of invertebrate host immune responses and pathogenesis mechanisms of microsporidia, and concurrently offer valuable clues for further research on the crosstalk between hosts and intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Jialing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Zhengang Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Yue Song
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Maoshuang Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, PR China.
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Sinpoo C, Paxton RJ, Disayathanoowat T, Krongdang S, Chantawannakul P. Impact of Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis on individual worker bees of the two host species (Apis cerana and Apis mellifera) and regulation of host immune response. J Insect Physiol 2018; 105:1-8. [PMID: 29289505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae are obligate intracellular microsporidian parasites infecting midgut epithelial cells of host adult honey bees, originally Apis mellifera and Apis cerana respectively. Each microsporidia cross-infects the other host and both microsporidia nowadays have a worldwide distribution. In this study, cross-infection experiments using both N. apis and N. ceranae in both A. mellifera and A. cerana were carried out to compare pathogen proliferation and impact on hosts, including host immune response. Infection by N. ceranae led to higher spore loads than by N. apis in both host species, and there was greater proliferation of microsporidia in A. mellifera compared to A. cerana. Both N. apis and N. ceranae were pathogenic in both host Apis species. N. ceranae induced subtly, though not significantly, higher mortality than N. apis in both host species, yet survival of A. cerana was no different to that of A. mellifera in response to N. apis or N. ceranae. Infections of both host species with N. apis and N. ceranae caused significant up-regulation of AMP genes and cellular mediated immune genes but did not greatly alter apoptosis-related gene expression. In this study, A. cerana enlisted a higher immune response and displayed lower loads of N. apis and N. ceranae spores than A. mellifera, suggesting it may be better able to defend itself against microsporidia infection. We caution against over-interpretation of our results, though, because differences between host and parasite species in survival were insignificant and because size differences between microsporidia species and between host Apis species may alternatively explain the differential proliferation of N. ceranae in A. mellifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chainarong Sinpoo
- Bee Protection Laboratory (BeeP), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand; Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Robert J Paxton
- Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Terd Disayathanoowat
- Bee Protection Laboratory (BeeP), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Sasiprapa Krongdang
- Bee Protection Laboratory (BeeP), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand; Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Bee Protection Laboratory (BeeP), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand; Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; International College of Digital Innovation, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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10
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Tritschler M, Vollmann JJ, Yañez O, Chejanovsky N, Crailsheim K, Neumann P. Protein nutrition governs within-host race of honey bee pathogens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14988. [PMID: 29118416 PMCID: PMC5678143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15358-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple infections are common in honey bees, Apis mellifera, but the possible role of nutrition in this regard is poorly understood. Microsporidian infections, which are promoted by protein-fed, can negatively correlate with virus infections, but the role of protein nutrition for the microsporidian-virus interface is unknown. Here, we challenged naturally deformed wing virus - B (DWV-B) infected adult honey bee workers fed with or without pollen ( = protein) in hoarding cages, with the microsporidian Nosema ceranae. Bee mortality was recorded for 14 days and N. ceranae spore loads and DWV-B titers were quantified. Amongst the groups inoculated with N. ceranae, more spores were counted in protein-fed bees. However, N. ceranae infected bees without protein-diet had reduced longevity compared to all other groups. N. ceranae infection had no effect on protein-fed bee's longevity, whereas bees supplied only with sugar-water showed reduced survival. Our data also support that protein-feeding can have a significant negative impact on virus infections in insects. The negative correlation between N. ceranae spore loads and DWV-B titers was stronger expressed in protein-fed hosts. Proteins not only enhance survival of infected hosts, but also significantly shape the microsporidian-virus interface, probably due to increased spore production and enhanced host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Tritschler
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Freiburg (CVUA), Bienengesundheit, 79108, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | | | - Orlando Yañez
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nor Chejanovsky
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Plant Protection, The Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel
| | | | - Peter Neumann
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland.
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11
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Branchiccela B, Arredondo D, Higes M, Invernizzi C, Martín-Hernández R, Tomasco I, Zunino P, Antúnez K. Characterization of Nosema ceranae Genetic Variants from Different Geographic Origins. Microb Ecol 2017; 73:978-987. [PMID: 27837253 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, large-scale colony losses of honey bees (Apis mellifera) have been reported and the infection with the microsporidia Nosema ceranae has been involved. However, the effect of N. ceranae at the colony level and its role in colony losses vary in different geographic areas. This difference may be related to the presence of multiple N. ceranae genetic variants resulting in different biological consequences. In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity of 75 N. ceranae samples obtained from 13 countries and Hawaii through inter-sequence single repetition (ISSR) and evaluated if two of these genetic variants triggered different immune responses when infecting Apis mellifera iberiensis. The genetic diversity analysis showed that 41% of the samples had the same DNA amplification pattern, including samples from most European countries except Spain, while the remaining samples showed high variability. Infection assays were performed to analyze the infection levels and the immune response of bees infected with N. ceranae from Spain and Uruguay. The infected bees presented similar infection levels, and both isolates downregulated the expression of abaecin, confirming the ability of the microsporidia to depress the immune response. Only N. ceranae from Uruguay downregulated the expression level of imd compared to control bees. On the other hand, both genetic variants triggered different expression levels of lysozyme. As imd and lysozyme play important roles in the response to pathogens, these results could reflect differences in the biological consequences of N. ceranae variants in A. mellifera infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Branchiccela
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avda. Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - D Arredondo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avda. Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Higes
- Bee Pathology Laboratory, Regional Apicultural Center, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - C Invernizzi
- Sección Etología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - R Martín-Hernández
- Bee Pathology Laboratory, Regional Apicultural Center, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - I Tomasco
- Departamento de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - P Zunino
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avda. Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - K Antúnez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avda. Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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12
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Vogel H, Schmidtberg H, Vilcinskas A. Comparative transcriptomics in three ladybird species supports a role for immunity in invasion biology. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 67:452-456. [PMID: 27693193 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The spread of the invasive harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis) in Europe is accompanied by the decline of the native and non-invasive two-spotted ladybird (Adalia bipunctata). Here we show that microsporidia carried by H. axyridis can kill A. bipunctata following the oral uptake of spores, suggesting that their horizontal transmission via intraguild predation may help the invader to outcompete its native competitor. The native seven-spotted ladybird (Coccinella septempunctata) is thought to be less susceptible both to the spread of H. axyridis and to its microsporidia. To investigate whether the distinct levels of pathogen susceptibility in these three ladybird species are determined by their immune systems, we compared the immunity-related transcriptomes of untreated beetles and beetles challenged with suspensions of bacteria and yeast. We found that H. axyridis carries three and four times as many genes encoding antimicrobial peptides representing the attacin, coleoptericin and defensin families than C. septempunctata and A. bipunctata, respectively. Gene expression studies following the injection of bacteria and yeasts into beetles revealed that members of these three antimicrobial peptide families are also induced more strongly in H. axyridis than C. septempunctata or A. bipunctata. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that a superior immune system promotes the performance of invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Vogel
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Entomology Department, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Henrike Schmidtberg
- Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Department of Bioresources, Winchester Str. 2, 35395 Giessen, Germany.
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13
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Wu K, Yang B, Huang W, Dobens L, Song H, Ling E. Gut immunity in Lepidopteran insects. Dev Comp Immunol 2016; 64:65-74. [PMID: 26872544 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran insects constitute one of the largest fractions of animals on earth, but are considered pests in their relationship with man. Key to the success of this order of insects is its ability to digest food and absorb nutrition, which takes place in the midgut. Because environmental microorganisms can easily enter Lepidopteran guts during feeding, the innate immune response guards against pathogenic bacteria, virus and microsporidia that can be devoured with food. Gut immune responses are complicated by both resident gut microbiota and the surrounding peritrophic membrane and are distinct from immune responses in the body cavity, which depend on the function of the fat body and hemocytes. Due to their relevance to agricultural production, studies of Lepidopteran insect midgut and immunity are receiving more attention, and here we summarize gut structures and functions, and discuss how these confer immunity against different microorganisms. It is expected that increased knowledge of Lepidopteran gut immunity may be utilized for pest biological control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wuren Huang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
| | - Leonard Dobens
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Hongsheng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Erjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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14
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Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Estensoro I, Pérez-Sánchez J. Immunity to gastrointestinal microparasites of fish. Dev Comp Immunol 2016; 64:187-201. [PMID: 26828391 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fish intestinal parasites cause direct mortalities and also morbidity, poor growth, higher susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens and lower resistance to stress. This review is focused on microscopic parasites (Protozoa and Metazoa) that invade the gastrointestinal tract of fish. Intracellular parasites (mainly Microsporidia and Apicomplexa) evoke almost no host immune reaction while they are concealed in the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments, and can even use fish cells (macrophages) as Trojan horses to spread in the host. Inflammatory reaction only appears when the parasite bursts infected cells. Immunity against extracellular parasites is depicted for the myxozoans Ceratonova shasta and Enteromyxum spp. The cellular and humoral innate responses and the production of antibodies are crucial for resolving some of these myxozoonoses, but an excessive inflammatory reaction (concerted by cytokines) can become a fatal pathophysiological consequence. The local immune response plays a key role, with numerous genes more strongly regulated in the intestine than at lymphohaematopoietic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Castellón, Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Castellón, Spain
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15
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Balla KM, Andersen EC, Kruglyak L, Troemel ER. A wild C. elegans strain has enhanced epithelial immunity to a natural microsporidian parasite. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004583. [PMID: 25680197 PMCID: PMC4334554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial pathogens impose selective pressures on their hosts, and combatting these pathogens is fundamental to the propagation of a species. Innate immunity is an ancient system that provides the foundation for pathogen resistance, with epithelial cells in humans increasingly appreciated to play key roles in innate defense. Here, we show that the nematode C. elegans displays genetic variation in epithelial immunity against intestinal infection by its natural pathogen, Nematocida parisii. This pathogen belongs to the microsporidia phylum, which comprises a large phylum of over 1400 species of fungal-related parasites that can infect all animals, including humans, but are poorly understood. Strikingly, we find that a wild C. elegans strain from Hawaii is able to clear intracellular infection by N. parisii, with this ability restricted to young larval animals. Notably, infection of older larvae does not impair progeny production, while infection of younger larvae does. The early-life immunity of Hawaiian larvae enables them to produce more progeny later in life, providing a selective advantage in a laboratory setting—in the presence of parasite it is able to out-compete a susceptible strain in just a few generations. We show that enhanced immunity is dominant to susceptibility, and we use quantitative trait locus mapping to identify four genomic loci associated with resistance. Furthermore, we generate near-isogenic strains to directly demonstrate that two of these loci influence resistance. Thus, our findings show that early-life immunity of C. elegans against microsporidia is a complex trait that enables the host to produce more progeny later in life, likely improving its evolutionary success. Infectious diseases caused by microbes create some of the strongest forces in evolution, by killing their hosts, and impairing their ability to produce progeny. Microsporidia are very common microbes that cause disease in all animals, including roundworms, insects, fish and people. We investigated microsporidia infection in the roundworm C. elegans, and found that strains from diverse parts of the world have differing levels of resistance against infection. Interestingly, a C. elegans strain from Hawaii can clear infection but only during the earliest stage of life. This resistance appears to be evolutionarily important, because it is during this early stage of life when infection can greatly reduce the number of progeny produced by the host. Consistent with this idea, if the Hawaiian strain is infected when young, it will ultimately produce more progeny than a susceptible strain of C. elegans. We find that this early life resistance of Hawaiian animals is due to a combination of genetic regions, which together provide enhanced immunity against a natural pathogen, thus enabling this strain to have more offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keir M. Balla
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Erik C. Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Leonid Kruglyak
- Department of Human Genetics, Department of Biological Chemistry, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Emily R. Troemel
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Powell MD, Yousaf MN, Rasmussen KJ, Köllner B, Zou J, Secombes C, Speare DJ. Immunohistochemical localization of inflammatory cells and cell cycle proteins in the gills of Loma salmonae infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 40:91-98. [PMID: 24979224 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidial gill diseases particularly those caused by Loma salmonae incur significant economic losses to the salmonid aquaculture industry. The gill responses to infection include the formation of xenomas and the acute hyperplastic inflammatory responses once the xenomas rupture releasing infective spores. The aim of this work was to characterize the inflammatory responses of the gill to both the presence of the xenomas as well as the hyperplasia associated with L. salmonae infection in the rainbow trout gill following an experimental infection using immunohistochemistry. Hyperplastic lesions demonstrated numerous cells expressing PCNA as well as an apparent increased expression of caspase-3 and number of apoptotic cells (TUNEL positive cells). There was an expression of TNFα in individual cells within the gill and increased expression of a myeloid cell line antigen indicating the presence of granulocyte infiltration of both the hyperplastic lesions as well as the xenomas. Similar immune-reactivity was seen in gill EGCs. Hyperplastic gill lesions showed a marked infiltration of CD8+ cells and expression of MHC class I antigens. These findings suggest that L. salmonae xenomas may be subject to infiltration by the host immune cells as well as the mounting or a marked cellular cytotoxic immunoreaction in the resultant hyperplasia following xenoma rupture and spore release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Powell
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Thormøhlensgate 53 D, 5006 Bergen, Norway; Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, Bodø 8049, Norway.
| | - M Naveed Yousaf
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, Bodø 8049, Norway; Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 9480 Harstad, Norway
| | - Karina Juhl Rasmussen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Berndt Köllner
- Freidrich Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Germany
| | - Jun Zou
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Chris Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - David J Speare
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown PE C1A 4P3, Canada
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17
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Bednarska M, Bajer A, Welc-Faleciak R, Czubkowski P, Teisseyre M, Graczyk TK, Jankowska I. The first case of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in Poland. Ann Agric Environ Med 2013; 20:287-288. [PMID: 23772577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidia are intracellular parasites that cause opportunistic infections in humans of various immunological status. Only a few case reports exist on microsporidial infection in solid organ transplant recipients worldwide. The presented study demonstrates the first case in Poland of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in a liver transplant patient. Parasites were diagnosed in stool samples using both modified trichrome staining and PCR.
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Sveen S, Øverland H, Karlsbakk E, Nylund A. Paranucleospora theridion (Microsporidia) infection dynamics in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar put to sea in spring and autumn. Dis Aquat Organ 2012; 101:43-49. [PMID: 23047190 DOI: 10.3354/dao02464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The microsporidian Paranucleospora theridion (syn. Desmozoon lepeophtheirii) is a parasite of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and also a hyperparasite of the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis. The parasite develops 2 types of spores in salmon, cytoplasmic spores in phagocytes and intranuclear spores in epidermal cells. The former type of development is assumed to be propagative (autoinfection), while the epidermal spores transfer the parasite to lice. Development in lice is extensive, with the formation of xenoma-like hypertrophic cells filled with microsporidian spores. We show that salmon are infected in the absence of lice, likely through waterborne spores that initiate infections in the gills. During summer and autumn the parasite propagates in the kidney, as evidenced by peaking normalised expression of P. theridion rRNA. Lice become infected during autumn, and develop extensive infections during winter. Lice mortality in winter and spring is likely responsible for a reservoir of spores in the water. Salmon transferred to sea in November (low temperature) did not show involvement of the kidney in parasite propagation and lice on such fish did not become infected. Apparently, low temperatures inhibit normal P. theridion development in salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sveen
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormohlensgt 55, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali M. Moretto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Imtiaz A. Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail: (IAK); (LMW)
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IAK); (LMW)
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Rodriguez-Tovar LE, Speare DJ, Markham RJF. Fish microsporidia: immune response, immunomodulation and vaccination. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2011; 30:999-1006. [PMID: 21352922 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Immune response to fish microsporidia is still unknown and there are current research trying to elucidate the events involved in the immune response to this parasite. There is evidence suggesting the role of innate immune response and it is clear that adaptive immunity plays an essential part for eliminating and then mounting a solid resistance against subsequent microsporidian infections. This review article discusses the main mechanisms of resistance to fish microsporidia, which are considered under four main headings. 1) Innate immunity: the inflammatory tissue reaction associated with fish microsporidiosis has been studied at the ultrastructural level, providing identification of many of the inflammatory cells and molecules that are actively participating in the spore elimination, such as macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophilic granular cells, soluble factors and MHC molecules. 2) Adaptive immunity: the study of the humoral response is relatively new and controversial. In some cases, the antibody response is well established and it has a protective role, while in other situations, the immune response is not protective or it is depressed. Study of the cellular response against fish microsporidia is still in its infancy. Although the nature of the microsporidian infection suggests participation of cellular mechanisms, few studies have focused on the cellular immune response of infected fish. 3) Immunomodulation: glucans are compounds that can modulate the immune system and potentiate resistance to microorganisms. These compounds have been proposed that can interact with receptors on the surface of leukocytes that result in the stimulation on non-specific immune responses. 4) Vaccination: little is known about a biological product that could be used as a vaccine for preventing this infection in fish. In the Loma salmonae experience, one of the arguments that favor the production of a vaccine is the development in fish of resistance, associated to a cellular immune response. A recently proved spore-based vaccine to prevent microsporidial gill disease in salmon has recently shown its efficacy by considerably reducing the incidence of infection. This recent discovery would be first anti-microsporidian vaccine that is effective against this elusive parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Rodriguez-Tovar
- Departamento de Inmunología, Cuerpo Académico Patobiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Fco. Villa s/n, Unidad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Ex-Hacienda El Canadá, Escobedo N.L. 66050, Mexico.
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Sokolova OI, Dem'ianov AV, Bovers LS, Did'e ES, Sokolova II. [On the use of FTA technology for collection, archieving, and molecular analysis of microsporidia dna from clinical stool samples]. Tsitologiia 2011; 53:911-914. [PMID: 22332422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The FTA technology was applied for sampling, archiving, and molecular analysis of the DNA isolated from stool samples to diagnose and identify microsporidia, the intracellular opportunistic parasites which induce malabsortion syndrome in immunosuppressed humans, particularly in patients with AIDS. Microsporidia DNA was successfully amplified in 6 of 50 stool samples of HIV-positive patients of the S. P. Botkin Memorial Infectious Disease Hospital (St. Petersburg) applied to FTA cards (FTA-Cars, Whatman Inc. Florham Park, NJ, USA). Amplicons (the fragments of rDNA) were directly sequenced, and microsporidia species--Encephalitozoon intestinalis, E. cuniculi, E. hellem, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi--were identified in Genbank by NCBI BLAST program. The FTA method of DNA immobilization is especially promising for epidemiological and field population studies which involve genotyping of microsporidia species and isolates.
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Aikawa NE, Twardowsky ADO, Carvalho JFD, Silva CA, Silva ILAFE, Ribeiro ACDM, Saad CGS, Moraes JCB, Toledo RAD, Bonfá E. Intestinal microsporidiosis: a hidden risk in rheumatic disease patients undergoing anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy combined with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs? Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:1171-5. [PMID: 21876969 PMCID: PMC3148459 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000700008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immunosuppressed patients are at risk of microsporidiosis, and this parasitosis has an increased rate of dissemination in this population. Our objective was to evaluate the presence of microsporidiosis and other intestinal parasites in rheumatic disease patients undergoing anti-tumor necrosis factor/disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug treatment. METHODS Ninety-eight patients (47 with rheumatoid arthritis, 31 with ankylosing spondylitis and 11 with psoriatic arthritis) and 92 healthy control patients were enrolled in the study. Three stool samples and cultures were collected from each subject. RESULTS The frequency of microsporidia was significantly higher in rheumatic disease patients than in control subjects (36 vs. 4%, respectively; p<0.0001), as well as in those with rheumatic diseases (32 vs. 4%, respectively; p<0.0001), ankylosing spondylitis (45 vs. 4%, respectively; p<0.0001) and psoriatic arthritis (40 vs. 4%, respectively; p<0.0001), despite a similar social-economic class distribution in both the patient and control groups (p = 0.1153). Of note, concomitant fecal leukocytes were observed in the majority of the microsporidia-positive patients (79.5%). Approximately 80% of the patients had gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea (26%), abdominal pain (31%) and weight loss (5%), although the frequencies of these symptoms were comparable in patients with and without this infection (p>0.05). Rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis disease activity parameters were comparable in both groups (p>0.05). The duration of anti-tumor necrosis factor/disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and glucocorticoid use were also similar in both groups. CONCLUSION We have documented that microsporidiosis with intestinal mucosa disruption is frequent in patients undergoing concomitant anti-tumor necrosis factor/disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug therapy. Impaired host defenses due to the combination of the underlying disease and the immunosuppressive therapy is the most likely explanation for this finding, and this increased susceptibility reinforces the need for the investigation of microsporidia and implementation of treatment strategies in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Emi Aikawa
- Division of Rheumatology, CEDMAC Unit, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Russell S, Hayes MA, Lumsden JS. Immunohistochemical localization of rainbow trout ladderlectin and intelectin in healthy and infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2009; 26:154-163. [PMID: 19046637 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the pattern of immuno-reactive ladderlectin and intelectin in healthy rainbow trout is compared to rainbow trout infected with a variety of infectious agents. In healthy rainbow trout, both proteins were localized to individual epithelial cells of the gill and intestine and both proteins were clearly demonstrated within cytoplasmic granules of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and macrophages/monocytes found in blood vessels, hepatic sinusoids, renal interstitium, mucosal epithelium and submucosa of normal intestine. In tissue from infected rainbow trout, there was an overall relative increase in both lectins compared to healthy fish and both proteins were detected in extra-cellular spaces surrounding bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Increased distribution and density of both RTLL and RTInt was demonstrated along mucosal surfaces and within inflammatory leucocytes in infected tissues and immune related organs. These findings represent one of the few examples of in vivo association of defence lectins and infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Russell
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Tuli L, Gulati AK, Sundar S, Mohapatra TM. Correlation between CD4 counts of HIV patients and enteric protozoan in different seasons - an experience of a tertiary care hospital in Varanasi (India). BMC Gastroenterol 2008; 8:36. [PMID: 18713475 PMCID: PMC2536662 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-8-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protozoan infections are the most serious among all the superimposed infections in HIV patients and claim a number of lives every year. The line of treatment being different for diverse parasites necessitates a definitive diagnosis of the etiological agents to avoid empirical treatment. Thus, the present study has been aimed to elucidate the associations between diarrhoea and CD4 counts and to study the effect of HAART along with management of diarrhoea in HIV positive patients. This study is the first of its kind in this area where an attempt was made to correlate seasonal variation and intestinal protozoan infestations. METHODS The study period was from January 2006 to October 2007 wherein stool samples were collected from 366 HIV positive patients with diarrhea attending the ART centre, inpatient department and ICTC of S.S. hospital, I.M.S., B.H.U., Varanasi. Simultaneously, CD4 counts were recorded to assess the status of HIV infection vis-à-vis parasitic infection. The identification of pathogens was done on the basis of direct microscopy and different staining techniques. RESULTS Of the 366 patients, 112 had acute and 254 had chronic diarrhea. The percentages of intestinal protozoa detected were 78.5% in acute and 50.7% in chronic cases respectively. Immune restoration was observed in 36.6% patients after treatment on the basis of clinical observation and CD4 counts. In 39.8% of HIV positive cases Cryptosporidium spp. was detected followed by Microsporidia spp. (26.7%). The highest incidence of intestinal infection was in the rainy season. However, infection with Cyclospora spp. was at its peak in the summer. Patients with chronic diarrhea had lower CD4 cell counts. The maximum parasitic isolation was in the patients whose CD4 cell counts were below 200 cells/microl. CONCLUSION There was an inverse relation between the CD4 counts and duration of diarrhea. Cryptosporidium spp. was isolated maximum among all the parasites in the HIV patients. The highest incidence of infection was seen in the rainy season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekha Tuli
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, India
| | - Anil K Gulati
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, India
| | - Tribhuban M Mohapatra
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, India
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Lovy J, Speare DJ, Stryhn H, Wright GM. Effects of dexamethasone on host innate and adaptive immune responses and parasite development in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss infected with Loma salmonae. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2008; 24:649-658. [PMID: 18359641 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of dexamethasone (dex) treatment on infections with the microsporidian parasite, Loma salmonae and the effects of dex on initiation of the adaptive immune response were investigated in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss experimentally infected with the parasite. Dex treatment resulted in significantly higher infections with the parasite in the gills and other internal organs, suggesting that dex inhibits aspects of the innate immune response to L. salmonae; the heavier infections in the gills and organs of rainbow trout resembled infections seen in Chinook salmon. Mean xenoma counts per microscope field in the gills of fish infected with L. salmonae treated with dex or left untreated were 169 and 30, respectively. Although higher numbers of xenomas were observed in dex treated fish, the xenomas were generally smaller in size than in infected control fish. The xenomas in dex treated fish showed morphological signs of degeneration including loss and degeneration of early parasite stages, accumulation of amorphous material in xenomas, and infiltration with phagocytic cells containing degenerated parasites. The xenomas in infected untreated fish had larger xenomas with a more uniform size and contained identifiable parasite stages in the cytoplasm. According to this study, once fish have developed an adaptive immune response to the parasite by previous exposure, then fish have 100% protection to reinfection even when treated with heavy doses of dex. L. salmonae immune fish treated or untreated with dex during reinfection with the parasite developed no xenomas in the gills 6 weeks post reinfection. These results indicate that once the cellular response is primed to L. salmonae, then dex related immunosuppression does not reduce the effectiveness of the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lovy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3.
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Guselle NJ, Markham RJF, Speare DJ. Timing of intraperitoneal administration of beta-1,3/1,6 glucan to rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), affects protection against the microsporidian Loma salmonae. J Fish Dis 2007; 30:111-6. [PMID: 17298566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N J Guselle
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
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27
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Lovy J, Wright GM, Speare DJ. Ultrastructural examination of the host inflammatory response within gills of netpen reared chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) with Microsporidial Gill Disease. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2007; 22:131-49. [PMID: 16891122 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The sequence of host changes following the rupture of spore-laden xenomas of the microsporidian Loma salmonae during Microsporidial Gill Disease of Salmon was deduced from ultrastructural examination of the gills of naturally infected, moribund, chinook salmon from a commercial aquaculture site. The gills contained many stages of parasite development suggesting fish were chronically exposed to the parasite. Intact xenomas were generally found beneath the endothelium in arteries and arterioles and were encapsulated by a layer of collagen containing fibroblasts sometimes joined by desmosomes. Xenoma dissolution was characterized by neutrophil infiltration and loss of the xenoma plasma membrane and encapsulation. The inflammatory responses associated with ruptured xenomas ranged from acute lesions, denoted by a marked neutrophil infiltration and vascular thrombosis, to chronic lesions with a macrophage-rich infiltrate variously accompanied by neovascularization and vascular remodelling. Dendritic-like cells and plasma cells were characteristic throughout. Basement membrane damage of the primary filament epithelium and subsequent transepithelial expulsion of spores were associated with severe inflammation. An unusual previously undescribed multifocal change, in which epithelial cells invaded deeply beyond the normal boundaries of the basement membrane, affected areas of gill filament epithelium with basement membrane damage. Some neutrophils that contained L. salmonae spores, or spore polar tube, displayed morphological changes that included irregular cell shape, cytoplasmic darkening associated with an abundance of free ribosomes, lysis of neighbouring cells, and type II nuclear clefts. Fusion of apparently intact neutrophils occurred in other areas of the lesion, where close contacts between neighbouring cells were established and in some areas plasma membrane fusion occurred. Closely associated neutrophils with intact plasma membranes were observed to contain type II nuclear clefts, abundant granules and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Other neutrophils in the lesion displayed type I nuclear pockets, which is suspected to be an early stage of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lovy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada.
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28
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Rodriguez-Tovar LE, Markham RJF, Speare DJ, Sheppard J. Cellular immunity in salmonids infected with the microsporidial parasite Loma salmonae or exposed to non-viable spores. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 114:72-83. [PMID: 16934335 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Revised: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Following a per os challenge of naive rainbow trout with live spores of Loma salmonae, head kidney mononuclear cells (MNC) in culture were able to proliferate in response to crude soluble parasite extract or intact dead spores. A significant response was seen by week 2 post-exposure and a maximum response developed by week 6 or 8, respectively. During this initial challenge, spore filled cysts developed on the gills of challenged fish, and the cysts ruptured by week 12 as is typical for microsporidial gill disease of salmonids (MGDS). Two weeks following this, fish were re-challenged with live spores, and in these fish an enhanced in vitro proliferative response of MNC was immediately apparent, and spore filled cysts did not develop. In contrast, when naive trout were given dead spores by intraperitoneal injection, the most pronounced proliferative responses of MNC developed earlier (week 2 PE) and the response was greater when cells were incubated in vitro with dead spores rather than with crude soluble extract. When these fish were re-challenged per os with live spores, a heightened proliferation in MNC was observed 4 weeks after this exposure and the fish likewise resisted development of xenomas. In fish infected orally or injected intraperitoneally with spores, a marked increase in the response to the mitogen concanavalin A was seen for 22 weeks post-exposure when compared to controls not receiving any spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Rodriguez-Tovar
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3
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Rodríguez-Tovar LE, Becker JA, Markham RJF, Speare DJ. Induction time for resistance to microsporidial gill disease caused by Loma salmonae following vaccination of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with a spore-based vaccine. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2006; 21:170-5. [PMID: 16464612 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to re-infection of rainbow trout to Loma salmonae, a microsporidian gill parasite has been previously documented and this study examined how rapidly this resistance develops. Naive rainbow trout were inoculated intraperitoneally (IP) with an inactivated spore-based vaccine and were then given an oral challenge with a high dose of L. salmonae spores at various weeks after being vaccinated. Non-vaccinated naive fish (exposed group) were challenged alongside of each group of vaccinated fish to ensure that the challenges were relatively standardised. In each group of fish, four weeks after the challenge, numbers of xenomas were counted on a gill arch for all fish. Vaccinated trout were completely resistant to a L. salmonae challenge six weeks after vaccination, although the onset of resistance began at approximately week 3, as observed with a reduction in the percent infected and xenoma intensity. The maximum percent infected for the vaccinated fish was 83% following a challenge two weeks following vaccination, whereas for the exposed group the maximum prevalence of 100% was reached several times. With continued research, a spore-based vaccine for L. salmonae has the potential to become the first commercially available parasite vaccine for fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Rodríguez-Tovar
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, CP 64930 Monterrey, Mexico
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Guselle NJ, Markham RJF, Speare DJ. Intraperitoneal administration of beta-1,3/1,6-glucan to rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), protects against Loma salmonae. J Fish Dis 2006; 29:375-81. [PMID: 16768719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2006.00724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N J Guselle
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
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Chacin-Bonilla L, Panunzio AP, Monsalve-Castillo FM, Parra-Cepeda IE, Martinez R. Microsporidiosis in Venezuela: prevalence of intestinal microsporidiosis and its contribution to diarrhea in a group of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients from Zulia State. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006; 74:482-6. [PMID: 16525110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are recognized as a cause of morbidity among patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Infection rates for intestinal microsporidiosis in HIV-infected patients from Venezuela are unknown. To determine the prevalence and pathogenic role of microsporidia in these patients in northwestern Venezuela, a case control study was conducted in 103 outpatients (mean +/- SD age = 37.3 +/- 5.6 years). Microsporidia were detected using unconcentrated formalin-fixed stools examined by Weber's chromotrope-based staining method. For identification of coccidia, modified Ziehl-Neelsen carbolfuchsin staining of formalin-ether concentrates were used, and for other pathogenic parasites, iron hematoxylin-stained smears and formalin-ether concentrates were examined. Microsporidial infections were detected in 14 (13.6%) of 103 patients and 39 (37.9%) had other parasitic pathogens. No significant difference was noted in the occurrence of the infection in patients with diarrhea (13 of 74, 17.6%) and controls (1 of 29, 3.4%) (P = 0.118). Nevertheless, this result may be due to the small sample size (n = 14) of infected individuals. The proportions of other pathogens in patients with or without diarrhea were not significantly different (P = 0.828). Microsporidiosis is common among the HIV-infected population in northwestern Venezuela. However, its pathogenic role in these patients is uncertain and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Chacin-Bonilla
- Postgrado de Inmunología, Departamento de Salud Pública y Social, y Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
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32
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Lovy J, Wright GM, Speare DJ. Morphological presentation of a dendritic-like cell within the gills of chinook salmon infected with Loma salmonae. Dev Comp Immunol 2006; 30:259-63. [PMID: 16139356 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lovy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3.
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Walker M, Kublin JG, Zunt JR. Parasitic central nervous system infections in immunocompromised hosts: malaria, microsporidiosis, leishmaniasis, and African trypanosomiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:115-25. [PMID: 16323101 PMCID: PMC2683841 DOI: 10.1086/498510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression associated with HIV infection or following transplantation increases susceptibility to central nervous system (CNS) infections. Because of increasing international travel, parasites that were previously limited to tropical regions pose an increasing infectious threat to populations at risk for acquiring opportunistic infection, especially people with HIV infection or individuals who have received a solid organ or bone marrow transplant. Although long-term immunosuppression caused by medications such as prednisone likely also increases the risk for acquiring infection and for developing CNS manifestations, little published information is available to support this hypothesis. In an earlier article published in Clinical Infectious Diseases, we described the neurologic manifestations of some of the more common parasitic CNS infections. This review will discuss the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of the following additional parasitic CNS infections: malaria, microsporidiosis, leishmaniasis, and African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Walker
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Joseph R. Zunt
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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Sheoran AS, Feng X, Singh I, Chapman-Bonofiglio S, Kitaka S, Hanawalt J, Nunnari J, Mansfield K, Tumwine JK, Tzipori S. Monoclonal antibodies against Enterocytozoon bieneusi of human origin. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005; 12:1109-13. [PMID: 16148179 PMCID: PMC1235791 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.9.1109-1113.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is clinically the most significant among the microsporidia infecting humans, causing chronic diarrhea, wasting, and cholangitis in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS. The lack of immune reagents is largely due to the absence of methods for laboratory propagation of E. bieneusi. We recently described a procedure for the concentration and purification of spores from diarrheic stool of infected humans. Purified spores were used to immunize mice for production and screening of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against E. bieneusi. The eight immunoglobulin M MAbs generated and fully characterized did not cross-react with other human microsporidia or with other microorganisms normally present in stool. One of the MAbs, 2G4, reacted with E. bieneusi spores in stools from monkeys and humans, without background fluorescence, which makes it an ideal diagnostic reagent. It also recognizes intracellular stages of the parasite and will be suitable for determining tissue distribution of E. bieneusi in infected hosts. At least two immunodominant antigens of E. bieneusi of 33,000 and 35,000 Da exist, which were recognized by rabbit and mouse antisera. The availability of MAbs against E. bieneusi will simplify considerably the diagnosis of this infection in humans and will provide tools for epidemiologic investigations regarding the true prevalence of the infection in various human and mammalian populations and the environmental sources of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhineet S Sheoran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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Sancak B, Akyön Y. [Microsporidia: general characteristics, infections and laboratory diagnosis]. MIKROBIYOL BUL 2005; 39:513-22. [PMID: 16544554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidia are single celled, obligate intracellular, spore forming microorganisms which were first described as a cause of human disease in 1959. They are capable of infecting a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Among the numerous microsporidial genera, seven have been described in human diseases such as Enterocytozoon, Encephalitozoon, Nosema, Pleistophora, Trachipleistophora, Vittaforma, Brachiola. Among these, Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most frequently identified microsporidian in the patients. Features used in identification include spore size, nuclear configuration of spores, the number of polar tubule coils and the parazite-host interaction. In the development of Microsporidia, there are two different phases, called as proliferative phase and sporogonic phase. The only stage of Microsporidia outside the host is infective spores. The microsporidial spore is highly specialized, environmentally resistant structure that varies in size and shape according to species. They can cause infections both in immunocompetent subjects and immunocompromised patients such as AIDS. Although it can cause self-limiting infections in immunocompetent patients, it can cause severe life threating infections especially AIDS patients. In this review, the basic biology, epidemiologic characteristics and immunopathogenesis of Microsporidia, together with the diagnosis and treatment of the infections have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Sancak
- Hacettepe Universitesi Tip Fakültesi, Mikrobiyoloji ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dali, Ankara
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Zhang Q, Singh I, Sheoran A, Feng X, Nunnari J, Carville A, Tzipori S. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against Enterocytozoon bieneusi purified from rhesus macaques. Infect Immun 2005; 73:5166-72. [PMID: 16041034 PMCID: PMC1201209 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.8.5166-5172.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi spores derived from rhesus macaque feces were purified by serial salt-Percoll-sucrose-iodixanol centrifugation, resulting in two bands with different specific densities of 95.6% and 99.5% purity and with a recovery efficiency of 10.8%. An ultrastructural examination revealed typical E. bieneusi spores. Twenty-six stable hybridomas were derived from BALB/c mice immunized with spores and were cloned twice by limiting dilution or growth on semisolid medium. Four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), reacting exclusively with spores, were further characterized. These MAbs specifically reacted with spores present in stools of humans and macaques, as visualized by immunofluorescence, and with spore walls, as visualized by immunoelectron microscopy. A blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting revealed that the epitope recognized by 8E2 was different from those recognized by 7G2, 7H2, and 12G8, which identified the same 40-kDa protein. These MAbs will be valuable tools for diagnostics, for epidemiological investigations, for host-pathogen interaction studies, and for comparative genomics and proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanshun Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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Kent ML, Speare DJ. Review of the sequential development of Loma salmonae (Microsporidia) based on experimental infections of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha). Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2005; 52:63-8. [PMID: 16004365 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2005.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Loma salmonae is a common gill parasite of salmonids, and essentially all species in the genus Oncorhynchus are susceptible. Infections occur in both fresh and salt water. Loma salmonae is directly transmissible by ingestion of spores or infected tissue. The parasite infects the wall of blood vessels of various organs, but the gill is the primary site of infection. Initial infection occurs in the intestine, and xenomas are easily detected in the gills by standard histology at 4-6 wk post-exposure. A few presporogonic stages of the parasite are found in the heart endothelium prior to xenoma formation in the gills. Ultrastructure studies of early infections demonstrated that wandering blood cells transport the meronts to the gills, and that merogony occurs in pillar cells and other cells underlying the gill endothelium. Xenomas develop in these cells, resulting in hypertrophied host cells filled with spores. Xenomas ultimately rupture, and are associated with severe inflammation in which free spores are found in macrophages. The parasites are most pathogenic during this phase of the infection, resulting in severe vasculitis and clinical disease. Both rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus ishawytscha) recover from infections, but free spores persist in kidney and spleen phagocytes for many months after xenomas are absent in Chinook salmon. Fish that have recovered from the infection show strong immunity against the parasite, lasting up to 1 year. Fish are susceptible to infection by other routes of exposure by spores; co-habitation, anal gavage, and intramuscular, intraperitoneal and intravascular injection. Autoinfection probably occurs following release of spores in blood vessels after xenomas rupture. The optimal temperature for L. salmonae infections is 15-17 degrees C, with a permissive range of 11-20 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Kent
- Center for Fish Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, 220 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3404, USA.
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Canning EU, Curry A. Microgemma vivaresi (Microsporidia: Tetramicridae): host reaction to xenomas induced in sea scorpions, Taurulus bubalis (Osteichthyes: Cottidae). Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2005; 52:95-102. [PMID: 16004368 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2005.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Xenomas caused by Microgemma vivaresi Canning, Feist, Longshaw, Okamura, Anderson, Tsuey Tse et Curry, 2005 were found in liver and skeletal muscle of sea scorpions, Taurulus bubalis (Euphrasen). All muscle xenomas examined were in an advanced stage of destruction. In developing xenomas found in liver, parasites were restricted to the centre of the cell, separated from a parasite-free zone by a nuclear network formed by branching of the host cell nucleus. Although xenomas were able to reach a size of several hundred microns, the surface remained a simple plasma membrane. Host reactions took the form of penetration by phagocytes and isolation by fibroblasts. Once the xenoma had been attacked, the nuclear profiles became pycnotic and the barrier between parasitized and parasite-free zones was lost. Parasite antigens cannot be exposed at the surface of intact xenomas, as the host does not recognise the enlarging cell as foreign. Breaches in the plasma membrane of the xenoma and leakage of parasite antigens are thought to be the stimuli for phagocyte entry into the cell, its isolation by fibroblasts and eventual granuloma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth U Canning
- Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK.
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Zhang JY, Wu YS, Wu HB, Wang JG, Li AH, Li M. Humoral immune responses of the grouper Epinephelus akaara against the microsporidium Glugea epinephelusis. Dis Aquat Organ 2005; 64:121-6. [PMID: 15918474 DOI: 10.3354/dao064121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The humoral immune responses of grouper Epinephelus akaara to a natural infection with Glugea epinephelusis was studied by ELISA utilizing intact mature spores as the coated antigen. Results showed that a specific humoral immune response was elicited, but the intensity of infection (in terms of the number of cysts) was not related to the antibody level in naturally infected hosts. The differences in the antigenicity of intact mature spores and soluble spore proteins derived from cracked mature spores were also analyzed. Results suggested that similar antigen epitopes existed between the 2 groups. Additionally, antigen component patterns and the distribution of antigen with immunogenicity were investigated by using the western blot and the immunofluorescent antibody technique (IFAT). The new parasitic microsporidium has specific polypeptide patterns comparable to the reported fish microsporidians. The main antigenic substances are concentrated on the surface of spores, and are mostly located on the anterior and posterior end of the spore bodies. Most surface components of the G. epinephelusis spores are soluble. The potential role of the surface components in initiating infection was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
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40
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Abstract
Microsporidia have emerged as causes of infectious diseases in AIDS patients, organ transplant recipients, children, travelers, contact lens wearers, and the elderly. These organisms are small single-celled, obligate intracellular parasites that were considered to be early eukaryotic protozoa but were recently reclassified with the fungi. Of the 14 species of microsporidia currently known to infect humans, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis are the most common causes of human infections and are associated with diarrhea and systemic disease. Species of microsporidia infecting humans have been identified in water sources as well as in wild, domestic, and food-producing farm animals, raising concerns for waterborne, foodborne, and zoonotic transmission. Current therapies for microsporidiosis include albendazole which is a benzimidazole that inhibits microtubule assembly and is effective against several microsporidia, including the Encephalitozoon species, but is less effective against E. bieneusi. Fumagillin, an antibiotic and anti-angiogenic compound produced by Aspergillus fumigatus, is more broadly effective against Encephalitozoon spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi but is toxic when administered systemically to mammals. Gene target studies have focused on methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) for characterizing the mechanism of action and for identifying more effective, less toxic fumagillin-related drugs. Polyamine analogues have shown promise in demonstrating anti-microsporidial activity in culture and in animal models, and a gene encoding topoisomerase IV was identified in Vittaforma corneae, raising prospects for studies on fluoroquinolone efficacy against microsporidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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Tokarev YS, Sokolova YY, Entzeroth R. A primary culture of haemocytes isolated from Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) and their interactions with two intracellular parasites--Paranosema grylli (Microsporidia) and Adelina grylli (Coccidia). Tsitologiia 2005; 47:478-86. [PMID: 16708837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cricket haemocytes were derived from either haemolymph or haemopoietic organs (lymph glands) of insects and introduced to a primary culture. Varied isolation protocols, tissue culture vessels, media compositions and cell densities were tested to determine the optimal conditions for in vitro maintenance of haemocytes, and for subsequent light and electron microscopic analysis of monolayers. Freshly prepared Mitsuhashi and Maramorosh (MM;Sigma, Steinheim, Germany) insect medium (420 mOsm), buffered with sodium bicarbonate (pH 7.2) and supplemented with 10 % FCS, was found to be most appropriate for haemocyte maintenance. All tested tissue culture vessels (FLEXiperm units, multiwell plates and Thermanox slides, with the exception of Melineux agar plates), were suitable for cell attachment and haemocyte monolayers formation. Viability of cultured cells was confirmed by LIVE/DEAD Viability/Cytotoxity Kit for Eukaryotic Cells. Free circulating haemocytes were cultivated up to 27 days and then degraded. Infection with the microsporidian Paranosema grylli or the coccidian Adelina grylli caused noticeable swelling of host lymph glands (haemopoietic tissue) and increase in the number of cells comprising the glands. The cells derived from haemopoietic tissue were maintained for maximum 5 days; thereafter multiplication of bacteria normally inhabiting cricket lymph glands destroyed monolayers and killed the cells. Microsporidian and coccidian invasive stages (spores and sporozoites, respectively) were isolated from infected tissues, resuspended in MM medium and added to haemocyte monolayers in ratios 1 zoite per haemocytes or 10 spores per 1 haemocyte. Actively moving zoites contacted and penetrated the cultured cells. Unlike coccidian zoites, microsporidian spores were phagocytized by haemocytes. Application of fluorescent LIVE/DEAD kit allowed to visualize internalized parasites inside host cells as clearly shaped dark areas. The present study has demonstrated that 1) cricket haemocytes from both circulating haemolymph and lymph glands can be short-term cultivated on tissue culture vessel surfaces which made possible their further light and electron microscopic analysis; 2) short-term haemocyte cultures may be employed to study host-parasite interactions, in particular, to follow the initial steps of parasite internalization inside host cell; 3) Fluorescent assay with Viability/Cytotoxity Kit for Eukaryotic Cells (Molecular Probes, Oregon) allows to observe penetration of these parasites into cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu S Tokarev
- All-Russian Institute for Plant Protection, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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42
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Green LC, Didier PJ, Bowers LC, Didier ES. Natural and experimental infection of immunocompromised rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with the microsporidian Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype D. Microbes Infect 2004; 6:996-1002. [PMID: 15345231 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2003] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that cause opportunistic infections in AIDS and other immunocompromised patients. Eight simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were inoculated orally with Enterocytozoon bieneusi spores isolated from intestinal lavage fluid of an AIDS patient (genotype D) to study the natural history of this infection. Four monkeys were already naturally infected with E. bieneusi (also genotype D), and were included to determine if a second inoculum affected the course of illness. Spore shedding was detected in feces of all eight monkeys within the first week of experimental infection. Five monkeys died within 3.5 months of experimental E. bieneusi inoculation. Three of these five monkeys began the study with CD4+CD29+ T cell levels well below 20% of total T lymphocytes. Deaths were due to a variety of AIDS-related manifestations. Microsporidia did not appear to directly contribute to mortality but may have contributed to morbidity. At necropsy, microsporidia were found in bile and tissue sections of the gallbladder but not in the gut, kidneys, or liver. The percent CD4+CD29+ levels of the last three monkeys remained near the level observed at the time of inoculation. These monkeys lived more than 2 years after the end of the study and continued to shed spores. This study corroborates previous reports that E. bieneusi can be reliably transmitted to SIV-infected rhesus monkeys but indicates that the use of SIV-infected monkeys for the study of microsporidiosis is complicated by the confounding effect of other opportunistic or AIDS-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda C Green
- Department of Biology, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
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43
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Sestak K, Aye PP, Buckholt M, Mansfield KG, Lackner AA, Tzipori S. Quantitative evaluation of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys. J Med Primatol 2003; 32:74-81. [PMID: 12823629 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0684.2003.00006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The association of the microsporidia Enterocytozoon bieneusi with chronic diarrhea and wasting in individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been demonstrated. The disease caused by E. bieneusi has been linked to decreased levels of circulating CD4+ T lymphocytes. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the extent of excretion of E. bieneusi in feces of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected juvenile macaques and the CD4+ T lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood. Twelve juvenile rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were intravenously inoculated with the pathogenic molecular clone SIVmac239. Numbers of CD4+ T lymphocytes were assessed by three-color flow cytometry. The presence of E. bieneusi DNA in feces was assessed by nested PCR. In addition, selected samples of feces were examined by competitive quantitative PCR to assess the level of E. bieneusi infection. Low (n = 5) to undetectable (n = 7) quantities of E. bieneusi were present in feces of the twelve animals in prior to inoculation with SIV. After SIV inoculation the number of animals shedding E. bieneusi increased (n = 10) as did the quantity of E. bieneusi shedding in the feces. Of the twelve juvenile animals, five animals died within 8 months post-SIV inoculation with symptoms of AIDS. Four of the five deceased animals showed shedding of E. bieneusi DNA in feces (> or =100 spores/g) for at least three consecutive months. Increased number of E. bieneusi in feces was accompanied by decreased counts of circulating CD4+ T lymphocytes and increased SIV plasma viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sestak
- Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA.
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Lores B, López-Miragaya I, Arias C, Fenoy S, Torres J, del Aguila C. Intestinal microsporidiosis due to Enterocytozoon bieneusi in elderly human immunodeficiency virus--negative patients from Vigo, Spain. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34:918-21. [PMID: 11880956 DOI: 10.1086/339205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2001] [Revised: 11/07/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report what is, to our knowledge, the first study in which microsporidial infection was detected in elderly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)--negative patients. Of the 60 elderly patients studied, 47 had diarrhea. Intestinal microsporidiosis due to Enterocytozoon bieneusi was diagnosed in 8 patients (17.02%) by use of Weber's chromotrope-based stain and polymerase chain reaction with species-specific primers. The mean age of these 8 patients was 75 years; 7 had chronic diarrhea and 1 had nonchronic diarrhea. Six of the patients with chronic diarrhea had no other pathogens isolated. In our opinion, elderly patients, because of their special immunological characteristics, should be considered a group at risk for the acquisition of intestinal microsporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lores
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Universidad de Vigo, and Laboratorio de Microbiología, Hospital do Meixoeiro, Vigo, Madrid, Spain
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Leiro J, Iglesias R, Paramá A, Sanmartín ML, Ubeira FM. Effect of Tetramicra brevifilum (Microspora) infection on respiratory-burst responses of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) phagocytes. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2001; 11:639-652. [PMID: 11592590 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.2001.0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In vitro assays were performed to investigate microsporidian-induced intracellular and extracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by peritoneal-exudate adherent (PEA) cells from turbot. ROS production was quantified using the fluorescent reagents OxyBURST Green H2HFF BSA (extracellular) and OxyBURST Green H2DCFDA succinimidyl ester (intracellular). Five days before assay, the cells had been elicited in vivo by intraperitoneal injection of sodium thioglycollate or spores of Tetramicra brevifilum. Elicitation with spores led to a marked increase in the proportion of neutrophils among PEA cells. PEA cells from normal turbot showed considerable extracellular and intracellular ROS production in response to microsporidian spores. By contrast, PEA cells from microsporidian-infected turbot showed considerably reduced extracellular and intracellular ROS production in response to microsporidian spores. Extracellular ROS production was affected by the addition of infected turbot serum to the assay medium, regardless of whether the PEA cells had been obtained from normal or infected fish. The presence of microsporidian-infected turbot serum significantly reduced intracellular ROS production by PEA cells elicited with microsporidian spores. These results suggest that (a) microsporidian spores partially suppress the repiratory-burst response of turbot phagocytes; and (b) infected turbot serum contains substances capable of modulating the respiratory-burst response of turbot phagocytes to microsporidian spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Leiro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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47
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Abstract
In the last two decades, major immunodeficiency syndromes have strongly influenced medical parasitology. Some animal parasitoses, once unknown in human medicine, have become zoonotic and sometimes anthroponotic. In other cases, the clinical evolution of human parasitoses has been severely aggravated and/or modified in immunodeficient patients especially in toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, leishmaniasis, strongyloidiasis and scabies. The parasites implicated are varied (protozoa, helminths and even Acaridae) but have in common the capacity to reproduce in or on the human host. These immunodeficiency syndromes are often related to AIDS but other major immunodepressions, such as post-therapeutically in organ transplantation, may also be responsible and raise difficult problems for prevention. The munological mechanisms involved are not always well understood. In addition, genetic predisposition factors, gradually becoming better-understood in parasites and man, complete and complicate our understanding of the immunological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ambroise-Thomas
- Laboratoire Interactions Cellulaires Parasite-Hĵte, Faculté de Médecine, Université Joseph Fournier-Grenoble ER, CNRS 2014, France.
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48
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Arcay L. [Human microsporidiosis]. Invest Clin 2001; 42 Suppl 1:3-42. [PMID: 11416983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
This review shows the Microsporidia as unicellular protozoa strictly intracellular eukaryotic parasites of animals and humans. These study concerns life cycles, cytology, host-parasite relationships in animal models experimentally infected with microsporidia from human feces, demonstrating the host-inespecificity and visceral dissemination with histopathological studies in digestive, tract, kidney, liver, spleen, brain, heart, pancreas, thyroid, suprarenal glands. It is presented the microsporidiosis in Venezuela in immunocompetent patients and immunodeficients HIV+, with diarrheic syndromes with keratoconjuntivitis microsporidial punctata diffuse and with disseminated microsporidia in urine, tracheobronchial sputum, nasal and pharyngeal exudates. Also we have found the microsporidia in river and lake waters and in animals relationed with the man: dogs, cats, pigs, monkeys, donkeys, guts. The patients are treated specially with Albendazole and also with Trimethoprim-Sulphametoxazol for the children until two years of age. We use as laboratory diagnosis the technique of Kinyoun stain, in support of the acid resistance property of these parasites, and also the Chromotrope staining. Our recommendations for a proper identification of the Microspora species, should be done with Electron Microscopy and the TCR reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Arcay
- Instituto de Zoología Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Didier
- Department of Microbiology, Tulane Regional Primate Research Center, Tulane University Medical Center, Covington, La., USA.
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50
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Abstract
Two classes of parasites with an environmental stage in their lifestyle have recently emerged as significant gastrointestinal pathogens for humans. Microsporidia represent a group that contains a number of genera related to the genus Cryptosporidium. They are generally transmitted via direct human to human contact, but can survive in water and food, and recently have been found in surface water used as drinking source water. Their most common host range is in patients with clinical AIDS. Limited work to date suggests the group is susceptible to chlorine achievable CxT (concentration x time) values and is coagulated by filtration. Cyclospora cayetanensis is a species of parasite that has caused outbreaks from contaminated food. Its major risk is from the use of inadequately treated water used for irrigation. Cyclospora can infect normal and immunosuppressed hosts. Current information regarding the lifestyle, transmission, and control of both groups of parasites are discussed, with a health risk assessment analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mota
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Yale-New Haven Hospital, CT, USA
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