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Liang YS, Huang XX, Lin ZJ, He DL, Qiu LH. Three new species of Agaricus from Baiyun Mountain, Guangzhou, China. Mycologia 2024; 116:431-448. [PMID: 38417055 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2024.2311039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Agaricus is a species-rich genus with more than 600 species around the world. In this work, three new species, Agaricus cacainus, A. baiyunensis, and A. praeclarefibrillosus are described from the specimens collected at Baiyun Mountain, Guangzhou, China, a subtropical area with a monsoon maritime climate, based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological examinations of internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS), D1/D2 domains of the large subunit of ribosomal DNA (28S), and a part of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1). Agaricus cacainus in A. sect. Amoeni is characterized by a parabolic to applanate, slightly depressed pileus covered with chocolate brown, appressed, triangular squamules against white background, a white, furfuraceous stipe, an unchanging context when cut, a fragile and evanescent annulus, usually 4- or 2-spored basidia, and mostly pyriform cheilocystidia. Agaricus baiyunensis in A. sect. Minores has a pileus with a slightly truncate top covered with light brown, downy-wooly fibrillose scales and a light yellowish stipe with membranous annulus. Agaricus praeclarefibrillosus in A. sect. Brunneopicti is characterized by a pileus surface with brownish, triangular, recurved scales and longitudinally splitting lines toward margin, a cottony stipe with white, tiny, recurved fibrils, a single annulus, and variously shaped cheilocystidia, with sparsely ornamented basidiospores. The detailed comparison of their morphological characteristics with closely related species is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Shan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Lin He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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Fasusi OA, Amoo AE, Babalola OO. Propagation and characterization of viable arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores within maize plant (Zea mays L.). J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:5834-5841. [PMID: 33788958 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The harmful effect of chemical fertilizer application on human health and the environment as a modern method of meeting the food demand of the increasing world population demands an urgent alternative that is environmentally friendly, which will pose no harm to human health and the environment. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are beneficial soil microorganisms that provide various ecological functions in increasing soil fertility and enhancing plant growth. This present study aimed to propagate, characterize and examine the effect of viable arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores on maize (Zea mays L) hosts using molecular methods. The propagation of AMF in the host plant using sterile soil and vermiculite was conducted in the greenhouse. RESULT The effect of AMF inoculation revealed a significant difference (P > 0.05) in maize growth, root colonization and AMF spore count when compared with the control. In all the parameters measured in this study, all the AMF spores propagated had a positive effect on the maize plant over the control, with the highest value mostly recorded in Rhizophagus irregularis AOB1. The molecular characterization of the spore using a specific universal primer for Glomeromycota established the success of the propagation process, which enhanced the classification of the AMF species into Rhizophagus irregularis OAB1, Glomus mosseae OAB2 and Paraglomus occultum OAB3. CONCLUSION This finding will be a starting point in producing arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum as a biofertilizer to enhance plant growth promotion. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Adeyinka Fasusi
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Adenike Eunice Amoo
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
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Ordynets A, Keßler S, Langer E. Geometric morphometric analysis of spore shapes improves identification of fungi. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250477. [PMID: 34351916 PMCID: PMC8341628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphology of organisms is an essential source of evidence for taxonomic decisions and understanding of ecology and evolutionary history. The geometric structure (i.e., numeric description of shape) provides richer and mathematically different information about an organism's morphology than linear measurements. A little is known on how these two sources of morphological information (shape vs. size) contribute to the identification of organisms when implied simultaneously. This study hypothesized that combining geometric information on the outline with linear measurements results in better species identification than either evidence alone can provide. As a test system for our research, we used the microscopic spores of fungi from the genus Subulicystidium (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota). We analyzed 2D spore shape data via elliptic Fourier and principal component analyses. Using flexible discriminant analysis, we achieved the highest species identification success rate for a combination of shape and size descriptors (64.7%). The shape descriptors alone predicted species slightly better than size descriptors (61.5% vs. 59.1%). We conclude that adding geometric information on the outline to linear measurements improves the identification of the organisms. Despite the high relevance of spore traits for the taxonomy of fungi, they were previously rarely analyzed with the tools of geometric morphometrics. Therefore, we supplement our study with an open access protocol for digitizing and summarizing fungal spores' shape and size information. We propagate a broader use of geometric morphometric analysis for microscopic propagules of fungi and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ordynets
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sarah Keßler
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Ewald Langer
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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Wu YX, Wu JR, Zhao CL. Steccherinum tenuissimum and S. xanthum spp. nov. (Polyporales, Basidiomycota): New species from China. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244520. [PMID: 33439872 PMCID: PMC7806176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Steccherinum tenuissimum and S. xanthum spp. nov. are described based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Steccherinum tenuissimum is characterized by an annual growth habit, resupinate basidiomata with an odontioid hymenial surface, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, strongly encrusted cystidia and basidiospores measuring 3-5 × 2-3.5 μm. Steccherinum xanthum is characterized by odontioid basidiomata and a monomitic hyphal system with generative hyphae bearing clamp connections and covering by crystals, colourless, thin-walled, smooth, IKI-, CB-and has basidiospores measuring 2.7-5.5 × 1.8-4.0 μm. Sequences of the ITS and nLSU nrRNA gene regions of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data of ITS + nLSU sequences showed that two new Steccherinum species felled into the residual polyporoid clade. Further investigation was obtained for more representative taxa in Steccherinum based on ITS + nLSU sequences, which demonstrated that S. tenuissimum and S. xanthum were sister to S. robustius with high support (100% BP, 100% BS and 1.00 BPP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xing Wu
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, P. R. China
- College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Rong Wu
- College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, P. R. China
- College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, P. R. China
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Strycker BD, Han Z, Duan Z, Commer B, Wang K, Shaw BD, Sokolov AV, Scully MO. Identification of toxic mold species through Raman spectroscopy of fungal conidia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242361. [PMID: 33227000 PMCID: PMC7682877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We use a 785 nm shifted excitation Raman difference (SERDS) technique to measure the Raman spectra of the conidia of 10 mold species of especial toxicological, medical, and industrial importance, including Stachybotrys chartarum, Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger, and others. We find that both the pure Raman and fluorescence signals support the hypothesis that for an excitation wavelength of 785 nm the Raman signal originates from the melanin pigments bound within the cell wall of the conidium. In addition, the major features of the pure Raman spectra group into profiles that we hypothesize may be due to differences in the complex melanin biosynthesis pathways. We then combine the Raman spectral data with neural network models to predict species classification with an accuracy above 99%. Finally, the Raman spectral data of all species investigated is made freely available for download and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Strycker
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zehua Han
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zheng Duan
- Center for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced, Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Blake Commer
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Shaw
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexei V. Sokolov
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marlan O. Scully
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
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Lipa JJ, Tokarev YS, Issi IV. Ultrastructure, molecular phylogeny, and prevalence rates of Alternosema bostrichidis gen. nov. sp. nov. (Microsporidia, Terresporidia), a parasite of Prostephanus truncatus and Dinoderus spp. (Coleoptera, Bostrichidae). Parasitol Res 2020; 119:915-923. [PMID: 31970472 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A new species and a new genus of a microsporidium Alternosema bostrichidis isolated from an adult Prostephanus truncatus in Mexico and from three species of the genus Dinoderus in Nigeria are described. The microsporidium is monomorphic, monoxenic, and develops in direct contact with host cell cytoplasm. The infection first appears with thoracic muscles, followed by a generalized invasion of the host. All developmental stages are diplokaryotic. Sporogony is disporoblastic. Mature spores are ovoid. Unfixed spores measure 3.7-4.2 × 2.0-2.6 μm, fixed and stained spores 3.5-5.0 × 2.4-2.8 μm. The polaroplast consists of dense lamellae and rare lamellae. The polar tube is slightly anisofilar, consisting of 11-17 coils, with 9-14 proximal (130 nm in diameter) and 2-3 distal coils (120 nm in diameter) arranged in one layer. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based upon a short portion of small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene (Genbank accession # KP455651) placed the new microsporidium within Liebermannia-Orthosomella lineage, which contains multiple undescribed parasites. In particular, A. bostrichidis showed maximal sequence similarity of 95% to Microsporidium sp. BBRE2 (# FJ755987) from Baikalian Diplacanthus brevispinus (Amphipoda: Acanthogammaridae) and Microsporidium sp. Comp CD Van 2 (# KC111784) from compost and soil in Canada. Frequent, devastating epizootics of laboratory cultures of A. bostrichidis support its potential as a biological control agent of grain borers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy J Lipa
- Department of Biological Control and Quarantine, Institute of Plant Protection, Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318, Poznañ, Poland
| | - Yuri S Tokarev
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, sch. Podbelskogo, 3, 196608, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Russia.
| | - Irma V Issi
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, sch. Podbelskogo, 3, 196608, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Russia
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Temperini CV, Franchi ML, Rozo MEB, Greco M, Pardo AG, Pose GN. Diversity and abundance of airborne fungal spores in a rural cold dry desert environment in Argentinean Patagonia. Sci Total Environ 2019; 665:513-520. [PMID: 30776622 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a longitudinal study of three consecutive years carried out in the air of agricultural environments located in Northern Patagonia with cold dry desert climate (Köppen: Bwk). This study area comprises a rural valley with unique geographical and climatological conditions. Therefore, the aim of this work is to quantify and determine its fungal diversity, so this knowledge will contribute to detect potential pathogenic and toxic fungi that has been adapted to this type of environment and may overcome the incipient climate change. Samplings were conducted in two geographical zones of the study area and a microflow air sampler was used to isolate fungal taxa. The annual mean fungal counts were found in the order of E+03 CFU/m3 of air. The aerial mycoflora revealed a wide biodiversity of at least 28 genera and 50 fungal species. Cladosporium was the most abundant genus (76.97%), followed by Alternaria (12.48%), Epicoccum (4.41%) and Botrytis (1.81%). The rest of the genera were found in relative densities lower than 1%. In terms of species, C. cladosporioides (34.82%), C. limoniforme (21.72%), A. tenuissima (10.94%) and C. asperulatum predominated (9.01%). This is the first report of the air mycoflora of rural environments with cold dry desert climate which provides useful information to take preventive measures to avoid biological damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Virginia Temperini
- Escuela de Producción, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Mitre 331, 8336 Villa Regina, Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - María Luisa Franchi
- Escuela de Producción, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Mitre 331, 8336 Villa Regina, Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Martha Elizabeth Benavides Rozo
- Escuela de Producción, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Mitre 331, 8336 Villa Regina, Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Mariana Greco
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, B1876BXD Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Guillermo Pardo
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, B1876BXD Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Graciela Noemí Pose
- Escuela de Producción, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Mitre 331, 8336 Villa Regina, Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
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Jankowiak R, Ostafińska A, Aas T, Solheim H, Bilański P, Linnakoski R, Hausner G. Three new Leptographium spp. (Ophiostomatales) infecting hardwood trees in Norway and Poland. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:2323-2347. [PMID: 29980901 PMCID: PMC6245115 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Species of Leptographium are characterized by mononematous or synnematous conidiophores and are commonly associated with different arthropods. Some of them also produce a sexual state characterised by globose ascomata with elongated necks. Compared to investigations on coniferous trees, the occurrence of Leptographium species on hardwood trees has been poorly studied in Europe. During a survey of ophiostomatoid fungi on various hardwood tree species in Norway and Poland, three unusual species, which fit in the broader morphological description of Leptographium spp., were found in association with Trypodendron domesticum, Trypodendron signatum and Dryocoetes alni, and from wounds on a variety of hardwoods. Phylogenetic analyses of sequence data for six different loci (ITS1-5.8 S-ITS2, ITS2-LSU, ACT, β-tubulin, CAL, and TEF-1α) showed that these Leptographium species are phylogenetically closely related to the species of the Grosmannia olivacea complex. The first species forms a well-supported lineage that includes Ophiostoma brevicolle, while the two other new taxa resided in a separate lineage; possibly affiliated with Grosmannia francke-grosmanniae. All the new species produce perithecia with necks terminating in ostiolar hyphae and orange-section shaped ascospores with cucullate, gelatinous sheaths. These species also produce dark olivaceous mononematous asexual states in culture. In addition, two of the newly described species have a second type of conidiophore with a short and non-pigmented stipe. The new Leptographium species can be easily distinguished from each other by their appearance and growth in culture. Based on novel morphological characters and distinct DNA sequences, these fungi were recognised as new taxa for which the names Leptographium tardum sp. nov., Leptographium vulnerum sp. nov., and Leptographium flavum sp. nov. are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jankowiak
- Department of Forest Pathology, Mycology and Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Ecosystem Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Ostafińska
- Department of Forest Pathology, Mycology and Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Ecosystem Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425, Kraków, Poland
| | - Truls Aas
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Halvor Solheim
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Piotr Bilański
- Department of Forest Protection, Entomology and Forest Climatology, Institute of Forest Ecosystem Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425, Kraków, Poland
| | - Riikka Linnakoski
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Georg Hausner
- Department of Microbiology, Buller Building 213, University of Manitoba, Winnpeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Almaguer-Chávez M, Aira MJ, Rojas TI, Fernández-González M, Rodríguez-Rajo FJ. New findings of airborne fungal spores in the atmosphere of Havana, Cuba, using aerobiological non-viable methodology. Ann Agric Environ Med 2018; 25:349-359. [PMID: 29936798 DOI: 10.26444/aaem/89738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although airborne fungal diversity in tropical countries is known to be considerable, aerobiological research to-date has identified only a part of the fungal mycobiota that may have an impact both on human health and on crops. Previous studies in Havana city identified only 30 genera and 5 spore types; therefore,new research is required in these latitudes. This study sought to investigate airborne spore levels in Havana, with a view to learning more about local fungal diversity and assessing its influence in quantitative terms. MATERIAL AND METHODS A Hirst type volumetric sampler was located on the rooftop of a building 35 meters above ground level, in a busy area of the city. Sampling was carried out continuously (operating 24hours/day), at 10 L per minute during the year 2015. The fungal spores were collected on a Melinex tape coated with a 2% silicone solution. The results were expressed as spores per cubic meter (spores/m3) of air when to referring to daily values, and spores count if referring to annual value. RESULTS Fourteen new genera were identified in the course of volumetric sampling: six produce ascospores and eight conidia. Morphobiometric characteristics were noted for all genera, and airborne concentrations were calculated. These genera accounted for 56.4% of relative fungal frequency over the study year. CONCLUSIONS Many airbone fungi are primary causes of both respiratory disease and crop damage. These new findings constitute a major contribution to Cuba's aerobiological database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Almaguer-Chávez
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Biology, University of Habana, La Habana 10400, Cuba.
| | - María Jesús Aira
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | - Teresa-Irene Rojas
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Biology, University of Habana, La Habana 10400, Cuba.
| | - María Fernández-González
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
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Wen Z, Shi L, Tang Y, Hong L, Xue J, Xing J, Chen Y, Nara K. Soil spore bank communities of ectomycorrhizal fungi in endangered Chinese Douglas-fir forests. Mycorrhiza 2018; 28:49-58. [PMID: 28942552 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chinese Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga sinensis) is an endangered Pinaceae species found in several isolated regions of China. Although soil spore banks of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi can play an important role in seedling establishment after disturbance, such as in the well-known North American relative (Pseudotsuga menziesii), we have no information about soil spore bank communities in relict forests of Chinese Douglas-fir. We conducted bioassays of 73 soil samples collected from three Chinese Douglas-fir forests, using North American Douglas-fir as bait seedlings, and identified 19 species of ECM fungi. The observed spore bank communities were significantly different from those found in ECM fungi on the roots of resident trees at the same sites (p = 0.02). The levels of potassium (K), nitrogen (N), organic matter, and the pH of soil were the dominant factors shaping spore bank community structure. A new Rhizopogon species was the most dominant species in the spore banks. Specifically, at a site on Sanqing Mountain, 22 of the 57 surviving bioassay seedlings (representing 21 of the 23 soil samples) were colonized by this species. ECM fungal richness significantly affected the growth of bioassay seedlings (R 2 = 0.20, p = 0.007). Growth was significantly improved in seedlings colonized by Rhizopogon or Meliniomyces species compared with uncolonized seedlings. Considering its specificity to Chinese Douglas-fir, predominance in the soil spore banks, and positive effect on host growth, this new Rhizopogon species could play critical roles in seedling establishment and forest regeneration of endangered Chinese Douglas-fir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhugui Wen
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan
| | - Liang Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yangze Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Lizhou Hong
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224002, China
| | - Jiawang Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Jincheng Xing
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224002, China
| | - Yahua Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
| | - Kazuhide Nara
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan.
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Lee DH, Roux J, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ. Non-Mendelian segregation influences the infection biology and genetic structure of the African tree pathogen Ceratocystis albifundus. Fungal Biol 2017; 122:222-230. [PMID: 29551196 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The African fungal tree pathogen, Ceratocystis albifundus, undergoes uni-directional mating type switching, giving rise to either self-fertile or self-sterile progeny. Self-sterile isolates lack the MAT1-2-1 gene and have reduced fitness such as slower growth and reduced pathogenicity, relative to self-fertile isolates. While it has been hypothesized that there is a 1:1 ratio of self-fertile to self-sterile ascospore progeny in relatives of C. albifundus, some studies have reported a significant bias in this ratio. This could be due to the fact that either fewer self-sterile ascospores are produced or that self-sterile ascospores have low viability. We quantified the percentage of self-sterile and self-fertile ascospores from ascospore masses in C. albifundus using real-time PCR. Primers were designed to distinguish between spores that contained the MAT1-2-1 gene and those where this gene had been deleted. A significant bias towards the self-fertile mating type was observed in all single ascospore masses taken from sexual structures produced in haploid-selfed cultures. The same result was observed from a disease outbreak situation in an intensively managed field of cultivated native trees, and this was coupled with very low population diversity in the pathogen. This was in contrast to the results obtained from ascospore masses taken from the crosses performed under laboratory conditions or ascomata on native trees in a non-disease situation, where either self-fertile or self-sterile ascospores were dominant. The results suggest that reproductive strategies play a significant role in the infection biology and genetic structure of C. albifundus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jolanda Roux
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Brenda D Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Castaño C, Oliva J, Martínez de Aragón J, Alday JG, Parladé J, Pera J, Bonet JA. Mushroom Emergence Detected by Combining Spore Trapping with Molecular Techniques. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e00600-17. [PMID: 28432095 PMCID: PMC5478987 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00600-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining reliable and representative mushroom production data requires time-consuming sampling schemes. In this paper, we assessed a simple methodology to detect mushroom emergence by trapping the fungal spores of the fruiting body community in plots where mushroom production was determined weekly. We compared the performance of filter paper traps with that of funnel traps and combined these spore trapping methods with species-specific quantitative real-time PCR and Illumina MiSeq to determine the spore abundance. Significantly more MiSeq proportional reads were generated for both ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal species using filter traps than were obtained using funnel traps. The spores of 37 fungal species that produced fruiting bodies in the study plots were identified. Spore community composition changed considerably over time due to the emergence of ephemeral fruiting bodies and rapid spore deposition (lasting from 1 to 2 weeks), which occurred in the absence of rainfall events. For many species, the emergence of epigeous fruiting bodies was followed by a peak in the relative abundance of their airborne spores. There were significant positive relationships between fruiting body yields and spore abundance in time for five of seven fungal species. There was no relationship between fruiting body yields and their spore abundance at plot level, indicating that some of the spores captured in each plot were arriving from the surrounding areas. Differences in fungal detection capacity by spore trapping may indicate different dispersal ability between fungal species. Further research can help to identify the spore rain patterns for most common fungal species.IMPORTANCE Mushroom monitoring represents a serious challenge in economic and logistical terms because sampling approaches demand extensive field work at both the spatial and temporal scales. In addition, the identification of fungal taxa depends on the expertise of experienced fungal taxonomists. Similarly, the study of fungal dispersal has been constrained by technological limitations, especially because the morphological identification of spores is a challenging and time-consuming task. Here, we demonstrate that spores from ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal species can be identified using simple spore traps together with either MiSeq fungus-specific amplicon sequencing or species-specific quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, the proposed methodology can be used to characterize the airborne fungal community and to detect mushroom emergence in forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Castaño
- Forest Bioengineering Solutions S.A., Solsona, Spain
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jonàs Oliva
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO, Lleida, Spain
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Juan Martínez de Aragón
- Forest Bioengineering Solutions S.A., Solsona, Spain
- Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, CTFC-CEMFOR, Solsona, Spain
| | - Josu G Alday
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO, Lleida, Spain
| | - Javier Parladé
- Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Pera
- Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Bonet
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO, Lleida, Spain
- Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, CTFC-CEMFOR, Solsona, Spain
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Lü R, Zhao A, Yu J, Wang C, Liu C, Cai Y, Yu M. [Biological and epidemiological characteristics of the pathogen of hypertrophy sorosis scleroteniosis, Ciboria shiraiana]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2017; 57:388-398. [PMID: 29756437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the biological and the epidemiological characteristics of the pathogen of hypertrophy sorosis scleroteniosis, which is a devastating fungal disease of mulberry. METHODS We studied the asexual and sexual reproductive phase stages of C. shiraiana, including the infection ability of hyphal, dormancy of sclerotia, the structures, release, number and germination of ascospores from apothecia, as well as the phenology of sclerotial germination. RESULTS In C. shiraiana, hyphae had no infection ability toward the female flowers of mulberry. Sclerotia of C. shiraiana must undergo cold treatment above 6 weeks, then the dormancy-breaking sclerotia could germinate to apothecia. One to fifteen apothecia were germinated from one sclerotium, and the number of ascospores in a 1.5 cm diameter apothecia could contain up to (5.6-6.3)×107. Ascospore C. shiraiana had significantly higher germination rates in acid than in neutral and alkaline environments. From late January to middle April, sclerotia germinated to apothecia, and got the highest value in the middle of March. CONCLUSION C. shiraiana is a formidable pathogen to cause epidemic disease and damage in mulberry.
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Zeng W, Chang C, Li J, Wang Y, Dai Y, Yu H. [Micro-morphological variation pattern of Isaria cicadae]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2017; 57:350-362. [PMID: 29756434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reveal the morphological pattern of Isaria cicadae. METHODS We observed 17 morphological characters and measured 75 strains of 15 populations in I. cicadae. Statistical analysis system (SAS) 8.1 was used to analyze the morphological data, the morphological pattern was analyzed in 15 populations of I. cicadae, using the descriptive statistical analysis, nested analysis and Q cluster analysis. RESULTS Two types of asexual conidium (large and small conidium) were observed in I. cicadae. The gourd-shaped and bottle-shaped conidiogenous cells were observed in I. cicadae. Many chlamydospores of I. cicadae were easy to form in PDA medium. Many fusion hyphae were generated between hyphae, and some fusion hyphae between hypha and chlamydospore, the fusion hyphae between conidiogenous cells were also observed. The CV of 17 morphological characters was from 13.07 to 104.09% in I. cicadae, indicating an ample morphological diversity at the species level. The nested variation analysis of the 17 morphological characters indicated that about 11.29% of the variability was attributable to the differentiation among populations, the rest 15.27% of the variability was derived from individual strains, and the remaining 73.44% was resided in the observations in the same strain. CONCLUSION The phenotypic variation within strain was the main morphological variation of I. cicadae. The morphological characters had no significant relationship with geographical origin in I. cicadae.
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Rogério F, Ciampi-Guillardi M, Barbieri MCG, Bragança CAD, Seixas CDS, Almeida AMR, Massola NS. Phylogeny and variability of Colletotrichum truncatum associated with soybean anthracnose in Brazil. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:402-415. [PMID: 27859958 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Fungal diseases are among the main factors limiting high yields of soybean crop. Colletotrichum isolates from soybean plants with anthracnose symptoms were studied from different regions and time periods in Brazil using molecular, morphological and pathogenic analyses. METHODS AND RESULTS Bayesian phylogenetic inference of GAPDH, HIS3 and ITS-5.8S rDNA sequences, the morphologies of colony and conidia, and inoculation tests on seeds and seedlings were performed. All isolates clustered only with Colletotrichum truncatum species in three well-separated clusters. Intraspecific genetic diversity revealed 27 distinct haplotypes in 51 fungal isolates; some of which were identical to C. truncatum sequences from other regions around the world, while others were related to alternative hosts. Conidia were falcate, hyaline, unicellular and aseptate, formed in acervuli, with variable dimensions. Despite being pathogenic to seedlings by both inoculation methods, variation was observed in the aggressiveness of the tested isolates, which was not correlated with genetic variation. CONCLUSION The identification of C. truncatum in the sampled isolates was evidenced as being the only causal agent of soybean anthracnose in Brazil until 2007, with relevant genetic, morphological and pathogenic variability as well as a broad geographical origin. The wide distribution of the predominant C. truncatum haplotype indicated the existence of a highly efficient mechanism of pathogen dispersal over long distances, reinforcing the role of seeds as the primary source of disease inoculum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The characterization and distribution of Colletotrichum species in soybean-producing regions in Brazil is fundamental for understanding the disease epidemiology and for ensuring effective control strategies against anthracnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rogério
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia (ESALQ/USP), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Ciampi-Guillardi
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia (ESALQ/USP), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M C G Barbieri
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia (ESALQ/USP), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C A D Bragança
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB), Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - N S Massola
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia (ESALQ/USP), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lebrigand K, He LD, Thakur N, Arguel MJ, Polanowska J, Henrissat B, Record E, Magdelenat G, Barbe V, Raffaele S, Barbry P, Ewbank JJ. Comparative Genomic Analysis of Drechmeria coniospora Reveals Core and Specific Genetic Requirements for Fungal Endoparasitism of Nematodes. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006017. [PMID: 27153332 PMCID: PMC4859500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drechmeria coniospora is an obligate fungal pathogen that infects nematodes via the adhesion of specialized spores to the host cuticle. D. coniospora is frequently found associated with Caenorhabditis elegans in environmental samples. It is used in the study of the nematode's response to fungal infection. Full understanding of this bi-partite interaction requires knowledge of the pathogen's genome, analysis of its gene expression program and a capacity for genetic engineering. The acquisition of all three is reported here. A phylogenetic analysis placed D. coniospora close to the truffle parasite Tolypocladium ophioglossoides, and Hirsutella minnesotensis, another nematophagous fungus. Ascomycete nematopathogenicity is polyphyletic; D. coniospora represents a branch that has not been molecularly characterized. A detailed in silico functional analysis, comparing D. coniospora to 11 fungal species, revealed genes and gene families potentially involved in virulence and showed it to be a highly specialized pathogen. A targeted comparison with nematophagous fungi highlighted D. coniospora-specific genes and a core set of genes associated with nematode parasitism. A comparative gene expression analysis of samples from fungal spores and mycelia, and infected C. elegans, gave a molecular view of the different stages of the D. coniospora lifecycle. Transformation of D. coniospora allowed targeted gene knock-out and the production of fungus that expresses fluorescent reporter genes. It also permitted the initial characterisation of a potential fungal counter-defensive strategy, involving interference with a host antimicrobial mechanism. This high-quality annotated genome for D. coniospora gives insights into the evolution and virulence of nematode-destroying fungi. Coupled with genetic transformation, it opens the way for molecular dissection of D. coniospora physiology, and will allow both sides of the interaction between D. coniospora and C. elegans, as well as the evolutionary arms race that exists between pathogen and host, to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lebrigand
- CNRS and University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Le D. He
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Nishant Thakur
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Jeanne Arguel
- CNRS and University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jolanta Polanowska
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- CNRS UMR 7257, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- INRA, USC 1408 AFMB, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eric Record
- INRA, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, Polytech Marseille, CP 925, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy-Polytech, CP 925, Marseille, France
| | - Ghislaine Magdelenat
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut de Génomique, Génoscope, Laboratoire de Biologie Moleculaire pour l'Etude des Génomes (LBioMEG), Evry, France
| | - Valérie Barbe
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut de Génomique, Génoscope, Laboratoire de Biologie Moleculaire pour l'Etude des Génomes (LBioMEG), Evry, France
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Pascal Barbry
- CNRS and University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Sophia Antipolis, France
- * E-mail: (PB); (JJE)
| | - Jonathan J. Ewbank
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (PB); (JJE)
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de Souza TAF, Rodriguez-Echeverría S, de Andrade LA, Freitas H. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir from Brazilian semi-arid. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:359-66. [PMID: 26991277 PMCID: PMC4874677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant species from Brazilian semi-arid present arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in their rhizosphere. These microorganisms play a key role in the establishment, growth, survival of plants and protection against drought, pathogenic fungi and nematodes. This study presents a quantitative analysis of the AMF species associated with Mimosa tenuiflora, an important native plant of the Caatinga flora. AMF diversity, spore abundance and root colonization were estimated in seven sampling locations in the Ceará and Paraíba States, during September of 2012. There were significant differences in soil properties, spore abundance, percentage of root colonization, and AMF diversity among sites. Altogether, 18 AMF species were identified, and spores of the genera Acaulospora, Claroideoglomus, Dentiscutata, Entrophospora, Funneliformis, Gigaspora, Glomus, Racocetra, Rhizoglomus and Scutellospora were observed. AMF species diversity and their spore abundance found in M. tenuiflora rhizosphere shown that this native plant species is an important host plant to AMF communities from Brazilian semi-arid region. We concluded that: (a) during the dry period and in semi-arid conditions, there is a high spore production in M. tenuiflora root zone; and (b) soil properties, as soil pH and available phosphorous, affect AMF species diversity, thus constituting key factors for the similarity/dissimilarity of AMF communities in the M. tenuiflora root zone among sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonaldo Alves de Andrade
- Agrarian Science Center, Department of Soils and Rural Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Helena Freitas
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Vohník M, Borovec O, Kolařík M. Communities of Cultivable Root Mycobionts of the Seagrass Posidonia oceanica in the Northwest Mediterranean Sea Are Dominated by a Hitherto Undescribed Pleosporalean Dark Septate Endophyte. Microb Ecol 2016; 71:442-451. [PMID: 26093964 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Seagrasses, a small group of submerged marine macrophytes, were reported to lack mycorrhizae, i.e., the root-fungus symbioses most terrestrial plants use for nutrient uptake. On the other hand, several authors detected fungal endophytes in seagrass leaves, shoots, rhizomes, and roots, and an anatomically and morphologically unique dark septate endophytic (DSE) association has been recently described in the roots of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Nevertheless, the global diversity of seagrass mycobionts is not well understood, and it remains unclear what fungus forms the DSE association in P. oceanica roots. We isolated and determined P. oceanica root mycobionts from 11 localities in the northwest Mediterranean Sea with documented presence of the DSE association and compared our results with recent literature. The mycobiont communities were low in diversity (only three species), were dominated by a single yet unreported marine fungal species (ca. 90 % of the total 177 isolates), and lacked common terrestrial and freshwater root mycobionts. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that the dominating species represents a new monotypic lineage within the recently described Aigialaceae family (Pleosporales, Ascomycota), probably representing a new genus. Most of its examined colonies developed from intracellular microsclerotia occupying host hypodermis and resembling microsclerotia of terrestrial DSE fungi. Biological significance of this hitherto overlooked seagrass root mycobiont remains obscure, but its presence across the NW Mediterranean Sea and apparent root intracellular lifestyle indicate an intriguing symbiotic relationship with the dominant Mediterranean seagrass. Our microscopic observations suggest that it may form the DSE association recently described in P. oceanica roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vohník
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany ASCR, Lesní 322, Průhonice, 25243, Czech Republic.
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, Prague, 12843, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Borovec
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany ASCR, Lesní 322, Průhonice, 25243, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, Prague, 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Laboratory of Genetics, Physiology and Bioengineering of Fungi, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 14200, Czech Republic
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Kumar V, Kumar R, Kumar A, Anal D. Spore population, colonization, species diversity and factors influencing the association of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with litchi trees in India. J Environ Biol 2016; 37:91-100. [PMID: 26930865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Abundance and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in association with litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) trees were studied during 2012-2013, where orchard soil had high pH (7.42-9.53) and salinity (0.07- 0.39 dSm(-1)). A total of 105 rhizospheric soil and root samples were collected considering variables like location, age of tree, cultivar and production management. Results showed that spore count was in the range of 1-22 g(-1) soil. All the examined root segments had colonization of AMF, which ranged between 3.3 to 90.0%. AMF community comprised of Glomus mosseae, G. intaradices, G. constricta, G. coronatum, G. fasciculatum, G. albidum, G. hoi, G. multicauli, Acaulospora scrobiculata, A. laevis, Rhizophagus litchi and Entrophosphora infrequens. Higher spore density and AMF colonization were observed at medium level (13-28 kg ha(-1)) of available phosphorus that decreased ('r' = -0.21 for spore density, -0.48 for root colonization) with increasing soil phosphorus. While nitrogen did not influence the AMF association, a weak negative linear relationship with AMF colonization ('r' = -0.30) was apparent in the medium level (112-200 kg ha(-1)) of potash. Micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn and B) did not affect spore density (zero or a very weak linear correlation) but influenced root colonization ('r' = -0.53 to -0.44), the effect being more prominent above critical limits. Nutritionally sufficient, irrigated litchi orchards had greater spore count (46% samples having 5-22 spores g(-1) soil) and colonization (> 50% in 37.4% roots examined) than nutrient deficient, non-irrigated orchards, indicating essentiality of a threshold nutrients and moisture regime for the association. AMF symbiosis was influenced by cultivar (greater in 'China'), but tree age was not correlated to mycorrhizal association. A consortium of native species coupled with the understanding of nutrient effects on AMF would be useful for field application in litchi.
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Simakova AV, Miller AA. ULTRASTRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES OF PRESPORES DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES AND MEIOSPORES OF SPECIES OF CLOSELY RELATED MICROSPORIDIA OF GENERA AMBLYOSPORA AND TRICHOCTOSPOREA (AMBLYOSPORIDAE: MICROSPORIDIA) FROM BLOOD-SUKING MOSQUITOES OF THE GENUS AEDES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE). Tsitologiia 2016; 58:799-805. [PMID: 30199155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructure of prespore developmental stages, with emphasis on meiospores, has been examined in closely related genera of Microsporidia, Amblyospora and Trichoctosporea, isolated from larvae adipose tissue of mosquitoes Aedes in order to compare morphology of these parasites. Ultrastructural differences between Amblyospora and Trichoctosporea have been found to concern the secret filling episporal space of sporophorous vesicle, wall of mature spores, the polaroplast and membranes of thin coils of polar tubes. The episporal secret contributes to formation of meiospore wall and its structure is one of key systematic features to be considered in the identification of microsporidia.
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Costa SS, Matos KS, Tessmann DJ, Seixas CDS, Pfenning LH. Fusarium paranaense sp. nov., a member of the Fusarium solani species complex causes root rot on soybean in Brazil. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:51-60. [PMID: 26693684 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Isolates of Fusarium obtained from soybean plants showing symptoms of root rot collected in subtropical southern and tropical central Brazil were characterized based on phylogenetic analyses, sexual crossing, morphology, and pathogenicity tests. A novel species within the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) causing soybean root rot is formally described herein as Fusarium paranaense. This species can be distinguished from the other soybean root rot pathogens in the FSSC, which are commonly associated with soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) based on analyses of the combined DNA sequences of translation elongation factor 1-α and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and on interspecies mating compatibility. Bayesian and maximum parsimony phylogenetic analyses showed that isolates of F. paranaense formed a distinct group in clade 3 of the FSSC in contrast to the pathogens currently known to cause SDS, which are in clade 2. Female fertile tester strains were developed that can be used for the identification of this new species in the FSSC based on sexual crosses. All isolates were heterothallic and belonged to a distinct mating population. Fusarium tucumaniae, a known SDS pathogen, was found in the subtropical southern region of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Costa
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Kedma S Matos
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Dauri J Tessmann
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Ludwig H Pfenning
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil.
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Kallawicha K, Tsai YJ, Chuang YC, Lung SCC, Wu CD, Chen TH, Chen PC, Chompuchan C, Chao HJ. The spatiotemporal distributions and determinants of ambient fungal spores in the Greater Taipei area. Environ Pollut 2015; 204:173-180. [PMID: 25969377 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Airborne fungal spores, a type of bioaerosols, are significant air pollutants. We conducted a study to determine the spatiotemporal distributions of ambient fungi in the Greater Taipei area and develop land use regression (LUR) models for total and major fungal taxa. Four seasonal sampling campaigns were conducted over a year at 44 representative sites. Multiple regressions were performed to construct the LUR models. Ascospores were the most prevalent category, followed by Aspergillus/Penicillium, basidiospores, and Cladosporium. The highest fungal concentrations were found in spring. According to the LUR models, higher concentrations of Aspergillus/Penicillium and basidiospores were respectively present in residential/commercial areas and in areas with shorter road lengths. Various meteorological factors, particulates with aerodynamic diameters of ≤10 μm, and elevation also had significant relationships with fungal concentrations. The LUR models developed in this study can be used to assess spatiotemporal fungal distribution in the Greater Taipei area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying-Jie Tsai
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chih Chuang
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chih-Da Wu
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Hsuan Chen
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pang-Cheng Chen
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuphan Chompuchan
- Department of Irrigation Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Abstract
The distribution of established saxicolous lichens has been previously studied but substratum preference and elemental composition has been relatively unexplored. The objectives of this study were to compare ascospore germination and growth for two species of Xanthoparmelia using media supplemented with pulverized rock and to explore photobiont selectivity relative to ecological guilds. Mature apothecia from X. cumberlandia and X. viriduloumbrina were subjected to five treatments, which include water agar supplemented with crushed granodiorite, basalt, mica schist, dolostone, and malt yeast agar as the control. The algal actin gene was sequenced and the closest algal matches were retrieved from GenBank and analysed to produce a haplotype network. X. cumberlandia exhibited substratum preference for the mica schist treatment, while X. viriduloumbrina grew better on granodiorite and malt yeast agar relative to dolostone. Ascospore germination for both species failed to progress beyond the initial swelling and protrusion stage on the dolostone treatment. The actin gene sequences for the algae were most similar to those of Trebouxia jamesii. The rock substrates did not correspond with the photobiont haplotypes, which does not support the ecological guild hypothesis. This study provided insights into substratum preference and the suitability of the substratum for algal selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Deduke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Chaverri P, Branco-Rocha F, Jaklitsch W, Gazis R, Degenkolb T, Samuels GJ. Systematics of the Trichoderma harzianum species complex and the re-identification of commercial biocontrol strains. Mycologia 2015; 107:558-590. [PMID: 25661720 PMCID: PMC4885665 DOI: 10.3852/14-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum is known as a cosmopolitan, ubiquitous species associated with a wide variety of substrates. It is possibly the most commonly used name in agricultural applications involving Trichoderma, including biological control of plant diseases. While various studies have suggested that T. harzianum is a species complex, only a few cryptic species are named. In the present study the taxonomy of the T. harzianum species complex is revised to include at least 14 species. Previously named species included in the complex are T. guizhouense, T. harzianum, and T. inhamatum. Two new combinations are proposed, T. lentiforme and T. lixii. Nine species are described as new, T. afarasin, T. afroharzianum, T. atrobrunneum, T. camerunense, T. endophyticum, T. neotropicale, T. pyramidale, T. rifaii and T. simmonsii. We isolated Trichoderma cultures from four commercial biocontrol products reported to contain T. harzianum. None of the biocontrol strains were identified as T. harzianum s. str. In addition, the widely applied culture 'T. harzianum T22' was determined to be T. afroharzianum. Some species in the T. harzianum complex appear to be exclusively endophytic, while others were only isolated from soil. Sexual states are rare. Descriptions and illustrations are provided. A secondary barcode, nuc translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) is needed to identify species in this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Chaverri
- University of Maryland, Department of Plant Science and Landscape
Architecture, 2112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742,
and Universidad de Costa Rica, Escuela de Biología, Apartado
11501-2060, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Fabiano Branco-Rocha
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de
Santa Catarina - EPAGRI, Estação Experimental de São
Joaquim, São Joaquim, Santa Catarina, 88600-000, Brazil
| | - Walter Jaklitsch
- University of Vienna, Department of Systematic and Evolutionary
Botany, Faculty Centre of Biodiversity, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Romina Gazis
- Clark University, Biology Department, 950 Main Street, Worcester,
Massachusetts 01610
| | - Thomas Degenkolb
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and
Nutrition (IFZ), Department of Food Science, Institute of Nutritional
Science, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen,
Germany
| | - Gary J. Samuels
- United States Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service,
Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Lab., B-010, Beltsville, Maryland
20705
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Estrada AR, Torres EM, Vázquez MAA, Piñero JLH, Lucio MAG, Martínez SMS. Fungal spores in four catholic churches in the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Nuevo León State, Mexico--First study. Ann Agric Environ Med 2015; 22:221-226. [PMID: 26094512 DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1152069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION About 500,000 species of fungi have been described to-date, although an estimated between 1 - 1.5 million species may occur. They have a wide distribution in nature, contributing to the decomposition of organic matter and playing a part in the biogeochemical cycles of major nutrients. A small number are considered pathogens of animals and plants. There is ample historical evidence that certain types of allergies are associated with fungi; exposure to fungal allergens occurs in both outdoor and indoor spaces. Many indoor allergens are the same as those found outside buildings, entering through windows and doors, ventilation systems, or through cracks or other fissures in the walls. OBJECTIVE To determine the diversity and abundance of fungal spores inside four churches in the metropolitan area of Monterrey city in Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was carried out from July 2009 - January 2010 using a Hirst type volumetric collector (Burkard Manufacturing Co Ltd). RESULTS A total of 31,629 spores from 54 taxa were registered in the four churches. The building that showed the highest amount of spores was the Santa Catarina Mártir Church with 12,766 spores, followed by Cristo Rey with 7,155 and Nuestra Señora del Roble with 6,887. Regularly high concentrations of spores were recorded from 14:00 - 20:00 hours. The highest concentration value was observed at the church of Santa Catarina Mártir at 16:00 hours with 1153 spores/m 3 air. CONCLUSIONS The most abundant spores in the four churches studied corresponded to Cladosporium, the Aspergillus/Penicillium complex, Coprinus, Ganoderma, Curvularia and Ustilago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Rocha Estrada
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Elizabeth Molina Torres
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
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Almaguer M, Aira MJ, Rodríguez-Rajo FJ, Fernandez-Gonzalez M, Rojas-Flores TI. Thirty-four identifiable airborne fungal spores in Havana, Cuba. Ann Agric Environ Med 2015; 22:215-220. [PMID: 26094511 DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1152068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The airborne fungal spore content in Havana, Cuba, collected by means a non-viable volumetric methodology, was studied from November 2010 - October 2011. The study, from a qualitative point of view, allowed the characterization of 29 genera and 5 fungal types, described following the Saccardo´s morphotypes, as well as their morphobiometrical characteristics. In the amerospores morphotype, the conidia of 7 genera (with ascospores, basidiospores and uredospores) and 5 fungal types were included. Among phragmospores morphotype, the ascospores and conidia of 12 different genera were identified. The dictyospores morphotype only included conidial forms from 6 genera. Finally, the less frequent morphotypes were staurospores, didymospores and distosepted spores. In general, the main worldwide spread mitosporic fungi also predominated in the Havana atmosphere, accompanied by some ascospores and basidiospores. Cladosporium cladosporioides type was the most abundant with a total of 148,717 spores, followed by Leptosphaeria, Coprinus and the Aspergillus-Penicillium type spores, all of them with total values ranging from 20,591 - 16,392 spores. The higher monthly concentrations were registered in January (31,663 spores) and the lowest in December (7,314 spores). Generally, the average quantity of spores recorded during the months of the dry season (20,599 spores) was higher compared with that observed during the rainy season (17,460 spores).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Almaguer
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Biology, University of Habana, Cuba
| | - María-Jesús Aira
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - F Javier Rodríguez-Rajo
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Teresa I Rojas-Flores
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Biology, University of Habana, Cuba
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Wadud MA, Nara K, Lian C, Ishida TA, Hogetsu T. Genet dynamics and ecological functions of the pioneer ectomycorrhizal fungi Laccaria amethystina and Laccaria laccata in a volcanic desert on Mount Fuji. Mycorrhiza 2014; 24:551-563. [PMID: 24718965 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-014-0571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To understand the reproduction of the pioneer ectomycorrhizal fungi Laccaria amethystina and Laccaria laccata in a volcanic desert on Mount Fuji, Japan, the in situ genet dynamics of sporocarps were analysed. Sporocarps of the two Laccaria species were sampled at fine and large scales for 3 and 2 consecutive years, respectively, and were genotyped using microsatellite markers. In the fine-scale analysis, we found many small genets, the majority of which appeared and disappeared annually. The high densities and annual renewal of Laccaria genets indicate frequent turnover by sexual reproduction via spores. In the large-scale analysis, we found positive spatial autocorrelations in the shortest distance class. An allele-clustering analysis also showed that several alleles were distributed in only a small, localised region. These results indicate that Laccaria spores contributing to sexual reproduction may be dispersed only short distances from sporocarps that would have themselves been established via rare, long-distance spore dispersal. This combination of rare, long-distance and frequent, short-distance Laccaria spore dispersal is reflected in the establishment pattern of seeds of their host, Salix reinii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Wadud
- Department of Agroforestry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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Wang Q, Bao Y, Liu X, Du G. Spatio-temporal dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with glomalin-related soil protein and soil enzymes in different managed semiarid steppes. Mycorrhiza 2014; 24:525-538. [PMID: 24687605 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-014-0572-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Temporal and spatial patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and glomalin and soil enzyme activities were investigated in different managed semiarid steppes located in Inner Mongolia, North China. Soils were sampled in a depth up to 30 cm from non-grazed, overgrazed, and naturally restored steppes from June to September. Roots of Leymus chinense (Trin.) Tzvel. and Stipagrandis P. Smirn. were also collected over the same period. Results showed that overgrazing significantly decreased the total mycorrhizal colonization of S. grandis; total colonization of L. chinensis roots was not significantly different in the three managed steppes. Nineteen AMF species belonging to six genera were isolated. Funneliformis and Glomus were dominant genera in all three steppes. Spore density and species richness were mainly influenced by an interaction between plant growth stage and management system (P < 0.001). Spore densities were higher in 0-10-cm soil depth. AMF species richness was significantly positively correlated with soil acid phosphatase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and two Bradford-reactive soil protein (BRSP) fractions (P < 0.01). It is concluded that the dynamics of AMF have highly temporal and spatial patterns that are related to soil glomalin and phosphatase activity in different managed semiarid steppes. Based on these observations, AMF communities could be useful indicators for evaluating soil quality and function of semiarid grassland ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235, Daxuexi Road, Hohhot, 010021, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
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Small HJ, Meyer GR, Stentiford GD, Dunham JS, Bateman K, Shields JD. Ameson metacarcini sp. nov. (Microsporidia) infecting the muscles of Dungeness crabs Metacarcinus magister from British Columbia, Canada. Dis Aquat Organ 2014; 110:213-225. [PMID: 25114045 DOI: 10.3354/dao02754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Dungeness crab Metacarcinus magister supports a large and valuable fishery along the west coast of North America. Since 1998, Dungeness crabs exhibiting pink- to orange-colored joints and opaque white musculature have been sporadically observed in low prevalence from the Fraser River delta of British Columbia, Canada. We provide histological, ultrastructural, and molecular evidence that this condition is caused by a new microsporidian parasite. Crabs displaying gross symptoms were confirmed to have heavy infections of ovoid-shaped microsporidian spores (~1.8 × 1.4 µm in size) within muscle bundles of the skeletal musculature. The parasite apparently infected the outer periphery of each muscle bundle, and then proliferated into the muscle fibres near the centre of each infected bundle. Light infections were observed in heart tissues, and occasionally spores were observed within the fixed phagocytes lining the blood vessels of the hepatopancreas. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed multiple life stages of a monokaryotic microsporidian parasite within the sarcoplasm of muscle fibres. Molecular analysis of partial small subunit rRNA sequence data from the new species revealed an affinity to Ameson, a genus of Microsporidia infecting marine crustaceans. Based on morphological and molecular data, the new species is distinct from Nadelspora canceri, a related microsporidian that also infects the muscles of this host. At present, little is known about the distribution, seasonality, and transmission of A. metacarcini in M. magister.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish J Small
- Department of Environmental and Aquatic Animal Health, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
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Yan W, Shen Z, Tang X, Xu L, Li Q, Yue Y, Xiao S, Fu X. Detection of Nosema bombycis by FTA cards and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:532-40. [PMID: 24894906 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We successfully established a detection method which exhibited a markedly higher sensitivity than previously developed detection methods for Nosema bombycis by combining glass beads, FTA card, and LAMP. Spores of N. bombycis were first broken by acid-washed glass beads; the DNA was subsequently extracted and purified with the FTA card, and LAMP was performed using primers (LSU296) designed based on the sequence of the LSU rRNA of N. bombycis. The minimum detection concentration was 10 spores/mL. When this method was used to detect pebrine disease in silkworm egg, the detection rate for 500 silkworm eggs, in which only one egg was infected with N. bombycis, was 100 % under our optimized conditions. If the number of eggs in the sample increased to 800 or 1,000, the sample was divided into two equal portions, and the eggs were smashed with glass beads after the addition of 1 mL of TE buffer. The liquid in two tubes was later mixed and applied to the FTA card, and the detection rates were 100 %. Furthermore, the LAMP method established in our study could detect N. bombycis infection in silkworm 24 h earlier than microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China,
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Abstract
Soybean anthracnose is caused by a number of species of Colletotrichum that as a group represent an important disease that results in significant economic losses. In the current study, Colletotrichum species were isolated from soybean petioles and stems with anthracnose symptoms from soybean fields in Illinois. Multigene sequence phylogenic analysis, combining rDNA internal transcribed spacer, actin, β-tubulin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and histone H3 gene regions, revealed a group of isolates collected in this study to be distinct from other established Colletotrichum species. This new group was phylogenetically closer to C. liriopes, C. tofieldiae and C. verruculosum than to C. truncatum, another species with curved conidia commonly found on soybean. A representative isolate from this new group was used to examine its morphology, cultural characteristics and pathogenicity to soybean; it was found to differ from C. truncatum in colony culture characteristics and sizes of conidia and appressoria. As a result of the molecular phylogenetic, morphological and pathogenicity analyses, we named this species Colletotrichum incanum. Of the 84 Colletotrichum isolates collected from soybean petioles, 40 were C. incanum, indicating that this species may commonly occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ching Yang
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Soybean Research Center, University of Illinois, 1101 West Peabody Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Ghani IA, Dieng H, Abu Hassan ZA, Ramli N, Kermani N, Satho T, Ahmad H, Abang FB, Fukumitsu Y, Ahmad AH. Pathogenicity of a microsporidium isolate from the diamondback moth against Noctuid moths: characterization and implications for microbiological pest management. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81642. [PMID: 24349104 PMCID: PMC3859509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to problems with chemical control, there is increasing interest in the use of microsporidia for control of lepidopteran pests. However, there have been few studies to evaluate the susceptibility of exotic species to microsporidia from indigenous Lepidoptera. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated some biological characteristics of the microsporidian parasite isolated from wild Plutella xylostella (PX) and evaluated its pathogenicity on the laboratory responses of sympatric invasive and resident noctuid moths. There were significant differences in spore size and morphology between PX and Spodoptera litura (SL) isolates. Spores of PX isolate were ovocylindrical, while those of SL were oval. PX spores were 1.05 times longer than those of SL, which in turn were 1.49 times wider than those of the PX. The timing of infection peaks was much shorter in SL and resulted in earlier larval death. There were no noticeable differences in amplicon size (two DNA fragments were each about 1200 base pairs in length). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequences of the two isolates shared a clade with Nosema/Vairimorpha sequences. The absence of octospores in infected spodopteran tissues suggested that PX and SL spores are closely related to Nosema plutellae and N. bombycis, respectively. Both SL and S. exigua (SE) exhibited susceptibility to the PX isolate infection, but showed different infection patterns. Tissular infection was more diverse in the former and resulted in much greater spore production and larval mortality. Microsporidium-infected larvae pupated among both infected and control larvae, but adult emergence occurred only in the second group. Conclusion/Significance The PX isolate infection prevented completion of development of most leafworm and beet armyworm larvae. The ability of the microsporidian isolate to severely infect and kill larvae of both native and introduced spodopterans makes it a valuable candidate for biocontrol against lepidopteran pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Abd Ghani
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Hamady Dieng
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Norazsida Ramli
- Department of Biomedical Science, Islamic University of Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nadia Kermani
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Tomomitsu Satho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | - Hamdan Ahmad
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Bt Abang
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kuching, Malaysia
| | - Yuki Fukumitsu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | - Abu Hassan Ahmad
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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King KM, West JS, Brunner PC, Dyer PS, Fitt BDL. Evolutionary relationships between Rhynchosporium lolii sp. nov. and other Rhynchosporium species on grasses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72536. [PMID: 24146740 PMCID: PMC3797698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal genus Rhynchosporium (causative agent of leaf blotch) contains several host-specialised species, including R. commune (colonising barley and brome-grass), R. agropyri (couch-grass), R. secalis (rye and triticale) and the more distantly related R. orthosporum (cocksfoot). This study used molecular fingerprinting, multilocus DNA sequence data, conidial morphology, host range tests and scanning electron microscopy to investigate the relationship between Rhynchosporium species on ryegrasses, both economically important forage grasses and common wild grasses in many cereal growing areas, and other plant species. Two different types of Rhynchosporium were found on ryegrasses in the UK. Firstly, there were isolates of R. commune that were pathogenic to both barley and Italian ryegrass. Secondly, there were isolates of a new species, here named R. lolii, that were pathogenic only to ryegrass species. R. lolii was most closely related to R. orthosporum, but exhibited clear molecular, morphological and host range differences. The species was estimated to have diverged from R. orthosporum ca. 5735 years before the present. The colonisation strategy of all of the different Rhynchosporium species involved extensive hyphal growth in the sub-cuticular regions of the leaves. Finally, new species-specific PCR diagnostic tests were developed that could distinguish between these five closely related Rhynchosporium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. King
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan S. West
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul S. Dyer
- School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce D. L. Fitt
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Redecker D, Schüssler A, Stockinger H, Stürmer SL, Morton JB, Walker C. An evidence-based consensus for the classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota). Mycorrhiza 2013; 23:515-31. [PMID: 23558516 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0486-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The publication of a large number of taxon names at all levels within the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota) has resulted in conflicting systematic schemes and generated considerable confusion among biologists working with these important plant symbionts. A group of biologists with more than a century of collective experience in the systematics of Glomeromycota examined all available molecular-phylogenetic evidence within the framework of phylogenetic hypotheses, incorporating morphological characters when they were congruent. This study is the outcome, wherein the classification of Glomeromycota is revised by rejecting some new names on the grounds that they are founded in error and by synonymizing others that, while validly published, are not evidence-based. The proposed "consensus" will provide a framework for additional original research aimed at clarifying the evolutionary history of this important group of symbiotic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Redecker
- Université de Bourgogne/INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21000, Dijon, France,
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Abstract
The taxonomy of fungal species, similar to that of many other microorganisms, suffers frequent revisions due to the discovery of new species and to the development and gathering of characterization data and morphological information. Morpho-taxonomy helps in the identification of many species. This work presents the macro, micro-morphological, and spectral mass analyses for phenotypic characterization of 13 species of Aspergillus section Nigri, showing that the characterization of spores (conidia) by scanning electron microscopy can be used as a tool to discriminate key morphological characteristics and separate closely related fungi. These results were corroborated by colony plates, stereomicroscopy, light microscopy, and spectral mass data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Filipa Simões
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Bärlocher F, Kebede YK, Gonçalves AL, Canhoto C. Incubation temperature and substrate quality modulate sporulation by aquatic hyphomycetes. Microb Ecol 2013; 66:30-39. [PMID: 23455433 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Frequency and amplitude of temperature oscillations can profoundly affect structure and function of ecosystems. Unless the rate of a biological process changes linearly within the range of these fluctuations, the cumulative effect of temperature differs from the effect measured at the average temperature (Jensen's inequality). Here, we measured numbers and types of spores released by aquatic hyphomycetes from oak and alder leaves that had been exposed in a Portuguese stream for between 7 and 94 days. Recovered leaves were incubated at four temperatures between 5 and 20 °C. Over this range, the sporulation response to temperature was decelerating, with an estimated optimum around 12.5 °C. Assuming a linear response, therefore, overestimates spore release from decaying leaves. The calculated discrepancy was more pronounced with recalcitrant oak leaves (greater toughness, phenolics concentration, lower N and P concentration than alder), and reached 26.6 % when temperature was assumed to oscillate between 1 and 9 °C, rather than remaining constant at 5 °C. The maximum fluctuation of water temperature over 48 h during the field experiment was approximately 3 °C, which would result in a discrepancy of up to 6 %. The composition of the fungal community (assessed by species identification of released spores) was significantly influenced by the state of decomposition, but not by leaf species or temperature. When quantifying the potential impact of global change on aquatic fungal communities, the average increase as well as fluctuations of the temperature have to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bärlocher
- Department of Biology, Mt. Allison University, Sackville, NB, E4L1G7, Canada.
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37
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de Novais CB, Sbrana C, Saggin Júnior OJ, Siqueira JO, Giovannetti M. Vegetative compatibility and anastomosis formation within and among individual germlings of tropical isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota). Mycorrhiza 2013; 23:325-331. [PMID: 23314797 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0478-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hyphal anastomoses which play a key role in the formation of interconnected mycorrhizal networks and in genetic exchange among compatible individuals have been studied in a limited number of species and isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), mainly in symbiotic mycelium. In this work, the occurrence and frequency of anastomosis between hyphae of the same and different germlings were assessed in tropical isolates belonging to Acaulospora, Claroideoglomus, Gigaspora, Glomus, Rhizophagus and Scutellospora. Germlings belonging to Acaulospora, Claroideoglomus, Glomus and Rhizophagus formed perfect hyphal fusions, with frequencies ranging from 9.29 ± 3.01 to 79.84 ± 4.39 % within the same germling and from 14.02 ± 7.36 to 91.41 ± 3.92 % between different germlings. Rare fusions, occurring within the same hypha, were detected in Gigaspora species, and no anastomoses were observed in Scutellospora species. The consistent detection of nuclei in perfect fusions suggests that nuclear migration is active both within and between germlings. Present data on anastomosis formation, nuclear migration and germling viability in tropical isolates of AMF widen our knowledge on the extensive and consistent occurrence of successful hyphal fusions in this group of beneficial symbionts. The ability to anastomose and establish protoplasm flow, fundamental for the maintenance of physiological and genetic continuity, may produce important fitness consequences for the obligately biotrophic AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cândido Barreto de Novais
- DCS-Laboratório de Microbiologia do Solo, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Caixa Postal 3037, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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38
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Zangaro W, Rostirola LV, de Souza PB, de Almeida Alves R, Lescano LEAM, Rondina ABL, Nogueira MA, Carrenho R. Root colonization and spore abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in distinct successional stages from an Atlantic rainforest biome in southern Brazil. Mycorrhiza 2013; 23:221-233. [PMID: 23053578 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-012-0464-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The influence of plant functional groups and moderate seasonality on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal status (root colonization and spore density) was investigated during 13 consecutive months in a chronosequence of succession in southern Brazil, consisting of grassland field, scrub vegetation, secondary forest and mature forest, in a region of transition from tropical to subtropical zones. AM root colonization and spore density decreased with advancing succession and were highest in early successional sites with grassland and scrub vegetation, intermediary in the secondary forest and lowest in the mature forest. They were little influenced by soil properties, but were sufficiently influenced by the fine root nutrient status and fine root traits among different functional plant groups. AM root colonization and spore density were higher during the favourable plant growth season (spring and summer) than during the less favourable plant growth season (autumn and winter). Spore density displayed significant seasonal variation at all sites, whilst root colonization displayed significant seasonal variation in grassland, scrub and secondary forest, but not in mature forest. The data suggest that (1) different plant functional groups display different relationships with AM fungi, influencing their abundance differentially; (2) plant species from early successional phases are more susceptible to AM root colonization and maintain higher AM sporulation than late successional species; (3) fine root traits and nutrient status influence these AM fungal attributes; and (4) higher AM spore production and root colonization is associated with the season of higher light incidence and temperature, abundant water in soil and higher plant metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Zangaro
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Chutrakul C, Khaokhajorn P, Auncharoen P, Boonruengprapa T, Mongkolporn O. The potential of a fluorescent-based approach for bioassay of antifungal agents against chili anthracnose disease in Thailand. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:259-65. [PMID: 23391904 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Severe chili anthracnose disease in Thailand is caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. capsici. To discover anti-anthracnose substances we developed an efficient dual-fluorescent labeling bioassay based on a microdilution approach. Indicator strains used in the assay were constructed by integrating synthetic green fluorescent protein (sGFP) and Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein (DsRedExp) genes into the genomes of C. gloeosporioides or C. capsici respectively. Survival of co-spore cultures in the presence of inhibitors was determined by the expression levels of these fluorescent proteins. This developed assay has high potential for utilization in the investigation of selective inhibition activity to either one of the pathogens as well as the broad-range inhibitory effect against both pathogens. The value of using the dual-fluorescent assay is rapid, reliable, and consistent identification of anti-anthracnose agents. Most of all, the assay enables the identification of specific inhibitors under the co-cultivation condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanikul Chutrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Phahon Yothin Read, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, Tahiland.
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Huang WL, Fan XJ, Yan ZY, Ma YT, Meng XL. [Diversity study of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of Coptis deltoidea]. Zhong Yao Cai 2012; 35:689-693. [PMID: 23213727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the resources and distribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in rhizosphere of Coptis deltoidea. METHODS The colonization situation of AMF of Coptis deltoidea were detected by acid fuchsin staining and then calculated the colonization rate. AMF fungal spores were obtained by Wet-screening method and then classified and identified by their morphological characteristics and histochemical staining method. RESULTS Coptis deltoidea and AMF could engender the mycorrhiza. Colonization rates were different in different producing areas and ranged from 23. 3% to 34.4%. Thirty species of AMF belonging in 6 genera were found, including 17 species of the Acaulospora, 7 of the Glomus, 2 of the Gigaspora, 1 of the Entrophospora, 1 of the Paraglomus and 2 of the Archaeospora were isolated from rhizosphere of Coptis deltoidea. Acaulospora and Glomus were the dominant genera and the AMF species of genuine producing regions in Hongya county was the most diversiform among the six areas. CONCLUSION Coptis deltoidea is a kind of nutrition type of mycorrhiza plant. The rich diversity of AMF of Coptis deltoidea in producing areas make the AMF is a biological resource of significant application prospects in enlarging yield and non-pollution production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-li Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of TCM, Key Lab of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610075, China.
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41
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Vasil'eva AA, Chekunova LN, Bilanenko EN, Kachalkin AV, Poliakova AV. [Characteristics of Monascus floridanus p. f. cannon & e. l. barnard isolated from aviation fuel]. Mikrobiologiia 2012; 81:266-272. [PMID: 22693836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Türk S, Doğruman Al F, Karaman U, Kuştimur S. [Investigation of Microsporidia prevalence by different staining methods in cases of diarrhea]. MIKROBIYOL BUL 2012; 46:85-92. [PMID: 22399175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidia, depending on their different species, generally lead to self-limited, sporadic and mild infections such as diarrhea, corneal ulcer and myositis. They are considered as opportunistic pathogens in HIV-positive patients however in recent years Microsporidia have been detected also in immunocompetent individuals as a cause of diarrhea. Diagnosis of Microsporidia depends on the detection of spores or different developmental stages of protozoon in stool, urine, sinus aspirates, nasal discharge, bronchoalveolar lavage or tissue biopsies. Diagnosis of Microsporidia infections is usually achieved by the use of different staining methods, serological tests, polymerase chain reaction, and electron microscopic methods. The aims of this study were to detect the incidence of microsporidia in patients with diarrhea by using three different staining methods and to compare the performance of these methods. A total of 225 stool samples from diarrheal patients (84 were children, 141 were adults; 103 were female, 122 were male) admitted to Gazi University Medical Faculty Hospital between March-June 2009, have been evaluated in the laboratory of Medical Microbiology Department. Stool samples were examined in terms of the presence of Microsporidia spores by Weber's modified trichrom staining (MTS), calcofluor (CF) and acridine orange (AO) staining methods. Microsporidia positivity rate was 9.8% (22/225) in the diarrheal patients, the rate being 9.5% (8/84) in children and 9.9% (14/141) in adults. There was no statistically significant difference between age and gender groups (p> 0.05) regarding Microsporidia detection. When MTS was considered as the reference method, sensitivity, specifity and consistency of AO staining were estimated as 100%, 91.6% and 92%, respectively, while those rates for CF staining were 95.4%, 99.5% and 99%, respectively. There was very strong and significant correlation (r= 0.950, p< 0.001) between CF staining and MTS, while there was strong and significant (r= 0.719, p< 0.001) correlation between AO staining and MTS. Although AO staining is rapid and convenient, the positive predictive value was measured very low (56.4%) and the interpretation of stained slides was very difficult since background of the slides was stained orange and there were a lot of dye artefacts. In conclusion, screening Microsporidia in all diarrheal stool samples is of diagnostic value. To increase sensitivity and reliability in the detection of Microsporidia spores in diarrheal samples, initial application of calcofluor staining should be followed by the confirmatory MTS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songül Türk
- Gazi University Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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Jiao H, Chen Y, Lin X, Liu R. Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in greenhouse soils continuously planted to watermelon in North China. Mycorrhiza 2011; 21:681-688. [PMID: 21455754 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In North China, watermelon is grown in commercial greenhouses in a continuous monoculture and with high application rates of manure or compost. The aim of this study was to determine how the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in these soils changed over long periods (0 to 20 years) of monoculture. AMF in control soils (from fields not replanted with watermelon and located near the greenhouses) and in greenhouses (in Daxing, Beijing, and Weifang, Shandong) that had been continuously replanted with watermelon for 5, 10, 15, or 20 years (three greenhouses per year per location) were identified and quantified based on spore morphology and on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The total number of AMF species and genera were 13 and 3 in soils replanted for 5-20 years and 19 and 4 in control soils. AMF species richness (SR), the Shannon-Wiener index (H), and spore density declined as the number of years in which watermelon was replanted increased. The available phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen in the soil increased as the number of years in which watermelon was replanted increased. Values for SR and H were higher when based on DGGE than on spore morphology. The results suggest that current greenhouse practices in North China reduce the AMF diversity in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiao
- Institute of Mycorrhizal Biotechnology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yinglong Chen
- School of Earth and Environment (M087), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Xiangui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Runjin Liu
- Institute of Mycorrhizal Biotechnology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Krüger M, Walker C, Schüßler A. Acaulospora brasiliensis comb. nov. and Acaulospora alpina (Glomeromycota) from upland Scotland: morphology, molecular phylogeny and DNA-based detection in roots. Mycorrhiza 2011; 21:577-587. [PMID: 21336507 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Spores of two supposedly arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species, new to the United Kingdom and recently described as Acaulospora alpina and Ambispora brasiliensis (Glomeromycota), were discovered in soil samples from moorland in upland Scotland. Soil and plant trap pot cultures were established, but attempts to establish these fungi in single-species pot cultures with Plantago lanceolata as host were unsuccessful. Nevertheless, based on a 1.5-kb DNA fragment spanning part of the small subunit rRNA gene, the internal transcribed spacer region and part of the large subunit rRNA gene, both these species could be detected directly in field-sampled roots, together with one uncultured species each of Scutellospora, Rhizophagus (former Glomus group Ab, or 'Glomus intraradices clade') and Acaulospora. Whereas A. alpina has characteristic morphological similarities to other species in its genus, A. brasiliensis morphologically has little in common with any other species in Ambispora. The molecular phylogeny, DNA barcoding and morphological evidence clearly place A. brasiliensis in the genus Acaulospora. We therefore rename the species, reported from Brazil and Scotland, as Acaulospora brasiliensis comb. nov., and discuss ecological aspects of the very different environments from which A. brasiliensis and A. alpina have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Krüger
- Department of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 4, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christopher Walker
- Honorary Research Associate, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
- Honorary Research Fellow, School of Earth Sciences and Environment, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Arthur Schüßler
- Department of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 4, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Stürmer SL, Siqueira JO. Species richness and spore abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi across distinct land uses in western Brazilian Amazon. Mycorrhiza 2011; 21:255-267. [PMID: 20645112 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-010-0330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were surveyed for species richness and abundance in sporulation in six distinct land uses in the western Amazon region of Brazil. Areas included mature pristine forest and sites converted to pasture, crops, agroforestry, young and old secondary forest. A total of 61 AMF morphotypes were recovered and 30% of them could not be identified to known species. Fungal communities were dominated by Glomus species but Acaulospora species produced the most abundant sporulation. Acaulospora gedanensis cf., Acaulospora foveata, Acaulospora spinosa, Acaulospora tuberculata, Glomus corymbiforme, Glomus sp15, Scutellospora pellucida, and Archaeospora trappei sporulated in all land use areas. Total spore numbers were highly variable among land uses. Mean species richness in crop, agroforestry, young and old secondary forest sites was twice that in pristine forest and pasture. fungal communities were dominated in all land use areas except young secondary forest by two or three species which accounted for 48% to 63% of all sporulation. Land uses influenced AMF community in (1) frequency of occurrence of sporulating AMF species, (2) mean species diversity, and (3) relative spore abundance. Conversion of pristine forest into distinct land uses does not appear to reduce AMF diversity. Cultural practices adopted in this region maintain a high diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Luiz Stürmer
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais (DCN), Universidade Regional de Blumenau, SC, Brazil.
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Hsu NY, Chen PY, Chang HW, Su HJ. Changes in profiles of airborne fungi in flooded homes in southern Taiwan after Typhoon Morakot. Sci Total Environ 2011; 409:1677-1682. [PMID: 21334729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In August 2009, the historic Typhoon Morakot brought extreme rainfall and resulted in flooding which spread throughout southern Taiwan. This study compared the difference between fungal concentrations before and after the disaster in selected homes of the Tainan metropolitan area, which were hit hardest by the catastrophe. A group of 83 households available from a prior cohort established with random sampling out of a regional population in southern Taiwan was contacted successfully by telephone. Twenty-five of these reported to have suffered from floods of various degrees at this time. Around 2 weeks after the event, at which time most of the remedial process had been completed by self-efforts and public health endeavours, 14 of these 25 (56%) agreed to participate in measurements of the airborne microbial concentrations. The averages (standard deviation) of the total culturable fungal concentrations in children's bedrooms and flooded rooms were 18,181 (25,854) colony-forming units per cubic metre (CFU/m(3)) and 13,440 (11,033) CFU/m(3), respectively. The airborne fungal spore levels in the 2 above-mentioned indoor sites were 221,536 (169,640) spores/m(3) and 201,582 (137,091) spores/m(3), respectively. The average indoor/outdoor ratios in the children's bedrooms were 4.2 for culturable fungi and 1.4 for fungal spores. These values were higher than the respective values measured in the same homes during the previous year: 1.1 and 0.6. In terms of the specific fungal profile, the percentages of Aspergillus spp. increased significantly in both the indoor and outdoor environments after the event. To this date, this study is among the limited research that has been conducted to quantitatively demonstrate that fungal manifestation is likely to persist in flooded homes even after seemingly robust remedial measures have been put into place. Studies to examine the potential health implications and effectiveness of better remedial technology remain much needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Yun Hsu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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47
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Docampo S, Trigo MM, Recio M, Melgar M, García-Sánchez J, Cabezudo B. Fungal spore content of the atmosphere of the Cave of Nerja (southern Spain): diversity and origin. Sci Total Environ 2011; 409:835-843. [PMID: 21138779 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fungal spores are of great interest in aerobiology and allergy due to their high incidence in both outdoor and indoor environments and their widely recognized ability to cause respiratory diseases and other pathologies. In this work, we study the spore content of the atmosphere of the Cave of Nerja, a karstic cavity and an important tourist attraction situated on the eastern coast of Malaga (southern Spain), which receives more than half a million visitors every year. This study was carried out over an uninterrupted period of 4 years (2002-2005) with the aid of two Hirst-type volumetric pollen traps (Lanzoni VPPS 2000) situated in different halls of the cave. In the atmosphere of the Cave of Nerja, 72 different spore types were detected during the studied period and daily mean concentrations of up to 282,195 spores/m(3) were reached. Thirty-five of the spore types detected are included within Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (19 and 16 types, respectively). Of the remaining spore types, 32 were categorized within the group of so-called imperfect fungi, while Oomycota and Myxomycota were represented by 2 and 3 spore types, respectively. Aspergillus/Penicillium was the most abundant spore type with a yearly mean percentage that represented 50% of the total, followed by Cladosporium. Finally, the origin of the fungal spores found inside the cave is discussed on the basis of the indoor/outdoor concentrations and the seasonal behaviour observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Docampo
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
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48
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Gonçalves FLT, Bauer H, Cardoso MRA, Pukinskas S, Matos D, Melhem M, Puxbaum H. Indoor and outdoor atmospheric fungal spores in the São Paulo metropolitan area (Brazil): species and numeric concentrations. Int J Biometeorol 2010; 54:347-355. [PMID: 20033736 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-009-0284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the indoor and outdoor concentrations of fungal spores in the Metropolitan Area of Sao Paulo (MASP), collected at different sites in winter/spring and summer seasons. The techniques adopted included cultivation (samples collected with impactors) and microscopic enumeration (samples collected with impingers). The overall results showed total concentrations of fungal spores as high as 36,000 per cubic meter, with a large proportion of non culturable spores (around 91% of the total). Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. were the dominant species both indoors and outdoors, in all seasons tested, occurring in more than 30% of homes at very high concentrations of culturable airborne fungi [colony forming units(CFU) m(-3)]. There was no significant difference between indoor and outdoor concentrations. The total fungal spore concentration found in winter was 19% higher than that in summer. Heat and humidity were the main factors affecting fungal growth; however, a non-linear response to these factors was found. Thus, temperatures below 16 degrees C and above 25 degrees C caused a reduction in the concentration (CFU m(-3)) of airborne fungi, which fits with MASP climatalogy. The same pattern was observed for humidity, although not as clearly as with temperature given the usual high relative humidity (above 70%) in the study area. These results are relevant for public health interventions that aim to reduce respiratory morbidity among susceptible populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Luiz Teixeira Gonçalves
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226. Cidade Universitária, 055080-090, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Jensen M, Nerat N, Ale-Agha N. New remarkable records of microfungi from Sardinia (Italy). Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2010; 75:675-697. [PMID: 21534478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In June 2009 we organized a botanical student excursion to the eastern part of Sardinia, Italy. On this occasion we were able to collect and identify over 80 species of microfungi growing on higher plants. The collecting sites were spread over a large area, among them were La Caletta, Capo Comino, Monte Albo, Cala Gonone, Monte Maccione, San Teodoro, Capo Testa. The collected microfungi were parasitic or saprophytic; Basidiomycotina (Uredinales), Ascomycotina and Deuteromycotina (Hyphomycetes, Coelomycetes) were predominant. Examples are Pezicula corticola (Jörg.) NANNF. (new for Sardinia), on Pyrus communis. Puccinia chamaecyparissi TROTT. (new for Sardinia), on Santolina insularis. Sphaceloma oleae CICC. and GRANITI (new for Sardinia) and Phlyctema vagabunda DESM. (new for Sardinia), on Olea europaea and Arbutus unedo. Puccinia pseudosphaeria MONT. (new for Sardinia), on Sonchus oleraceus. Discula umbrinella (BERK. and BR.) SUTTON (new for Sardinia)(D. quercina WEST. and BARK), on Quercus coccifera. Zaghouania phillyreae PAT. (new for Sardinia), on Phillyrea angustifolia. Phymatotrichum omnivorum (DUGGAR) HENNEBERT, new on Verbascum thapsus for Sardinia. Guignardia punctoidea (COOKE) SCHROTER (new for Sardinia), on Quercus ilex. Many of the collected species are rare or unknown for the area of investigation until now. All specimens are located in the Herbarium ESS, Mycotheca Parva collection G.B. Feige and N. Ale-Agha.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jensen
- Department of General Botany, University Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstr. 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
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Ceter T, Pinar NM. [Atmospheric concentration of fungus spores in Ankara and the effect of meteorological factors in 2003 period]. MIKROBIYOL BUL 2009; 43:627-638. [PMID: 20084916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric concentrations of airborne fungus spores change continuously according to the meteorological factors, and their intensity have important allergic effects on atopic subjects and opportunistic pathogenic effects on immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to identify the fungal spores found in Ankara atmosphere during 2003 period and to investigate the changes in spore concentrations in relation to meteorological factors. Fungal spores were sampled by using 7-day Burkard volumetric trap between January to December 2003, and probable identification was performed microscopically based on their morphological structures. A total of 433.079 spores/m3 belonging to 35 taxa were observed during the study. The rates of these taxa were as follows; 75.5% Cladosporium, 6.1% Alternaria, 2.2% Leptosphaeria, 2.2% Ustilago, 2.1% 1-septate ascospores, 2% Exosporium, 1.6% Pleospora, and 1.3% Drechslera. The other taxa with concentrations < 1% have consisted a total of 7.1% of all atmospheric spores (Puccinia, Curvularia, Coprinus, Nigrospora, Periconia, Melanomma, Torula, Ascobolus, Agrocybe, Pithomyces, Stemphyllium, Ganoderma, Boletus, Peronospora, Venturia, Paraphaeosphaeria, Epicoccum, Didymella, Chaetomium and Fusarium rates between 0.7-0.1%; Oidium, Xylaria, Botrytis, Melanospora, Dictyosporium, Sporormiella and Tetracoccosporium rates between 0.09-0.01%). Although fungal spores were detected in all months in Ankara atmosphere, the evaluation of the seasonal distribution of spore concentrations revealed that the highest value was detected in July (100.697 spores/m3), while the lowest value was in January (4268 spores/m3). When the effects of meteorological factors on spore concentrations were investigated, it was found that, monthly mean temperature (> 20 degrees C) has a strong positive correlation (p < 0.01), and monthly mean relative humidity (< %50) and precipitation (0-20 mm) have strong negative correlations (p < 0.01) on the spore concentrations, while wind velocity (3 m/s) has a slightly positive effect. An annual spore calendar which indicated weekly concentrations and allergenicity levels of those identified fungal spores, was also prepared in this study. In conclusion, it is expected that these data would be helpful for the researchers in the area of aeropalinology and for the clinicians to evaluate allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talip Ceter
- Kastamonu Universitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Kastamonu.
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