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Massolo A, Simoncini A, Romig T. The ‘bridge effect’ by intermediate hosts may explain differential distributions of Echinococcus species. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:501-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Joekel DE, Nur S, Monné Rodriguez J, Kronenberg PA, Kipar A, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Deplazes P. Agranulocytosis leads to intestinal Echinococcus multilocularis oncosphere invasion and hepatic metacestode development in naturally resistant Wistar rats. Parasitology 2021; 148:53-62. [PMID: 33087186 PMCID: PMC11010136 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020002012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to Echinococcus multilocularis infection considerably varies among intermediate (mostly rodents) and dead-end host species (e.g. humans and pig), in particular regarding intestinal oncosphere invasion and subsequent hepatic metacestode development. Wistar rats are highly resistant to infection and subsequent diseases upon oral inoculation with E. multilocularis eggs, however, after immunosuppressive treatment with dexamethasone, rats become susceptible. To address the role of the cellular innate immunity, Wistar rats were individually or combined depleted of natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages (MΦ) and granulocytes (polymorphonuclear cells, PMN) prior to E. multilocularis egg inoculation. Although NK cell and MΦ depletion did not alter the resistance status of rats, the majority of PMN-depleted animals developed liver metacestodes within 10 weeks, indicating that PMN are key players in preventing oncosphere migration and/or development in Wistar rats. In vitro studies indicated that resistance is not caused by neutrophil reactive oxygen species or NETosis. Also, light microscopical examinations of the small intestine showed that oral inoculation of E. multilocularis eggs does not elicit a mucosal neutrophil response, suggesting that the interaction of oncospheres and neutrophils may occur after the former have entered the peripheral blood. We suggest to consider granulocytes as mediators of resistance in more resistant species, such as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah E. Joekel
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Selim Nur
- Section of Immunology, Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Josep Monné Rodriguez
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp A. Kronenberg
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Echinococcus multilocularis: A review. Res Vet Sci 2020; 135:517-522. [PMID: 33246571 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus spp. have a global distribution and are found on every continent except Antarctica. Infections with these parasites are considered extremely serious, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality in addition to substantial economic losses to the livestock industry. Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) and Echinococcus multilocularis, causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) respectively, are the two main species of interest from a human and veterinary perspective. This review collates the current state-of-the-art understanding of these two parasites within four key areas of relevance to human and veterinary professionals: transmission and epidemiology, clinical signs and pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment and prevention. This review should serve as a broad introduction to the most important Echinococcus spp. The reader is advised to seek out specific literature on individual diseases and their causative parasites for a deeper understanding.
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Maksimov P, Isaksson M, Schares G, Romig T, Conraths FJ. Validation of PCR-based protocols for the detection of Echinococcus multilocularis DNA in the final host using the Intestinal Scraping Technique as a reference. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2019; 15:e00044. [PMID: 32095616 PMCID: PMC7034050 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral uptake of infectious Echinococcus multilocularis eggs shed by canids with their faeces may lead to development of alveolar echinococcosis in humans, which is clinically similar to a malignant infiltrative tumor and may be fatal if left untreated. E. multilocularis is therefore regarded as one of the most important and neglected metazoan parasites in the Northern hemisphere. The diagnosis of this tapeworm in the final host plays a key role in the epidemiology of E. multilocularis. The diagnostic performance of a magnetic-capture (MC) DNA extraction protocol in combination with a minor groove-binder real time PCR (MC-MGBqPCR) for the detection of E. multilocularis eggs was determined relative to a highly sensitive variant of the Intestinal Scraping Technique (IST) using faecal samples of foxes. In addition, we compared results obtained by MC-MGBqPCR with those of a previously validated protocol (QIAamp Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit (QT) combined with a TaqMan qPCR). Furthermore, a workflow using the NucleoMagVet DNA extraction kit (NM) in combination with MGBqPCR and TaqMan-qPCR was also included in the comparisons. To estimate the analytical sensitivity, phosphate-buffered saline and fox faecal samples were spiked with different numbers of eggs and tested in defined combinations of DNA extraction and PCR protocols. To assess the diagnostic sensitivity of the different workflows, samples were used that had been collected from the ampulla recti or the rectum of 120 foxes hunted in Brandenburg, Germany. The samples represented five IST categories formed according to the E. multilocularis worm burden of the foxes. For DNA extraction by MC or using two other commercial extraction kits, the supernatants obtained from 3 g of bead-beaten faecal samples were used. The extracted DNAs were then processed in the respective PCR protocols. The MC-MGBqPCR showed the highest diagnostic sensitivity (93%; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 86–97%) relative to IST. The QT extraction protocol in combination with TaqMan-qPCR had the second highest sensitivity (89%; 95% CI: 80–94%), followed by NM with MGBqPCR (86%; 95% CI: 77–93%) in comparison to IST. The lowest diagnostic sensitivity was found for the NM combined with the TaqMan-qPCR protocol (72%; 95% CI: 62–82%). In conclusion, the MC-MGBqPCR seems to represent a suitable alternative to IST. However, applied to 3 g faecal samples, the less costly QT-TaqMan-qPCR workflow yielded a similar diagnostic sensitivity relative to IST. However, differences between these two workflows were not statistically significant. PCR based protocols can be used for the detection of E. multilocularis in faeces of final hosts after careful validation A DNA capture method seems to represent a suitable alternative to the Intestinal Scraping Technique The QT-TaqMan-qPCR workflow yielded also a similar diagnostic sensitivity relative to the Intestinal Scraping Technique None of the DNA extraction kits was able to remove faecal PCR inhibitors completely
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maksimov
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - M Isaksson
- Department of Virology Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Schares
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - T Romig
- FG Parasitologie 220B, Universität Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - F J Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Malkamäki S, Näreaho A, Oksanen A, Sukura A. Berries as a potential transmission vehicle for taeniid eggs. Parasitol Int 2019; 70:58-63. [PMID: 30711641 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Potential role of wild forest berries as a transmission vehicle for taeniid eggs was examined using non-zoonotic Taenia laticollis eggs as a model. The berries studied were bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus) (1 m2 plot, n = 10) and lingonberries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) (1 m2 plot, n = 11). The plots in the managed forest were evenly sprayed with 30,000 or 60,000 T. laticollis eggs suspended in water, and berries were collected 24 h after spraying. The berries were rinsed with water, and the water was sieved through a 1-mm and a 63-μm sieve to remove coarse material and through a 20-μm sieve to collect possible eggs. A small proportion of the sieved material was examined by microscopy after treatment with fluorescent Calcofluor White stain, which binds to eggshell chitin. In the recovery tests in artificially spiked samples, the detection limit was 5 eggs in 100 g of commercial frozen bilberries and lingonberries. Taeniid eggs were detected in all of the 10 experimentally contaminated bilberry samples and in 10 of 11 lingonberry samples. The sieved debris was also analyzed for T. laticollis DNA using semi-quantitative PCR. All samples were positive in quantitative SYBR Green real-time PCR using a T. laticollis-specific primer pair amplifying a short fragment of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene. This indicates that forest berries contaminated in shrubs contained T. laticollis eggs, and that berries can serve as a vehicle for taeniid eggs and may pose a possible risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Malkamäki
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki (FINPAR), Finland.
| | - Anu Näreaho
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki (FINPAR), Finland
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira (FINPAR), Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti Sukura
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki (FINPAR), Finland
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Petersen HH, Al-Sabi MNS, Enemark HL, Kapel CMO, Jørgensen JA, Chriél M. Echinococcus multilocularis in Denmark 2012-2015: high local prevalence in red foxes. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2577-2584. [PMID: 29858941 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5947-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In Western Europe, the Echinococcus multilocularis lifecycle is predominantly sylvatic, typically involving red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) as the main definitive hosts with Microtus spp. and Arvicola spp. as intermediate hosts. During a 4-year surveillance study (2012-2015), Danish red foxes and raccoon dogs (n = 1345) were examined for E. multilocularis. Moreover, 134 insectivores and rodents collected in South Jutland during spring and summer 2016 were examined for the presence of metacestodes. The sedimentation and counting technique and molecular typing were used to identify E. multilocularis infections in the carnivores, while the rodent livers were examined macro- and microscopically for parasite lesions. Following morphological identification of E. multilocularis adult worms, the identity was verified by sequence analysis of the 12S rRNA gene in most cases (n = 13). Echinococcus multilocularis infection was demonstrated in 19 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) originating from only two specific areas of South Jutland, namely Højer and Grindsted, and in two raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), originating from Højer. In Højer, 28.5% (CI 95% 11.7-45.3) of the examined red foxes were E. multilocularis positive per year. Moreover, positive red foxes were identified each year from 2012 to 2015, while E. multilocularis positive red foxes were only identified in Grindsted in 2013 (4.0%) and 2014 (6.4%). In contrast, all collected rodents were negative for E. multilocularis. We conclude that E. multilocularis is locally endemic in South Jutland with a high local prevalence in Højer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Petersen
- Section for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - M N S Al-Sabi
- Section for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Queen Alia Airport St. 594, P.O. Box 130, 11733, Amman, Jordan
| | - H L Enemark
- Section for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - C M O Kapel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Section for Organismal Biology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - J A Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Section for Organismal Biology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - M Chriél
- Section for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Imholt C, Abdulla T, Stevens A, Edwards P, Jacob J, Woods D, Rogers E, Aarons L, Segelcke D. Establishment and validation of microsampling techniques in wild rodents for ecotoxicological research. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1244-1250. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Imholt
- Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants; Julius Kühn-Institute; Toppheideweg 88 48161 Münster Germany
| | - Tariq Abdulla
- Manchester Pharmacy School; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Alexander Stevens
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre; Bracknell UK
| | - Peter Edwards
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre; Bracknell UK
| | - Jens Jacob
- Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants; Julius Kühn-Institute; Toppheideweg 88 48161 Münster Germany
| | | | | | - Leon Aarons
- Manchester Pharmacy School; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Daniel Segelcke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine; University Hospital Muenster; Germany
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Cai QG, Han XM, Yang YH, Zhang XY, Ma LQ, Karanis P, Hu YH. Lasiopodomys fuscus as an important intermediate host for Echinococcus multilocularis: isolation and phylogenetic identification of the parasite. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:27. [PMID: 29602313 PMCID: PMC5878421 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and is widely prevalent in Qinghai Province, China, where a number of different species have been identified as hosts. However, limited information is available on the Qinghai vole (Lasiopodomys fuscus), which is hyper endemic to Qinghai Province and may represent a potential intermediate host of E. multilocularis. Thus, L. fuscus could contribute to the endemicity of AE in the area. METHODS Fifty Qinghai voles were captured from Jigzhi County in Qinghai Province for the clinical identification of E. multilocularis infection via anatomical examination. Hydatid fluid was collected from vesicles of the livers in suspected voles and subjected to a microscopic examination and PCR assay based on the barcoding gene of cox 1. PCR-amplified segments were sequenced for a phylogenetic analysis. E. multilocularis-infected Qinghai voles were morphologically identified and subjected to a phylogenetic analysis to confirm their identities. RESULTS Seventeen of the 50 Qinghai voles had E. multilocularis-infection-like vesicles in their livers. Eleven out of the 17 Qinghai voles presented E. multilocularis infection, which was detected by PCR and sequencing. The phylogenetic analysis showed that all 11 positive samples belonged to the E. multilocularis Asian genotype. A morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis of the E. multilocularis-infected Qinghai voles confirmed that all captured animals were L. fuscus. CONCLUSIONS L. fuscus can be infected with E. multilocularis and plays a potential role in the life cycle and epidemiology of E. multilocularis in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Gang Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.,State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Xiu-Min Han
- Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, 810007, Qinghai, China
| | - Yong-Hai Yang
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai, China
| | - Xue-Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Li-Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Yong-Hao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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Otero-Abad B, Armua-Fernandez MT, Deplazes P, Torgerson PR, Hartnack S. Latent class models for Echinococcus multilocularis diagnosis in foxes in Switzerland in the absence of a gold standard. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:612. [PMID: 29258612 PMCID: PMC5737983 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2562-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Europe the principal definitive host for Echinococcus multilocularis, causing alveolar echinococcosis in humans, is the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Obtaining reliable estimates of the prevalence of E. multilocularis and relevant risk factors for infection in foxes can be difficult if diagnostic tests with unknown test accuracies are used. Latent-class analysis can be used to obtain estimates of diagnostic test sensitivities and specificities in the absence of a perfect gold standard. Samples from 300 foxes in Switzerland were assessed by four different diagnostic tests including necropsy followed by sedimentation and counting technique (SCT), an egg-PCR, a monoclonal and a polyclonal copro-antigen ELISA. Information on sex, age and presence of other cestode species was assessed as potential covariates in the Bayesian latent class models. Different Bayesian latent-class models were run, considering dichotomized test results and, additionally, continuous readings resulting in empirical ROC curves. Results The model without covariates estimated a true parasite prevalence of 59.5% (95% CI: 43.1–66.4%). SCT, assuming a specificity of 100%, performed best among the four tests with a sensitivity of 88.5% (95% CI: 82.7–93.4%). The egg-PCR showed a specificity of 93.4% (95% CI: 87.3–99.1%), although its sensitivity of 54.8% was found moderately low (95% CI: 48.5–61.0%). Relatively higher sensitivity (63.2%, 95% CI: 55.3–70.8%) and specificity (70.0%, 95% CI: 60.1–79.4%) were estimated for the monoclonal ELISA compared to the polyclonal ELISA with a sensitivity and specificity of 56.0% (95% CI: 48.0–63.9%) and 65.9% (95% CI: 55.8–75.6%), respectively. In the Bayesian models, adult foxes were found to be less likely infected than juveniles. Foxes with a concomitant cestode infection had double the odds of an E. multilocularis infection. ROC curves following a Bayesian approach enabled the empirical determination of the best cut-off point. While varying the cut-offs of both ELISAs, sensitivity and specificity of the egg-PCR and SCT remained constant in the Bayesian latent class models. Conclusions Adoption of a Bayesian latent class approach helps to overcome the absence of a perfectly accurate diagnostic test and gives a more reliable indication of the test performance and the impact of covariates on the prevalence adjusted for diagnostic uncertainty. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2562-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Otero-Abad
- Section of Veterinary Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Teresa Armua-Fernandez
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Laboratorio de Vectores y Enfermedades transmitidas, Facultad de Veterinaria, CENUR Litoral Norte - Salto- Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul R Torgerson
- Section of Veterinary Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Veterinary Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Beerli O, Guerra D, Baltrunaite L, Deplazes P, Hegglin D. Microtus arvalis and Arvicola scherman: Key Players in the Echinococcus multilocularis Life Cycle. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:216. [PMID: 29326950 PMCID: PMC5733337 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A broad range of rodent species are described as potential intermediate hosts for Echinococcus multilocularis, a wide-spread zoonotic cestode causing alveolar echinococcosis. However, little is known about the relative contribution of these species for parasite reproduction and the maintenance of its life cycle. In a comparative study in a high endemic region in Zurich, Switzerland, we investigated prevalence rates and fertility of E. multilocularis in the most abundant vole species as well as the predation rate of foxes on these species. To ensure that the fox families had access to different vole species and that these voles were exposed to the same environmental contamination with parasite eggs, we selected eight study plots where at least two rodent species co-occurred. The parasite prevalence in Microtus arvalis [11.0%, confidence intervals (CI) 8.9–13.4] was significantly higher than in Arvicola scherman (5.3%, 3.9–7.1) and Myodes glareolus (3.9%, 2.0–6.7). None of the, only 29 individuals of, Microtus agrestis was infected (0%, 0.0–9.8) and the species was excluded for further analyses. Logistic regression models for the prevalences revealed significant differences between nearby study plots and higher infection rates for females, heavier individuals, and individuals trapped during spring, when the prevalence in M. arvalis peaked up to 65% (CI 50–79) in one plot. Furthermore, we detected significantly higher percentages of fertile infections in M. arvalis and M. glareolus than in A. scherman (OR 11.2 and 6.4, respectively) and a significantly higher protoscolex number in M. glareolus (median 100,000) than in M. arvalis (13,500) and A. scherman (4,290). The most abundant fox prey remains were of the genera Microtus (12.3%, CI 8.4–17.2) and Arvicola (11.5%, 7.7–16.3), whereas Myodes was never recorded as prey (0.0–1.3%). We conclude that M. arvalis and to a lesser extent A. scherman can be regarded as key intermediate hosts in Western and Central European high-endemic regions whereas M. glareolus and M. agrestis play a marginal role. We, therefore, postulate that distribution models of these species could contribute to predict parasite occurrence on a more detailed spatial scale than models of the distribution of foxes which have a very broad and uniform distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Beerli
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diogo Guerra
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laima Baltrunaite
- Laboratory of Mammalian Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hegglin
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Erickson RL, Browne CA, Lucki I. Hair corticosterone measurement in mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Physiol Behav 2017; 178:166-171. [PMID: 28089708 PMCID: PMC5507747 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In diabetes, glucocorticoid secretion increases secondary to hyperglycemia and is associated with an extensive list of disease complications. Levels of cortisol in humans, or corticosterone in rodents, are usually measured as transitory biomarkers of stress in blood or saliva. Glucocorticoid concentrations accumulate in human or animal hair over weeks and could more accurately measure the cumulative stress burden of diseases like chronic diabetes. In this study, corticosterone levels were measured in hair in verified rodent models of diabetes mellitus. To induce type 1 diabetes, C57BL/6J mice were injected with streptozotocin and blood and hair samples were collected 28days following induction. Leptin receptor deficient (db/db) mice were used as a spontaneous model of type 2 diabetes and blood and hair samples were collected at 8weeks of age, after the development of hyperglycemia and obesity. Corticosterone levels from serum, new growth hair and total growth hair were analyzed using an enzyme immunoassay. Corticosterone levels in new growth hair and serum were significantly elevated in both models of diabetes compared to controls. In contrast, corticosterone levels in old hair growth did not differ significantly between diabetic and non-diabetic animals. Thus, hair removal and sampling of new hair growth was a more sensitive procedure for detecting changes in hair corticosterone levels induced by periods of hyperglycemia lasting for 4weeks in mice. These results validate the use of hair to measure long-term changes in corticosterone induced by diabetes in rodent models. Further studies are now needed to validate the utility of hair cortisol as a tool for measuring the stress burden of individuals with diabetes and for following the effects of long-term medical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Erickson
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Caroline A Browne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Irwin Lucki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Transmission ecology of taeniid larval cestodes in rodents in Sweden, a low endemic area for Echinococcus multilocularis. Parasitology 2017; 144:1041-1051. [PMID: 28274289 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although local prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis may be high, this zoonotic parasite has an overall low prevalence in foxes and rodents in Sweden. To better understand opportunities for E. multilocularis transmission in the Swedish environment, the aim of this study was to investigate other taeniid cestodes and to relate observed patterns to E. multilocularis. Cestode parasites were examined in fox feces and rodents caught in different habitats from four regions of Sweden. Arvicola amphibius and Microtus agrestis were parasitized with Versteria mustelae, Hydatigera taeniaeformis s. l., and E. multilocularis, whereas Myodes glareolus and Apodemus spp. were parasitized with V. mustelae, Taenia polyacantha, H. taeniaeformis s.l., and Mesocestoides spp. Rodents caught in field habitat (Ar. amphibius, Mi. agrestis) were more likely (OR 10, 95% CI 5-19) to be parasitized than rodents caught in forest habitat (My. glareolus, Apodemus spp.). The parasite preference for each rodent species was present regardless of the type of background contamination from fox feces. These results further support the importance of both ecological barriers and individual species susceptibility in parasite transmission, and indicate that future monitoring for E. multilocularis in the Swedish environment should focus in field habitats where Mi. agrestis and Ar. amphibius are abundant.
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Maksimov P, Schares G, Press S, Fröhlich A, Basso W, Herzig M, Conraths FJ. Comparison of different commercial DNA extraction kits and PCR protocols for the detection of Echinococcus multilocularis eggs in faecal samples from foxes. Vet Parasitol 2017; 237:83-93. [PMID: 28268038 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Effective and sensitive methods for the molecular detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in faecal samples of final hosts are crucial for the prevention and control of human alveolar echinococcosis and for studies on the epidemiology of the parasite. Little is known about the suitability of commercial test kits for isolating DNA of E. multilocularis from fox faeces and the performance of standard Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) protocols in relation to the quality of DNA extracted by these kits. We compared four different kits: ZR Faecal DNA MiniPrep™ (Zymo Research), FastDNA® SPIN Kit for Soil (MP Biomedicals), QIAamp® Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit (QIAGEN) and NucleoSpin® Soil Kit (Macherey-Nagel) for the extraction of DNA from E. multilocularis eggs present in faeces of foxes. Negative faecal samples were spiked with 600, 300, 150, 75, 37, 18, 9, 5 or 2 E. multilocularis eggs, and each egg concentration was tested 10 times with each of the DNA extraction kits. Each extracted DNA sample was amplified using three PCR protocols: i. conventional PCR (cPCR, Platinum®Taq, Invitrogen), ii. qPCR with the iQ™ Supermix (Bio-Rad) and iii. qPCR with the QuantiTect® Multiplex-Master Mix (QIAGEN). The highest analytical sensitivities for molecular detection of E. multilocularis eggs in spiked fox faeces were observed when combining either the QIAamp® Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit or the ZR Faecal DNA MiniPrep™ kit with the qPCR using the QuantiTect® Multiplex-Master Mix (Sensitivities 97% and 94%, respectively). Combinations including the remaining test kits (NucleoSpin® Soil Kit and FastDNA® SPIN Kit for Soil) showed a markedly lower analytical sensitivity for PCR examinations. The results of the present study indicate that it is of utmost importance to select suitable DNA extraction kits in combination with robust PCR methods or reagents to achieve acceptable analytical sensitivity in the molecular detection of E. multilocularis eggs in fox faecal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Maksimov
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, NRL for Echinococcosis, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Gereon Schares
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, NRL for Echinococcosis, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Press
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, NRL for Echinococcosis, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Andreas Fröhlich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, NRL for Echinococcosis, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Walter Basso
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Mandy Herzig
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, NRL for Echinococcosis, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Franz J Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, NRL for Echinococcosis, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Romig T, Deplazes P, Jenkins D, Giraudoux P, Massolo A, Craig PS, Wassermann M, Takahashi K, de la Rue M. Ecology and Life Cycle Patterns of Echinococcus Species. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 95:213-314. [PMID: 28131364 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The genus Echinococcus is composed of eight generally recognized species and one genotypic cluster (Echinococcus canadensis cluster) that may in future be resolved into one to three species. For each species, we review existing information on transmission routes and life cycles in different geographical contexts and - where available - include basic biological information of parasites and hosts (e.g., susceptibility of host species). While some Echinococcus spp. are transmitted in life cycles that involve predominantly domestic animals (e.g., dog - livestock cycles), others are wildlife parasites that do or do not interact with domestic transmission. In many cases, life cycle patterns of the same parasite species differ according to geography. Simple life cycles contrast with transmission patterns that are highly complex, involving multihost systems that may include both domestic and wild mammals. Wildlife transmission may be primary or secondary, i.e., resulting from spillovers from domestic animals. For most of the species and regions, existing information does not yet permit a conclusive description of transmission systems. Such data, however, would be highly relevant, e.g., for anticipation of geographical changes of the presence and frequency of these parasites in a warming world, or for initiating evidence-based control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - P Deplazes
- University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D Jenkins
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - P Giraudoux
- University of Franche-Comté and Institut Universitaire de France, Besancon, France
| | - A Massolo
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - P S Craig
- University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - M de la Rue
- University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria RS, Brazil
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Woolsey ID, Jensen PM, Deplazes P, Kapel CMO. Peroral Echinococcus multilocularis egg inoculation in Myodes glareolus, Mesocricetus auratus and Mus musculus (CD-1 IGS and C57BL/6j). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2016; 5:158-63. [PMID: 27330986 PMCID: PMC4906142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis transmission predominantly occurs in Europe between the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and various species of rodent intermediate hosts. We infected 3 species of rodent, Myodes glareolus (n = 47), Mesocricetus auratus (n = 11) and outbred Mus musculus (CD-1 IGS) (n = 9) with an E. multilocularis egg suspension that contained 100 eggs with viable oncospheres and performed post mortem examination 6, 8 (M. glareolus) and 10 weeks post inoculation (wpi). C57BL/6j mice (n = 4) were used as positive controls as they have been shown to exhibit macroscopic liver lesions 4 wpi. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to experimentally assess susceptibility in the ostensibly competent host M. glareolus. Lesions were only detected in 2 of 47 M. glareolus (4.3%) at 8 and 10 wpi and although both contained protoscolices (1675 at 8 wpi and 88 at 12 wpi) the low percentage of infected animals brings into question their role as transmitters of the parasite. Significant differences were observed between inbred and outbred mice with E. multilocularis infection in the former demonstrating increased establishment (p ≤ 0.0001) and growth (p ≤ 0.0001). No lesions were found in all 11 M. auratus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian David Woolsey
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Per Moestrup Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Moliin Outzen Kapel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Successful intestinal Echinococcus multilocularis oncosphere invasion and subsequent hepatic metacestode establishment in resistant RccHan™:WIST rats after pharmacological immunosuppression. Parasitology 2016; 143:1252-60. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYSusceptibility/resistance to larval Echinococcus multilocularis infection varies greatly depending on host species and strains. Whereas several mice strains and non-human primates are highly susceptible to alveolar echinococcosis, rats and most of humans are considered as more resistant. In this study, we aimed to elucidate factors responsible for host resistance in rats (Experiments A–D). (A) The parasite establishment was not observed in immunocompetent Wistar rats orally inoculated with sodium hypochlorite resistant eggs with/without pig bile, or activated/non-activated oncospheres (NAO). Peritoneal inoculation with NAO or metacestode tissue allowed the parasite establishment in rats. (B) T-cell-deficient athymic nude rats showed complete resistance against the metacestode establishment after oral inoculation with parasite eggs. This finding suggests that T-cell-independent parasite clearance occurred in the animals during early phase of the parasite invasion. Finally, Wistar rats that received pharmacological immunosuppression using either dexamethasone (DMS) alone or methotrexate (MTX) i.p. alone or a combination of these compounds were orally inoculated with the parasite's eggs. As a result (D), successful establishment of metacestode with protoscoleces was observed in all 3 rats treated with DMS (s.c.) alone or in all 6 rats treated with DMS (s.c.) plus MTX but not in 8 rats with MTX alone, suggesting that factors affected by DMS treatment are responsible to regulate the parasite invasion and establishment.
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Robertson LJ, Troell K, Woolsey ID, Kapel CMO. Fresh fruit, vegetables, and mushrooms as transmission vehicles for Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe: inferences and concerns from sample analysis data from Poland. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2485-8. [PMID: 26987642 PMCID: PMC4863902 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fresh fruit, vegetables, mushrooms, and other fresh produce are recognised as important vehicles of infection for several foodborne parasites, particularly those with a faecal-oral transmission route and robust environmental transmission stages. Nevertheless, analysis of such foods for parasite transmission stages, even during outbreaks, tends to show only low contamination. Echinococcus multilocularis is considered one of the most important foodborne parasites, but there are few studies in which fresh produce or like foods collected in their natural habitat is analysed for contamination with E. multilocularis eggs. In this article, we question a recent study from Poland reporting over 23 % of fresh berries, vegetables, and mushroom being highly contaminated with E. multilocularis eggs. In particular, it appears unlikely that 20 % of raspberries, which are elevated from ground level, should be exposed to faecal contamination. Additionally, the similar egg contamination of vegetation in forest and plantation environments is surprising considering the preference of the parasite's most competent intermediate hosts for the latter environment. Furthermore, a lack of specific temporal information is concerning due to the varying infection pressure (and therefore environmental contamination) occurring in definitive hosts over the course of the year. Several important aspects of the study seem to us to have been neglected, and we are concerned that the published data might, if not questioned, lead to incorrect interpretation, and unnecessary losses in the agricultural sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Robertson
- Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Karin Troell
- Section of Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ian David Woolsey
- Section of Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Christian M O Kapel
- Section of Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Miller AL, Olsson GE, Walburg MR, Sollenberg S, Skarin M, Ley C, Wahlström H, Höglund J. First identification of Echinococcus multilocularis in rodent intermediate hosts in Sweden. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2016; 5:56-63. [PMID: 27054089 PMCID: PMC4804384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis is a zoonotic tapeworm with a sylvatic lifecycle and an expanding range in Europe. Monitoring efforts following its first identification in 2011 in Sweden have focused on the parasite's definitive host, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). However, identifying rodent intermediate hosts is important to recognize opportunities for parasite transmission. During 2013–2015, livers from a total of 1566 rodents from four regions in Sweden were examined for E. multilocularis metacestode lesions. Species identity of suspect parasite lesions was confirmed by PCR and sequencing. E. multilocularis positive lesions >6 mm in diameter were also examined histologically. One Microtus agrestis out of 187 (0.5%, 95%CI: 0–2.9%), 8/439 (1.8%, 95%CI: 0.8–3.6%) Arvicola amphibius, 0/655 (0%, 95%CI: 0–0.6%) Myodes glareolus, and 0/285 (0%, 95%CI: 0–1.3%) Apodemus spp. contained E. multilocularis metacestode lesions. Presence of protoscoleces was confirmed in the infected M. agrestis and in three of eight infected A. amphibius. Six of the nine positive rodents were captured from the same field. This is the first report of E. multilocularis in intermediate hosts in Sweden. The cluster of positive rodents in one field shows that local parasite prevalence can be high in Sweden despite overall low national prevalence in foxes (<0.1%). The presence of protoscoleces in infected M. agrestis and A. amphibius indicate these species can serve as competent intermediate hosts in Sweden. However, their relative importance for E. multilocularis transmission in the Swedish environment is not yet possible to assess. In contrast, the negative findings in all M. glareolus and Apodemus spp. suggest that these species are of no importance. Overall prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in rodents is low in Sweden. The distribution of infected rodents was focalized. Absence of competent intermediate hosts may limit parasite occurrence. Arvicola amphibius and Microtus agrestis are confirmed intermediate hosts in Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Gert E Olsson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Marion R Walburg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Sofia Sollenberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Moa Skarin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Ley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Helene Wahlström
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, Zoonosiscenter, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, 751 89, Sweden
| | - Johan Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
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Woolsey ID, Jensen PM, Deplazes P, Kapel CMO. Establishment and development of Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes in the common vole ( Microtus arvalis ) after oral inoculation with parasite eggs. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:571-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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