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Eikmans M, van der Keur C, Anholts JDH, Drabbels JJM, van Beelen E, de Sousa Lopes SMC, van der Hoorn ML. Primary Trophoblast Cultures: Characterization of HLA Profiles and Immune Cell Interactions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:814019. [PMID: 35634345 PMCID: PMC9136060 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.814019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Trophoblasts are essential in fetal-maternal interaction during pregnancy. The goal was to study HLA profiles of primary trophoblasts derived from placentas, and to investigate their usefulness in studying interaction with immune cells. Methods After enzymatic digestion of first-trimester placental tissue from seven donors (6-9 weeks gestation) and trophoblast enrichment we cultured cytotrophoblasts (CTB) in stem cell medium. CTB were differentiated into EVT in a Matrigel-containing medium. A subset of CTB/EVT was profiled for microRNA levels. Expression of classical HLA molecules and of HLA-G was studied by flow cytometry, qPCR, and ELISA. Secondary trophoblast cell lines JAR and JEG-3 were studied as controls. Lymphocytes were investigated during co-culturing with EVT. Results The trophoblasts could be easily maintained for several passages, upregulated classical trophoblast markers (GATA3, TFAP2C, chromosome-19 microRNAs), and upon differentiation to EVT they were selective in expressing HLA-C. EVT showed increasing expression of total HLA-G, an increasing proportion of HLA-G1 over G2- and G3 isoforms, and elevated excretion of soluble HLA-G. These features were distinct from those of the secondary trophoblast cell lines. TNF-α and IL-8 represented the most abundantly secreted cytokines by CTB, but their levels were minimal in EVT cultures. As proof of principle, we showed that EVT affect lymphocytes in three-day co-cultures (n=4) by decreasing activation marker HLA-DR. Conclusion We verified the possibility culturing trophoblasts from first-term placentas, and their capability of differentiating to HLA-G expressing EVT. This culture model better represents the in-vivo situation than previously studied secondary trophoblast cell lines and enables mechanistic studies of fetal-maternal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eikmans
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Michael Eikmans,
| | - Carin van der Keur
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Jos J. M. Drabbels
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Els van Beelen
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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de Alwis N, Beard S, Binder NK, Pritchard N, Kaitu'u-Lino TJ, Walker SP, Stock O, Groom KM, Petersen S, Henry A, Said JM, Seeho S, Kane SC, Tong S, Hannan NJ. LOX-1 expression is reduced in placenta from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia and in hypoxic cytotrophoblast. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021; 25:255-261. [PMID: 34325289 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2021.07.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is upregulated in the maternal vasculature in preeclampsia, and contributes to oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. However, its function in the placenta is unclear. This paper investigated LOX-1 expression in models of placental dysfunction and preeclampsia, and whether candidate therapeutics for preeclampsia could alter its expression. STUDY DESIGN Placentas were collected from preterm pregnancies and cases of preterm preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. Blood was collected from participants whose pregnancies were complicated by preterm fetal growth restriction and/or preeclampsia. Primary cytotrophoblast and placental explant tissue were cultured under hypoxic (1% O2) or normoxic (8% O2) conditions. Cytotrophoblast were exposed to 10% preeclamptic or control serum. Cytotrophoblast and preeclamptic explant tissue were treated with 100 µM esomeprazole, lansoprazole or rabeprazole. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES LOX-1 expression was assessed in all samples via qPCR. RESULTS LOX-1 expression was reduced in placentas from cases of preterm preeclampsia, but not fetal growth restriction, compared to controls. LOX-1 expression was reduced in cytotrophoblast under hypoxia, but not in explant tissue. Treatment with preeclamptic serum in vitro did not alter cytotrophoblast LOX-1 expression. Circulating LOX-1 mRNA was unaltered in patients with fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, and fetal hypoxia, compared to controls. Treatment with esomeprazole or lansoprazole in vitro increased placental LOX-1 expression. CONCLUSIONS LOX-1 expression is reduced in preeclamptic placentas and hypoxic cytotrophoblast. Esomeprazole and lansoprazole increase placental LOX-1 expression. These findings demonstrate a role for LOX-1 in the placenta, and improve our understanding of maternal adaptations in pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha de Alwis
- Therapeutics Discovery and Vascular Function in Pregnancy Group, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; Translational Obstetrics Group, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sally Beard
- Therapeutics Discovery and Vascular Function in Pregnancy Group, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; Translational Obstetrics Group, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie K Binder
- Therapeutics Discovery and Vascular Function in Pregnancy Group, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; Translational Obstetrics Group, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natasha Pritchard
- Translational Obstetrics Group, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tu'uhevaha J Kaitu'u-Lino
- Translational Obstetrics Group, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan P Walker
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Owen Stock
- Translational Obstetrics Group, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katie M Groom
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Scott Petersen
- Centre for Maternal Fetal Medicine, Mater Mothers' Hospital, South Brisbane 4101, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda Henry
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne M Said
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Maternal Fetal Medicine, Joan Kirner Women's & Children's Sunshine Hospital, St Albans 3021, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sean Seeho
- The University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, Women and Babies Research, St Leonards 2065, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefan C Kane
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Tong
- Translational Obstetrics Group, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie J Hannan
- Therapeutics Discovery and Vascular Function in Pregnancy Group, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; Translational Obstetrics Group, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Kupper N, Pritz E, Siwetz M, Guettler J, Huppertz B. Placental Villous Explant Culture 2.0: Flow Culture Allows Studies Closer to the In Vivo Situation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147464. [PMID: 34299084 PMCID: PMC8308011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, freely floating placental villi are adapted to fluid shear stress due to placental perfusion with maternal plasma and blood. In vitro culture of placental villous explants is widely performed under static conditions, hoping the conditions may represent the in utero environment. However, static placental villous explant culture dramatically differs from the in vivo situation. Thus, we established a flow culture system for placental villous explants and compared commonly used static cultured tissue to flow cultured tissue using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) measurements. The data revealed a better structural and biochemical integrity of flow cultured tissue compared to static cultured tissue. Thus, this new flow system can be used to simulate the blood flow from the mother to the placenta and back in the most native-like in vitro system so far and thus can enable novel study designs.
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Colson A, Sonveaux P, Debiève F, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. Adaptations of the human placenta to hypoxia: opportunities for interventions in fetal growth restriction. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 27:531-569. [PMID: 33377492 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The placenta is the functional interface between the mother and the fetus during pregnancy, and a critical determinant of fetal growth and life-long health. In the first trimester, it develops under a low-oxygen environment, which is essential for the conceptus who has little defense against reactive oxygen species produced during oxidative metabolism. However, failure of invasive trophoblasts to sufficiently remodel uterine arteries toward dilated vessels by the end of the first trimester can lead to reduced/intermittent blood flow, persistent hypoxia and oxidative stress in the placenta with consequences for fetal growth. Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is observed in ∼10% of pregnancies and is frequently seen in association with other pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia (PE). FGR is one of the main challenges for obstetricians and pediatricians, as smaller fetuses have greater perinatal risks of morbidity and mortality and postnatal risks of neurodevelopmental and cardio-metabolic disorders. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The aim of this review was to examine the importance of placental responses to changing oxygen environments during abnormal pregnancy in terms of cellular, molecular and functional changes in order to highlight new therapeutic pathways, and to pinpoint approaches aimed at enhancing oxygen supply and/or mitigating oxidative stress in the placenta as a mean of optimizing fetal growth. SEARCH METHODS An extensive online search of peer-reviewed articles using PubMed was performed with combinations of search terms including pregnancy, placenta, trophoblast, oxygen, hypoxia, high altitude, FGR and PE (last updated in May 2020). OUTCOMES Trophoblast differentiation and placental establishment are governed by oxygen availability/hypoxia in early pregnancy. The placental response to late gestational hypoxia includes changes in syncytialization, mitochondrial functions, endoplasmic reticulum stress, hormone production, nutrient handling and angiogenic factor secretion. The nature of these changes depends on the extent of hypoxia, with some responses appearing adaptive and others appearing detrimental to the placental support of fetal growth. Emerging approaches that aim to increase placental oxygen supply and/or reduce the impacts of excessive oxidative stress are promising for their potential to prevent/treat FGR. WIDER IMPLICATIONS There are many risks and challenges of intervening during pregnancy that must be considered. The establishment of human trophoblast stem cell lines and organoids will allow further mechanistic studies of the effects of hypoxia and may lead to advanced screening of drugs for use in pregnancies complicated by placental insufficiency/hypoxia. Since no treatments are currently available, a better understanding of placental adaptations to hypoxia would help to develop therapies or repurpose drugs to optimize placental function and fetal growth, with life-long benefits to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Colson
- Pole of Obstetrics, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Debiève
- Pole of Obstetrics, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Hoch D, Gauster M, Hauguel-de Mouzon S, Desoye G. Diabesity-associated oxidative and inflammatory stress signalling in the early human placenta. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 66:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kwon HS, Park JH, Hwang HS, Sohn IS, Kim YH, Cho S. Effect of DJ-1 Downregulation on the Functions of the First Trimester Extravillous Trophoblasts. Reprod Sci 2017; 25:1436-1445. [PMID: 29258409 DOI: 10.1177/1933719117746760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
DJ-1 ( PARK7) has been reported to be causative gene of Parkinson disease and also an oncogene. A loss in DJ-1 function can lead to cell death in neurodegenerative disease, or a gain of it can cause unregulated cell survival in cancer, respectively. DJ-1 protein is known to be expressed mainly in trophoblastic cells in the placenta with increased expression in the first trimester compared to later in term. However, its role in trophoblast regulation remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of DJ-1 regulation on a first trimester extravillous trophoblast cell line, HTR-8/SVneo. The effect of DJ-1 downregulation induced by small-interfering RNA on cell apoptosis, migration, and the pathway to regulate the cell function was assessed. Data of this study showed that DJ-1 downregulation increased apoptosis and reduced migration by regulating matrix metalloproteinase 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in HTR-8/SVneo cells under both ambient and oxidative stress. Changes in cell function were demonstrated to be at least partly dependent on the AKT/S6 kinase beta-1 (S6K1) pathway. In summary, DJ-1 might play a protective role in maintaining trophoblastic cell functions through the AKT/S6K1-based pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sung Kwon
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Park
- 3 Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Sung Hwang
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Sook Sohn
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Han Kim
- 5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - SiHyun Cho
- 3 Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placental explant culture is an important model for studying placental development and functions. We investigated the differences in placental gene expression in response to tissue culture, atmospheric and physiologic oxygen concentrations. METHODS Placental explants were collected from normal term (38-39 weeks of gestation) placentae with no previous uterine contractile activity. Placental transcriptomic expressions were evaluated with GeneChip® Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 arrays (Affymetrix). RESULTS We uncovered sub-sets of genes that regulate response to stress, induction of apoptosis programmed cell death, mis-regulation of cell growth, proliferation, cell morphogenesis, tissue viability, and protection from apoptosis in cultured placental explants. We also identified a sub-set of genes with highly unstable pattern of expression after exposure to tissue culture. Tissue culture irrespective of oxygen concentration induced dichotomous increase in significant gene expression and increased enrichment of significant pathways and transcription factor targets (TFTs) including HIF1A. The effect was exacerbated by culture at atmospheric oxygen concentration, where further up-regulation of TFTs including PPARA, CEBPD, HOXA9 and down-regulated TFTs such as JUND/FOS suggest intrinsic heightened key biological and metabolic mechanisms such as glucose use, lipid biosynthesis, protein metabolism; apoptosis, inflammatory responses; and diminished trophoblast proliferation, differentiation, invasion, regeneration, and viability. DISCUSSION These findings demonstrate that gene expression patterns differ between pre-culture and cultured explants, and the gene expression of explants cultured at atmospheric oxygen concentration favours stressed, pro-inflammatory and increased apoptotic transcriptomic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Brew
- University of West London, Paragon House, Boston Manor Road, Brentford, Middlesex, TW8 9GA, UK.
| | - M H F Sullivan
- Institute of Reproductive & Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
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Brew O, Nikolopoulou E, Hughes A, Christian M, Lee Y, Oduwole O, Sullivan M, Woodman A. Quality of placental RNA: Effects of explant size and culture duration. Placenta 2016; 46:45-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sagrillo-Fagundes L, Clabault H, Laurent L, Hudon-Thibeault AA, Salustiano EMA, Fortier M, Bienvenue-Pariseault J, Wong Yen P, Sanderson JT, Vaillancourt C. Human Primary Trophoblast Cell Culture Model to Study the Protective Effects of Melatonin Against Hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced Disruption. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27500522 DOI: 10.3791/54228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes how villous cytotrophoblast cells are isolated from placentas at term by successive enzymatic digestions, followed by density centrifugation, media gradient isolation and immunomagnetic purification. As observed in vivo, mononucleated villous cytotrophoblast cells in primary culture differentiate into multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast cells after 72 hr. Compared to normoxia (8% O2), villous cytotrophoblast cells that undergo hypoxia/reoxygenation (0.5% / 8% O2) undergo increased oxidative stress and intrinsic apoptosis, similar to that observed in vivo in pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth restriction. In this context, primary villous trophoblasts cultured under hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions represent a unique experimental system to better understand the mechanisms and signalling pathways that are altered in human placenta and facilitate the search for effective drugs that protect against certain pregnancy disorders. Human villous trophoblasts produce melatonin and express its synthesizing enzymes and receptors. Melatonin has been suggested as a treatment for preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction because of its protective antioxidant effects. In the primary villous cytotrophoblast cell model described in this paper, melatonin has no effect on trophoblast cells in normoxic state but restores the redox balance of syncytiotrophoblast cells disrupted by hypoxia/reoxygenation. Thus, human villous trophoblast cells in primary culture are an excellent approach to study the mechanisms behind the protective effects of melatonin on placental function during hypoxia/reoxygenation.
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Mezouar D, Merzouk H, Merzouk AS, Merzouk SA, Belarbi B, Narce M. In vitro effects of vitamins C and E, n-3 and n-6 PUFA and n-9 MUFA on placental cell function and redox status in type 1 diabetic pregnant women. Placenta 2016; 42:114-21. [PMID: 27238721 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to determine the in vitro effects of vitamin C and E, n-3 and n-6 PUFA and n-9 MUFA on placental cell proliferation and function in type 1 diabetes. Placenta tissues were collected from 30 control healthy and 30 type 1 diabetic women at delivery. Placental cells were isolated and were cultured in RPMI medium supplemented with vitamin C (50 μM), vitamin E (50 μM), n-3 PUFA (100 μM), n-6 PUFA (100 μM) or n-9 MUFA (100 μM). Cell proliferation, cell glucose uptake and intracellular oxidative status were investigated. Our results showed that basal placental cell proliferation, glucose uptake, malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyl proteins were higher while intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and catalase activities were lower in placentas from diabetic women as compared to controls. Vitamins C and E induced a modulation of placental cell proliferation and glucose consumption without affecting intracellular redox status in both diabetic and control groups. N-3 and n-6 PUFA diminished placental cell proliferation and enhanced intracellular oxidative stress while n-9 MUFA had no effects in the two groups. Co-administration of n-3 or n-6 PUFA and vitamin C or E were capable of reversing back the PUFA-decreased cell proliferation and normalizing placental cell function and redox status especially in diabetes. In conclusion, PUFA and antioxidant vitamin combinations may be beneficial in improving placenta function and in reducing placental oxidative stress in type 1 diabetic pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamila Mezouar
- Laboratory of Physiology, Physiopathology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe, University Abou-Bekr Belkaïd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Hafida Merzouk
- Laboratory of Physiology, Physiopathology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe, University Abou-Bekr Belkaïd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria.
| | - Amel Saidi Merzouk
- Laboratory of Physiology, Physiopathology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe, University Abou-Bekr Belkaïd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Sid Ahmed Merzouk
- Department of Technical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University Abou-Bekr Belkaïd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Boumediene Belarbi
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Mother and Infant Hospital Center, University Abou-Bekr Belkaïd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Michel Narce
- INSERM UMR866, "Lipids Nutrition Cancer," Faculty of Life, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Burgundy, Dijon 21000, France
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Reproducing the Hemoglobin Saturation Profile, a Marker of the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) fMRI Effect, at the Microscopic Level. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149935. [PMID: 26939128 PMCID: PMC4777512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of functional MRI in the mid-1990s has catalyzed progress pertaining to scientific discoveries in neuroscience. With the prospect of elucidating the physiological aspect of the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) effect we present a computational capillary-tissue system capable of mapping venous hemoglobin saturation— a marker of the BOLD hemodynamic response. Free and facilitated diffusion and convection for hemoglobin and oxygen are considered in the radial and axial directions. Hemoglobin reaction kinetics are governed by the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Brain activation, mimicked by dynamic transitions in cerebral blood velocity (CBv) and oxidative metabolism (CMRO2), is simulated by normalized changes in m = (ΔCBv/CBv)/(ΔCMRO2/CMRO2) of values 2, 3 and 4. Venous hemoglobin saturation profiles and peak oxygenation results, for m = 2, based upon a 50% and a 25% increase in CBv and CMRO2, respectively, lie within physiological limits exhibiting excellent correlation with the BOLD signal, for short-duration stimuli. Our analysis suggests basal CBv and CMRO2 values of 0.6 mm/s and 200 μmol/100g/min. Coupled CBv and CMRO2 responses, for m = 3 and m = 4, overestimate peak hemoglobin saturation, confirming the system’s responsiveness to changes in hematocrit, CBv and CMRO2. Finally, factoring in neurovascular effects, we show that no initial dip will be observed unless there is a time delay in the onset of increased CBv relative to CMRO2.
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Sato BL, Ward MA, Astern JM, Kendal-Wright CE, Collier AC. Validation of murine and human placental explant cultures for use in sex steroid and phase II conjugation toxicology studies. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 29:103-12. [PMID: 25283089 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human primary placental explant culture is well established for cytokine signaling and toxicity, but has not been validated for steroidogenic or metabolic toxicology. The technique has never been investigated in the mouse. We characterized human and mouse placental explants for up to 96 h in culture. Explant viability (Lactate dehydrogenase) and sex steroid levels were measured in media using spectrophotometry and ELISA, respectively. Expression and activities of the steroidogenic (3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Cytochrome P45017A1, Cytochrome P45019), conjugation (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, sulfotransferase (SULT)), and regeneration (β-glucuronidase, arylsulfatase C (ASC)) enzymes were determined biochemically in tissues with fluorimetric and spectrophotometric assays, and western blot. Explants were viable up to 96 h, but progesterone, estrone, and 17β-estradiol secretion decreased. Steroidogenic enzyme expression and activities were stable in mouse explants and similar to levels in freshly isolated tissues, but were lower in human explants than in fresh tissue (P<0.01). Human and mouse explants exhibited significantly less conjugation after 96 h, SULT was not detected in the mouse, and neither explants had active ASC, although proteins were expressed. Mouse explants may be useful for steroid biochemistry and endocrine disruption studies, but not metabolic conjugation. In contrast, human explants may be useful for studying conjugation for <48 h, but not for steroid/endocrine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Sato
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, 3140 Waialae Avenue, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA
| | - Monika A Ward
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1960 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Joshua M Astern
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Claire E Kendal-Wright
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, 3140 Waialae Avenue, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA
| | - Abby C Collier
- Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1960 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Munro S, Mitchell M, Ponnampalam A. Histone deacetylase inhibition by trichostatin A mitigates LPS induced TNFα and IL-10 production in human placental explants. Placenta 2013; 34:567-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tuuli MG, Longtine MS, Nelson DM. Review: Oxygen and trophoblast biology--a source of controversy. Placenta 2011; 32 Suppl 2:S109-18. [PMID: 21216006 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen is necessary for life yet too much or too little oxygen is toxic to cells. The oxygen tension in the maternal plasma bathing placental villi is <20 mm Hg until 10-12 weeks' gestation, rising to 40-80 mm Hg and remaining in this range throughout the second and third trimesters. Maldevelopment of the maternal spiral arteries in the first trimester predisposes to placental dysfunction and sub-optimal pregnancy outcomes in the second half of pregnancy. Although low oxygen at the site of early placental development is the norm, controversy is intense when investigators interpret how defective transformation of spiral arteries leads to placental dysfunction during the second and third trimesters. Moreover, debate rages as to what oxygen concentrations should be considered normal and abnormal for use in vitro to model villous responses in vivo. The placenta may be injured in the second half of pregnancy by hypoxia, but recent evidence shows that ischemia with reoxygenation and mechanical damage due to high flow contributes to the placental dysfunction of diverse pregnancy disorders. We overview normal and pathologic development of the placenta, consider variables that influence experiments in vitro, and discuss the hotly debated question of what in vitro oxygen percentage reflects the normal and abnormal oxygen concentrations that occur in vivo. We then describe our studies that show cultured villous trophoblasts undergo apoptosis and autophagy with phenotype-related differences in response to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Tuuli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Dharane (neé Ligam) P, Manuelpillai U, Wallace E, Walker D. NFκB-dependent increase of kynurenine pathway activity in human placenta: Inhibition by sulfasalazine. Placenta 2010; 31:997-1002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Colomiere M, Permezel M, Riley C, Desoye G, Lappas M. Defective insulin signaling in placenta from pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol 2009; 160:567-78. [PMID: 19179458 DOI: 10.1530/eje-09-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle suggest that impaired insulin action is due to defects in the insulin signaling pathway and may play a role in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and obesity. The present study tested the hypothesis that endogenous expression levels in the human term placenta of insulin signaling components are altered in placental tissue from GDM women in comparison with normal controls and maternal obesity. DESIGN AND METHODS Placental tissue was collected from normal, diet-controlled GDM, and insulin-controlled GDM in both non-obese and obese women (n=6-7 per group). Western blotting and quantitative RT-PCR was performed to determine the level of expression in the insulin signaling pathway. RESULTS There was a significant increase in insulin receptor (IR) substrate (IRS)-1 protein expression with a concurrent decrease in IRS-2 protein expression in non-obese women with insulin-controlled GDM compared with diet-controlled GDM and normal controls. Furthermore, a decrease in both protein and mRNA expression of phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase (PI3-K) p85alpha and glucose transporter (GLUT)-4 was observed in non-obese and obese women with insulin controlled GDM compared with normal controls. When comparing non-obese to obese patients, significant decreases in mRNA expression of IR-beta, PI3K p85alpha and GLUT-4 was found in obese patients. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that post receptor defects are present in the insulin signaling pathway in placenta of women with pregnancies complicated by diabetes and obesity. In addition, expression studies demonstrate post receptor alterations in insulin signaling possibly under selective maternal regulation and not fetal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Colomiere
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne and Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia.
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Pre-labour Fetal Membranes Overlying the Cervix Display Alterations in Inflammation and NF-κB Signalling Pathways. Placenta 2008; 29:995-1002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Carter AM. Maintaining the integrity of trophoblast during growth of the placenta. Focus on “Insulin-like growth factor I and II regulate the life cycle of trophoblast in the developing human placenta”. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 294:C1303-4. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00149.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hung TH, Chen SF, Liou JD, Hsu JJ, Li MJ, Yeh YL, Hsieh TT. Bax, Bak and mitochondrial oxidants are involved in hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in human placenta. Placenta 2008; 29:565-83. [PMID: 18472157 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although apoptosis is prominent in placental cells in pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, the cause is unknown. We surmised that hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR) is the mechanism and hypothesized that mitochondrial oxidants and Bcl-2 proteins cause HR-induced placental apoptosis. Our goal was studying expression of five Bcl-2 proteins--Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bax, Bak, Bad--and testing effects of diazoxide and cyclosporine A on oxidative stress and apoptosis in villous tissues subjected to HR. Term human placentas were obtained from normal pregnancies following elective caesarean deliveries. Villous tissues were subjected to "repetitive HR" (one hour at 2% O(2) then one hour at 8% O(2), alternatively, for a total of 6h) or "prolonged HR" (3h at 2% O(2) then 3h of 8% O(2)). Samples maintained at 2% and 8% O(2) served as hypoxic and normoxic controls, respectively. Prolonged HR caused the most severe villous apoptotic changes, increased the expression of Bax and Bak mRNA and protein and reduced the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA. Pre-administration of diazoxide and cyclosporine A reduced TUNEL-positive nuclei and levels of nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenol after prolonged HR. Thus, duration of hypoxia and reoxygenation is important in determining severity of HR-induced apoptosis in placenta. These apoptotic changes are closely associated with Bax and Bak effects and oxidative stress in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-H Hung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan
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