Opuntia Ficus-Indica Peel By-Product as a Natural Antioxidant Food Additive and Natural Anticoccidial Drug

The present study was carried out to valorize the Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) by-products by extracting and identifying their biochemical compounds and evaluating their antioxidant potential by in vitro activities (DPPH radical and FRAP), as well as their capacity to stabilize margarine oxidation (rancimat test). In addition, their in vitro anticoccidial effect on the destruction of Eimeria oocysts isolated from naturally infected chickens was also targeted. Microwaves and response surface methodology tools were used to extract the maximum amount of phenolic compounds (42.05 ± 0.46 GAE mg/g DW of total phenolic compounds in 90 s at 400 watts). Moreover, the effect of extraction factors was also studied. Eight phenolic compounds, including isorhamnetin, dihydrokaempferol, and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, were identified. The findings confirmed that OFI peel extract has strong antioxidant activities (DPPH radical, ferric reducing power). The rancimat test shows that OFI peel extract improves margarine stability by 3.2 h. Moreover, it has a notable destruction rate of Eimeria oocysts (30.06 ± 0.51%, LC50: 60.53 ± 0.38 mg/mL). The present investigation offers promise for the reuse of food waste as natural margarine additives, protection of the environment, and substitution of anticoccidial synthetic treatments.

Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Engagement in Algeria: A Population-Based Study With Systematic Review of Studies From Arab Countries of the MENA Region

Background

The Algerian COVID-19 vaccination campaign, which started at the end of January 2021, is marked by a slowly ascending curve despite the deployed resources. To tackle the issue, we assessed the levels and explored determinants of engagement toward the COVID-19 vaccine among the Algerian population.

Methods

A nationwide, online-based cross-sectional study was conducted between March 27 and April 30, 2021. A two-stage stratified snowball sampling method was used to include an equivalent number of participants from the four cardinal regions of the country. A vaccine engagement scale was developed, defining vaccine engagement as a multidimensional parameter (5 items) that combined self-stated acceptance and willingness with perceived safety and efficacy of the vaccine. An Engagement score was calculated and the median was used to define engagement vs. non-engagement. Sociodemographic and clinical data, perceptions about COVID-19, and levels of adherence to preventive measures were analyzed as predictors for non-engagement.

Results

We included 1,019 participants, 54% were female and 64% were aged 18-29 years. Overall, there were low rates of self-declared acceptance (26%) and willingness (21%) to take the vaccine, as well as low levels of agreement regarding vaccine safety (21%) and efficacy (30%). Thus, the vaccine engagement rate was estimated at 33.5%, and ranged between 29.6-38.5% depending on the region (p > 0.05). Non-engagement was independently associated with female gender (OR = 2.31, p < 0.001), low adherence level to preventive measures (OR = 6.93, p < 0.001), private-sector jobs (OR = 0.53, p = 0.038), perceived COVID-19 severity (OR = 0.66, p = 0.014), and fear from contracting the disease (OR = 0.56, p = 0.018). Concern about vaccine side effects (72.0%) and exigence for more efficacy and safety studies (48.3%) were the most commonly reported barrier and enabler for vaccine acceptance respectively; whereas beliefs in the conspiracy theory were reported by 23.4%.

Conclusions

The very low rates of vaccine engagement among the Algerian population probably explain the slow ascension of the vaccination curve in the country. Vaccine awareness campaigns should be implemented to address the multiple misconceptions and enhance the levels of knowledge and perception both about the disease and the vaccine, by prioritizing target populations and engaging both healthcare workers and the general population.

Oxidative Stress and Biochemical Parameters among Recovered COVID-19 Patients: A Case-control Study

Introduction: The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread rapidly, infecting more than 194 million and killing more than 4 million people worldwide. Algeria has not escaped this scourge; according to World Health Organization (WHO), 162,155 confirmed cases and 4,063 deaths have been recorded from 3rd January 2020 to 26th July 2021. Recent studies have indicated the critical role of an altered immune system, and oxidative stress in the pathological process contributing to several complications during COVID-19 disease. Aim: To determine blood markers, oxidant/antioxidant status and biochemical parameters in patients highly recovered from COVID-19 and compare with those who have never contracted COVID-19; considered as controls. Materials and Methods: The present case-control study was conducted in Tiaret, Algeria, between May 2021 and June 2021. Thirty healthy volunteers who had never contracted COVID-19 and 16 volunteers who recovered from COVID-19 in the last six months were included in the study. Blood samples were taken after 8 to 12 hours of fasting, the blood markers and biochemical parameters were evaluated. The participant with chronic diseases (diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, kidney disease) was excluded. Student’s t-test was performed for statistical comparison between the two groups. Statistical analysis was performed using Excel Microsoft 2010 software. Results. The control group consisted of 46.7% male (n=14) and 53.3% females (n=16). While, the case group consisted of 62.5% males (n=10) and 37.5% females (n=6). The plasma levels of Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C), p-value=0.004** and creatinine increased very significantly in the cases compared to the controls. While, total cholesterol, p-value=0.04* and Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (GPT), p-value=0.03* increased significantly in the case group on comparision to the control group. On the other hand, erythrocyte Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, p-value=0.009** increased very significantly in the case group compared to controls. The erythrocyte activity catalase decreased highly significantly in the case group compared to the controls. But erythrocyte Reduced glutathione (GSH) decreased very significantly in group cases compared to controls. Conclusion: The findings in the present study confirmed the persistence of metabolic alterations and oxidative stress in COVID-19 patients after recovery. Antioxidant supplementation is recommended to improve redox status and reduce oxidative stress after recovery

Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Engagement in Algeria: A Population-based Study with Systematic Review of Studies from Arab Countries of the MENA Region.. [DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.17.21260662]

Background

The Algerian COVID-19 vaccination campaign, which started by the end of January 2021, is marked by a slowly ascending curve despite the deployed resources. To tackle the issue, we assessed the levels and explored determinants of engagement towards the COVID-19 vaccine among the Algerian population.

Methods

A nationwide, online-based cross-sectional study was conducted between March 27 and April 30, 2021. A two-stage stratified snowball sampling method was used to include an equivalent number of participants from the four cardinal regions of the country. A vaccine engagement scale was developed, defining vaccine engagement as a multidimensional parameter (5 items) that combined self-stated acceptance and willingness with perceived safety and efficacy of the vaccine. An Engagement score was calculated and the median was used to define engagement versus nonengagement. Sociodemographic and clinical data, perceptions about COVID-19 and levels of adherence to preventive measures were analyzed as predictors for nonengagement.

Results

We included 1,019 participants, 54% were female and 64% were aged 18-29 years. Overall, there were low rates of self-declared acceptance (26%) and willingness (21%) to take the vaccine, as well as low levels of agreement regarding vaccine safety (21%) and efficacy (30%). Thus, vaccine engagement rate was estimated at 33.5%, and ranged between 29.6-38.5% depending on the region (p>0.05). Nonengagement was independently associated with female gender (OR=2.31, p<0.001), low adherence level to preventive measures (OR=6.93p<0.001), private sector jobs (OR=0.53, p=0.038), perceived COVID-19 severity (OR=0.66, p=0.014), and fear from contracting the disease (OR=0.56, p=0.018). Concern about vaccine side effects (72.0%) and exigence for more efficacy and safety studies (48.3%) were the most commonly reported barrier and enabler for vaccine acceptance respectively; whereas beliefs in the conspiracy theory were reported by 23.4%.

Conclusions

The very low rates of vaccine engagement among the Algerian population probably explain the slow ascension of the vaccination curve in the country. Vaccine awareness campaigns should be implemented to address the multiple misconceptions and enhance the levels of knowledge and perception both about the disease and the vaccine, by prioritizing target populations and engaging both healthcare workers and the general population.

In vitro effects of 1-(4-dimethylaminobenzylidene)-2-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) hydrazine and its copper complex on lymphocyte proliferation and function in the presence of free radical generator

In this study, the in vitro effects of 1-(4-dimethylaminobenzylidene)-2-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) hydrazone (L₁) and its corresponding copper complex [Cu(L₁)], synthesized in our laboratory, were investigated on the proliferative responses, Th1 (interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (INFγ)) and Th2 (IL-4) cytokine secretion, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and intracellular redox status of T lymphocytes submitted to H₂O₂/FeSO₄-mediated oxidative stress. T cells were isolated on histopaque density gradient by differential centrifugation, and were cultured with the mitogen concanavalin A (Con A), free radical generator (H₂O₂/FeSO₄) and with different concentrations of L₁ and [Cu(L₁)] (1 - 100 μM). Proliferation (MTT assay), cytokines (Elisa kits), ATP levels, cytotoxic effect (micronucleus test) and oxidative markers (glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, hydroperoxide and carbonyl protein contents) were investigated after 48-h incubation. Our results showed that H₂O₂/FeSO₄ treatment induced a reduction in T lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine secretion and ATP levels associated to an evident intracellular oxidative stress, inflammatory profile and DNA damage. Addition of L₁ at 100 μM was able to increase cell proliferation, IL-2, IL-4 and INFγ secretion and ATP contents and to reduce hydroperoxide and carbonyl protein contents, catalase activity and micronuclei number in lymphocytes under oxidative stress, with a partial protection. The [Cu(L₁)] exhibited protective effects in T lymphocytes by inhibiting H₂O₂/FeSO₄ - induced cell proliferation suppression, inflammatory status, ATP loss and oxidative stress generation, whatever the concentration used. In conclusion, in the situation of excessive oxidative stress, [Cu(L₁)] treatment improved T lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine production, ATP contents and oxidant/antioxidant status. [Cu(L₁)] could be effective at improving oxidative stress and T cell abnormalities.

Royal jelly alleviates the detrimental effects of aging on immune functions by enhancing the in vitro cellular proliferation, cytokines, and nitric oxide release in aged human PBMCS

Aging strongly delays the immunity. Our research aims to assess the in vitro effects of royal jelly (RJ) on the immune function of aged PBMCs. PBMCs were obtained from 10 healthy aged and young donors by the gradient density centrifugation method and further cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with or without RJ in the presence of Con A. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay along with the measurement of interleukins, Nitric oxide (NO), Glutathione (GSH), and Malondialdehydes (MDA). Our results showed that RJ improved PBMCs proliferation significantly in the elderly subjects, accompanied by the increase in NO (p = .001) and the release of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6 cytokines. RJ also increased the intracellular GSH (p = .001) and MDA (p = .001) levels in aged PBMCs. In young subjects, RJ enhanced PBMCs proliferation potency, IL-4, IL-6, GSH, and intracellular MDA levels but with a concomitant decrease in NO and IL-2 cytokine secretion as compared with non RJ-treated cells. In conclusion, RJ restored functions of the aged PBMCs as well as the young control subjects, indicating a beneficial effect on immune status during the aging process. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Royal jelly is a well-known edible dietary compound, used traditionally to treat many diseases throughout the world. Since antiquity, it was shown to have medicinal importance. The immuno-enhancing potential of this food was largely and scientifically established by the lipid and protein fractions. The present study illustrates the anti-aging and stimulatory effects of the fresh RJ whole extract, from local Algerian honey bee: Apis mellifera intermissa, on the immunity of aged men. This study provides the experimental evidence supporting anti-immunosenesence effects of royal jelly. RJ supplementation can be used in the old age management and human age-related complications, especially, associated with the weaknesses of the immune response.

Protective Effect of Natural and Synthetic Anthocyanins against Tert-butyl-hydroperoxide-induced Oxidative Damages in Normal and β-thalassemic Major Human Erythrocytes In Vitro

Background:

Even though β-thalassemia major is a genetic blood disorder, the damages endured by erythrocytes are mediated in part by oxidative stress. Antioxidants such as anthocyanins are capable to prevent the pro-oxidant effects induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Objective:

This study aims to evaluate the in vitro preventive effects of one natural and two synthetic anthocyanins on normal and β-thalassemic erythrocytes on which toxicity has been induced by the free radical generator: tert-butyl-hydroperoxide TBHP.

Methods:

Erythrocytes isolated from fasting blood samples of healthy and β-thalassemic major individuals were treated either with TBHP alone or with TBHP after being pre-incubated with anthocyanins. Cell viability, reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were measured after 90 minutes of incubation. In parallel, the antiradical scavenging capacities of the investigated anthocyanins were also estimated by using the 2,2-DiPhenyl-1-PicrylHydrazyl (DPPH•) assay.

Results:

The results clearly demonstrate that the treatment of erythrocytes with TBHP induces hemolysis along with marked redox state alteration (lipid peroxidation concomitant to GSH depletion) in both normal and β-thalassemia erythrocytes. During the pre-treatment with anthocyanins, erythrocytes become more resistant to oxidative impairments. Cyanin chloride and 6,7,3’,4’- tetrahydroxyflavylium chloride effectively prevent from TBHP-induced: hemolysis, lipid peroxidation and GSH depletion in normal and thalassemic erythrocytes, while 3’4’-dihdroxy-7-methoxyflavylium chloride had a lesser effect on MDA levels with thalassemic erythrocytes. These results are in agreement with those derived from the DPPH• assay.

Conclusion:

Our study contributes with important insights that tested anthocyanins may exert relevant potential in the alleviation of oxidative stress, especially the one affecting β-thalassemia erythrocytes.

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the microalgae Nannochloropsis gaditana in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

PURPOSE

This study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of N. gaditana on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus in Wistar rats.

METHODS

Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (45 mg/kg). Male rats were fed on control diet supplemented or not with N. gaditana (10%) for a period of 2 months. At the end of the experiment, biochemical parameters and oxidant/antioxidant markers in liver and pancreas tissues, as well as mitochondria isolated from liver of rats, were determined.

RESULTS

It was notice that levels of glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, kidney functions and liver enzymes in addition to markers of the inflammatory reactions interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) increased significantly (P < 0.05) in diabetic rats. Moreover, undesirable alterations of oxidative stress markers of tissue and mitochondria isolated from the liver were noted in these rats. N. gaditana supplementation was shown effective in lowering the levels of glucose, HbA1c and improving the renal and hepatic function and also in attenuating the oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic rats.

CONCLUSION

N. gaditana possesses antioxidant properties that might have beneficial effect in treatment of diabetes.

Insulin injection technique in the western region of Algeria, Tlemcen

Introduction

Algeria has more than 1.7 million diabetic patients on to whom a descriptive assessment particularly on the insulin usage behaviors has not yet been initiated, although is needed. This study aims to provide a descriptive analysis of how Algerian diabetic patients perceive and apply insulin injection techniques.

Methods

using the “patient” questionnaire within the Injection Technique Questionnaire (ITQ) 2016 survey, this study assessed the insulin injection practices of 100 patients recruited over a seven-month period in western Algeria at the Tlemcen University Hospital Center. The results of this study are compared to those of the ITQ 2016 survey.

Results

pens are the instruments of injection for 98% of Algerians who continue to use mostly long needles of 6- and 8-mm, although 4mm needles are the recommended safer option. Insulin analogues (fast and basal) are plebiscite. Arms and thighs are the preferred injection sites; the abdomen (the preferred site elsewhere) is neglected for reasons to be investigated. The correct re-suspension technique for cloudy insulin is unknown. Extensive pen needle re-use (10+ times) for over half of the patients exposes them to both higher intramuscular (IM) injection risk and lipohypertrophy (LH). Injection training is performed in Algeria by the diabetologist.

Conclusion

this study describes for the first time Algerian patients´ insulin injection technique. It highlights their skills and identifies many deficiencies which patients and professionals must correct given the issues in this area.

Potential bioactive glycosylated flavonoids as SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors: A molecular docking and simulation studies

A novel coronavirus responsible of acute respiratory infection closely related to SARS-CoV has recently emerged. So far there is no consensus for drug treatment to stop the spread of the virus. Discovery of a drug that would limit the virus expansion is one of the biggest challenges faced by the humanity in the last decades. In this perspective, to test existing drugs as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease is a good approach. Among natural phenolic compounds found in plants, fruit, and vegetables; flavonoids are the most abundant. Flavonoids, especially in their glycosylated forms, display a number of physiological activities, which makes them interesting to investigate as antiviral molecules. The flavonoids chemical structures were downloaded from PubChem and protease structure 6LU7 was from the Protein Data Bank site. Molecular docking study was performed using AutoDock Vina. Among the tested molecules Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside showed the highest binding affinity (-9,7 kcal/mol). Docking studies showed that glycosylated flavonoids are good inhibitors for the SARS-CoV-2 protease and could be further investigated by in vitro and in vivo experiments for further validation. MD simulations were further performed to evaluate the dynamic behavior and stability of the protein in complex with the three best hits of docking experiments. Our results indicate that the rutin is a potential drug to inhibit the function of Chymotrypsin-like protease (3CL pro) of Coronavirus.

Biochemical characterization of a glycosyltransferase Gtf3 from Mycobacterium smegmatis: a case study of improved protein solubilization

Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are widely present in several organisms. These enzymes specifically transfer sugar moieties to a range of substrates. The processes of bacterial glycosylation of the cell wall and their relations with host-pathogen interactions have been studied extensively, yet the majority of mycobacterial GTs involved in the cell wall synthesis remain poorly characterized. Glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) are major class of glycolipids present on the cell wall of various mycobacterial species. They play an important role in drug resistance and host-pathogen interaction virulence. Gtf3 enzyme performs a key step in the biosynthesis of triglycosylated GPLs. Here, we describe a general procedure to achieve expression, purification, and crystallization of recombinant protein Gtf3 from Mycobacterium smegmatis using an E. coli expression system. We reported also a combined bioinformatics and biochemical methods to predict aggregation propensity and improve protein solubilization of recombinant Gtf3. NVoy, a carbohydrate-based polymer reagent, was added to prevent protein aggregation by binding to hydrophobic protein surfaces of Gtf3. Using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence quenching experiments, we also demonstrated that Gtf3-NVoy enzyme interacted with TDP and UDP nucleotide ligands. This case report proposes useful tools for the study of other glycosyltransferases which are rather difficult to characterize and crystallize.

Inherited thrombophilia and recurrent pregnancy loss: a single-center case-control study in North-Western Algeria

Background

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a common disorder that affects around 3 to 5% of pregnant women. It has different causes, and in about 50%, it is of unknown etiology. Thrombophilia might increase the risk of RPL by adversely affecting the normal placental vascular function. Our study aimed to determine the frequency of factor V Leiden (FVL) and prothrombin G20210A gene mutations in Algerian women with RPL and to correlate their presence with the occurrence of such health’s problem. A total of 80 women with previous fetal losses and 100 age-matched women with no history of fetal loss were recorded. Participants were tested for activated protein C resistance (APCR), protein C (PC), protein S (PS), and antithrombin (AT) deficiencies. The screening of FVL and prothrombin G20210A mutations was also done using a duplex polymerase chain reaction.

Results

APCR was detected in 6.25% of cases and was absent in controls (p = 0.011). PC and PS deficiencies were documented in 7.5% of patients. FVL was detected in 8.33% of patients and was absent in controls (p = 0.047). Prothrombin G20210A mutation was found in 8.33% of patients compared to 11.11% of controls (p = 0.631). A significant association of FVL mutation with the abortion which occurred in the second trimester was found (p = 0.001).

Conclusion

There is a significant association between FVL mutation and RPL especially the loss occurring during the second trimester. No correlation was found regarding prothrombin G20210A mutation.

Long term biochemical changes in offspring of rats fed diet containing alpha-cypermethrin

To investigate the possible developmental programming, we analyzed the effects of maternal and postnatal low dose alpha-cypermethrin exposure on metabolic and redox parameters in the offspring. Postnatal changes in plasma biochemical parameters and plasma and tissue oxidative stress markers were determined in offspring of dams fed standard chow or diet containing alpha cypermethrin at 1.50mg/kg/day during gestation and lactation, weaned on to standard chow or on treated diet until adulthood (5months). Our results showed that exposure to alpha cypermethrin induced a significant reduction in body weight, food intake and metabolic alterations such as an increase in plasma glucose, triglyceride, urea, creatinine and AST levels in both postnatal and prenatal/postnatal treated female and male rats. This increase was more pronounced in prenatal/postnatal exposed rats. Alpha-cypermethrin exposure resulted in an imbalance of oxidant/antioxidant status, marked by high levels of carbonyl proteins and MDA, and low levels of antioxidants in erythrocytes, liver and kidney of both male and female offspring. Offspring of exposed dams have pre-existing oxidative stress that was accentuated with postnatal pesticide exposure. In conclusion, maternal alpha-cypermethrin exposure affected metabolism leading to permanent changes in biochemical parameters, enzyme activities and redox markers in the offspring. These abnormalities in offspring were worsened under postnatal pesticide exposure from weaning to adulthood.

Effects of Highly-pure-enriched-cellulose Diet on Digestibility, Lipid Metabolism and Redox Status in Obese Offspring of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

The long-term nutritional efficacy of a highly-pure-enriched-cellulose (HPEC) diet and its effects on lipid metabolism and oxidant/antioxidant status were investigated in obese offspring of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes in pregnant rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin on day 5 of gestation. Control pregnant rats were injected with citrate buffer. At weaning offspring of diabetic and control rats were fed HPEC or control diet, they were housed individually in metabolic cage for 2 months to investigate the nutritional efficacy of the diets. Consumption of HPEC diet decrease weight gain and energy intake, increase fecal weight and reduce lipid and protein digestibility; however, these diet had no effect on protein utilization, and nitrogen balance remained positive which confirms that HPEC diet had no significant long-term nutritional risks. Indeed for obese offspring from diabetic rats, these diet associated with high satiety promote weight loss, and provide reasonable glycemic control, these diet also lower blood lipids concentration and correct the imbalance of oxidant/antioxidant system. HPEC diet had a protective effect against long-term metabolic abnormalities associated with macrosomia.

Effects of exogenous vitamins A, C, and E and NADH supplementation on proliferation, cytokines release, and cell redox status of lymphocytes from healthy aged subjects

Aging is an inevitable biological event that is associated with immune alterations. These alterations are related to increased cellular oxidative stress and micronutrient deficiency. Antioxidant supplementation could improve these age-related abnormalities. The aim of this study was to determine in vitro effects of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) on T cell proliferation, cytokine release, and cell redox status in the elderly compared with young adults. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated using a density gradient of Histopaque. They were cultured in vitro and stimulated with concanavalin A in the presence or absence of vitamins. Cell proliferation was determined by conducting MTT assays, and based on interleukin-2 and interleukin-4 secretions. Cell oxidant/antioxidant balance was assessed by assaying reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde, carbonyl protein levels, and catalase activity. The present study demonstrated that T-lymphocyte proliferation was decreased with aging and was associated with cytokine secretion alterations, GSH depletion, and intracellular oxidative stress. In the elderly, vitamin C, vitamin E, and NADH significantly improved lymphocyte proliferation and mitigated cellular oxidative stress, whereas vitamin A did not affect cell proliferation or cell redox status. In conclusion, vitamin C, vitamin E, and NADH supplementation improved T-lymphocytes response in the elderly, and could contribute to the prevention of age-related immune alterations. Consumption of food items containing these vitamins is recommended, and further investigation is necessary to evaluate the effect of vitamin supplementation in vivo.

The effects of alpha-cypermethrin exposure on biochemical and redox parameters in pregnant rats and their newborns

Pyrethroid insecticides are extensively used in agriculture and in household activities. During pregnancy, they might affect maternal metabolic status and there after fetal development. In this work, we studied metabolic and redox effects of low dose alpha-cypermethrin exposure in pregnant rats and their offspring. The diet containing alpha cypermethrin at 0.02mg/kg/day was consumed during the entire gestation. Plasma biochemical parameters as well as liver lipid and oxidative stress markers were determined. Our results showed that alpha-cypermethrin induced an increase in body weight and in plasma glucose and lipid levels, as well as in plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities in pregnant rats and their newborns. Pregnant rats showed cellular oxidative stress and altered oxidant-antioxidant status when treated by the insecticide and these disturbances were also seen in their newborns. In conclusion, low dose alpha-cypermethrin exposure induced several metabolic and redox alterations leading to maternal physiological impairments and to fetal metabolic changes. Alpha-cypermethrin should be used with caution especially during pregnancy.

In Vitro Antioxidant versus Metal Ion Chelating Properties of Flavonoids: A Structure-Activity Investigation

Natural flavonoids such as quercetin, (+)catechin and rutin as well as four methoxylated derivatives of quercetin used as models were investigated to elucidate their impact on the oxidant and antioxidant status of human red blood cells (RBCs). The impact of these compounds against metal toxicity was studied as well as their antiradical activities with DPPH assay. Antihemolytic experiments were conducted on quercetin, (+)catechin and rutin with excess of Fe, Cu and Zn (400 μM), and the oxidant (malondialdehyde, carbonyl proteins) and antioxidant (reduced glutathione, catalase activity) markers were evaluated. The results showed that Fe and Zn have the highest prooxidant effect (37 and 33% of hemolysis, respectively). Quercetin, rutin and (+)catechin exhibited strong antioxidant properties toward Fe, but this effect was decreased with respect to Zn ions. However, the Cu showed a weak antioxidant effect at the highest flavonoid concentration (200 μM), while a prooxidant effect was observed at the lowest flavonoid concentration (100 μM). These results are in agreement with the physico-chemical and antiradical data which demonstrated that binding of the metal ions (for FeNTA: (+)Catechin, K_LFeNTA = 1.6(1) × 10⁶ M^-1 > Rutin, K_LFeNTA = 2.0(9) × 10⁵ M^-1 > Quercetin, K_LFeNTA = 1.0(7) × 10⁵ M^-1 > Q35OH, K_LFeNTA = 6.3(8.7) × 10⁴ M^-1 > Quercetin3’4’OH and Quercetin 3OH, K_LFeNTA ~ 2 × 10⁴ M^-1) reflects the (anti)oxidant status of the RBCs. This study reveals that flavonoids have both prooxidant and antioxidant activity depending on the nature and concentration of the flavonoids and metal ions.

[Effect of N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the modulation of T lymphocytes in vitro and redox status in obese women with hypertension]

OBJECTIVES

Deepen our knowledge of the immune system alterations associated with obesity-related hypertension and demonstrate that polyunsaturated fatty acids can enhance the proliferation and their profile oxidant/antioxidant and subsequently involved in the strategy prevention and treatment in obese hypertensives.

METHODS

T cells are isolated from the blood of the control and obese women with hypertension the University Hospital of Tlemcen (Algeria), these cells are incubated in the presence of a synthetic mixture of PUFA to 30μM (DHA/EPA/LA) and stimulated by mitogens for 48hours. The cells are counted and used to assess intracellular oxidative status. The biochemical parameters are determined by the use of plasma.

RESULTS

In obese women with hypertension, a significant increase in plasma levels of (glucose, uric acid, creatinine, urea, total cholesterol and triglycerides) compared to controls. In addition, decreased cell proliferation, basal or stimulated by Con A was observed in obese women with hypertension compared with controls. The mixture of PUFA to 30μM reduced lymphoproliferation as well in obese women with hypertension than in controls. The rates in malondialdéhyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl lymphocytes are elevated in hypertensive obese women. PUFA supplementation to 30μM seems correct this redox status in hypertensive obese since rates in protein carbonyl, are similar to those of controls.

CONCLUSION

The mixture of PUFA (n-3 and n-6) can modulate the activity of T lymphocyte proliferation and correct the intracellular redox status in hypertensive obese women.

In vitro effects of vitamins C and E, n-3 and n-6 PUFA and n-9 MUFA on placental cell function and redox status in type 1 diabetic pregnant women

The aim of this investigation was to determine the in vitro effects of vitamin C and E, n-3 and n-6 PUFA and n-9 MUFA on placental cell proliferation and function in type 1 diabetes. Placenta tissues were collected from 30 control healthy and 30 type 1 diabetic women at delivery. Placental cells were isolated and were cultured in RPMI medium supplemented with vitamin C (50 μM), vitamin E (50 μM), n-3 PUFA (100 μM), n-6 PUFA (100 μM) or n-9 MUFA (100 μM). Cell proliferation, cell glucose uptake and intracellular oxidative status were investigated. Our results showed that basal placental cell proliferation, glucose uptake, malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyl proteins were higher while intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and catalase activities were lower in placentas from diabetic women as compared to controls. Vitamins C and E induced a modulation of placental cell proliferation and glucose consumption without affecting intracellular redox status in both diabetic and control groups. N-3 and n-6 PUFA diminished placental cell proliferation and enhanced intracellular oxidative stress while n-9 MUFA had no effects in the two groups. Co-administration of n-3 or n-6 PUFA and vitamin C or E were capable of reversing back the PUFA-decreased cell proliferation and normalizing placental cell function and redox status especially in diabetes. In conclusion, PUFA and antioxidant vitamin combinations may be beneficial in improving placenta function and in reducing placental oxidative stress in type 1 diabetic pregnancy.

In vitro effects of oil's fatty acids on T cell function in gestational diabetic pregnant women and their newborns

BACKGROUND

The aim of this investigation was to determine the in vitro effects of linseed, olive and Nigel oils on T cell proliferation and function in gestational diabetes.

METHODS

Blood samples were collected from 40 control healthy and 32 gestational diabetic mothers and their newborns. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated using a density gradient of Ficoll. T cell proliferation, interleukin-2 and -4 (IL-2, IL-4) secretion, fatty acid composition and intracellular oxidative status were investigated.

RESULTS

Mitogen (Concanavalin A) stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, IL-2 secretion, intracellular reduced glutathione levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities were lower while intracellular malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyl proteins were higher in diabetic mothers and in their newborns as compared to their respective controls. Linseed oil induced a reduction in T-lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production, and alpha linolenic acid membrane enrichment in both diabetic and control groups. In the presence of Nigel oil, T-lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 secretion, phospholipid linoleic and oleic acids were enhanced. Olive oil had no effect on lymphocyte proliferation in all groups. Linseed, olive and Nigel oils induced an increase in T cell levels of reduced glutathione levels and in activities of catalase and SOD with a concomitant decrease in MDA and carbonyl protein contents.

CONCLUSION

Linseed, olive and Nigel oils had beneficial effects on T cell functions in gestational diabetes.

Low SOD activity is associated with overproduction of peroxynitrite and nitric oxide in patients with acute coronary syndrome

OBJECTIVE

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the variation of the oxidative/nitrosative stress status in a population of subjects; with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and examine its possible implication in plaque rupture which is the main mechanism in the pathophysiology of ACS.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We made this study on 50 men with ACS and 50 age and sex matched healthy controls. Nitrosative/oxidative stress markers including; nitric oxide, superoxide anion levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and peroxynitrite levels were evaluated in blood samples of patients and controls.

RESULTS

Compared with healthy subjects, coronary patients had significantly higher nitric oxide, peroxynitrite and superoxide anion concentrations in both plasma and erythrocytes associated to significant decrease of SOD activity. Erythrocytes peroxynitrite concentration was negatively correlated with the antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD).

CONCLUSION

Our results show a significant accumulation of both intracellular and plasma pro-oxidants with a concomitant decrease in the SOD scavenging activity in ACS patients. Both seem to be associated with plaque rupture and ischemia observed in ACS.

Effects of Maternal Linseed Oil Supplementation on Metabolic Parameters in Cafeteria Diet-induced Obese Rats

Because linseed oil may influence maternal and fetal metabolisms, we investigated its role in the modulation of lipid metabolism in cafeteria diet-induced obese rats and their offspring. Female Wistar rats were fed control or cafeteria food, which were either supplemented or not supplemented with linseed oil (5%) for 1 month before and during gestation. At parturition, serum and tissue lipids and enzyme activities were analyzed. Cafeteria diet induced adverse metabolic alterations in both mothers and offspring. Linseed oil improved metabolic status. In conclusion, linseed oil displayed health benefits by modulating tissue enzyme activities in both obese mothers and their newborns.

Long-term use of angiotensin II receptor antagonists and calcium-channel antagonists in Algerian hypertensive patients: effects on metabolic and oxidative parameters

The effects of calcium antagonists (amlodipine) and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (telmisartan) on lipid profile and oxidative markers were investigated in Algerian hypertensive patients. At the beginning and after 1 year of antihypertensive therapy, blood samples are collected for determination of biochemical parameters (glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, creatinine) and oxidative markers (malondialdehyde, carbonyl proteins, nitric oxide, superoxide anion, vitamin C, glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase). The results of this study indicate that telmisartan and amlodipine are effective antihypertensive agents in the treatment of hypertension because a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure was observed in all hypertensive patients after 1 year of treatment. Our results show also that telmisartan and amlodipine treatments counteracted hypertension-dependent lipid abnormalities and oxidative stress. Telmisartan treatment appears to be more efficient than amlodipine treatment. In addition, telmisartan, which reversed all lipid and redox changes associated with hypertension, should be prescribed, especially in hypertensive patients with hypertriglyceridemia and with severe oxidative stress.

n-3 Fatty Acids Modulate T-Cell Calcium Signaling in Obese Macrosomic Rats

OBJECTIVE

We investigated the effects of a diet containing EPAX-7010, rich in PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid [20:5(n-3)] and docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3)], i.e., a PUFA/EPAX regimen, on T-cell activation in diabetic pregnant rats and their obese pups.

RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Mild hyperglycemia in pregnant rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin on Day 5 of gestation. T-cell blastogenesis was assayed by using (3)H-thymidine, whereas intracellular free calcium concentrations ([Ca(2+)]i) were measured by using Fura-2 in diabetic pregnant rats and their obese offspring.

RESULTS

Concavalin-A-stimulated T-cell proliferation was decreased in both pregnant diabetic rats and their obese pups as compared with control animals. Feeding the PUFA/EPAX diet restored T-cell proliferation in both groups of animals. We also employed ionomycin, which at 50 nM opens calcium channels, and thapsigargin (TG), which recruits [Ca(2+)]i from endoplasmic reticulum pool. We observed that ionomycin-induced increases in [Ca(2+)]i in T-cells of diabetic mothers and obese offspring were greater than in those of control rats. Furthermore, feeding PUFA/EPAX diet diminished significantly the ionomycin-evoked rise in [Ca(2+)]i in diabetic and obese animals. TG-induced increases in [Ca(2+)]i in T-cells of diabetic pregnant rats and their obese offspring were greater than in those of control rats. The feeding of the experimental diet significantly curtailed the TG-evoked increases in [Ca(2+)]i in both diabetic and obese rats.

DISCUSSION

Together, these observations provide evidence that T-cell activation and T-cell calcium signaling are altered during gestational diabetes and macrosomia. Hence, dietary fish oils, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, may restore these T-cell abnormalities.

Effects of the association of aging and obesity on lipids, lipoproteins and oxidative stress biomarkers: a comparison of older with young men

In this study, plasma lipids, lipoproteins and markers of oxidant/antioxidant status were investigated in young (n = 45) and older (n = 40) obese men and compared to those in young (n = 65) and older (n = 55) normal weight controls. The purpose was to determine whether obesity exacerbates or not lipid, lipoprotein abnormalities and oxidative stress in older men. Our findings showed that all obese patients had increased plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, -triglyceride and HDL-triglyceride levels concentrations compared to controls (P < 0.01). However, the younger obese men had relatively larger and accentuated changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins than the older patients. Additionally, total antioxidant capacity (ORAC), vitamins C and E were lower while hydroperoxides and carbonyl proteins were higher in young and older obese patients compared to their respective controls (P < 0.001). Erythrocyte antioxidant SOD and catalase activities were enhanced in obese young patients, but reduced in obese older men. Glutathione peroxidase activity was low in obesity irrespective of age. In multiple regression analysis, BMI significantly predicted total cholesterol, LDL-C, LDL-TG and HDL-TG (P < 0.0001). These relationships were not modified by age. BMI alone was a not a significant predictor for ORAC, vitamins C, E, catalase and Glutathione peroxidase. However, the interaction BMI-age significantly predicted these parameters and explained 28-45% of their changes. BMI was a significant predictor of SOD, carbonyl proteins and hydroperoxides. This effect became more significant (P < 0.0001) and worsened with BMI-age interaction. In conclusion, lipoprotein metabolism and oxidant/antioxidant status are altered in obesity irrespective of age. However, obesity-related lipid and lipoprotein alterations were attenuated while oxidative stress was aggravated in older adults.

Predictive Factors of Obesity and their Relationships to Dietary Intake in Schoolchildren in Western Algeria

BACKGROUND

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions world-wide. Its risk factors are poorly studied, especially among children in developing countries such as Algeria.

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the prevalence and risk factors of obesity in Algerian schoolchildren 6 to 8 years aged by conducting a school-site retrospective cohort study in Tlemcen Department (western Algeria).Material and Mthods: From 2008 to 2010, socio-demographic characteristics, body mass index (BMI), physical activity categories, lifestyle and nutritional habits of 1520 children (839 boys and 681 girls), at entrance into primary school, were recorded using a self-administered questionnaire.

RESULTS

Among the 1520 participants, 99 (6.5%) were obese. Birthweight ≤ 2.5 kg and ≥ 4 kg, early introduction of solid foods and low physical activity were significantly associated with obesity (p<0.001). Additionally, mother's and grandmother's BMI ≥30 kg/m(2), fewer children in the household, higher parental education, household income and the presence of familial obesity may predispose significantly to childhood obesity (p<0.001). Furthermore, child's BMI was significant positively correlated with total energy, fat and saturated fatty acid (SFA) intakes (p<0.01). Mother's and grandmother's BMI were significant positively correlated with child total energy, fat and SFA intakes. Physical activity score was significant negatively correlated with child total energy, fat and SFA (p<0.01) intakes in obese children.

CONCLUSIONS

Mother's and grandmother's obesity, excess energy and fat intakes and low physical activity are the strong predictors of childhood obesity in Algeria. Preventive measures should focus on the promotion of physical activity and maternal and children nutritional education.