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Li Y, Zhang B, Xiang L, Xia S, Kucuk O, Deng X, Boise LH, Dong JT. TGF-β causes Docetaxel resistance in Prostate Cancer via the induction of Bcl-2 by acetylated KLF5 and Protein Stabilization. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:7656-7670. [PMID: 32685011 PMCID: PMC7359077 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. As a first line treatment for hormone-refractory prostate cancer, docetaxel (DTX) treatment leads to suboptimal effect since almost all patients eventually develop DTX resistance. In this study, we investigated whether and how TGF-β affects DTX resistance of prostate cancer. Methods: Cytotoxicity of DTX in DU 145 and PC-3 cells was measured by CCK-8 and Matrigel colony formation assays. Resistance to DTX in DU 145 cells was examined in a xenograft tumorigenesis model. A luciferase reporter system was used to determine transcriptional activities. Gene expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Results: We found that KLF5 is indispensable in TGF-β-induced DTX resistance. Moreover, KLF5 acetylation at lysine 369 mediates DTX resistance in vitro and in vivo. We showed that the TGF-β/acetylated KLF5 signaling axis activates Bcl-2 expression transcriptionally. Furthermore, DTX-induced Bcl-2 degradation depends on a proteasome pathway, and TGF-β inhibits DTX-induced Bcl-2 ubiquitination. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the TGF-β-acetylated KLF5-Bcl-2 signaling axis mediates DTX resistance in prostate cancer and blockade of this pathway could provide clinical insights into chemoresistance of prostate cancer.
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Abstract
The success of anticancer therapy is usually limited by the development of drug resistance. Such acquired resistance is driven, in part, by intratumoural heterogeneity - that is, the phenotypic diversity of cancer cells co-inhabiting a single tumour mass. The introduction of the cancer stem cell (CSC) concept, which posits the presence of minor subpopulations of CSCs that are uniquely capable of seeding new tumours, has provided a framework for understanding one dimension of intratumoural heterogeneity. This concept, taken together with the identification of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programme as a critical regulator of the CSC phenotype, offers an opportunity to investigate the nature of intratumoural heterogeneity and a possible mechanistic basis for anticancer drug resistance. In fact, accumulating evidence indicates that conventional therapies often fail to eradicate carcinoma cells that have entered the CSC state via activation of the EMT programme, thereby permitting CSC-mediated clinical relapse. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of the link between the EMT programme and the CSC state, and also discuss how this knowledge can contribute to improvements in clinical practice.
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Zhan Y, Mou L, Cheng K, Wang C, Deng X, Chen J, Fan Z, Ni Y. Hepatocellular carcinoma stem cell-like cells are enriched following low-dose 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2511-2516. [PMID: 27698820 PMCID: PMC5038482 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are involved in tumor resistance to chemotherapy and tumor relapse. The goal of the present study was to determine the effect of low-dose 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) on enriched hepatocellular CSC-like cells. Increased cell motility and epithelial-mesenchymal transition were observed by migration assay in human hepatoblastoma PLC/RAF/5 cells following 5-Fu treatment, as well as a significant enhancement in their sphere-forming abilities. CSC-like cells were identified by side population cell analysis. The percentage of CSC-like cells in the surviving cells was greatly increased in response to 5-Fu. These findings indicate that low-dose 5-Fu treatment may efficiently enrich the CSC-like cell population in PLC/RAF/5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Zhan
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Lisha Mou
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China; Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Kangwen Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongling People's Hospital, Tongling, Anhui 244000, P.R. China
| | - Chengyou Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Xuesong Deng
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Junren Chen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Zhibing Fan
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
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4
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Margan MM, Jitariu AA, Cimpean AM, Nica C, Raica M. Molecular Portrait of the Normal Human Breast Tissue and Its Influence on Breast Carcinogenesis. J Breast Cancer 2016; 19:99-111. [PMID: 27382385 PMCID: PMC4929267 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2016.19.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal human breast tissue consists of epithelial and nonepithelial cells with different molecular profiles and differentiation grades. This molecular heterogeneity is known to yield abnormal clones that may contribute to the development of breast carcinomas. Stem cells that are found in developing and mature breast tissue are either positive or negative for cytokeratin 19 depending on their subtype. These cells are able to generate carcinogenesis along with mature cells. However, scientific data remains controversial regarding the monoclonal or polyclonal origin of breast carcinomas. The majority of breast carcinomas originate from epithelial cells that normally express BRCA1. The consecutive loss of the BRCA1 gene leads to various abnormalities in epithelial cells. Normal breast epithelial cells also express hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) 1α and HIF-2α that are associated with a high metastatic rate and a poor prognosis for malignant lesions. The nuclear expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in normal human breast tissue is maintained in malignant tissue as well. Several controversies regarding the ability of ER and PR status to predict breast cancer outcome remain. Both ER and PR act as modulators of cell activity in normal human breast tissue. Ki-67 positivity is strongly correlated with tumor grade although its specific role in applied therapy requires further studies. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) oncoprotein is less expressed in normal human breast specimens but is highly expressed in certain malignant lesions of the breast. Unlike HER2, epidermal growth factor receptor expression is similar in both normal and malignant tissues. Molecular heterogeneity is not only found in breast carcinomas but also in normal breast tissue. Therefore, the molecular mapping of normal human breast tissue might represent a key research area to fully elucidate the mechanisms of breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalin Marius Margan
- Department XII-Obstetrics and Gynecology, Neonatology and Perinatal Care, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Andreea Adriana Jitariu
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Anca Maria Cimpean
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristian Nica
- Department of Surgery, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Raica
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
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5
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Deshpande N, Rangarajan A. Cancer Stem Cells: Formidable Allies of Cancer. Indian J Surg Oncol 2016; 6:400-14. [PMID: 27081258 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-015-0451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) represent the subpopulation of cells within a tumour showing two fundamental properties of stem cells - self-renewal (the ability to make more of their own kind) and differentiation (the ability to generate diverse cell types present within a tissue). The CSC hypothesis posits that CSCs play an important role in tumour initiation, maintenance and progression. Furthermore, owing to their intrinsic drug resistance, they remain refractory to currently used therapy, thereby contributing to tumour relapse. Thus, targeting or taming CSCs can lead to more effective cancer treatment in the coming decades. In this review, we will discuss about the origin of CSC hypothesis, evidence showing their existence, clinical relevance and translational significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Deshpande
- Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - Annapoorni Rangarajan
- Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560065 India
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6
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Pattabiraman DR, Weinberg RA. Tackling the cancer stem cells - what challenges do they pose? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:497-512. [PMID: 24981363 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 743] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since their identification in 1994, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been objects of intensive study. Their properties and mechanisms of formation have become a major focus of current cancer research, in part because of their enhanced ability to initiate and drive tumour growth and their intrinsic resistance to conventional therapeutics. The discovery that activation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programme in carcinoma cells can give rise to cells with stem-like properties has provided one possible mechanism explaining how CSCs arise and presents a possible avenue for their therapeutic manipulation. Here we address recent developments in CSC research, focusing on carcinomas that are able to undergo EMT. We discuss the signalling pathways that create these cells, cell-intrinsic mechanisms that could be exploited for selective elimination or induction of their differentiation, and the role of the tumour microenvironment in sustaining them. Finally, we propose ways to use our current knowledge of the complex biology of CSCs to design novel therapies to eliminate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwakar R Pattabiraman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Robert A Weinberg
- 1] Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [2] Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; and the MIT Ludwig Center for Molecular Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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7
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Chapa J, Bourgo RJ, Greene GL, Kulkarni S, An G. Examining the pathogenesis of breast cancer using a novel agent-based model of mammary ductal epithelium dynamics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64091. [PMID: 23704974 PMCID: PMC3660364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of the pathogenesis of breast cancer is challenged by the long time-course of the disease process and the multi-factorial nature of generating oncogenic insults. The characterization of the longitudinal pathogenesis of malignant transformation from baseline normal breast duct epithelial dynamics may provide vital insight into the cascading systems failure that leads to breast cancer. To this end, extensive information on the baseline behavior of normal mammary epithelium and breast cancer oncogenesis was integrated into a computational model termed the Ductal Epithelium Agent-Based Model (DEABM). The DEABM is composed of computational agents that behave according to rules established from published cellular and molecular mechanisms concerning breast duct epithelial dynamics and oncogenesis. The DEABM implements DNA damage and repair, cell division, genetic inheritance and simulates the local tissue environment with hormone excretion and receptor signaling. Unrepaired DNA damage impacts the integrity of the genome within individual cells, including a set of eight representative oncogenes and tumor suppressors previously implicated in breast cancer, with subsequent consequences on successive generations of cells. The DEABM reproduced cellular population dynamics seen during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, and demonstrated the oncogenic effect of known genetic factors associated with breast cancer, namely TP53 and Myc, in simulations spanning ∼40 years of simulated time. Simulations comparing normal to BRCA1-mutant breast tissue demonstrated rates of invasive cancer development similar to published epidemiologic data with respect to both cumulative incidence over time and estrogen-receptor status. Investigation of the modeling of ERα-positive (ER+) tumorigenesis led to a novel hypothesis implicating the transcription factor and tumor suppressor RUNX3. These data suggest that the DEABM can serve as a potentially valuable framework to augment the traditional investigatory workflow for future hypothesis generation and testing of the mechanisms of breast cancer oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Chapa
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ryan J. Bourgo
- Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey L. Greene
- Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Swati Kulkarni
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gary An
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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8
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Murphy GF. Target cells in graft-versus-host disease: implications for cancer therapy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2007; 33:113-23. [PMID: 18094950 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-007-0028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) conceptually may be divided into three evolutionary stages: allostimulation, effector cell homing to specific tissues, and cellular targeting and injury. Surprisingly, little is known regarding the targeting stage of GVHD. Recently, we have learned that epithelial target cell injury is mediated by specific subpopulations of effector T cells that may be identified based on Vbeta family expansion during allostimulation. Antibody probes specific for these Vbeta families have permitted precise identification of effector cell homing patterns. In squamous epithelium, allospecific T cells selectively home to basal cell layer subpopulations that express cytokeratin 15 (CK15) and that undergo target cell injury via apoptosis. Interestingly, these target cells coincide with basal layer subpopulations that have properties of epithelial stem cells and that normally express an apoptosis-resistant genomic profile. Accordingly, epithelial cell injury in GVHD appears to involve selective targeting of stem-cell subpopulations via conversion from an anti-apoptotic to a pro-apoptotic phenotype. Understanding of the mechanism(s) of this conversion could facilitate development of translationally relevant approaches to shielding target cells from injury in GVHD. Moreover, determination of how putative apoptosis-resistant stem cells may be rendered vulnerable to immune-mediated targeting has implications potentially relevant to more directed immunotherapeutic approaches focused at elimination of neoplastic (cancer) stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Murphy
- Program in Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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9
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Villadsen R, Fridriksdottir AJ, Rønnov-Jessen L, Gudjonsson T, Rank F, LaBarge MA, Bissell MJ, Petersen OW. Evidence for a stem cell hierarchy in the adult human breast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 177:87-101. [PMID: 17420292 PMCID: PMC2064114 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200611114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellular pathways that contribute to adult human mammary gland architecture and lineages have not been previously described. In this study, we identify a candidate stem cell niche in ducts and zones containing progenitor cells in lobules. Putative stem cells residing in ducts were essentially quiescent, whereas the progenitor cells in the lobules were more likely to be actively dividing. Cells from ducts and lobules collected under the microscope were functionally characterized by colony formation on tissue culture plastic, mammosphere formation in suspension culture, and morphogenesis in laminin-rich extracellular matrix gels. Staining for the lineage markers keratins K14 and K19 further revealed multipotent cells in the stem cell zone and three lineage-restricted cell types outside this zone. Multiparameter cell sorting and functional characterization with reference to anatomical sites in situ confirmed this pattern. The proposal that the four cell types are indeed constituents of an as of yet undescribed stem cell hierarchy was assessed in long-term cultures in which senescence was bypassed. These findings identify an adult human breast ductal stem cell activity and its earliest descendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Villadsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Zoophysiological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, and Department of Pathology, State University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Fiebig AA, Zhu W, Hollerbach C, Leber B, Andrews DW. Bcl-XL is qualitatively different from and ten times more effective than Bcl-2 when expressed in a breast cancer cell line. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:213. [PMID: 16928273 PMCID: PMC1560389 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL are anti-apoptotic paralogues that inhibit apoptosis elicited by a wide variety of stimuli, and play critical roles in cancer development and resistance to treatment. Many clinical studies have indicated that expression of these anti-apoptotic proteins in tumours is associated with poor prognosis. It has therefore been assumed that in cells the essential difference between Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL involves regulation of expression and that they are otherwise functionally similar. To examine this issue, we have compared the function of the proteins and of mutants of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL specifically targeted to different subcellular sites. Methods We generated clones of the human breast cancer line MCF-7 stably expressing known amounts of Bcl-2, or Bcl-XL as determined by quantitative immunoblotting. Clones expressing equivalent amounts of wild-type and mutants of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL with subcellular localization restricted to the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum or outer mitochondrial membrane were studied in both MCF-7 and Rat-1 fibroblasts. In MCF-7 cells we measured the functional activities of these proteins in preventing apoptosis induced by four different agents (doxorubicin, ceramide, thapsigargin, TNF-α). Etoposide and low serum were used to compare the effect of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and mutants located at the endoplasmic reticulum on induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts. Results We noted both qualitative and quantitative differences in the functional activity of these two anti-apoptotic proteins in cells: Bcl-2 localized to the endoplasmic reticulum inhibits apoptosis induced by ceramide and thapsigargin but not by doxorubicin or TNFα, while Bcl-XL at the endoplasmic reticulum is active against all four drugs. In fibroblasts Bcl-2 localized to the ER did not prevent cell death due to etoposide whereas Bcl-XL in the same location did. Finally in MCF-7 cells, Bcl-XL is approximately ten times more active than Bcl-2 in repressing apoptosis induced by doxorubicin. This difference can be manifest as a large difference in clonal survival. Conclusion When examined in the same cellular context, Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL differ substantially in the potency with which they inhibit apoptosis, mediated in part by differences in the inhibition of specific subcellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline A Fiebig
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Weijia Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Catherine Hollerbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Brian Leber
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and BiomedicalSciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - David W Andrews
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Nakatani H, Aoki N, Nakagawa Y, Jin-No S, Aoyama K, Oshima K, Ohira S, Sato C, Nadano D, Matsuda T. Weaning-induced expression of a milk-fat globule protein, MFG-E8, in mouse mammary glands, as demonstrated by the analyses of its mRNA, protein and phosphatidylserine-binding activity. Biochem J 2006; 395:21-30. [PMID: 16401186 PMCID: PMC1409693 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A milk membrane glycoprotein, MFG-E8 [milk fat globule-EGF (epidermal growth factor) factor 8], is expressed abundantly in lactating mammary glands in stage- and tissue-specific manners, and has been believed to be secreted in association with milk fat globules. In the present paper, we describe further up-regulation of MFG-E8 in involuting mammary glands, where the glands undergo a substantial increase in the rate of epithelial cell apoptosis, and a possible role of MFG-E8 in mediating recognition and engulfment of apoptotic cells through its specific binding to PS (phosphatidylserine). Immunoblotting and RNA blotting analyses revealed that both MFG-E8 protein and MFG-E8 mRNA were markedly increased in mammary tissue within 3 days of either natural or forced weaning (pup withdrawal) of lactating mice. Using immunohistochemical analysis of the mammary tissue cryosections, the MFG-E8 signal was detected around the epithelium of such involuting mammary glands, but was almost undetectable at early- and mid-lactation stages, although strong signals were obtained for milk fat globules stored in the alveolar lumen. Some signals double positive to a macrophage differentiation marker, CD68, and MFG-E8 were detected in the post-weaning mammary tissue, although such double-positive signals were much smaller in number than the MFG-E8 single-positive ones. Total MFG-E8 in milk was also increased in the post-weaning mammary glands and, furthermore, the free MFG-E8 content in the post-weaning milk, as measured by in vitro PS-binding and apoptotic HC11 cell-binding activities, was much higher than that of lactation. In addition, the post-weaning milk enhanced the binding of apoptotic HC11 cells to J774 macrophages. Sucrose density-gradient ultracentrifugation analyses revealed that such enhanced PS-binding activity of MFG-E8 was present in membrane vesicle fractions (density 1.05-1.13 g/ml), rather than milk fat globule fractions. The weaning-induced MFG-E8 might play an important role in the recognition and engulfment of apoptotic epithelial cells by the neighbouring phagocytic epithelial cells in involuting mammary glands.
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Key Words
- involution
- lactation
- mammary gland
- milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor factor 8 (mfg-e8)
- weaning
- dapi, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- egf, epidermal growth factor
- elmv, exosome-like membrane vesicle
- mfg, milk fat globule
- mfg-e8, mfg-egf factor 8
- mfgm, mfg membrane
- pbst, pbs containing 0.05% (v/v) tween 20
- pi, propidium iodide
- ps, phosphatidylserine
- pc, phosphatidylcholine
- tca, trichloroacetic acid
- tunel, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dutp nick-end labelling
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Apoptosis
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelium/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lactation/metabolism
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Milk/metabolism
- Milk Proteins/genetics
- Milk Proteins/metabolism
- Phosphatidylserines/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Secretory Vesicles/metabolism
- Subcellular Fractions
- Weaning
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Nakatani
- *Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naohito Aoki
- *Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- †Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Nakagawa
- ‡Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shinji Jin-No
- *Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Koji Aoyama
- *Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kenji Oshima
- *Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Ohira
- *Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sato
- *Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daita Nadano
- *Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuda
- *Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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12
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Navarrete MAH, Maier CM, Falzoni R, Quadros LGDA, Lima GR, Baracat EC, Nazário ACP. Assessment of the proliferative, apoptotic and cellular renovation indices of the human mammary epithelium during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Breast Cancer Res 2005; 7:R306-13. [PMID: 15987425 PMCID: PMC1143573 DOI: 10.1186/bcr994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2004] [Revised: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction During the menstrual cycle, the mammary gland goes through sequential waves of proliferation and apoptosis. In mammary epithelial cells, hormonal and non-hormonal factors regulate apoptosis. To determine the cyclical effects of gonadal steroids on breast homeostasis, we evaluated the apoptotic index (AI) determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining in human mammary epithelial cells during the spontaneous menstrual cycle and correlated it with cellular proliferation as determined by the expression of Ki-67 during the same period. Methods Normal breast tissue samples were obtained from 42 randomly selected patients in the proliferative (n = 21) and luteal (n = 21) phases. Menstrual cycle phase characterization was based on the date of the last and subsequent menses, and on progesterone serum levels obtained at the time of biopsy. Results The proliferation index (PI), defined as the number of Ki-67-positive nuclei per 1,000 epithelial cells, was significantly larger in the luteal phase (30.46) than in the follicular phase (13.45; P = 0.0033). The AI was defined as the number of TUNEL-positive cells per 1,000 epithelial cells. The average AI values in both phases of the menstrual cycle were not statistically significant (P = 0.21). However, the cell renewal index (CRI = PI/AI) was significantly higher in the luteal phase (P = 0.033). A significant cyclical variation of PI, AI and CRI was observed. PI and AI peaks occurred on about the 24th day of the menstrual cycle, whereas the CRI reached higher values on the 28th day. Conclusions We conclude that proliferative activity is dependent mainly on hormonal fluctuations, whereas apoptotic activity is probably regulated by hormonal and non-hormonal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina M Maier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | | | - Geraldo R Lima
- Department of Gyneology, Mastology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edmund C Baracat
- Department of Gyneology, Mastology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Afonso CP Nazário
- Department of Gyneology, Mastology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Jamerson MH, Johnson MD, Korsmeyer SJ, Furth PA, Dickson RB. Bax regulates c-Myc-induced mammary tumour apoptosis but not proliferation in MMTV-c-myc transgenic mice. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:1372-9. [PMID: 15354213 PMCID: PMC2409914 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of the proto-oncogene c-myc is frequently deregulated, via multiple mechanisms, in human breast cancers. Deregulated expression of c-myc contributes to mammary epithelial cell transformation and is causally involved in mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-c-myc transgenic mice. c-Myc is known to promote cellular proliferation, apoptosis, genomic instability and tumorigenesis in several distinct tissues, both in vivo and in vitro. Expression of the proapoptotic regulatory gene bax is reduced or absent in human breast cancers, and c-Myc has been shown to regulate the expression of Bax, as well as cooperate with Bax in controlling apoptosis in a fibroblast model. Additionally, loss of bax reduces c-Myc-induced apoptosis in lymphoid cells and increases c-Myc-mediated lymphomagenesis in vivo. In order to assess whether loss of bax could influence c-Myc-induced apoptosis and tumorigenesis in the mammary gland in vivo, we generated MMTV-c-myc transgenic mice in which neither, one, or both wild-type alleles of bax were eliminated. Haploid loss of bax in MMTV-c-myc transgenic mice resulted in significantly reduced mammary tumour apoptosis. As anticipated for an apoptosis-regulatory gene, loss of the wild-type bax alleles did not significantly alter cellular proliferation in either mammary adenocarcinomas or dysplastic mammary tissues. However, in contrast to c-Myc-mediated lymphomagenesis, loss of one or both alleles of bax in MMTV-c-myc transgenic mice did not significantly enhance mammary tumorigenesis, despite evidence that haploid loss of bax might modestly increase mammary tumour multiplicity. Our results demonstrate that Bax contributes significantly to c-Myc-induced apoptosis in mammary tumours. In addition, they suggest that in contrast to c-Myc-induced lymphomagenesis, mammary tumorigenesis induced by deregulated c-myc expression requires some amount of Bax expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Jamerson
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - M D Johnson
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - S J Korsmeyer
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard University, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - P A Furth
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - R B Dickson
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA. E-mail:
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